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Attractive for climbers, trekkers, mountaineers, and hikers. 1/10/201 ... List. ▷ Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro (1980). ▷ Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and ...
Tourism causes uneven development: a case study of Natural and Cultural Heritage Tourism in Pakistan

Masood-ur-Rehman Azhar

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Research Area: Tourism and uneven development Case Study: Natural and cultural heritage tourism in Pakistan Investigators 

Masood ur Rehman Azhar Research Student University Sains Malaysia



Nor Malina Malek Associate Professor University Sains Malaysia



Saima Masood Lecturer COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan



Funding Agency: 

University Sains Malaysia

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Purpose of presentation:



To support the theoretical approaches of tourism and uneven development by evaluating the tourism industry of Pakistan.

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Scheme of presentation 

Introduction



Literature review



Research methodology



Theoretical framework



Case study



Conclusion

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Introduction 

Tourism industry is a potential source of revenue generating (US$ 1.5 trillion in 2015 from international tourism). (UNWTO, 2017)



A vital source of employment (200 million/annum), income, and foreign exchange (Scheyvens, 2007).



Participation of local inhabitants and marginalized in tourism activities can eradicate poverty in the society (Simpson, 2008).



Foreign exchange earned from tourism industry promotes local development and trickle down to local residents (Chew, 2009).

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Literature review 

Increased dependency (Britton, 1982): 

Tourism creates dependency of people and country on tourists of other nationalities.



This dependency can be easily manipulated by others, both economically and politically.



Marketing strategies to attract tourists sabotage local industry and economy as consumption of local products are reduced day by day and ultimately has been replaced by imported stuff (Britton, 1982).

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Literature review (Cont..) 

Increased inequalities (Scheyvens, 2014). 



The more resourceful in society gets more benefits from tourism while poorest who do not have sufficient capital and skills to use the economic opportunities are getting nothing (Chok, Macbeth, & Warren, 2007). This phenomenon creates uneven development in society (Scheyvens, 2007).

Hegemony of Elite class (Chok, 2007): 

According to Chok (2007), tourism industry is dominated by powerful business stakeholders who manipulate opportunities to serve their own interests. A critical perspective of tourism and development is that economic growth due to international tourism failed to trickle down to benefit the poor in most of the cases (Hall, 2007).

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Theoretical framework



Tourism creates dependency.



It serves the interests of a particular group.



It excludes the marginalised and creates uneven development.

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A case study of Pakistan 

Entry in UNWTO: 1975



International tourists: 966277 (2012)



Domestic tourists: 50 million



Growth rate avg.: 10.2%



Balance of tourism payments: USD1016 million



Strict visa policy, poor law and order, 18th Amendment and flawed tourism policy are the main hindrances in promotion of tourism in Pakistan (PATO, 2014)

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International Arrivals

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Source: World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files

International tourism, receipts (current US$)

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Natural Heritage Himalayas

DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61218-6)

Karakarams Attractive for climbers, trekkers, mountaineers, and hikers

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Hidukash

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Cultural Tourism Cultural Heritage



Ratification of the World Heritage Convention in 1976.



Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List 

Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro (1980)



Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol (1980)



Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore (1981)



Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta (1981)



Rohtas Fort (1997)



Taxila (1980)

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Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro (1980)

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Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol (1980)

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Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore (1981)

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Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta (1981)

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Rohtas Fort (1997)

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Taxila (1980)

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Limited local economic connections 

Mostly operated by government registered tour operators (42 operators).



Hoteling, transport and food industry is controlled by the resourceful segments.



No economic connections of the locals except seasonal labour (Baluch, 2012).

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Lack of local ownership 

Government managed cultural tourist resorts.



Locals have no religious affiliations with religio-cultural sites.



No role in policy making (Baloch, 2008;

Mujahida, 2002; Ullah, et al., 2009; Zain & Badar, Masood-ur-Rehman Azhar 2009) .

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Export of heritage to central places

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Hegemony of elite class

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Summary 

Tourism creates hegemony of elite class.



It creates inequality in society.



It causes uneven development in society (Scheyvens, 2014).

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