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objects, e.g. by boat/bike or substances, e.g. by air/sea. The latter are .... INSTRUMENTAL VERBS THAT ARE NOT VEHICLE NAMES: cruise, drive, fly, oar, paddle, pedal, ride, row, sail, tack. ..... Germany Switzerland Austr. 0nNww ED1. 48.
PELCRA Research Report No. 05/JTW/2018 University of Lodz, Institute of English Studies, ul. Pomorska 171/173, 90-236 Łódź, Poland

Jacek Tadeusz Waliński

Instrumental motion verbs in coextension path expressions in the British National Corpus

1. Introduction Movement is used to describe a plethora of more or less abstract concepts, including trends, moods, prices, etc. Fictive motion refers to figurative representations of motion attributed to immobile material objects, states, or abstract concepts, in which the meaning of motion verbs is semantically extended to express relations that do not involve motion per se nor change of state.1 Coextension paths are a specific category of fictive motion expressions used to depict spatial configurations of stationary objects in terms of motion over the object’s extent.2 This report focuses specifically on fictive motion in this particular narrow sense of coextension paths. It demonstrates the use of instrumental motion verbs in coextension path expressions in the British National Corpus. 2. Instrumental motion verbs in fictive motion It has long been recognized that the semantics of instrument and manner are not easily disentangled. Essentially, manner and instrument share common conceptual ground and participate in the action described by the verb simultaneously in a coordinate manner (Dirven, 1993; Mari, 2006; Wierzbicka, 1996). However, some semantic studies on motion verbs approach manner and instrument as largely separate aspects. For instance, Frawley (1992, pp. 178–179) distinguishes manner from conveyance (vehicular and non-vehicular). Ikegami (1969, pp. 61–63 & 75–79) discusses verbs of motion with components of manner separately from those with components of means. Levin (1993, pp. 267–268) groups the already discussed verbs of motion manner separately from instrumental verbs, which she labels verbs of motion using a vehicle. Although the link between the semantics of manner and instrument in the verbs of motion is recognized by scholars, there seems to be no universally agreed specification as to how close or separate they are. Dirven (1993, pp. 89–91) sees the domains of manner, means and instrument as forming a conceptual continuum. At one end of the continuum she puts conceptualizations of manner, which tend to be more abstract. At the opposite end she puts the conceptualizations of instrument, which tend to be more concrete. The concept of means is situated somewhere between these the two poles, although it seems to located closer to the concept of instrument. Dirven discusses the conceptual continuum with reference to English prepositions. She argues 1 2

Langacker, R. W. (2008). Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a Cognitive Semantics, Vol. I: Concept Structuring Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

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that the preposition with covers both the concept of manner and instrument. It typically expresses manner when followed by abstract nouns, e.g. “with care”, and instrument when followed by concrete nouns, e.g. “with scissors”. The preposition on, which prototypically refers to physical contact with supporting surfaces or entities, cannot be fully ascribed to either end of the manner/means/instrument continuum. For expressions such as on foot and on horseback neither a manner interpretation or an instrument interpretation can be excluded. Expressions denoting means allowing the passage of entities may involve concrete objects, e.g. by boat/bike or substances, e.g. by air/sea. The latter are located somewhere between the two extremes of the continuum. Goddard and Wierzbicka (2009) demonstrate that the semantics of verbs designating everyday physical activities in English, Polish, and Japanese ties the kind of instrument used in the action with the manner in which the instrument is used. Their study shows that the meaning of physical activity verbs reflects that people use an instrument because it is suitable for a specific purpose, and at the same time they use the instrument in a manner that enables them to accomplish the purpose. A close relatedness between manner and instrument occurs for the non-vehicular verbs of motion. For instance, the verb drive expresses a certain manner of motion, which can be additionally specified by instrumental modifiers, e.g. drive by car. However, in sentences such as “Every morning Kevin drives to work through the suburbs of London”, the meaning of drive is understood as “vehicle-propelled overland locomotion using car”. The link between manner and instrument can also be observed for the vehicular verbs of motion. For instance, the verb bicycle essentially denotes the instrument of motion, but at the same time specifies the manner of “self-propelled overland locomotion”, in which cycling takes place. Because the semantics of instrument and manner of motion form a semantic cline, it is virtually impossible to entirely separate one from the other (see Rappaport Hovav & Levin, 1998). Assuming that fictive motion is experientially grounded (Langacker, 2005) and mentally simulated (Matlock, 2004a, 2017), we can reasonably assume that coextension path expressions should avoid referencing to the semantics of instrument. It is not only because the objects described with fictive motion are stationary. More importantly, in fictive motion expressions there is no Agent capable of making use of the instrument of motion. This can be exemplified by contrasting sentences for actual motion (1a) with fictive motion for travelable paths (1b) and non-travelable paths (1c). (1) a. Ann goes to London by car / Tom goes to London by train / etc. b. ?This road goes to London by car / ?This railway goes to London by train c. ?This wall / fence goes all the way down to the river by [car / train, etc.] The avoidance of referencing to the semantics of instrument is particularly conspicuous for those fictive motion sentences that refer to non-travelable paths, such as (6.19c), for which it is difficult to come up with any sensible instrument of motion. 3. Instrumental motion verbs Talmy (1985, 2000b, 2007) sketches a basic motion event as a situation that “consists of one object (the Figure) moving or located with respect to another object (the reference object or Ground)”. The basic schema of Motion event has four internal core components, which apart from the above-mentioned Figure and Ground, include also Motion and Path. The Path is a path followed or site occupied by the Figure object with respect to the Ground. The component of Motion “refers to the presence per se of motion or locatedness in the event” (Talmy, 2000b, p. 25), despite the fact the in the latter motion as such does not occur. Moreover, Talmy (2000b, p. 26) distinguishes an associated Co-event: “a motion event can be 2

associated with an external Co-event that most often bears the relation of Manner or of Cause to it”. Thus, besides the above-mentioned four internal components of the core schema of motion, the Manner component reflects the manner in which the motion takes place, and the Cause is the cause of its occurrence. Talmy (1985, 2000b, 2007) observes that different languages conflate the semantic components of the Motion event in different ways. He identifies three main typological patterns of the mappings between the meaning and form for the expression of motion events. The Motion+Co-event pattern (Talmy, 2000b, p. 27–29) can be illustrated with sentences, such as “The rock rolled down the hill” (Motion+Manner), or “The napkin blew off the table” (Motion+Cause). The Motion+Path pattern (Talmy, 2000b, p. 49–53) can be illustrated with the following sentences from Spanish: “La botella entró a la cueva (flotando)” [Lit. The bottle MOVED-in to the cave (floating), i.e. “The bottle floated into the cave”)], and “La botella salió a la cueva (flotando)” [Lit. The bottle MOVED-out to the cave (floating), i.e. “The bottle floated out of the cave”)]. The Motion+Figure pattern (Talmy, 2000b, pp. 57–59) expresses the fact of Motion together with the Figure. English verbs of motion tend to conflate manner, but still there is a substantial lexicon of verbs that designate paths and their directionality (Talmy, 1985, 2000b, Part 1, 2007). Levin (1993) discusses instrumental verbs of motion under the label of verbs of motion using a vehicle and divides into two categories of verbs that are vehicle names and verbs that are not vehicle names (Levin, 1993, pp. 267–268). She adds that these verbs describe translocation of an entity, but no specific direction of motion is specified unless there is an explicit directional phrase present. The first subclass of instrumental verbs taken under inspection includes verbs of motion using a vehicle (Levin, 1993, Ch. 51.4.1), which are zerorelated to nouns that are vehicle names. They express motion using a particular type of vehicle named by the noun. INSTRUMENTAL VERBS THAT ARE VEHICLE NAMES:

balloon, bicycle, bike, boat, bobsled, bus, cab, canoe, caravan, chariot, coach, cycle, dogsled, ferry, gondola, helicopter, jeep, jet, kayak, moped, motor, motorbike, motorcycle, parachute, punt, raft, rickshaw, rocket, skate, skateboard, ski, sled, sledge, sleigh, taxi, toboggan, tram, trolley, yacht. (39 verbs)

The other subclass of instrumental verbs taken under scrutiny includes verbs that are not vehicle names (Levin, 1993, Ch. 51.4.2). They are not directly derived from vehicle names, but some of them are zero-related to nouns that name parts used in propelling these vehicles. INSTRUMENTAL VERBS THAT ARE NOT VEHICLE NAMES:

cruise, drive, fly, oar, paddle, pedal, ride,

row, sail, tack. (10 verbs) This reports examines the use of these instrumental motion verbs in coextension path expressions. 4. Methodology This research employs the British National Corpus, which is a 100 million word collection of samples of written and spoken contemporary British English from a wide range of texts. The texts are not limited to any particular subject field, genre or register (see Aston & Burnard, 1998; Burnard, 2000; see www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk for more information). The reason behind picking this corpus for the investigation of fictive motion expressions is twofold. First, this is probably the most famous reference corpus for English used by numerous researchers in a multitude of studies and widely regarded as the standard reference for English. Because of wide availability and stability of corpus data, any variation between this study and other studies may result from the methodology contained in research, but not from differences in the linguistic data under examination. Second, the use of fictive motion is 3

a stable linguistic phenomenon, therefore there is no need to worry about its underrepresentation in the corpus that is relatively old. Because at the syntactic level fictive motion expressions are practically indistinguishable from actual motion expressions, they are problematic to pick out selectively from corpora. For this reason, the examination of verbs in coextension paths was implemented with a procedure that involves looking for landmarks that can potentially feature in coextension paths in combination with motion verbs. Selecting suitable landmarks followed observations that coextension paths usually describe elongated or spatially extended objects (Langacker, 2005; Matlock, 2004a, 2004b). Starting with a few prototypical objects, such as “road”, “wire”, “fence”, “coast”, etc., WordNet (2010) was consulted to find hyponyms, meronyms, and other sister terms in order to identify spatially extended entities that are potentially fit for descriptions with fictive motion. For the purpose of the present study the following four categories of landmarks were distinguished: (1) Travelable paths: “alley, artery, avenue, boulevard, bridge, flyover, footpath, highway, lane, motorway, overpass, passage, passageway, path, pathway, pavement, railway, road, roadway, route, street, subway, thoroughfare, track, trail, tunnel, underpass, viaduct, walkway, way”. These spatial entities are distinguished by Matsumoto (1996) as paths intended for traveling by people. (2) Travelable environmental entities: “beach, canyon, cliff, coast, coastline, crag, desert, escarpment, field, forest, glacier, glen, grassland, gulf, gully, hill, island, land, littoral, meadow, mountain, plateau, ravine, ridge, scarp, seashore, shore, valley, wasteland, wilderness”. These natural extended landmarks can also be traveled, however they were not built for this purpose. (3) Non-travelable connectors: “cable, conduit, conveyor, duct, hose, line, pipe, pipeline, tube, wire”. These elongated objects are used for transmitting energy or transporting substances over long distance. However, they are classified by Matsumoto (1996) as non-travelable paths because they are not traveled by people. (4) Non-travelable barriers: “barrage, barricade, barrier, dam, fence, hedge, hedgerow, palisade, rampart, wall”. These spatially extended entities typically serve as barriers and are not normally used for traveling, but they often stretch over a relatively substantial distance.

Altogether, 80 landmarks were selected for analysis, including 60 landmarks for travelable paths and 20 landmarks for non-travelable paths. This selection seems to be reasonably adequate for the purpose of investigating coextension path expressions. Enumerating all landmarks that can potentially feature in this context is impossible, if only due to the unlimited creativity of linguistic expressions. The search for the instrumental motion verbs in coextension path expressions was executed by looking for combinations of the selected landmarks with third-person singular simple present and past forms of the instrumental motion verbs using the following pattern: LANDMARK (noun sing.) + INSTRUMENTAL MOTION VERB (3rd sing. present/past tense)

The directional motion verbs examined in this report were selected on the basis of the abovementioned classification proposed by Levin, (1993).

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5. Queries This research is based on the BNC World edition published in 2001. The corpus was searched with SlopeQ for the BNC, a part-of-speech-sensitive concordancer with support for proximity queries developed by Piotr Pęzik.3 The vertical bar symbol or pipe ( | ) used in queries indicates logical AND, which enables executing multiple queries in a single line. For example, the query [road drives|drove] substitutes for two separate queries “road drives” and “road drove”. The following queries were used: Instrumental verbs that are vehicle names alley|artery|avenue|boulevard|bridge|flyover|footpath|highway|lane|motorway|overpass|passage|passageway|path|pathway |pavement|railway|road|roadway|route|street|subway|thoroughfare|track|trail|tunnel|underpass|viaduct|walkway|way|bea ch|canyon|cliff|coast|coastline|crag|desert|escarpment|field|forest|glacier|glen|grassland|gulf|gully|hill|island|land|littoral| meadow|mountain|plateau|ravine|ridge|scarp|seashore|shore|valley|wasteland|wilderness|cable|conduit|conveyor|duct|hos e|line|pipe|pipeline|tube|wire|barrage|barricade|barrier|dam|fence|hedge|hedgerow|palisade|rampart|wall balloons|ballooned|bicycles|bicycled|bikes|biked|boats|boated|bobsleds|bobsleded|buses|bused|cabs|cabbed|canoes|canoed |caravans|caravanned|chariots|charioted|coaches|coached|cycles|cycled|dogsleds|dogsleded|ferries|ferried|gondolas|gondol ed|helicopters|helicoptered|jeeps|jeeped|jets|jeted|kayaks|kayaked|mopeds|mopedded|motors|motored|motorbikes|motor biked|motorcycles|motorcycled|parachutes|parachuted|punts|punted|rafts|rafted|rickshaws|rickshawed|rockets|rocketed|s kates|skated|skateboards|skateboarded|skis|skied|sleds|sledded|sledges|sledged|sleighs|sleighed|taxis|taxied|toboggans|tob ogganed|trams|trammed|trolleys|trolleyed|yachts|yachted

Instrumental verbs that are not vehicle names alley|artery|avenue|boulevard|bridge|flyover|footpath|highway|lane|motorway|overpass|passage|passageway|path|pathway |pavement|railway|road|roadway|route|street|subway|thoroughfare|track|trail|tunnel|underpass|viaduct|walkway|way|bea ch|canyon|cliff|coast|coastline|crag|desert|escarpment|field|forest|glacier|glen|grassland|gulf|gully|hill|island|land|littoral| meadow|mountain|plateau|ravine|ridge|scarp|seashore|shore|valley|wasteland|wilderness|cable|conduit|conveyor|duct|hos e|line|pipe|pipeline|tube|wire|barrage|barricade|barrier|dam|fence|hedge|hedgerow|palisade|rampart|wall cruises|cruised|drives|drove|flies|flew|oars|oared|paddles|paddled|pedals|pedaled|rides|rode|rows|rowed|sails|sailed|tacks| tacked

Implementation of corpus queries based on the regular expression syntax provides for immediate replicability of this research. 7. References Aston, G., & Burnard, L. (1998). The BNC Handbook: Exploring the British National Corpus with SARA. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. BNC. (2001). The British National Corpus [World Edition] Oxford: Oxford University Computing Services. Available from OUCS at: http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk Burnard, L. (Ed.). (2000). Reference Guide for the British National Corpus (World Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Computing Services. Dirven, R. (1993). Dividing up physical and mental space into conceptual categories by means of English prepositions. In C. Zelinsky-Wibbelt (Ed.), The Semantics of Prepositions: From Mental Processing to Natural Language Processing (pp. 73–97). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Frawley, W. (1992). Linguistic Semantics. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Goddard, C., & Wierzbicka, A. (2009). Contrastive semantics of physical activity verbs: ‘Cutting’ and ‘chopping’ in English, Polish, and Japanese. Language Sciences, 31(1), 60–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2007.10.002

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For more information, see: Pęzik, P. (2015). Spokes – a Search and Exploration Service for Conversational Corpus Data. In Selected Papers from CLARIN 2014, 99–109 Electronic Conference Proceedings (pp. 99–109). Linköping University Electronic Press: Linköping University Electronic Press.

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Ikegami, Y. (1969). The Semological Structure of the English Verbs of Motion (Linguistic Automation Project). New Haven, CT: Yale University. Langacker, R. W. (1986). Abstract Motion. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (pp. 455–471). Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Langacker, R. W. (2005). Dynamicity, fictivity, and scanning: The imaginative basis of logic and linguistic meaning. In D. Pecher & R. A. Zwaan (Eds.), Grounding Cognition: The Role of Perception and Action in Memory, Language, and Thinking (pp. 164–197). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Langacker, R. W. (2008). Cognitive Grammar A Basic Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levin, B. (1993). English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Mari, A. (2006). What do the notions of instrumentality and of manner have in common? In P. SaintDizier (Ed.), Syntax and Semantics of Prepositions (pp. 263–287). Dordrecht: Springer. Matlock, T. (2004a). Fictive motion as cognitive simulation. Memory & Cognition, 32(8), 1389–1400. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206329 Matlock, T. (2004b). The conceptual motivation of fictive motion. In G. Radden & K.-U. Panther (Eds.), Studies in Linguistic Motivation (pp. 221–248). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Matlock, T. (2017). Metaphor, Simulation, and Fictive Motion. In B. Dancygier (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 477–490). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316339732.030 Matsumoto, Y. (1996). Subjective motion and English and Japanese verbs. Cognitive Linguistics, 7(2), 183–226. https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.1996.7.2.183 Rappaport Hovav, M., & Levin, B. (1998). Building Verb Meanings. In M. Butt & W. Geuder (Eds.), The Projection of Arguments: Lexical and Compositional Factors (pp. 97–134). Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. SlopeQ for the BNC. (2017). A part-of-speech-sensitive search engine with support for proximity queries for the British National Corpus data. A general description of the SlopeQ query syntax can be found at: http://pelcra.pl/docs/doku.php?id=slopeq_for_bnc Talmy, L. (1985). Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. In T. Shopen (Ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 3: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon (pp. 57–149). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Talmy, L. (2000a). Toward a Cognitive Semantics, Vol. I: Concept Structuring Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Talmy, L. (2000b). Toward a Cognitive Semantics, Vol. II: Typology and Process in Concept Structuring. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Talmy, L. (2007). Lexical typologies. In T. Shopen (Ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 2nd Ed., (pp. 66–168). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. VerbNet 3.2. (2013). A class-based verb lexicon with mappings to other lexical resources. The unified verb index accessible from: http://verbs.colorado.edu/verb-index/ Wierzbicka, A. (1996). Semantics: Primes and Universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press. WordNet Online Search 3.1. (2010). A lexical database for English. Princeton: Princeton University. Available at: http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

8. Concordances The listing of concordance lines retrieved from the BNC with the above queries follows. Queries are presented on yellow background. Results recognized as valid representations of coextension paths are marked with green background.

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Instrumental verbs that are vehicle names alley|artery|avenue|boulevard|bridge|flyover|footpath|highway|lane|motorway|overpass|passage|passageway|path|pathway|pavement|railway|road|roadway|route|street|subway|thoroughfare|track|trail|tunnel|underpass|viaduct|walkway|way|beach|canyo n|cliff|coast|coastline|crag|desert|escarpment|field|forest|glacier|glen|grassland|gulf|gully|hill|island|land|littoral|meadow|mountain|plateau|ravine|ridge|scarp|seashore|shore|valley|wasteland|wilderness|cable|conduit|conveyor|duct|hose|line|pipe|pipeline| tube|wire|barrage|barricade|barrier|dam|fence|hedge|hedgerow|palisade|rampart|wall balloons|ballooned|bicycles|bicycled|bikes|biked|boats|boated|bobsleds|bobsleded|buses|bused|cabs|cabbed|canoes|canoed|caravans|caravanned|chariots|charioted|coaches|coached|cycles|cycled|dogsleds|dogsleded|ferries|ferried|gondolas|gondoled |helicopters|helicoptered|jeeps|jeeped|jets|jeted|kayaks|kayaked|mopeds|mopedded|motors|motored|motorbikes|motorbiked|motorcycles|motorcycled|parachutes|parachuted|punts|punted|rafts|rafted|rickshaws|rickshawed|rockets|rocketed|skates|skate d|skateboards|skateboarded|skis|skied|sleds|sledded|sledges|sledged|sleighs|sleighed|taxis|taxied|toboggans|tobogganed|trams|trammed|trolleys|trolleyed|yachts|yachted Displaying sentences 0 - 94. Index contains 6,024,147 sentences.

# Left ged with air defences 1 including — according to one foreign visitor from a company providing contract services to INOC — So , with 2 a tail wind , he began the 130/140 miles , picking some carrots and apples en-route , and noticing the 3 Visibility was very poor and having been warned that because we were 4 living near Sevenoaks when the V one was over the doodlebugs and er they positioned er one of these he electric effects 5 are the advertising blimp — Scott wanted it to look like his memories from earliest childhood of wartime 6 Do you remember 7 It was now quite clear that 8 In this strike the Fireflies were ordered to strafe the 9 He was commissioned as acting pilot officer and posted to 911 Squadron ( 10 They flew 11 The weather balloon is developed from the war time 12 To develop his system , the idea for which probably came to him during a passing involvement with 13 On east 14 The East Lindsay 15 The Bugis ' prahus are a magnificent hybrid between the original 16 17 Christina crawled behind one of the gaudily painted 18 It was hard to believe that most of these islands were populated and we often caught glimpses of 19 British Channel 20 BRITISH Channel from government 21 policies , whether through economies in defence spending ( with effects on British Aerospace and West 22 Where even going on the boat , we went from Glasgow from Quay in one of the 23 ‘ Now ’ , said my guide , ‘ you 've seen about the finest thing in corridors and new main 24 The youths , aged about 15 , dressed in brightly shell suits were riding 25 Walkers would find themselves diving out of the way on paths , escaping from runaway 26 Part of the cause for derision is the accessories that go with 27 They also robbed two schoolboys of their L250 28 29 Cycling , like walking , is one of the best ways of seeing and enjoying the countryside , and A new 30 voucher system enables kids to choose attractive and colourful frames , which reflect the brightness of well catered for31with a superb network of cycle tracks available , and for those with an adventurous spirit and strong legs , 32 The latest move from the forces of oppression is to restrict 33 Yes , we go up on the Ridge most of the time because er we 've all got 34 I tell you what , if you get one of the earlier 35 The 36 37 what do they call these 38 Our family

Match barrage balloons barrage balloons barrage balloons barrage balloons barrage balloons barrage balloons barrage balloons barrage balloons barrage balloons barrage balloons barrage balloons cable trams coast boats coastline boats island boats Island buses island buses island ferries Island Ferries Island Ferries land Helicopters Line boats line coaches mountain bikes mountain bikes mountain bikes mountain bikes Mountain Bikes mountain bikes mountain bikes mountain bikes mountain bikes mountain bikes mountain bikes mountain bikes Mountain bikes mountain bikes mountain bikes

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39 ‘ You 'll love this route , it 's got a bit of everything ’ , said Paul , who was renting mountain bikes 40 We hired mountain bikes 41 Tennis courts , Italian bowling , archery and mountain bikes 42 It included a GT Karakoram and Rayleigh Dina Tec mountain bikes 43 The Prince became fascinated and vanished from sight into the mountain bikes 44 Outdoor Adventure also hire out windsurfers , canoes , surfboards and mountain bikes 45A holiday memorable for seafood and storms , and a useful test of the author 's PPL/IR — and two folding mountain bikes 46 We had bought Rudge Biframe folding mountain bikes an 18 hole golf 47 course that 's held in high regard by professionals , stables where treks head for the hills , tennis courts , mountain bikes hybrid bike from 48 Raleigh combines popular mountain and road bike features making it perfectly suited for people who like mountain bikes 49 Most of the people I went with took mountain bikes 50 Mountain bikes 51 It was interesting to compare the performance of my tourer bike and the mountain bikes 52 A sneak thief walked into a house at Reid Terrace , Guisborough and stole two mountain bikes 53 Two mountain bikes 54 Mountain bikes 55 Muji 's own make of eco-friendly transport follows sturdy , basic designs which reject the complexity of mountain bikes 56 Two mountain bikes 57 Cycling : Mountain bikes 58 The thieves ' favourite remains mountain bikes 59 RA POLICY ON MOUNTAIN BIKES 60 Mountain bikes A new 61 voucher system enables kids to choose attractive and colourful frames , which reflect the brightness of mountain bikes meter path , I62 think you would find that the route would not have the slightest attraction for the ‘ misbehaving minority ’ on mountain bikes 63 Both types were great value , and you loved our mountain bikes 64 So this week we 're offering your family another chance to buy these brilliant mountain bikes 65 Mountain bikes 66 Three mountain bikes 67 Bike bobbies:Wirral bobbies Jeff Morrison and Adrian Powell have received free mountain bikes 68 Mountain Bikes 69 It would seem an appropriate forum in which the issue of mountain bikes 70 There are few bikes ( especially mountain bikes 71 Guests have free use of the hotel 's bicycles ( mountain bikes 72 After lunch , families could join an organised hike from the hotel or get on mountain bikes 73 Now , Kathmandu has discovered mountain bikes 74 I quickly found that mountain bikes 75 Mountain bike operators : Himalayan Mountain Bikes 76 Mountain bikes 77 Three and a half million mountain bikes 78 Raleigh Ireland have presented one of their new Activator II mountain bikes 79 Like in the Trossachs , the mountain bikes 80 5 PEUGEOT CYCLES MOUNTAIN BIKES 81 It is ironic that an article about mountain bikes 82 A grand draw with mountain bikes 83 Off-road routes for mountain bikes 84 Two mountain cycles 85 POLICE have urged owners of mountain cycles 86 That was the old railway boats 87 Surely research and development can provide similar high technology for railway cabs officers were 88 mainly selected from those who had experience in the building of road vehicles , and their efforts resembled road coaches

to Vanessa and me . Outdoor Action. gRrXw G2S from Dorchester Service Station , London Road , Dorchester . Outdoor Action. gRrXw G2S can be made available for a charge payable locally . Citalia Italy complete. 86B6w ECF valued at L430 and L400 respectively , each fitted with a bike computer , two sets of Wilson Liverpool golfDaily clubs qMybw Post and and oneK47 Echo: Slazenger Foreign set news , and , and it was twenty-four minutes before anyone could extract him and move him on . Charles and Diana. p4bMw A7H . Outdoor Action. wMbOw G2S . Pilot. X11Qw BNV specifically to go in the back of the 172 , and trips to the Norfolk Broads , Dartmoor and Pilot. west IrelandX11Qw had allowed BNVAnne and I to ref , and of course mile after mile of wonderful alpine scenery to walk or run through . Germany Switzerland 0nNww Austria ED1 -- GTF Tours. but have no intention of going near a mountain . Outdoor Action. K0kbw A65 and they envied me the Pioneer as I sped along with far less effort that they had to useOutdoor . Action. K0kbw A65 do n't have guards because if you 're using them on wet and muddy terrain you do n't Outdoor want to constantly Action. K0kbw haveA65 to stop to unclog the we hired on these roads . [Spokes: unpublished E1E2w letters HPP & articles] . Northern Echo:65Zbw Foreign K4W news pages. worth L2,550 have been stolen from the garage of a house in Eglinton Avenue , Guisborough Northern. Echo:QwKVw Foreign K4W news pages. are good . Arctic odyssey:lv25w travellingA6T Arctic Europe. — and taking simplicity a stage further is the shaft-driven , zinc-plated cycle ( below ) which The Face. eschewsLo0Vw the regular CGB oily chain for a vis worth L335 have been stolen from Craig Street , Darlington . Northern Echo:RDeMw Foreign K55 news pages. and ordinary bikes can be hired in Saalbach . Enterprise lakes O6Yyw and mountains. AMD , with many among those taken last week . Northern Echo:rLndw News and K54features. [Spokes: unpublished pVoPw letters HPP & articles] Belfast Telegraph: dow3w Leisure K2Dpages. and skateboards . Belfast Telegraph: z02Dw Leisure K2Upages. — simply because the terrain is flat . [Spokes: unpublished N1pgw letters HPP & articles] offer in April . Woman. 3VQ5w G35 — and at less than half the usual price for machines of this type . Woman. 3VQ5w G35 need to be strong and sturdy — whether you use them in cities or for cycling through the Woman. countryside3VQ5w — and our G35bikes are precisel worth a total of L670 were stolen from outside the Co-op in Fenby Avenue , DarlingtonNorthern , on Saturday Echo:8vZ3w evening Foreign K55 while news their pages. owners w to help crime prevention in Rock Ferry and New Ferry . Liverpool EchobOGRw & Daily Post. K97 [Campaign foryxqyw the Preservation GXG of Rural Wal could be considered at a strategic policy level . [Campaign foryxqyw the Preservation GXG of Rural Wal ) that do n't have Shimano gears or brakes . The Scotsman:yYOQw Arts section. K5F also available ) and a 50% reduction on green fees at the new 6 hole golf academy which Enterprise is 2000lakes metres Bpbjw andaway mountains. AMD . for a visit to an Alpine dairy — the cows are pastured at high altitudes in the summer .Parents. nNQQw G2T . Independent, electronic NWyjw A3P edition of 1989-10-0 do n't particularly spare you the bumps . Independent, electronic NWyjw A3P edition of 1989-10-0 , located in the courtyard of the Kathmandu Guest House , runs trips all over Nepal from Independent, 1 to 13 days electronic NWyjw , with costs A3P edition ranging of 1989-10-0 from $20 can be hired for $8 a day from America Nepal Mountain Bike Rental , south of the OldIndependent, Vienna Inn inelectronic NWyjw Kathmandu A3P edition . of 1989-10-0 have been sold in Britain over the past four years . [Central television yRGKw newsK1V scripts] to the museum 's transport gallery . Belfast Telegraph: NBzZw Leisure K32pages. leave their marks but I did not meet any . Highland journey. RlQ0w B1N ( INCLUDING CYCLE HELMETS ) TO BE WIN PLUS 50 RUNNERS UP PRIZES OF [Leaflets CYCLINGadvertising HELMETS mQbowvarious BNX products] on Snowdon appeared in the same issue ( May ) as glorification of Ed Douglas 's lamebrain Climber driving and Hill .0Ldkw Walker.ECH as the main prizes is also planned . The Alton Herald. gX4ow C88 on the Isle of Weight have been outlined in a new series of guides , Byways and Bridleways Outdoor byAction. Mountain KPW4w BikeCHH . worth L150 and L190 were stolen from Clark 's Yard , Darlington , yesterday . Northern Echo:Xkjgw Foreign K55 news pages. to have their property post-coded following a spate of thefts over the last week . Northern Echo:Np6gw News and K54features. , Suffolk and the Norfolk . Suffolk SoundLGvBss Archive: interview. H5G Sample co . [Hansard extracts Gbb2w 1991-1992] HHX set upon a flat railway wagon . The railwaymen: KQz4w Wolverton B2S1838-1986.

coming from Goods 89 Depots all over the country : Camden , Broad Street , Curzon Street etc , whereas it was the rule that 90 CHRIS ALLEN / Bristol 91 Would you rather have them roaming the countryside on which covers92 everything from outright super sports machines to all rounders , custom bikes and dual purpose on/off road 93 Alder 94 Try PRB Services , Leeds on 0532 796039 or

road motors Street Motors trail bikes trail bikes Valley buses Valley Motors

came and went under their own power delivered and accepted by the drivers from theThe depots railwaymen: concerned M0d8w Wolverton . B2S1838-1986. [Central television AmQgw newsK1T scripts] or all-terrain vehicles ? [Spokes: unpublished pVoPw letters HPP & articles] . The Belfast Telegraph. q2Law HJ4 stop outside the Queens Head and there are regular buses including late night journeys Thefrom Alton theHerald. pub Ewp1w . B03 on 0538 308352 . Know your Land 9DZYw Rover. AN2

Instrumental verbs that are not vehicle names alley|artery|avenue|boulevard|bridge|flyover|footpath|highway|lane|motorway|overpass|passage|passageway|path|pathway|pavement|railway|road|roadway|route|street|subway|thoroughfare|track|trail|tunnel|underpass|viaduct|walkway|way|beach|canyo n|cliff|coast|coastline|crag|desert|escarpment|field|forest|glacier|glen|grassland|gulf|gully|hill|island|land|littoral|meadow|mountain|plateau|ravine|ridge|scarp|seashore|shore|valley|wasteland|wilderness|cable|conduit|conveyor|duct|hose|line|pipe|pipeline| tube|wire|barrage|barricade|barrier|dam|fence|hedge|hedgerow|palisade|rampart|wall cruises|cruised|drives|drove|flies|flew|oars|oared|paddles|paddled|pedals|pedaled|rides|rode|rows|rowed|sails|sailed|tacks|tacked Displaying sentences 0 - 27. Index contains 6,024,147 sentences. #

Left 1 Behind my back , under showboat lights , Sunset As I opened 2 the case I heard a groaning , splintering noise , which caused me to experience extreme pain as the 3 By yourself : Around L40 a day inclusive of accommodation , meals , grazing , route maps etc ( 4 Mrs 5 6 Enjoy the Forest Experience by taking one of the 7 Hambleton Ramblers , Stan Everington leads a ten-mile walk taking in 8 Moss-grown cottages retired before new ones with bright red tiles , picturesque 9 ‘ The grubbing up of iven for Corn10 since the Bounty took place for exporting Corn and Beer , which gives every Farmer encouragement to grub 11 Silverbird Travel ( 081–780 1511 ) organises tours to less-visited islands , and will book Indonesian pecial charter 12 trains , operating during the summer months with diesel and electric haulage , under the title Pullman Scenic entary was supplied 13 by a courier , over loudspeakers to some coaches , and the trains were entitled ‘ North Wales Radio 14 1986 saw the sad end of the regular Fred Olsen nts there may15have been unintended selection pressure for rapid development and reproductive maturation in the control ow barrier of the 16 gatehouse and the prefabricated museum building , with her back turned on the plateau along which the 17 Similarly the Trans-Wales 18 Some , like the Castle Riding Centre ( Tel : 0546 3274 ) tune their 19 Either way 20 The White Horse Trekking Centre in Wiltshire runs two-day summer 21 But 22 The Cae Iago Trekking Centre in Dyfed runs two-day ( L95 ) and three-day ( L135 ) 23 24 P. At South Bank I learnt 25 N. You learnt 26 One man who had got himself clear in that 27 Six years of bringing up Charlotte and Luke with chicken

Match Boulevard sailed bridge flew Bridge Rides Field rode Forest drives Forest Drives forest rides hedge rows Hedge Rows Hedge Rows island cruises Land Cruises Land Cruises Line cruises line flies road cruised Trail Rides trail rides trail rides trail rides trail rides trail rides Trail rides wall rides wall rides way drove wire tacked

Right Source Text Id BNC id on down its slope . Money: a suicide 3Wbmw note. H0M off and whacked me on the side of the head ! Guitarist. 6zmPw C9J ) ; from around L250 for five days unaccompanied trail ride with farm and hotel accommodation Today's Horse. . WMnKw KS9 to hounds twice a week , and I had to prepare and lay out her clothes before and afterDaughter the hunt .of the vW0Ow Dales. G39 and pony trekking are also available . Tales of the loch. QPa0w AS7 at Dalby or Newtondale . [Tourist information: EEMYwYork] B3K , field paths and open moors , Laskill pastures and Pockly Moor , meet Market Cross ,Northern Northallerton Echo:D4Bkw , 9am Arts section. or Clark K4P Bank 9.45am G were succeeded by prim iron railings , and the village inn , once a pretty cottage with aThe swinging makingsign ofWEeZw the , is English transmogrified FAG landscape. to the ‘ Ra is become general , and the Growth of Timber in them is therefore destroyed , owing toSmallholder. the great price 812dw given for EER Corn since the Bo up , and convert them into Corn Land ’ . Smallholder. 812dw EER . Daily Telegraph, gDYzw electronic AK6edition of 1992-0 . BR in the eighties. dOygw A11 ’. Steam RailwayqpW6w News. EEV to Madeira and the Canary Islands . Madeira: the complete w8zxw guide. CA7 with which the ‘ old ’ lines were compared , potentially leading to artefactual effects onNature. early fertility .ERjYw CRM towards distant Silcaster , the shallow , silver-green bowl of the book-jacket opened before City ofher gold , wide and WKpdw and shadows. tranquil H8L . , based on Cymfforest Riding Centre , Brecon ( Tel : 0874 711398 ) include not only the Today's main ride Horse. but WMnKw also a six KS9 days riding , seven to suit your pocket : the main ones use hotels , with others you stay at the centre or with Today's local families Horse.WMnKw . KS9 immerse you totally in the scenery : in Argyll it 's the sight of a lone red grouse , flapping Today's furiously Horse. in WMnKw the face ofKS9 a flurry of hooves , on Salisbury Plain and in the surrounding forests . Esquire. KElow FBL also mean facing long climbs , often dismounting and walking , aching limbs at the endToday's of a long Horse. dayWMnKw , and in the KS9case of Argyllshir in the remote foothills of the Welsh Cambrian Mountains . Esquire. KElow FBL : From around L250 for an extended weekend break ( four days ) to include B&B accommodation Today's Horse. , up WMnKw to L700-KS9 plus for seven nigh , yeah . Skateboard! qaPmw ARM there ? Skateboard! qaPmw ARM in his own carriage by the very commissioners to whom he had but lately surrendered The , andworst splashed poverty: rwLkw botha them history BPH and of debt his creditors and debtw across inside their bedroom window , and a security system worthy of Alcatraz so thatThe the rector's parishioners wife. 4LmOw who needed CMJ to get to you n