Kennedy. Space. Center,. FL. ABSTRACT. The development of the tubular ... METHODS. The tubular membrane plant growth units used in the wheat trial and.
N91-3i797 FACTORS
T.
W.
The
AFFECTING
Dreschel,
R.
Bionetics
M.
GROWTH
and
IN
Wheeler,
Corporation
Operations Center,
PLANT
J.
(TWD,
Research
MEMBRANE
C.
Sager,
RMW)
Office
NUTRIENT
and
(JCS,
and
NASA
WMK),
DELIVERY
W.
M.
Knott.
Biomedical
John
F.
Kennedy
Space
FL.
ABSTRACT The development of the tubular delivery of water and nutrients recently variables
focused on controlling
nificant
effects
pressure
used
Generally, in units
wheat with a
in
units
Lettuce better
with
measuring solution of
to
the
the
(Triticum larger pore same
of
pore
solution
changes to the
size have
and
size
cv. less
Waldmann's negative
but
the
been
less
for has
the
negative
demonstrated.
negative
Green) pressure.
unit
in physical plants. Sig-
aestivum cv. Yecora Rojo) size but equal negative
pore
(Lactuca sativa plant growth at
plant growth in microgravity
the effects availability
membrane
contain
the
membrane to roots
grew better pressure and pressure.
also
exhibited
INTRODUCTION A
plant
nutrient
velopment
for
delivery the
(CELSS)
Breadboard
(KSC).
This
fer
solution
which the of
use
the
these and on
(i,
porous trials
the plant
effects
Controlled
the a
(under
a
negative
slight
action
2).
Several
tube
have
size
pressure
of (3,
to
Life
been
F.
water
to amount
of
material
may
have
Two
and
pore
trials size
and
support
were on
the
Center to
plant
nutrients
materials
plant negative a
trans-
roots through
configurations growth
and
pressure
significant
conducted growth
de-
System
tube to
and
under
Space
porous
the
4).
Kennedy
pressure)
obtain
used
is Support
hydrophilic,
different
that the
microgravity
John
utilizes
growth of
at
system
indicated
pore
for
Ecological
Project
capillary
pores
system
to of
effect test
the
wheat
373
0-5" ,V
(Triticum on
aestivum
the
growth
MATERIALS tubular
and
the
were
membrane
and
the
was
a
porous
pumps,
one
from
the
monitored using
for
each
tion
level
fresh
.
and The
of
pressure
Waldmann's
Green).
used
vacuum
gauge
and
upstream
to
in
1.8
A
to
a
deliver
programmed
to
tube.
A
of
m
plant
solution also
exerted
from
freely
differential
daily,
plant
if
growth by
needed, Solu-
additions
strength
18-h
of
Hoag-
addition a
was
units.
daily
automatic provide
pump
peristaltic
solution
adjusted
the
mater-
centrifugal
pressure
the
filter
2.4
pumps
the
trial The
nutrient
one-quarter by
lettuce
by
series
maintained
(modified
controlled
a
utilized
Negative
was
the
trial
respectively.
peristaltic
tube.
was
2,
wheat
(membrane)
preventing
reservoir
chamber
and
level.
The
in
the
polyethylene
system
units.
was
1
located
was
in
used
acrylic
was
solution pH
Figures
porous
the
used
hydrophilic,
tube,
located in
a
pressure,
a
nutrient
land's),
effects
cv.
units
solution
growth
the
valve
in
manifold
constant
with a
the
units
hydrophilic,
a
from
shown
system
negative
leaking
growth
The
plant
slight
and sativa
growth
plant
tube
chamber.
maintain
HNO
as
manifold
growth
Rojo)
(Lactuca
plant
tube
used
standpipe
a
lettuce
constructed
ial
Yecora
METHODS
porous
membrane
to
of
AND
The
cv.
of
1
M
light,
6-h
the
wheat
3 dark
photoperiod
and 65
23 %
C
with
and
with 20
ambient
C
corresponding
20
for
the
Relatve
humidity
CO
concentration
and
at
lettuce.
2
374
C
and
PPF
18
C
300
for
was umole
set -i s
at -2 m
Triplicates a
set
of
of
20
treatments -3.0
units for
kPa
the kPa.
The
kPa,
-0.3
RESULTS
results
the
wheat
which wheat size
were
0.2
-1.2
of
size using
the
negative
are
as
3.
of
measured
among
growth
occurred
at
leaf
photosynthetic
tial
in
ments and
wheat
on high
with
pressure
-1.5
size
a
kPa,
and
treatments
pressure
lettuce
trial
latex
the
size
are
but
of
for
-0.4
were
-0.2
material.
Recent
at
effect have
been
content
of
on
general,
plant
presented
all
the
var-
the
plant
units
with
suggest and
water
that poten-
pressures,
in-
growth.
These
same
measure-
the
fragile
leaves.
375
in
the
negative
unsuccessful lettuce
of
better
measurements
transpiration
greater
are in
and
var-
results
trial
pressures
exchange,
reduced
In
pressures
harvest
found
in
respectively.
the The
were
treatments
negative
of
lettuce
treatments.
2,
the
three
the
size
and
(ANOVA).
negative
gas
1
among
Variance in
pore
Tables
differences
less
real-time
lettuce
all
treatments
iables
a
pore
and
found
in
Significant
pore
as
were
Analysis
pressure
dicating
the
pressure
presented
treatments
negative
larger
for
uM
kPa,
among
kPa.
differences
Table
The
5.0
The
-0.4
uM.
and
maintained
arranged.
included 0.2
and
DISCUSSION
Significant
the
uM
kPa,
trial
pore
of
treatments
operated
randomly
trial
pore
and
were
were
pressure
AND
iables
a
trial
The
treatment
the
with
wheat
and
each
due
to
nature
CONCLUSIONS Significant
effects
and
lettuce
have
the
tubular
membrane/porous
measurements gas factors.
in
tubular
should
further
direct
underway.
If
negative
of
that
adjustments
and
similar
cal
to
crop
the
that
upon
the
size
in
of a
these
and
and be
The
controlling
membrane
factors
nutrient
and
plants,
and are
growth
have
plant
in-
greater grown.
size to
con-
affected,
plant
pore used
growth
materials
may of
into
wheat
both
are
in
photo-
insight
the
affect
versa.
between
development
to
species
may
and
affect
that
wheat
The
conductivity,
used
pressure
vice
interactions
production
the
suction
and
to
suspect
of
is
negative in
found
should
configuration
grown
units.
avaliability
size
were
more
availability
pore
of
potential,
hydraulic
nutrient
and
pore
We
growth
plants
provide
also
on
the
growth
properties
dependent
believed
was
these
water
units.
and
what
also
of
size
on
plant
should
nutrient
water
effects
effects
rates
physical
pressure
dependent
tube
effects
and of
when
transpiration,
Pore
tests
lesser
leaf
water
pressure
observed
membrane
exert
sequently
negative
exchange
causal the
been
of
synthetic
of
or It
interact
overcome
and
the
understanding
of
variables delivery
is
is
these criti-
systems
for
CELSS.
REFERENCES
lo
Dreschel, 1987. livery. MD.
T. Porous Paper
W.,
R.
P.
membrane #87-4025,
Prince,
C.
utilization Amer. Soc.
376
R.
Hinkle,
in plant Agric.
and
W.
M.
Knott.
nutrient deEng., Baltimore,
2
.
Bubenheim,
D.
L.,
Comparison
of
plant
system science
3
.
with that 22:1051
Dreschel, growth #100988, John
4
.
F.
T. unit The
ment of #88-4524,
T. of a
W.
W.,
plant Amer.
in
and a
1988.
J. tube
The
results
Center,
Mitchell.
of
1987.
hydroponic
culture.
porous
Technical and Space
tube
Hort-
plant
Memorandum Administration,
FL.
Sager, plant
A.
membrane
hydroponic
T6B. NASA Aeronautics
C.
C.
tubular
in conventional (abstr.)
Space
porous
Dreschel,
growth
experiment National
Kennedy
Dreschel, Status
W.
T.
and growth
nutrient delivery Soc. Agric. Eng.,
377
R.
M.
unit system Chicago,
Wheeler. research: for space. IL.
1988. DevelopPaper
Table
i.
Data
from
Significant Harvest
variable
Spikelet
heads
Spikelet
Seed
treatments
of
(alphas0.05)
the
wheat
denoted
trial. by
"S".
Treatment -0.4 kPa
1
Treatment -1.6 kPa
2
Treatment -2.4 kPa
3
Mean/Std.
Er.
Mean/Std.
Er.
Mean/Std.
Er.
16.67/0.13
15.78/0.23
14.08/0.61
15.44/0.05
12.83/0.88
12.22/1.40
18.83/0.62
16.50/1.29
12.93/0.47
S
No.heads
No.-
Primary Seed
pressure differences
No.-
Primary
Other
the
heads
S
No.-
Other
7.67/0.58
3.87/0.64
4.40/1.80
0.78/0.02
0.67/0.06
0.48/0.03
gdw/plant
0.29/0.02
0.15/0.03
0.17/0.07
Seed-gdw/plant
1.07/0.04
0.82/0.04
0.66/0.09
S
Root-gdw/plant
0.34/0.03
0.21/0.02
0.19/0.02
S
Chaff-gdw/plant
0.34/0.01
0.29/0.03
0.25/0.02
S
Straw-gdw/plant
0.87/0.02
0.56/0.03
0.45/0.04
S
Total-gdw/plant
2.48/0.12
1.88/0.10
1.55/0.15
S
1.93/0.07
1.50/0.12
1.01/0.09
S
gfw/plant
0.79/0.05
0.38/0.05
0.09/0.03
S
Root-gfw/plant
5.63/0.18
3.53/0.28
2.50/0.06
S
Straw-gfw/plant
2.47/0.07
1.47/0.07
0.99/0.16
S
Total-gfw/plant
10.83/0.22
6.89/0.04
4.59/0.27
S
Primary gdw/plant Other
Primary
heads seed-
seed-
heads-
gfw/plant Other
S
heads-
378
Table
2.
Data
from
Significant ttSll
Harvest
variable
the
pore
size
differences
Treatment -0.4 kPa 0.2
heads
Spikelet No.Other heads
1
Treatment -0.4 kPa
micron
5.0 Er.
4
micron
Mean/Std.
Er.
16.67/0.13
17.40/0.07
S
15.44/0.05
16.29/0.39
18.83/0.62
33.03/2.51
S
7.67/0.58
41.37/2.81
S
No.-
Primary Seed
the are
No.-
Primary
Seed
of
(alphas0.05)
.
Mean/Std. Spikelet
treatments
heads No.-
Other Primary
heads seed-
0.78/o.02
1.28/0.o3
s
gdw/plant
0.29/0.02
1.57/0.13
S
Seed-gdw/plant
1.o7/0.o4
2.85/0.10
s
Root-gdw/plant
0.34/0.03
0.33/0.02
Chaff-gdw/plant
0.34/0.01
0.74/0.05
S
Straw-gdw/plant
0.87/0.02
1.48/0.04
S
Total-gdw/plant
2.48/0.12
5.40/0.14
S
1.93/0.07
2.97/0.15
S
gfw/plant
0.79/0.05
3.89/0.38
S
Root-gfw/plant
5.63/0.18
5.53/o.29
Straw-gfw/plant
2.47/0.07
4.80/0.15
S
Total-gfw/plant
10.83/0.22
17.18/0.69
S
gdw/plant Other
Primary
seed-
heads-
gfw/plant Other
heads-
379
wheat denoted
trial. by
Table
3.
Data
from
Significant Harvest N=3
Head
variable
(mean/unit)
weight Total weight
treatments
of
(alpha