18 PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF SOME SMALL INDIGENOUS ...

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was found in C. nama (78.62%) and the lowest was in A. coila (65.88%). The percentage of ash ... highest in C. nama (3.92%) and lowest in G. chapra (1.55%).
Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 3(4):18-23 (June 2008)

PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF SOME SMALL INDIGENOUS FISH SPECIES (SIS) IN BANGLADESH M. S. A. MAZUMDER1, M. M. RAHMAN1, A. T. A. AHMED1, M. BEGUM2 AND M. A. HOSSAIN3 1

Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, 2Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), BCSIR, Dhaka-1205, 3Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh Accepted for publication: May 25, 2008 ABSTRACT Mazumder M. S. A., Rahman M. M., Ahmed A. T. A., Begum M. and Hossain M. A.2008. Proximate Composition of Some Small Indigenous Fish Species (SIS) in Bangladesh. Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 3(3):18-23 The proximate biochemical composition of some small indigenous fish species i. e. Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola), Chapila (Gudusia chapra), Punti (Puntius chola), Chanda (Chanda nama), Batashi (Pseudeutropius atherinoides) and Kajuli (Ailia coila) were analyzed. Major nutrient compositions of raw muscles like protein, fat, moisture, ash were estimated. Proximate compositions were found to be varied among the species. Protein was estimated in A. mola (18.46 %), G. chapra (15.23 %), P. chola (14.08%), C. nama (18.26%), P. atherinoides (15.84%) and in A. coila (16.99%) respectively. Fat content was recorded as 4.10%, 5.41%, 3.05%, 1.53%, 2.24% and 3.53% respectively in the six species of fish. The highest level of moisture content was found in C. nama (78.62%) and the lowest was in A. coila (65.88%). The percentage of ash content was highest in C. nama (3.92%) and lowest in G. chapra (1.55%). The present findings revealed that the highest protein content was recorded as in A. mola ((18.46 %) but the fat was highest in G. chapra (5.41%). The overall nutrient contents of studied small indigenous fishes were observed as higher or equal to those of larger fish species.

Key words: Proximate composition, small indigenous fish species

INTRODUCTION Fish is one of the most important sources of animal protein and has been widely accepted as a good source of protein and other elements for the maintenance of healthy body (Andrew, 2001). They have significant role in nutrition, income, employment and foreign exchange earning of the country. Frozen fish and fisheries products contribute to nearly 5% of the country’s foreign exchange earnings of Bangladesh (Ahmed, 2003). Fisheries contribute about 80% to the nation’s animal protein intake (DOF, 2003). Fish and shellfish are the primary sources of animal protein and valuable in the diet because they provide a good quantity (usually 70 per cent or more) of protein of high biological value, particularly sulphur containing amino acids (Latham, 1997). Small indigenous fish species are valuable source of macro and micronutrients and play an important role to provide essential nutrients for the people of Bangladesh. Small indigenous fish like mola, chapila, punti, chanda, batashi have high nutritional value in terms of proteins and vitamins that are not commonly available in other foods. They were once abundant in rivers, streams, canals, beels, and ponds. They are usually caught by a large number of subsistence fishermen and provide a major protein of animal protein intake of poor households. So it is essential to know the proximate composition of the fish to report their nutrient composition from the public health point of view. There are some information on the biochemical and nutritional studies of some freshwater fish species (Kamaluddin et al., 1977; Gheyasuddin et al., 1979). Rubbi et al. (1987) mentioned proximate composition of some commercial spcies of freshwater fish. Naser et al. (2007) stated the proximate composition of shellfish (prawn and shrimp) in Bangladesh. Stansby (1954) has established that information on the chemical composition of fish in respect to the nutritive value is important to compare with other source of animal protien, foods such as meat and poultry products. Inspite of huge amount of fish protein consumption, there are a few reports on the nutritive or caloric values of small indigenous fish. As a result, peoples are confused to take required amount of calorie from fishes. Small indigenous fish particularly Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola), Chapila (Gudusia chapra), Punti (Puntius chola), Chanda (Chanda nama), Batashi (Pseudeutropius atherinoides) and Kajuli (Ailia coila) are believed to have high degree of nutritive elements. But the major proximate compositions such as protein, fat, moisture and ash of these fish is not determined yet. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the proximate composition of these small indigenous fish of Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS A good number of small indigenous fish like Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola), Chapila (Gudusia chapra), Punti (Puntius chola), Chanda (Chanda nama), Batashi (Pseudeutropius atherinoides) and Kajuli (Ailia coila) were collected from different fish markets of Dhaka city during April to June 2007. After collection, fishes were immediately carried to the laboratory of the Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), BCSIR, Dhaka for analysis. After washing with tap water, the fish were frozen at -180 C until laboratory analysis. Proximate

© 2008 Green World Foundation (GWF)

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compositions of fish were determined by conventional method of AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemicals) on weight basis. (AOAC, 1987). Estimation of moisture: At first, the initial weight of the samples was taken. Then samples were dried in an oven (Memmet 854 Schwabach) at about 1050 C for about 8 to 10 hours until a constant weight was reached and cooled in a desiccator and weight again .Then the samples were minced in an electric grinder. The percentage of moisture content was calculated by the following equation: Percentage (%) of moisture = (Weight loses/Original weight of sample) × 100 Estimation of fat: For the estimation of fat content, the dried samples left after moisture determination were finely grinded and the fat was extracted with a nonpolar solvent, ethyl ether. After extraction, the solvent was evaporated and the extracted materials were weighed. The percentage of fat content was calculated as: Percentage (%) of fat = (Weight of extract/Weight of sample) × 100 Estimation of protein: The protein content of the fish was determined by micro-kjeldahl method. It involves conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonium sulphate by digestion with concentrated sulphuric acid in a microkjeldahl flask. The digest was diluted, made alkaline with sodium hydroxide and distilled. The liberated ammonia was collected in a boric acid solution and was determined titrametrically. The percentage of protien in the sample was calculated by the following equation: Percentage (%) of protien = (c-b) × 14 × d × 6.25/a × 1000 × 100 Where, a = sample weight (g) b= volume of NaOH required for back tittration and nuetralize 25ml of 0.1N H2SO4 (for sample) c= volume of NaOH required for back tittration and neutralize 25 ml of 0.1N H2SO4 (for blank) d=normality of NaOH used for titration 6.25= conversion factor of N to protien 14= atomic weight of N Estimation of ash: The ash content of a sample is the residue left after ashing in a muffle furnace (Gerhardt) at about 550-600 C till the residue become white. The percent of ash was calculated as follows: Percentage (%) of ash = (Weight of ash / Weight of Sample) × 100 Data were analyzed by using SPSS.11 statistical programme with five per cent level of significance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Protein content: The protein content was estimated as 18.46%, 15.23%, 14.08%, 18.26%, 16.99%, and 15.84% in A. mola, G. chapra, P. chola, C. nama, A. coila, and in P. atherinoides respectively. The highest value was found in A. mola and lowest value recorded in P. chola. Figure 1 states that the variation of protein contents among the studied fish is not so high and it ranged from 14.08%- 18.46%. It is due to mainly for species variation. This result more or less coincides with the findings of Nabi and Hossain (1989) in M. aculeatus and of Salam et al. (1995) in P. gononiotus. This result also states that the protein content in A. mola and C. nama is higher than that of Heteropneustes fossilis which was found to be 18.25% by Salam (2002). Table 1. Variations of protein, fat, moisture and ash (%) in different small indigenous fish species Fish species A. mola G. chapra P. chola C. nama P. atherinoides A. coila

Protein (%) (mean ± SD) 18.46±1.86 15.23±1.78 14.08±2.01 18.26±2.50 15.84±1.50 16.99±1.75

Fat (%) (mean ± SD) 4.10±0.98 5.41±0.75 3.05±0.45 1.53±0.25 2.24±0.40 3.53±0.58

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Moisture (%) (mean ± SD) 76.38± 2.52 75.07± 3.05 74.43±3.56 65.88±3.00 73.32±2.98 78.62±3.98

Ash (%) (mean ± SD) 1.64±0.54 1.55±0.56 1.19±0.29 3.92±0.54 3.29±0.68 1.98±0.65

Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 3(4) (June 2008)

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oi la A. c

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Proximate Composition of Some Small Indigenous Fish Species (SIS) in Bangladesh

Figure1. Variation of protein contents (%) in different fish species

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Fat Content: Table 1 shows the fat contents in different small indigenous fish species. The highest value of lipid content was recorded in G. chapra (5.41%) and the lowest was in C. nama (1.53%) (Figure 2). The fat content recorded in P. chola (3.05%), A. coila (3.53%) and in A. mola (4.10%) was nearer to the result of Habashy (1972) in Cyprinus carpio and of Nabi and Hossain(1989) in P. gonionotus. Salam (2002) estimated the highest fat content as 3.25 % in H. fossilis. This amount is less than of G chapra, A. mola, P. chola and C. nama. The fat content of G. chapra found to be 5.41% is very significant because it is more than other carp species.

Figure 2. Variation of fat contents (%) in different fish species Ash content: The highest ash content found in P. atherinoides (3.29%) and in C. nama (3.92%) (Figure 3). The value of ash in P. chola, A. mola, A. coila, and in G. chapra recorded as 1.19%, 1.64%, 1.98% and 1.55% respectively (Table 1) . The values of ash in P. atherinoides and deviated from the findings of Salam et al. (1995) in P. gonionotus, Habashy (1972) in Cyprinus carpio, Nabi and Hossain (1989) in P. gonionotus and of Salam (2002) in H. fossilis. The present findings state that the ash contents of small indigenous fish species are less than of other fishes. It may be due to lesser amount of skeleton in small indigenous fish species (SIS).

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Figure 3. Variation of ash contents (%) in different fish species

80 75 70 65

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Moisture content: The major component of fish muscle was moisture. The moisture content varied from 78.62% to 65.88%. The highest value was found in C. nama where as the lowest value was in A. coila (Figure 4). The moisture content was recorded as 74.43%, 76.38%, 75.06%, 73.32% in P. chola, A. mola, G. chapra and in P. atherinoides respectively (Table 1). This result except A. coila coincides with the findings of Nabi and Hossain (1989) in M. aculeatus and Salam et al. (1995) in P. gonionotus. This finding also agreed with observation of Marais and Erasmus (1977) in several freshwater fish species.

Figure 4. Variation of moisture contents (%) in different fish species

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Proximate Composition of Some Small Indigenous Fish Species (SIS) in Bangladesh

1.64, 2%

1.55, 2%

18.46, 18% 4.1, 4%

Protein

15.23, 16% 5.41, 6%

Fat

Fat 76.38, 76%

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75.07, 76%

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B

3.92, 4% 1.19, 1%

14.08, 15% 3.05, 3%

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Protein

18.26, 20% 1.53, 2% Protein

Fat

Fat 65.88, 74%

Moisture

Moisture 74.43, 81% Ash

C 3.29, 3%

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15.83, 17% 2.24, 2%

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Protein

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Fat

73.32, 78%

78.62, 78%

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Figure 5. Pie diagram showing the nutrient compositions within species: A) A. mola B) G. chapra C) P. chola, D) C. nama E) P. atherinoides F) A. coila. The variation of different nutrient contents within species is shown in Table 1 (Figure 5). However, the result of the present investigation states that the proximate composition of different small indigenous fish more or equal to other larger carp species, though the price of SIS is very lower than larger species of fish. Therefore, small indigenous fishes can play a significant role to fulfill the nutrient demand of poorer sections of people of the country. According to Stansby (1954), Salam (1995) and Jacquot (1961), variation in proximate composition of fish flesh may vary with species variation, season, age and the feeding habit of fish. The chemical composition of flesh may vary largely between and within species (Jacquot, 1961). Here the differences may be due to the difference in the

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fish species used. It has been shown in present study that small indigenous fish do not differ significantly in their nutrient and biochemical compositions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors acknowledge the scientists and laboratory technicians of BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh for their technical supports and continuous assistance to accomplish the current study REFERENCES Andrew, A.E. 2001. Fish Processing Technology. University of IIorin press, Nigeria.pp.7-8 Ahmed, A.T.A. 2003. Prawn culture. In: Bangladpedia (Ed. Islam, S.). Asiatic Soc. Bangladesh, Dhaka. pp 172176. AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemicals). 1995. Official Method of Analysis, 12th edn., Association of official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, p 832 DOF (Department Of Fisheries) Fish Fortnight Publ. 2003. Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. Bangladesh. pp.134

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Gheyasuddin, S., A. Rahman, and M. Mumtazuddin. 1979. Biochemical composition of shellfishes of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Sci. Res., 2: 15-23 Habashi, A.P. 1972. Seasonal variation of moisture, protein, fat, and ash in the mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio). A.R.E. Zool. Listy. 22: 85-89 Jacquot, R. 1961. Organic constituents of fish and other aquatic animals: Fish as food. Borgstorm Academic Press, N. Y. and London. pp. 145-209 Kamaluddin, A., M.A. Malek and M. Sanaullah. 1977. Deshio khaddeer pustiman. Ins. Nutr. & Fd. SCI. Dhaka University. pp. 1-20 Latham, M.C. 1997. Human Nutrition in the Developing World. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). pp. 508 Marais, J.F.K. and T. Erasmus. 1977. Body composition of Mugil cephalus, Liza dumerile, L. richardsoni and L. tricuspidus (Teleostei: Mugilidae) caught in the Swartkops Estuary. Aqua, 10: 75-86 Nabi, R.M. and M.A. Hossain. 1989. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition and caloric content of Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch) from the Chalan Beel water. J. Asiatic Soc. Bangladesh (Sc.), 15 (2): 103-110 Naser, M.N., G.W. Chowdhury, M.M. Begum and W. Haque 2007. Proximate composition of prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 16 (1): 61-66 Rubbi, S. F., M. Mujibar, A.R. Khan, S.S. Jahan, and B. Majeda. 1987. Proximate composition and quality of some commercial species of fresh water fish. Bangladesh J. Sci. Res., 5(1): 1-20 Salam, M.A., N. Alam, M. Nasiruddin, R. Nabi, and M.Z.H. Howlader. 1995. Biochemical composition of body muscles and its caloric contents of tawes (Puntius gonionotus, Bleeker). Bangladesh J. Sci. Res., 13(2): 205-211 Salam, M.A. 2002. Seasonal changes in the biochemical composition of body muscles of a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Bangladesh J. Life Sci. 14 (1&2): 47-54 Stansby, M.Z. 1954. Composition of certain species of freshwater fish. Food. Res. 19: 231- 234

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