Symmetry reductions of a particular set of equations of associativity in twodimensional topological field theory∗
arXiv:math/0412439v1 [math.AG] 21 Dec 2004
Robert Conte† and Maria Luz Gandarias‡ †Service de physique de l’´etat condens´e (URA 2464), CEA–Saclay F–91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France E-mail:
[email protected] ‡Departamento de Matematicas Universidad de C´adiz Casa postale 40 E–11510 Puerto Real, C´adiz, Spain E-mail:
[email protected] 21 December 2004 Abstract The WDVV equations of associativity arising in twodimensional topological field theory can be represented, in the simplest nontrivial case, by a single third order equation of the MongeAmp`ere type. By investigating its Lie point symmetries, we reduce it to various nonlinear ordinary differential equations, and we obtain several new explicit solutions.
Keywords: WDVV equations, equations of associativity, twodimensional topological field theory, classical Lie symmetries, reductions. MSC 2000 35Q58, 35Q99 PACS 1995 02.20.Qs 11.10.Lm
Contents 1 Introduction
2
2 Classical Lie symmetries 2.1 Optimal system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 3
3 Classical reductions 3.1 Reduction with the 3.2 Reduction with the 3.3 Reduction with the 3.4 Reduction with the 3.5 Reduction with the 3.6 Reduction with the 3.7 Reduction with the
6 6 6 8 8 8 8 9
generator generator generator generator generator generator generator
v3 or v4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −av3 + bv4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . v3 − v4 + av5 + bv10 . . . . . . . . 3v3 + v4 + av7 or v3 + 3v4 + av6 . −3v3 + v4 + av8 or v3 − 3v4 + av9 av2 + bv3 or av1 + bv4 . . . . . . . −av1 + bv2 + cv5 + dv6 + ev7 . .
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4 Summary of solutions
9
5 Conclusion
9
∗ Journal
of Physics A, to appear. Corresponding author RC. Preprint S2004/045.
1
1
Introduction
As introduced by Witten, Dijkgraaf, H. Verlinde and E. Verlinde [10, 1], the equations of associativity involve the following unknowns: a function F (t1 , . . . , tn ) ≡ F(t), integer numbers qα and rα , α = 1, . . . , n, another integer d, a constant symmetric nondegenerate matrix (η αβ ), other constants Aαβ , Bα , C. These unknowns must obey three main sets of equations [3]. 1. the equations of associativity properly said (with summation over the repeated indices) ∂α ∂β ∂λ F (t)η λµ ∂µ ∂γ ∂δ F (t) = ∂δ ∂β ∂λ F (t)η λµ ∂µ ∂γ ∂α F (t)
(WDVV1)
2. a condition singling out one variable, say, t1 , ∂α ∂β ∂1 F (t) = η αβ ,
(WDVV2)
in which the matrix (ηαβ ) is the inverse of (η αβ ), 3. a condition of quasi-homogeneity, n X
1 [(1 − qα )tα + rα ] ∂α F (t) = (3 − d)F (t) + Aαβ tα tβ + Bα tα + C. 2 α=1
(WDVV3)
In the simplest nontrivial case n = 3, there essentially exist two different choices of coordinates [2], depending on η 11 being zero or nonzero, each choice resulting in a representation of the generating function F in terms of the solution of a single third order partial differential equation (PDE) of the Monge-Amp`ere type, which is either [2] [4, Eq. (9)] 1. 1 1 3 + t1 t2 t3 + f (t2 , t3 ), t 6 fxxx fyyy − fxxy fyyx − 1 = 0, x = t2 , y = t3 ,
η 11 6= 0 : F =
(1) (2)
or [3, page 304] [4, Eq. (22)] 2. 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 t + t (t ) + F (t2 , t3 ), t 2 2 2 (Ftyy ) − Fttt − Ftty Fyyy = 0, y = t2 , t = t3 . η 11 = 0 : F =
(3) (4)
There exists a Legendre transformation [2] which exchanges these two solutions F (this transformation exchanges the coordinates t3 of (2) and t2 of (4), whose common value is here denoted y), and its action on the functions of two variables f (x, y) and F (y, t) is the hodograph transformation [6] [4, Eq. (23)] t = fxx , Fyyy =
2 fxxy fxxy 1 fxyy , Ftyy = − , Ftty = , Fttt = , fxxx fxxx fxxx fxxx
(5)
whose inverse is fxx = t, fxy = −Fyy , fyy = Ftt , x = Fty .
(6)
A nice way to obtain this hodograph transformation (5)–(6) is to rewrite both PDEs [6] as integrable systems of the so-called hydrodynamic type, allowing them to be mapped by a chain of standard transformations to integrable three-wave systems. Both PDEs admit a Lax pair [2], e.g. for the PDE (2) [4, Eq.(10)] 0 1 0 0 0 1 ψx = λ 0 fxxy fxxx ψ, ψy = λ 1 fxyy fxxy ψ, (7) 1 fxyy fxxy 0 fyyy fxyy 2
in which λ is a nonzero spectral parameter. The purpose of this paper is to obtain new explicit solutions of either the PDE (2) or the PDE (4), and therefore of the equations of associativity in the simplest nontrivial case. Any such solution f is only defined up to an arbitrary additive second degree polynomial. However, the equation (4) possesses a rather complicated structure of singularities, making uneasy the search for explicit solutions, while the equation (2) has a simpler such structure, so we will mainly consider this latter equation. In particular, the invariance of this PDE under permutation of x and y has no simple equivalent for the PDE (4). To achieve this search for solutions, we perform a systematic investigation, via the Lie point symmetries method, of the reductions of the PDE (2) to ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which a priori can be integrated since they inherit the integrability properties of the equations of associativity. In addition to the reductions or particular solutions of either (4) or (2) which have already been found [2, 4], we obtain several new results. The paper is organized as follows. In section (2), we apply the classical Lie method [9, 8], derive the Lie algebra, compute the commutator table and the adjoint table [8], which then allow us to derive the optimal system of generators. In section 3, we perform all the associated classical reductions. The last section (4) summarizes the solutions.
2
Classical Lie symmetries
In order to apply the classical Lie method to the Ferapontov equation (2), we consider the oneparameter Lie group of infinitesimal transformations in (x, y, f ) x∗ = x + εξ(x, y, f ) + O(ε2 ), y ∗ = y + εη(x, y, f ) + O(ε2 ),
(8)
2
∗
f = f + εφ(x, y, f ) + O(ε ), where ε is the group parameter. The associated Lie algebra of infinitesimal symmetries is the set of vector fields of the form v = ξ∂x + η∂y + φ∂f .
(9)
One then requires that this transformation leaves invariant the set of solutions of the equation (2). This yields an overdetermined, linear system of equations for the infinitesimals ξ(x, y, f ), η(x, y, f ) and φ(x, y, f ). Having determined the infinitesimals, the symmetry variables are found by solving the invariant surface condition Φ≡ξ
∂f ∂f +η − φ = 0. ∂x ∂y
(10)
Applying the classical method to the equation (2) leads to a ten-parameter Lie group. Associated with this Lie group we have a Lie algebra which can be represented by the following generators:
2.1
v1 = ∂x ,
v2 = ∂y ,
v3 = x∂x + 32 f ∂f ,
v4 = y∂y + 23 f ∂f ,
v5 = xy∂f ,
v6 = x2 ∂f ,
v7 = y 2 ∂f ,
v8 = x∂f ,
v9 = y∂f ,
v10 = ∂f .
Optimal system
In order to construct the optimal system, following Olver[8], we first construct the commutator table (Table 1) and the adjoint table (Table 2) which shows the separate adjoint actions of each element in vi , i = 1 . . . 10, as it acts on all other elements. This construction is done easily by summing the Lie series.
3
The corresponding generators of the optimal system of subalgebras are v3 , v4 , −av3 + bv4 ,
v3 − v4 + av5 + bv10 , 3v3 + v4 + av7 , v3 + 3v4 + av6 , −3v3 + v4 + av8 , v3 − 3v4 + av9 , av2 + bv3 ,
av1 + bv4 , av1 + bv2 + cv5 + dv6 + ev7 , where a, b, c, d, e are arbitrary real nonzero constants.
4
(11)
Table 1: Commutator table for the Lie algebra vi . v1
v2
v3
v4
v5
v6
v7
v8
v9
v10
v1 0
0
v1
0
v9
2v8
0
v10
0
0
v2 0
0
0
v2
v8
0
2v9
0
v10
0
v3 −v1 0
0
0
− 12 v5
1 v 2 6
− 23 v7 − 12 v8 − 32 v9 − 23 v10
−v2 0
0
− 12 v5 − 23 v6
1 v 2 7
− 32 v8 − 12 v9 − 23 v10
1 v 2 5 3 v 2 6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
− 12 v7 3 v 2 8 1 v 2 9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3 v 2 10
0
0
0
0
0
0
v4 0
1 v 2 5 −2v8 0 − 21 v6 0 −2v9 23 v7 1 −v10 0 v 2 8 3 0 −v10 2 v9
v5 −v9 −v8 v6 v7 v8 v9
v10 0
0
3 v 2 10
Table 2: Adjoint table for the Lie algebra vi . Ad v1
v2
v3
v4
v5
v1 v1
v2
v3 − εv1
v4
v5 − εv9 v6 − 2εv8 + ε2 v10 v7
v2 v1
v2
v3
v4 − εv2
v5 − εv8 v6
v3 e ε v1
v2
v3
v4
e 2 v5
v4 v1
e ε v2
v3
v4
e 2 v5
v6
v7
e − 2 v6
ε
e
v9
v10
v8 − εv10 v9
v10
v7 − 2εv9 + ε2 v10 v8 ε
ε
v8
3ε 2
e
3ε 2
ε
v7
ε
v6
v9 − εv10 v10
e 2 v8
e − 2 v7
e
3ε 2
e
3ε 2
v10
e 2 v9
e
3ε 2
v10
e
3ε 2
ε
v8
v9
v5 v1 + εv9 v2 + εv8 v3 − 12 εv5 v4 − 21 εv5 v5
v6
v7
v8
v9
v10
v3 + 12 εv6 v4 − 23 εv6 v5
v6
v7
v8
v9
v10
v5
v6
v7
v8
v9
v10
v6 v1 + 2εv8 v2 v7 v1
v2 + 2εv9 v3 −
v8 v1 + εv10 v2
v3 −
3 εv7 2 1 εv8 2
v4 +
v5
v6
v7
v8
v9
v10
v9 v1
v2 + εv10 v3 − 32 εv9 v4 − 21 εv9 v5
v6
v7
v8
v9
v10
v10 v1
3 εv10 2
v6
v7
v8
v9
v10
v2
v3 −
v4 −
1 εv7 2 3 εv8 2
v4 −
3 εv10 2
v5
5
3
Classical reductions
Each generator of the optimal system defines a reduction of the equation (2) to an ODE. Because of the invariance of (2) under permutation of x and y, these ten generators only define seven different reductions to an ODE, which we now consider. Although these reductions are probably integrable in some sense, performing their explicit integration is a difficult task. Moreover, since the Lax pair (7) is not isospectral, its reductions, which are also Lax pairs for the reduced ODEs, cannot generate any first integral, so the Lax pair is unfortunately of no use for integrating the reduced ODEs. From the scaling invariance of the two considered PDEs, an obvious solution is √ y4 2 (xy)3/2 , F = , 2t2 x + y 3 = 0, i2 = −1. (12) f = 2i 3 8t
3.1
Reduction with the generator v3 or v4
The generators v3 and v4 define a reduction to the same autonomous linear ODE [4, Eq. (30) p. 46], 1/2 1/2 , , or z = x, f = y 3 Φ(z) z = y, f = x3 Φ(z) (13) Φ′′′ + 16/3 = 0. This contains the scaling solution (12).
3.2
Reduction with the generator −av3 + bv4
With the notation s = a + b, p = ab, a symmetric definition of this reduction is, b a 3/2 z = x 2y , 5 f ′′= (xy) ϕ(z), ′′′ 2 4 ′ 3 3 −16p sz ϕ − 8p(4p + 2ps + s )z ϕ − 3s z ϕ ϕ 2 (14) + 8p(2p − 6ps − 3s2 )ϕ′′ − (64p2 + 72ps + 64p2 s + 72ps2 + 9s3 )z 3 ϕ′ ϕ′′ 2 2 ′′ 2 2 2 2 3 2 ′2 − 9(2 + s)s z ϕϕ − (40p + 16p + 72ps + 16p s + 18s + 32ps + 9s )z ϕ − (33 + 18s + 3s2 )szϕϕ′ − 9ϕ2 − 8 = 0.
An equivalent, shorter expression is obtained by suppressing the term ϕ2 [4, p. 46], xy 3/2 xy 3/2 ϕ(z), or z = yx−µ , f = ϕ(z), z = xy −µ , f = z z 2 2 ′′ ′ 16µ (µ − 1)z ϕ − 8µ(3µ + 1)(µ + 1)zϕ + 3(3µ + 1)(3µ − 1)(µ + 1)ϕ ϕ′′′ 2 − 8µ(µ − 3)zϕ′′ + (µ − 3)(µ + 3)(µ + 1)ϕ′ ϕ′′ − 8 = 0.
(15)
As it results from the scaling solution (12), the ODE (15) admits the particular zero-parameter solution √ √ 2 3/2 2 z , f = 2i (xy)3/2 . (16) ∀µ : ϕ = 2i 3 3 For generic values of (a, b), this ODE is unfortunately outside the class ϕ′′′ =
3 X
j
Aj (z, ϕ, ϕ′ )ϕ′′ ,
(17)
j=0
an equation which for some Aj can be linearized by a contact transformation. However, there exist particular values of µ for which the integration can be performed at least partially. The invariance of (14) under (a, b) → (b, a) induces an invariance of (15) under µ → µ−1 .
6
1. For µ = 0, 1, −1, −2, −1/2, a first integral K is known, ′′ 4 3 3 2 ′′ ′2 , µ = 0, K = −8z − 3ϕϕ − 3ϕ = − z − ϕ 3 2 µ = 1, K = any rational function of a, b, c, see (22), 2
µ = −1, K = z + 2z 2 ϕ′′ , 2 2 µ = −2, K = −8z − ϕ′ − 105ϕϕ′′ + 112zϕ′ϕ′′ − 96z 2ϕ′′ , µ = − 1 , K = −8z 2 + 15 zϕϕ′′ + zϕ′ 2 − ϕϕ′ − 10z 2 ϕ′ ϕ′′ − 6z 3 ϕ′′ 2 . 2 4
2. For µ = 1, the third order equation [4, Eq. (31) p. 46], z = x/y, f = y 3 ϕ(z), or z = y/x, f = x3 ϕ(z), 2 2(3ϕ − 2zϕ′ )ϕ′′′ + 2zϕ′′ − 2ϕ′ ϕ′′ − 1 = 0,
(18)
(19)
is linearizable since its derivative factorizes into 2(3ϕ − 2zϕ′ )ϕ′′′′ = 0,
(20)
ϕ = αz 3 + 3βz 2 + 3γz + δ, 36(αδ − βγ) − 1 = 0, (α, β, γ) arbitrary.
(21)
so its general solution is
It is interesting to notice that, knowing the three first integrals a, b, c, 2 1 + 2ϕ′ ϕ′′ − 2zϕ′′ = 2ϕ′′′ , 12a = ′ 3ϕ − 2zϕ 2 −z + 6ϕϕ′′ − 6zϕ′ ϕ′′ + 2z 2 ϕ′′ (22) 4b = = 2ϕ′′ − 2zϕ′′′ , ′ 3ϕ − 2zϕ 2 2 2 ′ ′ ′′ 2 ′ ′′ 3 ′′ 4c = z + 12ϕϕ − 8zϕ − 12zϕϕ + 10z ϕ ϕ − 2z ϕ = 4ϕ′ − 4zϕ′′ + 2z 2 ϕ′′′ , ′ 3ϕ − 2zϕ
there exists no first integral which would be polynomial in (ϕ, ϕ′ , ϕ′′ ). 2
3. For µ = −1, the ODE reduces to a linear equation for ϕ′′ , identical to the particular case r1 = r2 = s1 = s2 = 0 of the reduction (27) given below. 4. For µ = 3, 1/3 and µ = −3, −1/3 respectively, the ODE is just the subcase a = 0 of the reductions (30) and (32) given below. 5. For µ = 2, 1/2, two rational solutions for ϕ2 can be obtained, 5/2 2y 2 x 2 5/2 µ = 2, ϕ = (z − c) , f = − cy , 15c 15c y 5/2 2 1 2 −1/2 2x y µ= , ϕ= z (1 − cz 2 )5/2 , f = − cx , 2 15c 15c x and √ √ cx 2i 2 2 3/2 3/2 µ = 2, ϕ = 2i 1− 2 z (1 − cz), f = (xy) 3 3√ y √ cy 2i 1 2 2 −1/2 2 3/2 µ = , ϕ = 2i 1− 2 z (z − c), f = (xy) 2 3 3 x in which c is arbitrary.
(23)
(24)
The first solution (23) represents the octahedron solution B3 of Dubrovin, see [4, p. 41]. The second solution f extrapolates the scaling solution (12). 6. For µ = 5/3, 3/5, one rational solution exists, which depends on one arbitrary parameter c, 5 c 1 µ = , ϕ = z3 + , 3 6 24c (25) 4 µ = 3, ϕ = c + z . 5 6z 24c This represents the tetrahedron solution A3 of Dubrovin, see [4, p. 41]. 7
3.3
Reduction with the generator v3 − v4 + av5 + bv10
This reduction to a nonautonomous ODE,
z = xy, f = ϕ(z) + (az + b) log x,
(26)
can be defined more symmetrically as [4, p. 45, Example 2] z = xy, f = ϕ(z) + (r1 z + r2 ) log x + (s1 z + s2 ) log y, (27) z r2 s2 (r1 + s1 )2 r s + r2 s1 z 2 ϕ′′ 2 + (r1 + s1 )zϕ′′ − (r2 + s2 )ϕ′′ − 1 2 + 2 + + + k0 = 0, z z 2 4 in which k0 is a constant of integration. Its general solution is obtained by quadratures, r2 + s2 r1 + s1 (z log z − z) − log z ϕ = k1 z + k2 − p 2 2 Z Z 3 2 −2z − 4k0 z − 2(r1 − s1 )(r2 − s2 )z + (r2 − s2 )2 ± dz dz , 2 2zZ Z √ . . . r − s1 x f = −s2 log x − r2 log y + 1 xy log ± dz dz 2 , 2 y 2z
and it generically involves elliptic integrals. A particular solution is √ f = 2i 2 (xy)3/2 + cxy log x , y √3 3 x x cy 2 c3 y c y cy 2 2 2 −1/2 3/2 F =i log , 4c log − xy + x y + + − 8 y 4 x x 2 y
(28)
(29)
which is another extrapolation of the scaling solution (12).
3.4
Reduction with the generator 3v3 + v4 + av7 or v3 + 3v4 + av6
These two generators define a reduction to the same nonautonomous ODE, ( a a z = xy −3 , f = y 6 ϕ(z) − y 2 , or z = yx−3 , f = x6 ϕ(z) − x2 , 4 4 12(3z 2ϕ′′ − 8zϕ′ + 10ϕ)ϕ′′′ − 1 = 0, which a linear transformation can make second order in ϕ′ , ( a a z = xy −3 , f = x2 ϕ(z) − y 2 , or z = yx−3 , f = y 2 ϕ(z) − x2 , 4 4 2 2 36z 6 ϕ′′ + 48z 5ϕ′ ϕ′′′ + 216z 5ϕ′′ + 504z 4ϕ′ ϕ′′ + 288z 3ϕ′ − 1 = 0.
(30)
(31)
Since f is defined up to an arbitrary additive second degree polynomial, the reduced ODE does not depend on a, and this case is identical to the case µ = 3, 1/3 of (15), in which no solution is known other than (16).
3.5
Reduction with the generator −3v3 + v4 + av8 or v3 − 3v4 + av9
These two generators define a reduction to the same second order, nonautonomous ODE for ϕ′ , a a 3 3 z = xy , f = xϕ(z) − 3 x log x, or z = yx , f = yϕ(z) − 3 y log y, a 6= 0, 2 (32) −72z 4ϕ′′ − 84z 3 ϕ′ + 9az 2 ϕ′′′ − 234z 3ϕ′′ 2 − 324z 2ϕ′ ϕ′′ + 18azϕ′′ − 72zϕ′ + 2aϕ′ − 1 = 0, but, with a 6= 0, we could not find any solution to this ODE.
3.6
Reduction with the generator av2 + bv3 or av1 + bv4
They lead to the same autonomous ODE, z = bx − a log y, f = y 3/2 ϕ(z), or z = ay − b log x, f = x3/2 ϕ(z), ab 6= 0, 2 16a2 ϕ′′ − 8aϕ′ + 3ϕ ϕ′′′ − 24aϕ′′ + 9ϕ′ ϕ′′ + 8b−3 = 0.
We could not find a particular solution for this ODE. 8
(33)
3.7
Reduction with the generator −av1 + bv2 + cv5 + dv6 + ev7
The reduced ODE is autonomous and linear [4, p. 44, Example 1], z = bx + ay, f = ϕ(z) + c3 x3 + c2 x2 y + c1 xy 2 + c0 y 3 , ab 6= 0, c = −2ac2 + 2bc1 , d = −3ac3 + bc 2 , e = −ac1 + 3bc0 , 2 3a3 c3 − a2 bc2 − ab2 c1 + 3b3 c0 ϕ′′′ + 36c0 c3 − 4c1 c2 − 1 = 0.
(34)
and the solution f (x, y) (always defined up to an arbitrary polynomial of degree two in (x, y)) is identical to that defined by Eq. (21), i.e. the third degree polynomial depending on three arbitrary independent constants, f (x, y) = αx3 + 3βx2 y + 3γxy 2 + δy 3 , 36(αδ − βγ) − 1 = 0.
4
(35)
Summary of solutions
The explicit solutions to (2) are summarized in Table 3. This table does not include the reductions for which no solution could be found. The too long expression for the “icosa′” solution is, 29k 3 x5 T 4 29k 4 x4 T 7 k 5 x3 T 10 3k 6 x2 T 13 k 8 T 19 k 2 x6 T + + + + + , F (y, t) = 4 24 30 10 80 3040 4 2 9 3 3 6 2 4 3 5 4k x T 7k x T k x T kx (36) f (x, y) = + + + , 45 30 6 609 3 4 2 4 kx k T k xT y = kx2 T + , t= + k 2 x2 T 3 + . 2 3 36
5
Conclusion
Finding additional solutions to the obtained reductions could generate algebraic solutions of the sixth Painlev´e equation P6 [2], in which the four monodromy exponents of P6 could depend on one arbitrary constant, like in some particular cases (tetrahedron and octahedron solutions) found by Kitaev [7]. In particular, the two solutions labeled N1 and N1’ in Table 3 obey the quasihomogeneity condition (WDVV3) recalled in the introduction. This question is currently under investigation.
Acknowledgments We warmly thank Evgueni Ferapontov and Zhang You-jin for enlightening discussions, and one referee for suggestions to greatly improve the introduction.
References [1] R. Dijkgraaf, H. Verlinde, E. Verlinde, Topological strings in d < 1, Nucl. Phys. B 352 (1991) 59–86. [2] B. Dubrovin, Geometry of 2D topological field theories, Lecture notes in mathematics 1620 (1995) 120–348. http://arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/9407018 [3] B. Dubrovin, Painlev´e transcendents in two-dimensional topological field theory, The Painlev´e property, one century later, 287–412, ed. R. Conte, CRM series in mathematical physics (Springer, New York, 1999). [4] E. V. Ferapontov, Hypersurfaces with flat centroaffine metric and equations of associativity, Geometriae Dedicata 103 (2004) 33–49. http://arXiv.org/abs/math.DG/0205248 [5] E. V. Ferapontov, C. A. P. Galv˜ao, O. I. Mokhov, and Y. Nutku, Bi-Hamiltonian structure of equations of associativity in 2-d topological field theory, Commun. Math. Phys. 186 (1997) 649–669. 9
[6] E. V. Ferapontov and O. I. Mokhov, Equations of associativity in two-dimensional topological field theory as integrable Hamiltonian nondiagonalizable systems of hydrodynamic type, Funct. Anal. Appl. 30 (1996) 195–203. http://arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/9505180 [7] A. V. Kitaev, Special functions of the isomonodromy type, rational transformations of spectral parameter, and algebraic solutions of the sixth Painlev´e equation, Algebra i Analiz 14 (2002) 121–139. English translation: St. Petersburg Math. J. 14 (2003) 453–465. http://arXiv.org/abs/nlin.SI/0102020 [8] P. J. Olver, Applications of Lie groups to differential equations (Springer, Berlin, 1986). [9] L. V. Ovsiannikov, Group properties of differential equations, (Siberian section of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk, 1962) in Russian. Translated by G. W. Bluman (1967), Group analysis of differential equations (Academic press, New York, 1982). [10] E. Witten, On the structure of the topological phase of two-dimensional gravity, Nucl. Phys. B 340 (1990) 281–332.
10
Table 3: Summary of solutions F (y, t), f (x, y) of the equations (4), (2). A3, B3, H3 label solutions linked to regular polyhedra [2], Dubn solutions found by Dubrovin [2], Fn additional solutions listed in [4, p. 41], and Nn solutions apparently new. A prime (’) labels the solution deduced by permuting x and y in f . A blank field in column “Eq” indicates a solution not arising from a known reduction. The irrelevant constant k reflects the scaling invariance and can be set to 1. Pn denotes a polynomial of degree n.
Label F (y, t)
F1 F1’
y4 8t √ i 2y 5/2 x−15/2 λ−5 P8 (x) 4αγ − β 2 + 12γy + 6βy 2 + 4αy 3 + 3y 4 24t
F2
F3
(29)
F4
12(β 2 − αγ)y 3 − 6βy 2 t + yt2 + 2γt3 12α
8k 4 t7 ky 3 t 2k 2 y 2 t3 + + 3 3 105 λ7 x2 λ5 x3 7kλ3 x4 λ11 + + + 528k 3 6k 3 3 octa’ 4k 2 λx5 + √ 3 i 2 1/2 −7/2 x y × 24 N1 25k 3 x3 − 5k 2 x2 y 2 − 7kxy 4 − 3y 6 7 √ i 2 −11/2 5/2 x y × 24 N1’ 3 3 125k y 2 2 2 4 6 − 25k x y + 5kx y − 3x 11 t5 tetra y 2 t2 + 4k 60k 2 A3 3 k3 y7 x y 3ky 4 tetra’ + + 2 3k 8x 28x7 2 kt 2kt y e ky 4 e + − Dub1 3 8k 2k 48 y y4 (4 log − 3) 3 x4 32k x Dub1’ 3 y kx2 y 2 y (2 log + 3) + + 8kx 16 x ky 4 y Dub2 − + ekt 24 k t2 log y Dub2’ 2k k 2 y 2 t5 k 4 t11 icosa ky 3 t2 + + 6 20 3960 H3 octa B3
icosa’ (36)
f (x, y) √ 2 2i (xy)3/2 √3 γ α β 2 (xy)3/2 λ, λ2 = 1 + + 2 + 3 2i x x x √3 2 γ α β 3/2 2 2i (xy) λ, λ = 1 + + 2 + 3 3 y y y x r1 − s1 xy log − s2 log x − r2 log y 2 y Z Z √ ... ± dz dz 2 , z = xy 2z √ x 2 2i (xy)3/2 + cxy log 3 y 3 2 2 αx + 3βx y + 3γxy + δy 3 36(αδ − βγ) − 1 = 0 5/2 2 x 2y − ky 15k y
Eq
Link (t, x, y)
y3 (12) x = − 2 2t √ 3/2 −9/2 −3 λ P4 (x) (13) t = i 2y x (13) x = −
λ2 y 3 t2
(28) t = fxx √ 3 1/2 y 2 y (29) t = i +c 2 x x (21) t = 6(αx + βy) (35) (23) x = 4k 2 yt2 + ky 2
5/2 2x2 y − kx , y = kx2 + xλ2 15k x
(23) t = 2kλx2 +
√ kx 2 (xy)3/2 1 − 2 2i 3 y
√ i 2 (y 2 − 5kx) (24) t = 2(xy)1/2
√ ky 2 3/2 2i 1− 2 (xy) 3 x
√ i 2 −5/2 3/2 2 (24) t = x y (x − ky) 2
y4 kx3 + 6y 24k x4 ky 3 + 6x 24k x2 x 3x2 kxy 3 − log − 12 2k y 4k y2 y 3y 2 kyx3 − log − 12 2k x 4k x2 3x2 kxy 3 + log x − 6 2k2 4k x 3x2 kxy 3 + log x − 6 2k 4k 7k 3 y 3 t6 4k 4 y 2 t9 ky 5 k 2 y 4 t3 + + + 6 30 45 60 4k 4 x2 T 9 7k 3 x3 T 6 k 2 x4 T 3 kx5 + + + 45 30 6 60 11
λ5 10k
(25) x = ty/k (25) t =
ky 3 x2 + 3 3x 2k
x = yekt
t=
kxy y2 + 2 2kx2
x = ekt x=
t ky
k 2 yt4 2 2 4 k xT 2 y = kx T + 2 kx3 k4 T 9 2 2 3 t= +k x T + 3 36
x = ky 2 t +
