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Kennedy. Space. Center,. FL. ABSTRACT. The development of the tubular ... METHODS. The tubular membrane plant growth units used in the wheat trial and.
N91-3i797 FACTORS

T.

W.

The

AFFECTING

Dreschel,

R.

Bionetics

M.

GROWTH

and

IN

Wheeler,

Corporation

Operations Center,

PLANT

J.

(TWD,

Research

MEMBRANE

C.

Sager,

RMW)

Office

NUTRIENT

and

(JCS,

and

NASA

WMK),

DELIVERY

W.

M.

Knott.

Biomedical

John

F.

Kennedy

Space

FL.

ABSTRACT The development of the tubular delivery of water and nutrients recently variables

focused on controlling

nificant

effects

pressure

used

Generally, in units

wheat with a

in

units

Lettuce better

with

measuring solution of

to

the

the

(Triticum larger pore same

of

pore

solution

changes to the

size have

and

size

cv. less

Waldmann's negative

but

the

been

less

for has

the

negative

demonstrated.

negative

Green) pressure.

unit

in physical plants. Sig-

aestivum cv. Yecora Rojo) size but equal negative

pore

(Lactuca sativa plant growth at

plant growth in microgravity

the effects availability

membrane

contain

the

membrane to roots

grew better pressure and pressure.

also

exhibited

INTRODUCTION A

plant

nutrient

velopment

for

delivery the

(CELSS)

Breadboard

(KSC).

This

fer

solution

which the of

use

the

these and on

(i,

porous trials

the plant

effects

Controlled

the a

(under

a

negative

slight

action

2).

Several

tube

have

size

pressure

of (3,

to

Life

been

F.

water

to amount

of

material

may

have

Two

and

pore

trials size

and

support

were on

the

Center to

plant

nutrients

materials

plant negative a

trans-

roots through

configurations growth

and

pressure

significant

conducted growth

de-

System

tube to

and

under

Space

porous

the

4).

Kennedy

pressure)

obtain

used

is Support

hydrophilic,

different

that the

microgravity

John

utilizes

growth of

at

system

indicated

pore

for

Ecological

Project

capillary

pores

system

to of

effect test

the

wheat

373

0-5" ,V

(Triticum on

aestivum

the

growth

MATERIALS tubular

and

the

were

membrane

and

the

was

a

porous

pumps,

one

from

the

monitored using

for

each

tion

level

fresh

.

and The

of

pressure

Waldmann's

Green).

used

vacuum

gauge

and

upstream

to

in

1.8

A

to

a

deliver

programmed

to

tube.

A

of

m

plant

solution also

exerted

from

freely

differential

daily,

plant

if

growth by

needed, Solu-

additions

strength

18-h

of

Hoag-

addition a

was

units.

daily

automatic provide

pump

peristaltic

solution

adjusted

the

mater-

centrifugal

pressure

the

filter

2.4

pumps

the

trial The

nutrient

one-quarter by

lettuce

by

series

maintained

(modified

controlled

a

utilized

Negative

was

the

trial

respectively.

peristaltic

tube.

was

2,

wheat

(membrane)

preventing

reservoir

chamber

and

level.

The

in

the

polyethylene

system

units.

was

1

located

was

in

used

acrylic

was

solution pH

Figures

porous

the

used

hydrophilic,

tube,

located in

a

pressure,

a

nutrient

land's),

effects

cv.

units

solution

growth

the

valve

in

manifold

constant

with a

the

units

hydrophilic,

a

from

shown

system

negative

leaking

growth

The

plant

slight

and sativa

growth

plant

tube

chamber.

maintain

HNO

as

manifold

growth

Rojo)

(Lactuca

plant

tube

used

standpipe

a

lettuce

constructed

ial

Yecora

METHODS

porous

membrane

to

of

AND

The

cv.

of

1

M

light,

6-h

the

wheat

3 dark

photoperiod

and 65

23 %

C

with

and

with 20

ambient

C

corresponding

20

for

the

Relatve

humidity

CO

concentration

and

at

lettuce.

2

374

C

and

PPF

18

C

300

for

was umole

set -i s

at -2 m

Triplicates a

set

of

of

20

treatments -3.0

units for

kPa

the kPa.

The

kPa,

-0.3

RESULTS

results

the

wheat

which wheat size

were

0.2

-1.2

of

size using

the

negative

are

as

3.

of

measured

among

growth

occurred

at

leaf

photosynthetic

tial

in

ments and

wheat

on high

with

pressure

-1.5

size

a

kPa,

and

treatments

pressure

lettuce

trial

latex

the

size

are

but

of

for

-0.4

were

-0.2

material.

Recent

at

effect have

been

content

of

on

general,

plant

presented

all

the

var-

the

plant

units

with

suggest and

water

that poten-

pressures,

in-

growth.

These

same

measure-

the

fragile

leaves.

375

in

the

negative

unsuccessful lettuce

of

better

measurements

transpiration

greater

are in

and

var-

results

trial

pressures

exchange,

reduced

In

pressures

harvest

found

in

respectively.

the The

were

treatments

negative

of

lettuce

treatments.

2,

the

three

the

size

and

(ANOVA).

negative

gas

1

among

Variance in

pore

Tables

differences

less

real-time

lettuce

all

treatments

iables

a

pore

and

found

in

Significant

pore

as

were

Analysis

pressure

dicating

the

pressure

presented

treatments

negative

larger

for

uM

kPa,

among

kPa.

differences

Table

The

5.0

The

-0.4

uM.

and

maintained

arranged.

included 0.2

and

DISCUSSION

Significant

the

uM

kPa,

trial

pore

of

treatments

operated

randomly

trial

pore

and

were

were

pressure

AND

iables

a

trial

The

treatment

the

with

wheat

and

each

due

to

nature

CONCLUSIONS Significant

effects

and

lettuce

have

the

tubular

membrane/porous

measurements gas factors.

in

tubular

should

further

direct

underway.

If

negative

of

that

adjustments

and

similar

cal

to

crop

the

that

upon

the

size

in

of a

these

and

and be

The

controlling

membrane

factors

nutrient

and

plants,

and are

growth

have

plant

in-

greater grown.

size to

con-

affected,

plant

pore used

growth

materials

may of

into

wheat

both

are

in

photo-

insight

the

affect

versa.

between

development

to

species

may

and

affect

that

wheat

The

conductivity,

used

pressure

vice

interactions

production

the

suction

and

to

suspect

of

is

negative in

found

should

configuration

grown

units.

avaliability

size

were

more

availability

pore

of

potential,

hydraulic

nutrient

and

pore

We

growth

plants

provide

also

on

the

growth

properties

dependent

believed

was

these

water

units.

and

what

also

of

size

on

plant

should

nutrient

water

effects

effects

rates

physical

pressure

dependent

tube

effects

and of

when

transpiration,

Pore

tests

lesser

leaf

water

pressure

observed

membrane

exert

sequently

negative

exchange

causal the

been

of

synthetic

of

or It

interact

overcome

and

the

understanding

of

variables delivery

is

is

these criti-

systems

for

CELSS.

REFERENCES

lo

Dreschel, 1987. livery. MD.

T. Porous Paper

W.,

R.

P.

membrane #87-4025,

Prince,

C.

utilization Amer. Soc.

376

R.

Hinkle,

in plant Agric.

and

W.

M.

Knott.

nutrient deEng., Baltimore,

2

.

Bubenheim,

D.

L.,

Comparison

of

plant

system science

3

.

with that 22:1051

Dreschel, growth #100988, John

4

.

F.

T. unit The

ment of #88-4524,

T. of a

W.

W.,

plant Amer.

in

and a

1988.

J. tube

The

results

Center,

Mitchell.

of

1987.

hydroponic

culture.

porous

Technical and Space

tube

Hort-

plant

Memorandum Administration,

FL.

Sager, plant

A.

membrane

hydroponic

T6B. NASA Aeronautics

C.

C.

tubular

in conventional (abstr.)

Space

porous

Dreschel,

growth

experiment National

Kennedy

Dreschel, Status

W.

T.

and growth

nutrient delivery Soc. Agric. Eng.,

377

R.

M.

unit system Chicago,

Wheeler. research: for space. IL.

1988. DevelopPaper

Table

i.

Data

from

Significant Harvest

variable

Spikelet

heads

Spikelet

Seed

treatments

of

(alphas0.05)

the

wheat

denoted

trial. by

"S".

Treatment -0.4 kPa

1

Treatment -1.6 kPa

2

Treatment -2.4 kPa

3

Mean/Std.

Er.

Mean/Std.

Er.

Mean/Std.

Er.

16.67/0.13

15.78/0.23

14.08/0.61

15.44/0.05

12.83/0.88

12.22/1.40

18.83/0.62

16.50/1.29

12.93/0.47

S

No.heads

No.-

Primary Seed

pressure differences

No.-

Primary

Other

the

heads

S

No.-

Other

7.67/0.58

3.87/0.64

4.40/1.80

0.78/0.02

0.67/0.06

0.48/0.03

gdw/plant

0.29/0.02

0.15/0.03

0.17/0.07

Seed-gdw/plant

1.07/0.04

0.82/0.04

0.66/0.09

S

Root-gdw/plant

0.34/0.03

0.21/0.02

0.19/0.02

S

Chaff-gdw/plant

0.34/0.01

0.29/0.03

0.25/0.02

S

Straw-gdw/plant

0.87/0.02

0.56/0.03

0.45/0.04

S

Total-gdw/plant

2.48/0.12

1.88/0.10

1.55/0.15

S

1.93/0.07

1.50/0.12

1.01/0.09

S

gfw/plant

0.79/0.05

0.38/0.05

0.09/0.03

S

Root-gfw/plant

5.63/0.18

3.53/0.28

2.50/0.06

S

Straw-gfw/plant

2.47/0.07

1.47/0.07

0.99/0.16

S

Total-gfw/plant

10.83/0.22

6.89/0.04

4.59/0.27

S

Primary gdw/plant Other

Primary

heads seed-

seed-

heads-

gfw/plant Other

S

heads-

378

Table

2.

Data

from

Significant ttSll

Harvest

variable

the

pore

size

differences

Treatment -0.4 kPa 0.2

heads

Spikelet No.Other heads

1

Treatment -0.4 kPa

micron

5.0 Er.

4

micron

Mean/Std.

Er.

16.67/0.13

17.40/0.07

S

15.44/0.05

16.29/0.39

18.83/0.62

33.03/2.51

S

7.67/0.58

41.37/2.81

S

No.-

Primary Seed

the are

No.-

Primary

Seed

of

(alphas0.05)

.

Mean/Std. Spikelet

treatments

heads No.-

Other Primary

heads seed-

0.78/o.02

1.28/0.o3

s

gdw/plant

0.29/0.02

1.57/0.13

S

Seed-gdw/plant

1.o7/0.o4

2.85/0.10

s

Root-gdw/plant

0.34/0.03

0.33/0.02

Chaff-gdw/plant

0.34/0.01

0.74/0.05

S

Straw-gdw/plant

0.87/0.02

1.48/0.04

S

Total-gdw/plant

2.48/0.12

5.40/0.14

S

1.93/0.07

2.97/0.15

S

gfw/plant

0.79/0.05

3.89/0.38

S

Root-gfw/plant

5.63/0.18

5.53/o.29

Straw-gfw/plant

2.47/0.07

4.80/0.15

S

Total-gfw/plant

10.83/0.22

17.18/0.69

S

gdw/plant Other

Primary

seed-

heads-

gfw/plant Other

heads-

379

wheat denoted

trial. by

Table

3.

Data

from

Significant Harvest N=3

Head

variable

(mean/unit)

weight Total weight

treatments

of

(alpha