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Belfast Telegraph: Leisure p. 2LLmw K2D. 20 .... wall tore open , rips spreading around the torus as the air rushed outwards . Lucifer rising. .... alongside one side of the garden , and a heavy goods line along the other . Best. ow2vw. C8A. 53.
PELCRA Research Report No. 03/JTW/2018 University of Lodz, Institute of English Studies, ul. Pomorska 171/173, 90-236 Łódź, Poland

Jacek Tadeusz Waliński

Verbs of running in fictive motion expressions in the British National Corpus 1. Introduction Movement is used to describe a plethora of more or less abstract concepts, including trends, moods, prices, etc. Fictive motion refers to figurative representations of motion attributed to immobile material objects, states, or abstract concepts, in which the meaning of motion verbs is semantically extended to express relations that do not involve motion per se nor change of state.1 Coextension paths are a specific category of fictive motion expressions used to depict spatial configurations of stationary objects in terms of motion over the object’s extent.2 This report focuses specifically on fictive motion in this particular narrow sense of coextension paths. It demonstrates the use of motion manner verbs that refer to running in coextension path expressions in the British National Corpus. 2. Manner semantics in fictive motion Matsumoto (1996) observes that both English and Japanese exhibit certain similarities with respect to some aspects of motion that must be expressed, as well as some aspects of motion that cannot be expressed in coextension paths. These aspects, or conditions as he terms them, effectuate in certain restrictions on the kinds of motion verbs that can occur in fictive motion sentences, as well as accompanying adpositional and adverbial phrases. Firstly, Matsumoto (1996) argues that coextension path expressions in both English and Japanese are subject to the path condition, which states that “some property of the path of motion must be expressed in fictive motion sentences” (Matsumoto, 1996, p. 194). The condition posits that if the verb itself does not convey information about the path, a concomitant adverbial or adpositional phrase must be used to describe it, which is demonstrated in (1). (1) a. John began to run. b. ? The road began to run. c. The road began to run along the shore. Sentences (1a–c) demonstrate that when the verb run, which does not encode any information about the path, is used to represent actual motion, as in (1a), it does not require any prepositional or adverbial phrase describing some property of the path. Comparing it to (1b) demonstrates that fictive motion requires some path-related information to be always present, 1 2

Langacker, R. W. (2008). Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a Cognitive Semantics, Vol. I: Concept Structuring Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

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which can be provided by a prepositional phrase, as in (1c). Secondly, Matsumoto (1996) proposes the manner condition, which states that “no property of the manner of motion can be expressed unless it is used to represent some correlated property of the path” (Matsumoto, 1996, p. 194). It is illustrated in (2). (2) a. The path zigzags up the hill. b. ?The path rolls up the hill. These sentences demonstrate that if a manner-conflating verb is used to express fictive motion, the information on manner conveyed by the verb must be related to some property of the path. For instance, in (2a) the verb zigzag enables us to infer the overall shape of the path. However, the manner of motion conflated in the verb roll in (2b) is difficult to relate to any specific property of the path. For that reason, it is unlikely to feature in coextension path expressions. Matsumoto (1996, pp. 195–203) argues that the manner condition restricts the manner information irrespective of whether it is encoded in the verb or in adverbials. Matlock (2004b) argues that travelable paths, i.e. paths that can be traversed, tolerate manner verbs to a greater extent than paths not normally associated with motion (see Matsumoto 1996 for a comparison between English and Japanese). For instance, the fictive motion sentence (3a) includes the verb crawl, which is used to describe a highway that tends to be congested during rush hours. The sentence (3b) includes the verb race, which has the opposite meaning and can be used to describe a highway that does not have much traffic. (3) a. The highway crawls through the city. b. The highway races through the city. In these sentences the verb of motion manner does not describe actual motion or a spatial configuration of the path, but the property of speed is used to convey information about how motion is known to occur along the path. Matlock (2004b, p. 232) points out that the semantics of manner verbs in fictive motion potentially enables us to infer various properties of the path, which may expand far beyond the association with speed. For instance, in the sentence “The footpath staggers from the bar to the outhouse” the semantic information included in the verb stagger is used to describe an erratic shape of the footpath. Although the verb is not typically used in fictive motion expressions, it fits in this contexts because bars are associated with drinking and drunk people tend to walk in an erratic fashion. Matlock (2004b, p. 232) admits that although such coextension path expressions may sound somewhat poetic and less conventional, they are perfectly acceptable in the right context. 3. Verbs of motion manner Talmy (1985, 2000b, 2007) sketches a basic motion event as a situation that “consists of one object (the Figure) moving or located with respect to another object (the reference object or Ground)”. The basic schema of Motion event has four internal core components, which apart from the above-mentioned Figure and Ground, include also Motion and Path. The Path is a path followed or site occupied by the Figure object with respect to the Ground. The component of Motion “refers to the presence per se of motion or locatedness in the event” (Talmy, 2000b, p. 25), despite the fact the in the latter motion as such does not occur. Moreover, Talmy (2000b, p. 26) distinguishes an associated Co-event: “a motion event can be associated with an external Co-event that most often bears the relation of Manner or of Cause to it”. Thus, besides the above-mentioned four internal components of the core schema of motion, the Manner component reflects the manner in which the motion takes place, and the Cause is the cause of its occurrence.

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Talmy (1985, 2000b, 2007) observes that different languages conflate the semantic components of the Motion event in different ways. He identifies three main typological patterns of the mappings between the meaning and form for the expression of motion events. The Motion+Co-event pattern (Talmy, 2000b, p. 27–29) can be illustrated with sentences, such as “The rock rolled down the hill” (Motion+Manner), or “The napkin blew off the table” (Motion+Cause). The Motion+Path pattern (Talmy, 2000b, p. 49–53) can be illustrated with the following sentences from Spanish: “La botella entró a la cueva (flotando)” [Lit. The bottle MOVED-in to the cave (floating), i.e. “The bottle floated into the cave”)], and “La botella salió a la cueva (flotando)” [Lit. The bottle MOVED-out to the cave (floating), i.e. “The bottle floated out of the cave”)]. The Motion+Figure pattern (Talmy, 2000b, pp. 57–59) expresses the fact of Motion together with the Figure. English verbs of motion tend to conflate manner, but still there is a substantial lexicon of verbs that designate paths and their directionality (Talmy, 1985, 2000b, Part 1, 2007). Rappaport Hovav and Levin (2010) argue that verb meanings can be systematically categorized as manner or result, with directionality counting as the result for motion verbs. Rappaport Hovav & Levin (2010, pp. 28–33) propose that the result verbs, which include the directed motion verbs, do not have to be telic, however, they must specify scalar changes. In contrast, verbs of motion manner specify non-scalar changes. A non-scalar change cannot be specified in terms of an ordered set of values of a single attribute. Non-scalar changes typically involve a combination of multiple changes for which there is no single, privileged scale of change. As non-scalar, verbs of motion manner are not lexically associated with any particular change. Although they entail change, as all dynamic verbs do, the change is not directed along a particular path. For instance, the manner verb walk describes an action involving a specific pattern of movements of legs, which are different from the pattern associated with run, but collectively these movements do not represent a motion in a particular direction (see Goddard, Wierzbicka, & Wong, 2017). Neither is any one element in the pattern privileged as being the starting point of motion: one can start running by moving the left or the right leg first. In her earlier work, Levin (1993, p. 264), characterizes verbs of motion manner as follows: “These verbs describe motion that typically, though not necessarily, involves displacement, but none of them specifies an inherent direction as part of its meaning. All of these verbs have meanings that include a notion of manner or means of motion”. Levin (1993, pp. 264–270) distinguishes two classes of these verbs that differ from one another in terms of the specific manner or means. (1) Roll verbs generally relate to manners of motion characteristic of inanimate entities. They describe motion that typically (though not always) involves displacement. None of them indicates the direction of motion without an additional prepositional phrase. Many of the roll verbs that describe motion around an axis take a restricted range of prepositions describing the path of motion (Levin, 1993, Ch. 51.3.1). Examples include: bounce, drift, drop, float, glide, roll, slide, swing, coil, revolve, rotate, spin, turn, twist, whirl, and wind. (2) Run verbs typically describe different manners of motion of animate entities, but some of them may be used to describe the movement of inanimate entities, too. Generally they describe displacement in a particular manner or by a particular means without specifying the direction of motion, unless they are accompanied by an explicit directional phrase. Examples include: crawl, creep, dart, dash, fly, gallop, hasten, hike, hop, hurry, jog, journey, jump, leap, march, parade, plod, prowl, race, roam, run, rush, skip, sneak, speed, stagger, stomp, stride, stroll, stumble, sweep, swim, tiptoe, travel, trek, waddle, walk, wander, and zigzag. Levin (1993, Ch. 51.3.2) notes that this category probably requires a further subdivision.

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Levin (1993, Ch. 51.5) distinguishes also a related class of waltz verbs, which are zero-related to names of dances and mean roughly “perform the dance”. She notes that basically any dance name gives rise to a zero-related verb of this type and that verbs taking their names from dances involving partners appear to show slightly different behavior from those that do not. Examples include: dance, jive, polka, samba, tango, waltz, etc. Although distinguishing classes of manner verbs on the basis of syntactically salient properties of the verb with reference to argument and adjunct makes a rational line of studies, there is no fully established consensus among scholars as to the types of semantic components relevant to the manner of motion. One problem, as pointed out by Slobin Ibarretxe-Antunano, Kopecka, and Majid (2014, p. 704), is that the property of manner is often approached in the linguistic literature as an allembracing category that covers a heterogeneous collection of verbs, which, apart form basic motor patterns, express also effort, posture, rhythm, speed and other dimensions that characterize motion see Slobin et al., 2014 for a broader discussion). Taking into consideration primitive semantic components of argument structure, semantic role selection, and event structure, Mani and Pustejovsky (2012) distinguish two basic predicative classes denoting movement, which essentially corresponds to the distinction between path and manner verbs proposed by Talmy (1985, 2000b, 2007). The class of manner predicates can be characterized as these verbs that “indicate motion, but with no particular source, goal, or path associated with this motion” (Mani & Pustejovsky, 2012, p. 40). According to Mani and Pustejovsky (2012, pp. 40–41), manner verbs can be considered subtypes of an atomic predicate for motion, which they call move (cf. Jackendoff, 1990, Ch. 5.2). The atomic predicate move “takes as its arguments the figure and the tracing of the movement by the object in motion, which is a path”. For this reason, such verbs can be referred to as path-creating predicates and characterized as follows: a. There is an action (e) bringing about an iterated non-distinguished change of location. b. The figure undergoes this non-distinguished change of location. c. The figure creates (leaves) a path by virtue of the motion. d. The action (e) is performed in a certain manner (Mani & Pustejovsky, 2012, p. 41). The motion expressed by manner predicates can be differentiated according to a parameter identifying manner types. Slobin et al. (2014) used a free naming task to elicit descriptions of movement based on video-clips for Basque, English, French, Polish, and Spanish. The results demonstrate a primary split between walking and non-walking gaits, with two major clusters of running and walking, as well as clear nodes of crawling and jumping. By additionally examining descriptions of the motion manners submitted by labelers and employing elaborate statistical measures, Slobin et al. (2014, p. 717) propose to distinguish the following major human gait types for English: (1) basic level: walk, run; (2) normal pace walking: clop, cruise, dance, hike, march, pace, etc.; (3) relaxed walking: amble, meander, saunter, stroll, wander; (4) labored progress: bumble, creep, dawdle, lumber, mope, plod, etc.; (5) impaired walking: hobble, limp, stagger, stumble; (6) quadrupedal movement: crawl, walk-on-all-fours; (7) running: gallop, jog, prance, sprint, trot; (8) rapid movement: bob, charge, dart, frolic, hurry, hustle, jaunt, etc.; (9) smooth movement: float, slide, slither, squirm; (10) punctuated, repeatable movement: bounce, bound, hop, jump, leap, skip, etc.

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4. Methodology This research employs the British National Corpus, which is a 100 million word collection of samples of written and spoken contemporary British English from a wide range of texts. The texts are not limited to any particular subject field, genre or register (see Aston & Burnard, 1998; Burnard, 2000; see www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk for more information). The reason behind picking this corpus for the investigation of fictive motion expressions is twofold. First, this is probably the most famous reference corpus for English used by numerous researchers in a multitude of studies and widely regarded as the standard reference for English. Because of wide availability and stability of corpus data, any variation between this study and other studies may result from the methodology contained in research, but not from differences in the linguistic data under examination. Second, the use of fictive motion is a stable linguistic phenomenon, therefore there is no need to worry about its underrepresentation in the corpus that is relatively old. Because at the syntactic level fictive motion expressions are practically indistinguishable from actual motion expressions, they are problematic to pick out selectively from corpora. For this reason, the examination of verbs in coextension paths was implemented with a procedure that involves looking for landmarks that can potentially feature in coextension paths in combination with motion verbs. Selecting suitable landmarks followed observations that coextension paths usually describe elongated or spatially extended objects (Langacker, 2005; Matlock, 2004a, 2004b). Starting with a few prototypical objects, such as “road”, “wire”, “fence”, “coast”, etc., WordNet (2010) was consulted to find hyponyms, meronyms, and other sister terms in order to identify spatially extended entities that are potentially fit for descriptions with fictive motion. For the purpose of the present study the following four categories of landmarks were distinguished: (1) Travelable paths: “alley, artery, avenue, boulevard, bridge, flyover, footpath, highway, lane, motorway, overpass, passage, passageway, path, pathway, pavement, railway, road, roadway, route, street, subway, thoroughfare, track, trail, tunnel, underpass, viaduct, walkway, way”. These spatial entities are distinguished by Matsumoto (1996) as paths intended for traveling by people. (2) Travelable environmental entities: “beach, canyon, cliff, coast, coastline, crag, desert, escarpment, field, forest, glacier, glen, grassland, gulf, gully, hill, island, land, littoral, meadow, mountain, plateau, ravine, ridge, scarp, seashore, shore, valley, wasteland, wilderness”. These natural extended landmarks can also be traveled, however they were not built for this purpose. (3) Non-travelable connectors: “cable, conduit, conveyor, duct, hose, line, pipe, pipeline, tube, wire”. These elongated objects are used for transmitting energy or transporting substances over long distance. However, they are classified by Matsumoto (1996) as non-travelable paths because they are not traveled by people. (4) Non-travelable barriers: “barrage, barricade, barrier, dam, fence, hedge, hedgerow, palisade, rampart, wall”. These spatially extended entities typically serve as barriers and are not normally used for traveling, but they often stretch over a relatively substantial distance.

Altogether, 80 landmarks were selected for analysis, including 60 landmarks for travelable paths and 20 landmarks for non-travelable paths. This selection seems to be reasonably adequate for the purpose of investigating coextension path expressions. Enumerating all landmarks that can potentially feature in this context is impossible, if only due to the unlimited creativity of linguistic expressions.

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The search for the manner semantics in fictive motion expressions was implemented by looking for combinations of the selected landmarks with third-person singular simple present and past forms of the verbs of motion manner using the following pattern: LANDMARK (NOUN SING.) + MANNER MOTION VERB (3RD SING. PRESENT/PAST TENSE)

Because a satisfying classification of the verbs of motion manner has not been found in the existing studies, the division of manner verbs used in this study was worked out on the basis of the above-reviewed classifications proposed by Levin (1993, pp. 263–269) and, in relation to manners of human gait, by Slobin et al. (2014), as well as VerbNet. Additional pointers were provided by the discussion about schematic structural elements involved in the cognitive schema of LOCOMOTION contributed by Dodge & Lakoff (2005). A starting point for dividing manner verbs is the split between roll and run verbs proposed by Levin (1993, Ch. 51.3). However, although Levin (1993, p. 267) admits that the class of run verbs needs to be subdivided, she does not provide any further sub-categorization. The idea how to subdivide these verbs is based on the empirical findings of Slobin et al. (2014), who observed two major clusters of running and walking, as well as clear nodes of crawling and jumping. The subcategorization proposed here is loosely based on that division, dropping some originally postulated categories and introducing others. The verbs of motion manner analyzed in this report include verbs of running, which are subdivided into three subtypes: verbs of rapid movement, verbs of dashing, and verbs of running gait. 5. Verbs of running The group of motion verbs investigated in this report includes verbs of running. They resemble verbs of walking but generally refer to faster movement. They can be used to refer to human motion, but some of them are used to describe the movement of animals, and some others, especially verbs of dashing, can also be used to refer to the movement of inanimate entities. The first subgroup distinguished among these verbs includes verbs of rapid movement, which refer to various kinds of moving fast. VERBS OF RAPID MOVEMENT:

dart, flounce, frolic, hustle, jaunt, nip, prance, race, scamper, scurry, scuttle, skitter. (12 verbs) The second subgroup of the verbs of running includes verbs of dashing, which refer to rushing (see Levin, 1993, Ch. 53.2) and dashing at high velocities. Some of these verbs are also used to refer to motion of inanimate entities.

VERBS OF DASHING:

blast, bolt, bowl, bustle, careen, career, dash, flash, hurtle, pelt, rush, scoot, scud, shoot, spurt, streak, sweep, tear, whisk, whizz, whoosh, zoom. (22 verbs) The third subgroup of the verbs of running includes verbs of running gait, which refer to different variants of running.

VERBS OF RUNNING GAIT: gallop, jog, lope, run, sprint, trot. (6 verbs)

6. Queries This research is based on the BNC World edition published in 2001. The corpus was searched with SlopeQ for the BNC, a part-of-speech-sensitive concordancer with support for proximity queries developed by Piotr Pęzik.3 The vertical bar symbol or pipe ( | ) used in queries indicates logical AND, which enables executing multiple queries in a single line. For example, 3

For more information, see: Pęzik, P. (2015). Spokes – a Search and Exploration Service for Conversational Corpus Data. In Selected Papers from CLARIN 2014, 99–109 Electronic Conference Proceedings (pp. 99–109). Linköping University Electronic Press: Linköping University Electronic Press.

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the query [road runs|ran] substitutes for two separate queries “road runs” and “road ran”. The following queries were used: Verbs of rapid movement alley|artery|avenue|boulevard|bridge|flyover|footpath|highway|lane|motorway|overpass|passage|passageway|path|pathway |pavement|railway|road|roadway|route|street|subway|thoroughfare|track|trail|tunnel|underpass|viaduct|walkway|way|bea ch|canyon|cliff|coast|coastline|crag|desert|escarpment|field|forest|glacier|glen|grassland|gulf|gully|hill|island|land|littoral| meadow|mountain|plateau|ravine|ridge|scarp|seashore|shore|valley|wasteland|wilderness|cable|conduit|conveyor|duct|hos e|line|pipe|pipeline|tube|wire|barrage|barricade|barrier|dam|fence|hedge|hedgerow|palisade|rampart|wall darts|darted|flounces|flounced|frolics|frolicked|hustles|hustled|jaunts|jaunted|nips|nipped|prances|pranced|races|raced|sc ampers|scampered|scurries|scurried|scuttles|scuttled|skitters|skittered

Verbs of dashing alley|artery|avenue|boulevard|bridge|flyover|footpath|highway|lane|motorway|overpass|passage|passageway|path|pathway |pavement|railway|road|roadway|route|street|subway|thoroughfare|track|trail|tunnel|underpass|viaduct|walkway|way|bea ch|canyon|cliff|coast|coastline|crag|desert|escarpment|field|forest|glacier|glen|grassland|gulf|gully|hill|island|land|littoral| meadow|mountain|plateau|ravine|ridge|scarp|seashore|shore|valley|wasteland|wilderness|cable|conduit|conveyor|duct|hos e|line|pipe|pipeline|tube|wire|barrage|barricade|barrier|dam|fence|hedge|hedgerow|palisade|rampart|wall blasts|blasted|bolts|bolted|bowls|bowled|bustles|bustled|careens|careened|careers|careered|dashes|dashed|flashes|flashed| hurtles|hurtled|pelts|pelted|rushes|rushed|scoots|scooted|scuds|scudded|shoots|shot|spurts|spurted|streaks|streaked|swee ps|swept|tear|tore|whisks|whisked|whizzes|whizzed|whooshes|whooshed|zooms|zoomed

Verbs of running gait alley|artery|avenue|boulevard|bridge|flyover|footpath|highway|lane|motorway|overpass|passage|passageway|path|pathway |pavement|railway|road|roadway|route|street|subway|thoroughfare|track|trail|tunnel|underpass|viaduct|walkway|way|bea ch|canyon|cliff|coast|coastline|crag|desert|escarpment|field|forest|glacier|glen|grassland|gulf|gully|hill|island|land|littoral| meadow|mountain|plateau|ravine|ridge|scarp|seashore|shore|valley|wasteland|wilderness|cable|conduit|conveyor|duct|hos e|line|pipe|pipeline|tube|wire|barrage|barricade|barrier|dam|fence|hedge|hedgerow|palisade|rampart|wall gallops|galloped|jogs|jogged|lopes|loped|runs|ran|sprints|sprinted|trots|trotted

Implementation of corpus queries based on the regular expression syntax provides for immediate replicability of this research. 7. References Aston, G., & Burnard, L. (1998). The BNC Handbook: Exploring the British National Corpus with SARA. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. BNC. (2001). The British National Corpus [World Edition] Oxford: Oxford University Computing Services. Available from OUCS at: http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk Burnard, L. (Ed.). (2000). Reference Guide for the British National Corpus (World Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Computing Services. Dodge, E., & Lakoff, G. (2005). Image schemas: From linguistic analysis to neural grounding. In B. Hampe (Ed.), From Perception to Meaning: Image Schemas in Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 57–91). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Goddard, C., Wierzbicka, A., & Wong, J. (2017). “Walking” and “running” in English and German: The conceptual semantics of verbs of human locomotion. Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 14(2), 303–336. https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.14.2.03god Jackendoff, R. (1990). Semantic Structures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Langacker, R. W. (1986). Abstract Motion. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (pp. 455–471). Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Langacker, R. W. (2005). Dynamicity, fictivity, and scanning: The imaginative basis of logic and linguistic meaning. In D. Pecher & R. A. Zwaan (Eds.), Grounding Cognition: The Role of Perception

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and Action in Memory, Language, and Thinking (pp. 164–197). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Langacker, R. W. (2008). Cognitive Grammar A Basic Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levin, B. (1993). English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Mani, I., & Pustejovsky, J. (2012). Interpreting Motion: Grounded Representations for Spatial Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Matlock, T. (2004a). Fictive motion as cognitive simulation. Memory & Cognition, 32(8), 1389–1400. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206329 Matlock, T. (2004b). The conceptual motivation of fictive motion. In G. Radden & K.-U. Panther (Eds.), Studies in Linguistic Motivation (pp. 221–248). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Matsumoto, Y. (1996). Subjective motion and English and Japanese verbs. Cognitive Linguistics, 7(2), 183–226. https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.1996.7.2.183 Rappaport Hovav, M., & Levin, B. (2010). Reflections on manner/result complementarity. In M. Rappaport Hovav, E. Doron, & I. Sichel (Eds.), Lexical Semantics, Syntax, and Event Structure (pp. 21–38). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Slobin, D. I., Ibarretxe-Antunano, I., Kopecka, A., & Majid, A. (2014). Manners of human gait: a crosslinguistic event-naming study. Cognitive Linguistics, 25(4). https://doi.org/10.1515/cog-20140061 SlopeQ for the BNC. (2017). A part-of-speech-sensitive search engine with support for proximity queries for the British National Corpus data. A general description of the SlopeQ query syntax can be found at: http://pelcra.pl/docs/doku.php?id=slopeq_for_bnc Talmy, L. (1985). Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. In T. Shopen (Ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 3: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon (pp. 57–149). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Talmy, L. (2000a). Toward a Cognitive Semantics, Vol. I: Concept Structuring Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Talmy, L. (2000b). Toward a Cognitive Semantics, Vol. II: Typology and Process in Concept Structuring. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Talmy, L. (2007). Lexical typologies. In T. Shopen (Ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 2nd Ed., (pp. 66–168). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. VerbNet 3.2. (2013). A class-based verb lexicon with mappings to other lexical resources. The unified verb index accessible from: http://verbs.colorado.edu/verb-index/ WordNet Online Search 3.1. (2010). A lexical database for English. Princeton: Princeton University. Available at: http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

8. Concordances The listing of concordance lines retrieved from the BNC with the above queries follows. Queries are presented on yellow background. Results recognized as valid representations of coextension paths are marked with green background.

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Verbs of rapid movement alley|artery|avenue|boulevard|bridge|flyover|footpath|highway|lane|motorway|overpass|passage|passageway|path|pathway|pavement|railway|road|roadway|route|street|subway|thoroughfare|track|trail|tunnel|underpass|viaduct|walkway|way|beach|canyo n|cliff|coast|coastline|crag|desert|escarpment|field|forest|glacier|glen|grassland|gulf|gully|hill|island|land|littoral|meadow|mountain|plateau|ravine|ridge|scarp|seashore|shore|valley|wasteland|wilderness|cable|conduit|conveyor|duct|hose|line|pipe|pipeline| tube|wire|barrage|barricade|barrier|dam|fence|hedge|hedgerow|palisade|rampart|wall darts|darted|flounces|flounced|frolics|frolicked|hustles|hustled|jaunts|jaunted|nips|nipped|prances|pranced|races|raced|scampers|scampered|scurries|scurried|scuttles|scuttled|skitters|skittered Displaying sentences 0 - 36. Index contains 6,024,147 sentences. #

Left Match 1 The title Kirkby Hill Races 2 KIRKBY HILL RACES 3 ‘ You are both island races 4 Land Races 5 The Mandale Harrier , now a regular in England 's World Mountain Races 6 Four years later the most famous of all road races 7 By the turn of the century road races 8 The City Centre road races 9 Langbaurgh 's Leisure Services Officer , Max Coleby , said : ‘ As far as road races 10 THE IAAF have sidelined a recommendation that long distance road races As Honorary 11 Secretary of the AAA Road Running Committee , and successful organiser of some of Britain 's best road races 12 There will also be voting members from the British Association of Road Races 13 A packed week of time trials , road races the houses races 14 , mountain bike events and social occasions comes to a big day on Friday , June 25 , when five separate road races 15 The last of the truly great road races Further to the letter 16 from T. Jenkins in the February issue , I would like to point out that the AAA has had minimum ages for road races 17 T Jenkins can now enter 10K races , as the minimum age for that distance is 15 , but the number of road races Val , who works 18in Research and Development , is a member of Springfields Running Club and regularly competes in 10k road races 19 The Carrowdore road races 20 The ten-event campaign to determine Scotland 's top road man , comprises eight road races 21 But Ward agreed that it would still be very difficult to stop Hamilton-Jones competing in big road races 22 Two of Europe 's biggest road races 23 Mota says : ‘ I love road races 24 THREE Sellafield bikers have roared to success in the recent Wirral 100 road races 25 11 NIKE AIR MARIAH 205g Air cushioning unit encapsulated in a polyurethane midsole. L49.99 For all road races e wins and a new 26 course record gave Ducati rider Carl Fogarty a unique double in yesterday 's Coca-Cola North-West 200 road races 27 The Canadian-American Challenge Cup series of international road races ‘ The 28 council has been capped this year and we felt it would have been incredibly insensitive to spend money on road races 29 Aldershot , Farnham & District AC promote the first Rushmoor Summer Double — two 10K road races op athletes is that 30 its detachment from the road race scene leaves management ill-equipped to make selection decisions for road races 31 One of the greatest of all sports car road races a special 2,00032 metres race in next Saturday 's TSB Invitation meeting in Birmingham before leaving the next day for three road races 33 Television cameras will also be on site to cover two more unusual road races 34 The trendies of Carnaby Street flounced A large 35 crowd assembled to see competitors from all parts of Kent take part , among the events included were track races ernative plan is 36 to get away from road racing for a spell and use the time to do some track training , with the idea of running track races

Right is something of a misnomer , as it refers not to a race but to an election .

Source Text Id BNC id Fairs, feasts and XNmvw frolics: BPK customs and traditio Fairs, feasts and XNmvw frolics: BPK customs and traditio with an island mentality ’ he says . Today. KmWmw CEK Ski Survey. 8eD6w G2W team , went off hard from the start , but was hampered by heavy mist on the highest parts Northern of theEcho: Northumberland DRggw Leisure pages. K4Tcourse and finish , the Mille Miglia , was created . Motor racing: records, Vrbbw facts EX1and champions. were being held regularly , using Paris as a base , and the first real race was from Paris Motor to Bordeaux racing: records, Vrbbw , and back facts EX1 , in and June champions. 1895 . , held in Newcastle and Gateshead for the past five years , have been switched to Aberdeen Daily Telegraph, on MayVnB3w 16electronic following AJAedition the endofof1992-04 Gener are concerned we are having to financially batten down the hatches this year and all events Northern willEcho: be self-financing voaew Leisure pages. K4T. , including the marathon , should be added to the list of events at which official world records Daily Telegraph, are ratified WEdow electronic . AK6edition of 1992-04 , Colin Gostelow has a vested interest in fighting road running 's corner . Running. rM5qw AR7 , and the Road Runners Club on the Commission : ‘ We felt it was important to recognise Running. the work they rM5qw have done AR7 , and will continu , round the houses races , mountain bike events and social occasions comes to a big Liverpool day on Friday DailyKgbaw , Post Juneand 25 K3X ,Echo: when Leisure five separate pages are run over closed roads on the TT course . Liverpool DailyKgbaw Post andK3X Echo: Leisure pages , the Targa Florio was the brainchild of wealthy Sicilian Vincenzo Florio who had a great Motor loveracing: of racing records, 6B5zw cars . facts EX1and champions. for at least 30 years . Running. NnqZw CB4 open to runners in their early teens is very few . Running. NnqZw CB4 . BNFL News. xz2dw HPB are the penultimate round of the Irish Championships in which Joey Dunlop leads the Belfast 600 class Telegraph: , and 2LLmw shares Leisure top K2D pages. spot with Brian Re and two mountain time trials and runs until the tour of Madderty which is in SeptemberThe . Scotsman:EDGYw Leisure pages. K5J or marathons in which thousands of runners take part . The Scotsman:z62nw Leisure pages. K5A have fallen prey to security fears over the Gulf War . Running. dnE3w AR7 as people become such good friends . Running. mMrmw CB4 . BNFL News. N2XKw HPC including marathon Running. GgYKw AR7 at Portstewart . The Belfast Telegraph. NBKgw HJ4 in the United States and Canada was introduced in 1966 in an attempt to bring the excitement Motor racing: of Grand records, vNBxw Prix facts racing EX1and to the champions. North Am when some council workers are facing the prospect of losing their jobs . ’ Northern Echo:voaew Leisure pages. K4T at Rushmoor Arena , one on Wednesday , June 17th and the other on Wednesday , July The29th Alton. Herald. e0PMw B03 in major internationals . Running. rM5qw AR7 ever run , the Mille Miglia was first held in 1927 and , by tradition , cars set off at one-minute Motor racing: intervals records, 6B5zw from the facts EX1 centre andofchampions. Brescia , ra in California ; a 5K , 10K and 5K . The Scotsman:BW5Rw Leisure pages. K5A this summer ; the Blackpool Golden Mile and the Milton Keynes Straight Mile . Running. Z3VMw CB4 around in military uniforms , sporting flowers of peace where medals once had hung . Murder unprompted. p2LQw H92 for local athletes and open events for all comers . Across the lownPOPw meadow:H09 Halling, a village on through the summer months . Running. wpjYw CB4

Verbs of dashing alley|artery|avenue|boulevard|bridge|flyover|footpath|highway|lane|motorway|overpass|passage|passageway|path|pathway|pavement|railway|road|roadway|route|street|subway|thoroughfare|track|trail|tunnel|underpass|viaduct|walkway|way|beach|canyo n|cliff|coast|coastline|crag|desert|escarpment|field|forest|glacier|glen|grassland|gulf|gully|hill|island|land|littoral|meadow|mountain|plateau|ravine|ridge|scarp|seashore|shore|valley|wasteland|wilderness|cable|conduit|conveyor|duct|hose|line|pipe|pipeline| tube|wire|barrage|barricade|barrier|dam|fence|hedge|hedgerow|palisade|rampart|wall blasts|blasted|bolts|bolted|bowls|bowled|bustles|bustled|careens|careened|careers|careered|dashes|dashed|flashes|flashed|hurtles|hurtled|pelts|pelted|rushes|rushed|scoots|scooted|scuds|scudded|shoots|shot|spurts|spurted|streaks|streaked|sweeps|s wept|tear|tore|whisks|whisked|whizzes|whizzed|whooshes|whooshed|zooms|zoomed Displaying sentences 0 - 21. Index contains 6,024,147 sentences. #

Left Match 1 To the left the avenue sweeps 2 A crack the size of the Grand Canyon streaked 3 The English coast flashed 4 At Newmarket , Desert Shot 5 Midnight and a silvered road of dreams , a black field shot 6 From the moment the tapes rose Crisp was in the front rank , and by the time the field swept 7 In early July an American warship in the Gulf shot The reservation 8 houses , half-hidden in cactus and mesquite , are solidly built , the jeeps new ; an enormous four-lane highway sweeps 9 Hill blasted On the10other side of the road the cobbled slopes of West Brook Place rushed down to the walled beck before the land swept 11 ‘ Watch that bus , ’ he said sharply , as Lane shot 12 COMEDY writer Carla Lane blasted 13 Pots will be attractive to add instant colour and a path sweeps 14 The new road sweeps 15 From the heights of Newby Head the old turnpike road sweeps 16 The bamboo leaves bending low over the road whisked d response units 17in the Metropolitan area , and police activities like Operation ‘ Kingfisher ’ suggest that Los Angeles-style ‘ street sweeps 18 The main street sweeps n this to him , and 19 also I feel , why should he pay such a extortionate rate of poll tax and have to pay again for grass cut and street swept 20 Morley Street dashes 21 The wall tore

Right Source Text Id BNC id expansively westward through more of Victorian villaland . [Creative writing: Vxrzw prose] HD7 up the drive , stopping only when it reached the garage doors . A coward's chronicles. zXqzw CA9 beneath and he QSY 'd to the airfield 's Air/Ground frequency . Flyer. 1yQaw ECX was almost as impressive when a heavily backed winner of the Colemans Mustard Maiden The Daily . Mirror. nqEew CH7 with a million bursts of white — the name is glow-worm , the sight is magic . Jay loves Lucy. NyNgw A0L over Becher 's Brook — the sixth fence — he was sharing the lead with Grey Sombrero Great . races. 0L6Kw AD7 down an Iranian airliner . Some other rainbow. 1vRrw FS0 past the gamblers ' den . The Economist. nDeZw CRC critics who believe he could have blocked the Frenchman 's passing move in MontrealLiverpool instead ofDaily moving 36bYw Postacross andK4C Echo: to allow Leisure him room pages up again , steep and thickly wooded , to the terraces of Old Ashfield . Frankie. 4PmDw ACW forward . Coffin underground. 8828w H85 the law yesterday after a setback in her fight to save a pit bull terrier . The Daily Mirror. 1gZjw CH6 away under the pergola towards the rockery where it turns through a right angle in front Small of the Gardens. rose bed rz68w , eventually HSK ending at the v along an incline behind Shieldaig and a motorist intent on his gears may pass the village Wainwright without noticing in k6qjw Scotland. it . CJH down through Widdale and over the foot of Ten End to where Hawes marks the head of Walking the dale the. Dales. 6g02w EWB us as we passed and birds called in the mango groves . The best of Sunday YEYRw Times ARB travel. ’ are an alarming possibility . ContemporaryeKm2w issues in G1H public disorder. southward up the hill between the ‘ Black Horse ’ and St Andrews Church on the way to Foxton: Gumley locks ; swinging emqGw and barge westward AMN life. it bumps over ? Radio Forth: radio 2mL3ss broadcast. FX5 Sample contain back into Cheltenham picture The Scotsman:emGbw Leisure pages. K5A open , rips spreading around the torus as the air rushed outwards . Lucifer rising. QZdMw G1M

Verbs of running gait alley|artery|avenue|boulevard|bridge|flyover|footpath|highway|lane|motorway|overpass|passage|passageway|path|pathway|pavement|railway|road|roadway|route|street|subway|thoroughfare|track|trail|tunnel|underpass|viaduct|walkway|way|beach|canyo n|cliff|coast|coastline|crag|desert|escarpment|field|forest|glacier|glen|grassland|gulf|gully|hill|island|land|littoral|meadow|mountain|plateau|ravine|ridge|scarp|seashore|shore|valley|wasteland|wilderness|cable|conduit|conveyor|duct|hose|line|pipe|pipeline| tube|wire|barrage|barricade|barrier|dam|fence|hedge|hedgerow|palisade|rampart|wall gallops|galloped|jogs|jogged|lopes|loped|runs|ran|sprints|sprinted|trots|trotted Displaying sentences 0 - 219. Index contains 6,024,147 sentences. #

Left 1 Below , Western e can really say just 2 where Palma Nova stops and Magalluf begins , they just sort of merge into one another and the sandy 3 There are plenty of facilities for waterskiing , windsurfing and paragliding and alongside the 4 There are plenty of facilities for waterskiing , windsurfing and paragliding and alongside the 5 The track that crosses the BCR at Longville 6 The road out of Shiel 7 Loops of wiring and 8 Where the 9 Moreover , there is no obvious change in the average shape of the marginal basal cells in which the

Match Avenue ran beach runs beach runs beach runs Bridge runs Bridge runs cable ran cable runs cable runs

Right Source Text Id BNC id from the Hollywood Hills in the north for miles south towards the port at San Pedro , one Esquire. of many frontiers XkYQwthatFBL let gangs know whic the length of both resorts . Club 18-30 summer Yk5Lwholiday AM0brochure 1990. a palm tree lined avenue of shops , boutiques , bars , open-air cafés and restaurants ,Club all making 18-30 for summer 1v2Qw a livelyholiday , bustling AM0brochure atmosphere 1990. a palm tree lined avenue of shops boutiques , bars , open-air cafés and restaurants , all Club making 18-30forsummer a1v2Qw livelyholiday , bustling AM0brochure atmosphere 1990.. below the railway at this point , and perhaps the screen was for the benefit of users ofBishop's the trackCastle , butkOVRw asRailway it is also HHH Society below Journal. the railway along the south side of Loch Duich and soon arrives at a junction where a no-through-branch Wainwright turnsinoff zP1Pw Scotland. to serveCJH the scattered habita overhead , loosely tacked at intervals to the unpainted ceiling ; it was the kind of Who Rain. cares , no-onePBBbw 'll see it protocol GW0 that had app ? 15 conversations n2xMss recorded KBP by `Clarence' (PS ( Fig. 4 g ) , until the final stages of wound closure ( and then only at sites where the wound Nature.margin is ozXyw particularly CRM sharply curved ) .

10 This is why coaxial cable can more easily be used for a switched-star system , where the cable runs 11 With the junction-box system , the cable runs 12 With the loop-in system , the circuit cable runs 13 The vendor may be able to point out external electric cable runs 14 If you are driving them near known pipe or cable runs his play hell with15 the smooth operation of a network , it can be a nightmare to troubleshoot , especially where you have long cable runs 16 The canyon ran 17 The trade-route from Damascus to the coast ran 18 In the 16th century , the Great Road from London to the Welsh coast ran 19 The fence ran giore — once known 20 as Santo Stefano in Brolo , because when it was first built it stood in the middle of a field ; through the field ran 21 The field ran 22 In the fusion device known as a tokamak the field runs 23 The Inverliever Forest runs 24 On the right side the hedgerow ran 25 Hill ran 26 A party of revellers in black and red velvet doublets and hose ran 27 A 37mm ( 11in ) rigid delivery hose runs eft and smaller hills 28 on the right contributed their surges to the surface of the countryside , and these undulations across the land ran The29payment of a royalty allowed way-leave only on the one farm , so that all the quarry roads on that piece of land ran 30 However this is not obvious since the land runs 31 The lane ran 32 A lane ran 33 The fact that the lane runs 34 From the northern end of the village street , a lane runs 35 Donkey Lane runs 36 An invisible line ran 37 The railway line ran 38 The dividing line ran 39 In the state of Pennsylvania , for instance , the Penn Central line ran acts from the line 40 and , giving a modern touch , some computer drawn relief representations of the terrain through which the line ran 41 They had never left their home , even when the Arab–Jewish front line ran 42 The line ran 43 Not so far from the Bishop 's Castle Railway another standard gauge branch line ran 44 The railway line ran 45 It has been a Registered AutoCAD Developer since January 1992 and its Solution 3000 product line runs 46 An existing overhead electricity line runs 47 A second and much more broken line runs 48 The Meridian Line runs 49 The line runs 50 The line runs 51 Now we 're in the Vale of Eden and the line runs 52 The main Manchester-London line runs mund 's enclosure 53 , thence to Wador 's barrow from that place to the fishpond , and from there to ( Ryebank Rife ) , and so the line runs 54 Note that the net 's top line runs 55 A brightly glowing fire-red line runs I was set 56 down at Nurina and returned to my roomette before the train tackled the " long straight " , a point where the line runs 57 In some places the eight-foot line runs 58 Unfortunately my phone line runs 59 In its simplest form the stem can be a length of plastic tube , some 12” long through which the main line runs

a short distance from switching station to TV set . New Scientist.XmoEw B7M into and out of a succession of junction ( connection ) boxes , and separate cables runDo from It Yourself. the box Mtoqk5w the roseECJ and its light . direct to each ceiling rose in turn , and each light switch is wired directly to its rose . Do It Yourself.Mqk5w ECJ , stop-cocks , gas and water runs , drains and manholes — otherwise you will have to Do-it-yourself look for them dPolw home ; try tosurveying. ascertain AS1 their age and , take care not to pierce them ; it 's best to drive the new nails as close to existing nail Do positions It Yourself. as possible MxN8w forCLG safety . between machines . What PersonalXEWqw Computer. CTX parallel to the continuation of the wadi which I had been following for days . Wheelbarrow MrG2w across theAT3 Sahara. past Dothan . The Lion concise DqWYw Bible handbook. EFT along the river 's banks , and the sheep of the mountain pastures fed the wool boom ofCountry the lateLiving. Middle 2nq0w Ages . BMD in front of him . Jubilee wood.LVlRw ABX a stream which fed ponds in which toads croaked noisily enough in the mating seasonMilan: to affect thethe complete services l5G1wtravel —ANB was organiser. begun in the fif gently uphill , around the quarry . Diggers. KzkNw HTH around the doughnut-shape ( toroidal ) container . New Scientist.exkdw B7M along the northern shore of Loch Awe , just south of Oban . Outdoor Action. 0kekw CHJ parallel with the road as it sloped away down to the crossroads where we had had so Invasion. much trouble yesterday YR3Lw .A61 away from school at the age of twelve to work on an uncle 's farm . The DictionaryVpkBw of National GTE Biography: Missing down the arcade , showering everyone with confetti . Mask of deception. gnbew H94 to the tank . Farmers' Weekly. kjMMw ACR under the roadway like energy cables , sapping the strength from the legs . A walk to the Western 8lVdw Isles. G1Y into the main drove and so down into the highway ’ . The story of Swanage. 8LqWw EEX down to the hollows . Bishop's Castle 1Zemw Railway HHF Society Journal. between high banks all the way down to the big road — and the railway . Diggers. eGayw HTH along one end of it . Wisden Cricket3dD5w Monthly.FT9 so wide and straight also tells us that when it came into existence the open arable fields Theofmaking Barton of and WEeZw theWootton English FAG did landscape. not yet extend s towards the river and the church . The East Yorkshire Bmbjwvillage C93 book. north-south from a residential road in Currie ( points A to B on enclosed map ) . [Spokes: unpublished yy8Mw letters HPP & articles] past the corner , left at the second gas-lamp , straight as truth across the grass besideBell theinupright the tree. sleepers 8ENbw The Glasgow thatALL linedstory. the railway tra through tall fields of durra . Old serpent Nile. gpgEw A journey FEMto the source. north-south from the Sava near Sirmium ( Sremska Mitrovica ) to Lake Scutari ( Skadar A short ) on the history present Q2N6w of the Montenegrin-Albanian Yugoslav FSU peoples. bor on Altoona time , which was ten minutes fast on Pittsburgh , while the Pittsburgh , FortThe Wayne Pacific. and Chicago ZXaxw railroad CJD ran on Columb . Bishop's Castle ZZ3xw Railway HHD Society Journal. behind the house in 1948 . Pity the nation:Xy3Lw LebanonANU at war. several combinations of preserved diesel traction over its tracks during the two-day event Steam . RailwayoEYvw News. CJ4 between Abermule and Kerry . Bishop's Castle kYoYw Railway HHF Society Journal. between various buildings and a high wooden fence that was used for part of its lengthRailway for advertisement ghostsq2dZw andhoardings phantoms. CE9 . under MS-DOS and Unix . Unigram x. dpgzw CSF just 50 yards away from the turbine and will be fed with the power through an underground The National cable . Trust Vpnbw Magazine. ANP from Schleiermacher 's contemporary Georg W. F. Hegel ( 1770–1831 , Professor of Philosophy A century ofinProtestant Berlin DQnywfromtheology. CL6 1818 ) , and include just east of the village , hence the naming of the monthly church magazine , ‘ The Meridian The East ’ . Yorkshire QRDOw village C93 book. in the wrong direction . ’ Forgotten fire.yqBMw H8F on the ex-L.N.W.R. which is rebuilt to the Berne loading gauge and runs from Peterborough Bishop's to Yarwell Castle KQm4w Railway JunctionHHS Society with theJournal. H.Q. at Wa west of the river until it crosses the loop at Great Ormside and into Appleby by its eastern Dandelion banks days. . qkQZw ACK alongside one side of the garden , and a heavy goods line along the other . Best. ow2vw C8A to the sea … A short historyqWVWw of Sussex. CB6 across the back of the head to take up the slack . Rabbiting. PRLWw BNY from the upper lip , over the top of the eye , along the lateral line to the very tip of the outer Practical edgefishkeeping. of the Rxllw caudal CGH peduncle . across the dead heart of the Nullarbor , a distance of 478 kilometres . Illustrated London XyNrw News.HSG along halfway up a hill , and if a valley floor is narrow , it can significantly double the supposed Taming the area flood. Xk1qw of benefit .AS4 through several dozen pastures and chances are , like when I talk to Dave , that at all Canoeist. times a cow isRyLlw either standing BMF or chewing on , exactly as a slider float . Coarse Fisherman. Ol3pw HJE

60 British Rail 's Esk Valley 61 A railway 62 The 63 A 64 Which 65 One 66 A groined 67 There was another MP sitting on a chair outside the room at the far end where the 68 The 69 Now the 70 To signal the victory ‘ a little white 71 On one side of the bridle 72 The 73 Although close to the city , the For Coldingham 74 ( c ) turn left inland on tarmacked track between café and lifeguard hut and follow road ( signposted 75 At Dizzard Point the 76 For those with energy to spare , another 77 Before reaching the town of Rock the 78 Behind him , the 79 The 80 When an old 81 The Dorset coast 82 Another spectacular section of the coast 83‘ Though we knew by the place where he had fallen that it must have been at the very summit just as the 84 Avoid walking on rocky foreshore ; clear 85 The course to the north is called ‘ Bruntsfield ’ and they are the owners of the land over which the Neither , if86 you value your privacy and security , should you buy or rent a house on the end of a road where the public 87 It was heated by a stove from which a heavy iron s will be fitted as88near as possible to the sink or basin that they serve : multi-point heaters can usually be positioned so that 89 The size of the house may also influence the decision — in a very large house , the length of hot water 90 Hot water systems where the temperature falls below 50° C because of the long 91 The aim is to find the shortest It92 is helpful to have both a rigid rule — a lm wooden or steel rule , say and a flexible steel tape for measuring 93 The main advantage of compression joints is that they make complicated 94 From the water company stopcock , the service 95 Although it is no problem running pipes within the loft , it is a good idea to keep all 96 The important points to remember are that 97 Lay separate strips above known 98 Space should be left at the ends of the 99 Space should be left at the end of 100 Slip connectors ( usually compression ) have no internal stops and can easily be inserted into existing design where all 101 the basins , baths , sinks and WCs in a house are close together and/or directly above one another so that ch are situated102 behind gas or solid fuel fires in the main living room , which may mean significantly long — and inefficient — 103 104 Do this too where 105 Do this too where 106 The 107 The 108 A single line 109 The coastal

Line runs line runs motorway ran motorway ran motorway runs passage ran passage ran passage ran path ran path ran path ran path ran path runs path runs path runs path runs path runs path runs path runs path runs path runs path runs path runs path runs path runs path runs pavement runs pipe ran pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs Pipe runs pipe runs pipe runs railway ran railway ran railway ran railway runs

between Middlesbrough and Whitby . [Tourist information: zPbyw York] B3K near the hotel . Citalia Italy complete. OngOw ECF out at Bergues , leaving twenty-two kilometres of main road still to be negotiated . A game of sudden ZXgWw death.HTJ alongside the tram-like-a-train ; English cars sped along it . Lying together.GgMpw AE0 north-south through Cheshire ? BNFL News. WxMXw HPB : ‘ The battles of the Great Civil War of 1642–46 have captured the imaginations of theTreasure historiansHunting. in bbDRw plenty , while G2Ythe sieges of the along the length of the site connecting both offices , with the stairs leading off it . The Foreign Office: L28dwan architectural B1D history. into a blank wall . The eagle hasB1B4w flown. HTW parallel to the lines and junction box northwards towards the station itself . Railway ghostsOa4Bw and phantoms. CE9 through heather high above the burn , past circular sheepfolds long disused and over Daily the stony Telegraph, beds0484w ofelectronic side streams AHC edition where of 1992-04 the gra past it all ’ . Van Gogh: a life. jNX2w CBN the long low flint wall of Dersingham Park , on the other , the estuary . Unholy ghosts.ZlN1w HA2 below one of the land arches of the rail bridge with a steep flight of steps leading to the[Collection Hawes Innofand leaflets kVPkw Hawes from GXJ Pier Lothian on theCouncil] Firth of F between two golf courses — a delightful rural setting for work , in dappled autumn sunshine [Spokes: . unpublished G1Bdw letters HPP & articles] parallel to it on right-hand side for a distance to avoid road-walking ) . Outdoor Action. wMbOw G2S through a last remnant of coastal oak woodland . Outdoor Action. gM0vw CME up Rocky Valley to the Bronze Age labyrinth — its rock carvings are 3,500 years old . Outdoor Action. gM0vw CME through the only sand dunes that we encountered on the whole walk . Outdoor Action. gM0vw CME down into a fold of land that once had allotments . Payback. 3QjRw J13 from Felixstowe to Lowestoft , mainly through the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Outdoor Action. Natural 0OBWw Beauty CHK and the Suffolk He across a valley bottom , you might also improve your chances of good finds by workingTreasure off the beaten Hunting. 15GZw track . G2Y along a spectacular rugged cliffline from Poole Harbour to Lyme Regis , taking you to Outdoor great beaches Action. VjOzw through some CHH extraordinary la from above Morvah — where there are great views to the Trevowhan and Trevean cliffs Outdoor to the Action. east — VjOzw along toCHH the Botallack . down the cliff to Kinghorn Manor . ’ Crown in darkness. ZeD1w BMN just inland from it . Outdoor Action. LVz0w A65 . [Spokes: unpublished 6VYmw letters HPP & articles] alongside your house and garden . One's company. EEdvw BNL up all the way to the roof . Edit [alumni magazine] g5OLw Issue HCJ 2. can be kept to a minimum . The Which? book 3bQYw of plumbing HH6 and central he could be unacceptably large for a single system and a combination of storage and instantaneous The Which?systems book 3bQYw of may plumbing HH6 be necessary and central . he or infrequent use may also act as Legionella multiplication sites . [Rentokil publications] Y6Wjw HBG from there to the circuit pipework . Do It Yourself.X3NNw AM5 and so on . The Which? book VoLNw of plumbing HH6 and central he much easier since the joints can all be assembled , tightened , slackened off again andThe theWhich? pipe rotated book NkRgw in of the plumbing HH6 joint toand get central the positio he underground ( buried at least 750mm down for protection against frost ) and enters theThe house Which? . book qZp8w of plumbing HH6 and central he as short as possible . The Which? book qZp8w of plumbing HH6 and central he from the hot water cylinder should be kept as short and as direct as possible to avoid heat The Which? loss — and book 3bQYw a of long plumbing wait HH6at and the tap central before he , and label them . Do It Yourself.MxN8w CLG for the pipe to expand . The Which? book NkRgw of plumbing HH6 and central he for slight expansion . The Which? book NkRgw of plumbing HH6 and central he The Which? book NkRgw of plumbing HH6 and central he to the stack can be kept short . The Which? book Me5Rw of plumbing HH6 and central he . The Which? book 3bQYw of plumbing HH6 and central he in the loft should be kept to a minimum . The Which? book qZp8w of plumbing HH6 and central he are held rigidly by pipe clips , and remove any clips close to right-angled bends to allow Dothe It Yourself. pipe to expand X3NNwfreely AM5. are held rigidly by pipe clips , and remove any clips close to right-angled bends , to allow Do the It Yourself pipe to8Ejdw Magazine. expand without CCY constraint . in a cutting along the far boundary of the fields . The raven on KrEaw the water. CKB over Easter and featured No. 8 , reverted to its old name ‘ Llewelyn ’ , complete with aBishop's cast ironCastle name n41Qw Railway plate . HHL Society Journal. from St George 's to Kelly 's Island , the full length of the colony , and many Bermudians In all brought directions. their rYw8w bicyclesB11 part of the way to to close by . Citalia Italy complete. k0vzw ECF

110 The 111 The 112 The Westcoast mainline 113 We know he is interested in trains ; the 114 The 115 A 116 The 117 The East Gate had been built thousands of years before at a place where a long 118 The 119 Beyond Dzongri a The best120 position for this is at an angle of 45° facing south , but this will be dictated by the pitch of your roof and if the 121 The old 122 Round the bend ahead the 123 The 124 After a while the the two armies125 came face to face at the pass of Killiecrankie , about midway between Pitlochry and Blair Castle , where the 126 A small 127 For the next twenty miles the 128 The 129 Beyond the pine trees the 130 The only traffic-bearing 131 Politically , the 132 The 133 Then the 134 The 135 The 136 The wall ended in a hedge and an orchard and then the 137 The 138 The main Derby — Chesterfield 139 The paved 140 From the Prince 's headquarters a 141 The old coast 142 That usly needed because 143 trains approaching from Horderley would be hidden from view by the spur of hillside around which the 144 The little towns through which the 145 And I added , ‘ There 's a minor 146 ‘ We 've simply walked across the Wolfwood and come out where another 147 Just because a 148 This minor 149 A 150 Then , like hope , energy or money , the 151 From Schupfheim a spectacular minor 152 A 153 Another 154 South from Arreau the main 155 Along this 156 From Seedorf the 157 A new 158 One long straight 159 The

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to Leeds and to Hull , and a bus from Leeds to Goole comes through Snaith giving limited The access East Yorkshire onlYjmw publicvillage transport C93 book.. from April to October . A guide to Britain's Gyx4windustrial B0A past. through the village of Elvanfoot , and locals say the work which Scotrail needs to carryScottish out on aTV bridge -- a3ZRw news will scripts. cut off J1Mthem off entirely . at the back of his house , and he has often watched the trains and he knows them wellBasil . Rocke: artist zG0zw and teacher. EVH through a tunnel behind the hotel but noise is slight . Citalia Italy complete. OngOw ECF behind the hotel . Citalia Italy complete. OndOw ECF mixed steam and diesel events on the third Saturday of every month with the Class 40Steam being Railway the usual oEYvw News. diesel traction CJ4 . down into the valley causing it to narrow to a hundred yards or less . Warhammer armies: Dn2dw orcsCMC & goblins. north to south for miles , with an occasional saddle where a foaming river had scored its Theway waythrough to Babylon. 2oDbw it . GWF north , pointing straight at Kanchenjunga . Outdoor Action. OEwyw CME north/ south , site the collector on the east side to get the benefit of the early morning sun The .Which? book 3bQYw of plumbing HH6 and central he straight on along the gorge edge . Isvik. 6Gvgw GV6 fairly straight , a narrow ledge cut out of the mountainside . Isvik. 6Gvgw GV6 straight ahead of us until it disappeared in the mist , except that at the man 's feet it was Isvik. gone and there 6Gvgw was aGV6 gap some fifty metre out and there was nothing in the bleak landscape but loose boulders , rocks , yaks andTravel. wild asses . D23Qw ASJ through a narrow valley beside a deep gorge . Island fortress.0g0jw BNB across the bridge , through the fields and over a hill . The piano. qB21w GV3 beside the restrained waters of the Danube . A game of sudden ZXgWw death.HTJ on into the desert alone , no longer accompanied by the railway line or the telegraph poles Old serpent . Nile. gpgEw A journey FEMto the source. , desolate and haunted black . Dark dance. r5Nqw GUM between the houses and the waterfront . The possession dvjMw of DeliaFPF Sutherland. via numerous conflicts — the Hundred Years ' War , the English Civil War , the FrenchARevolution century of and Protestant 2XlKw the American theology. CL6 War of Indepe along the valley between them , where boulders had settled . Wheelbarrow MrG2w across theAT3 Sahara. out altogether and the floor tilted sharply downwards beneath them . Take back plenty. wPPOw CJA through seemingly interminable pine forests with little to encourage us to stop and explore Migrations: , and we travels bwpGw covered of aover naturalist. CRJ1300 kilometres i straight across the desert for twenty miles . Alistair MacLean's wDeYw golden AMU girl. along into fields and the countryside proper . The divided house. Y4Dvw J54 straight ahead , the telegraph poles passing at regular intervals to the right . . Ratking. 3LWZw HTT along the other flank and this was fenced off with rabbit-proof wire netting and was screened Rabbiting. from the PRLWw road by BNY a long , narrow spinn between wide grass verges where two tethered cows and four goats grazed . Sharpe's Waterloo. wgBOw CMP eastwards through Nivelles to meet the Charleroi highway at an unnamed crossroads Sharpe's . Waterloo. wgBOw CMP parallel to the shoreline . The five gates3XmRw of hell. C86 out of money , and only small sections remain . BBC Wildlife. wrzEw G33 . Bishop's Castle kOVRw Railway HHH Society Journal. may once have been important , but are now picturesque backwaters . Roads that move. G4GYw AE8 up over the cordillera via San Miguel and Llata to Hualgayoc where you can turn southIsvik. to Cajamarca6Gvgw . GV6 through it , ’ said Floy . Rebel angel. ZbDDw G1L past a group of Bronze Age burial mounds does not mean that it is prehistoric . The making ofWEeZw the English FAG landscape. parallel to the Union Canal which it crosses by a narrow humped back bridge . [Collection of leaflets kVPkw from GXJ Lothian Council] in front of the farm , its tracks worn deep into the ground . The best of Sunday YEYRw Times ARB travel. out just when you need it . A walk to the Western gVPvw Isles. G1Y south for 17km ( 101 miles ) following the Forest Emme ( Waldemme ) as this stretch of OffLittle the beaten EmmeOMEdw track: is commonly Switzerland. FTUcalled , through t the length of Spurn Head from the Observatory to the Point and soon the small beaches Theand birdwatcher's dune slopes Nj5gw handbook: wereF9H filleda with guide thetobucke the n south , through the oilfields , and is constantly being extended into virgin forest . New Scientist.RDwMw B76 along the wide valley of the Neste d'Aure to the resort town of Saint-Lary-Soulan , andThe thenFrench curvesPyrenees. toLgkRw the south-east FA2 as the valley n the Wolverton and Stony Stratford Steam Tramway , the lines of which terminate beyond Thethe railwaymen: L & NWKQz4w station Wolverton . B2S1838-1986. round the south-west corner of Lake Uri to Isleten , continuing from there along the shore Off the to Bauen beaten.2WeDw track: Switzerland. FTU along the west coast , so the beaches are no longer deserted , and litter of all sorts is Kingdoms left behind of in the great 2aXBw East. quantities CK2 . like a main vein down the arm of Grand Isle . Lucker and Tiffany ZVPLw peel out. HH0 like a grey ribbon between verges full of tall grasses , cow-parsley and dog-roses , as The maymaking be seenofqeK8w above the English all inFAG the landscape. Lincolnshire Wo

160 That apart , Whitechapel Road and Mile End Road ran 161 It is noteworthy that the line of the Great North Road runs 162 Bridge Road runs 163 At first this bus route ran 164 From 22 September 1926 , all cars on the Penge route ran 165 For those who do n't know it , the Haute Route runs 166 The street ran 167 On one side of the street ran 168 Children spotting his tall black shape in the street ran 169 As each new creature was unveiled so Fleet Street ran 170 One of the men in the street ran 171 The HIGH STREET runs 172 west London ; originally built 1679 , the present street runs 173 Falmouth 's main shopping street runs 174 It was situated at the bottom of York Street along with Edward , Vulcan and Howard Streets , York Street ran 175 The director of one of the national galleries whose trustees were appointed by Downing Street ran 176 East Third Street runs 177 west London ; much less important in the nineteenth century than it is now , Oxford Street runs 178 Like the sand under Argyle Street where the new subway ran 179 A spectacular way : all through breakfast , the track ran 180 After a time we dropped down from the hills on to a flat gravel plain where the track ran The 181 train was n't late , and he got in , choosing as was his habit a seat on the side with a view of the sea , for the track ran 182 The track ran 183 Close to the house , a narrow track ran 184 When we reached the farm the track ran 185 Another track ran 186 A narrow gauge track ran 187 The track ran The188 ridged pasture was falling away in front of Sharpe , sloping down to a long dark oak wood from which a cart track ran 189 Trent could n't see whether the track ran 190 The grassy track ran 191 A track runs 192 Erm 's Meadow , Close , erm and er then we 've got the double track runs 193 Where the rail track runs 194 Domestic video recorders have poor sound because the edge track runs 195 The road continues past the buildings and after 3 mile the trail runs 196 The Monsal Trail runs 197 The village of Ladock itself is surrounded by woods through which a nature trail runs 198 There was a groove where the tube ran 199 A long fluid-filled tube runs 200 A tube runs 201 The Tin Tunnel ran 202 A low stone wall ran 203 This wall ran 204 It offered no defence ; and defence was needed , for on the opposite side of the yard a wall ran 205 Beyond the perimeter wall ran 206 One of the earliest communication corridors , the Jurassic Way ran 207 From Durazzo the way ran 208 The Cleveland Way runs 209 The Way runs

into open fields , and the ancient parish church , St Dunstan 's , was in an entirely ruralThe setting Titford . family MZXew 1547-1947. CBJ near where many of these rivers ceased to be navigable , and many towns on the roadThe may transformation have grown 66gdw up of as medieval HWG places England. where goods into Medway Road and thus all traffic , in particular any heavy goods vehicles using the The dock Weekly company Law XKkLw 's Reports facilities FCR 1992 , must Volume use these 3. a few yards further than the trolleybuses , which had run round the Fair Green , and terminated The tramways on aKjaNw of small Croydon. patch CBK of prepared groun right through to Thicket Road . The tramwaysNZZMw of Croydon. CBK from Chamonix to Zermatt in the Alps and is one of the best known routes in Europe . Outdoor Action. 1lRVw CME between rows of dingy terraced houses , not yet " gentrified " , as the planners say . Death in the City. Pp4Ew H0D a sluggish stream in a deep channel cut through the earth . The house of the DOljw red slayer. K95 away from him , not towards . Daughters of the 6x8bw house.GUK copious feature articles , often full page , to highlight what they hoped would be the next Doctor ‘ big Who: thing ’the 1wYjw . early years. F9Y to open the door , then another man pushed him . Sherlock Holmes 0PNWw short stories: H8P Oxford Bookw from George IV Bridge to John Knox 's House , beyond which it becomes the CANONGATE [Tourism , part ephemera ofD35dw the medieval on Edinburgh] ECSburgh which gre between Burlington Street and Piccadilly . The Dickens index. 5XGVw B0Y narrowly and crookedly along the waterfront with shops on both sides but with occasional Wycliffe tantalising and the 65N6w glimpses WindsorHWP ofBlue. the harbour . off Cleveland Street beside the main rail line . Northern Echo:nlYaw BusinessK51 section. into them in the very early 1980s . Friends in high82g3w places: who ADBruns Britain? between Avenues A and B on the Lower East Side of Manhattan . The Face. yQNBw CD5 east-west , dividing Mayfair to the south from Marylebone to the north . The Dickens index. qNdZw B0Y down to the river , the fortunes of the future were already shifting . Bell in the tree.dL2zw The Glasgow ALL story. along the north shore of Lake Superior , so close that at times the train seemed to be overhanging The edge. the 2mRww water . BP9 straight as a drawn line . Old serpent Nile. y83nw A journey FEMto the source. along the Adriatic and he liked to have it in sight , the elating expanse , ringing bright inThe thelost sunfather. . xd3Gw GUX parallel to the South Coast Expressway , through land that was flat , a wasteground ofThe weeds fiveand gates shale Kjwow of hell. . C86 up a slight slope . On the edge. 5PWVw AC4 out , so we had a word with the farmer , a friend of Brian 's , and set off over the open Owl fieldslight: . the unique LPEBwstory CHE of a boy and his ow down the other side . The adventures 4yjBw of EndillAMB Swift. along the platform surface , its polished rails carrying the 16mm colour film camera and Steam cameraman Railway0NXLw on News. a four wheeled CJ6 dolly , push along the lip of the natural amphitheatre , no trees guarding it from the eighty-foot dropAlistair to the MacLean's small lake 6a5mw ,golden so Trent AMU girl. could look out fro north towards a big stone-walled farm that looked like a miniature fort . Sharpe's Waterloo. wgBOw CMP on to the quarry or stopped at the cabin . Alistair MacLean's Dj3dwgolden AMU girl. level , curved and dipped a little , emerged from the trees . The magus. YGyZw G13 east from the car park , alongside the magnificent Water of Nevis , starting off benignlyThe enough first fifty: to lure munro-bagging rzraw bored coiffured AS3 without teenagers a beard in into the station up here , past the cattle pens which you saw those white things on theTalk photograph about railways , bKXGss variousaround signal KLHSouthwell. posts , theSamp goods from the North town to the South town or you could go go by rail from the one side of the Orkney hill toSound the other Dxnqss Archive . tape HE9OSA 337: intervi at only two centimetres per second . New Scientist.z2Gpw B78 off through the trees to the forest perimeter . Outdoor Action. LpPEw CHH along part of the old Midland Railway line in the Peak District National Park . Outdoor Action. R3Mlw CMD and there are many local footpaths and , of course , the long coastal walks to enjoy . Warm welcomes vKvew in Britain. CJK , up under his ear and across his cheek . Take back plenty. wPPOw CJA beneath the skin along the middle of each side of their body . The trials of life. 1OoZw F9F from the back of the body chamber into the flotation tanks at the rear so that the animal Life can onflood earth.them GMy4w and adjust EFRits buoyancy to f along the stretch of railway above Kirknettle Mill to the bridge for approximately two hundred [Collection metres of leaflets kVPkw . from GXJ Lothian Council] across the far side of the square . The killing frost. wrbxw B1X along one side of the Stratford Road and the residents called it ‘ The Front ’ . Enigma variations: A6dRw A MEMOIR AMC OF LOVE AN right up to the house and although it was lower than the roof an agile man might easilyThe scramble Mamurfrom Zapt ZbzDw itand up on theHTX tonight the roof of the itself dog.. a vein of the Bradford Beck , its filthy waters gurgling below ground before breaking free Frankie. for some distance wORkwto pass ACWOld Ashfield 's w right across the country from the Cotswolds to Humberside passing through Banbury ,Northamptonshire roughly along5Q68w the Rose line ofBNJ oftoday the Shires. 's Banbury La across Albania to Ohrid and Bitola ( Heraclea Lincestis ) in Macedonia , and then via Salonika A short history to Byzantium zZxpw of the Yugoslav ( Constantinople FSU peoples.) . in a gigantic 107 mile horseshoe from Helmsley , north to Saltburn , then south along the [Tourist coastinformation: to Filey zPbyw . York] B3K next to one of the best preserved bronze age enclosures on Dartmoor at Grimspound Outdoor . Action. 26pzw A65

210 From Brockdish to Weybridge the 211 All that remains to be decided is whether the Oxfordshire 212 A narrow-gauge trolley 213 The South Downs 214 The Milky 215 The brightest star , Beta , is only of magnitude 3.7 , and there is no distinctive shape , but the Milky 216 The Weavers ' 217 The Cotswold 218 From the explosive and detonator , a In 219 one direction the green flex linked both blocks of brown substance to the battery ; in the other direction the

way runs Way runs way runs Way runs Way runs Way runs Way runs Way runs wire ran wire ran

through watermeadows and on to Harleston , Momersfield , Earsham and DitchinghamOutdoor . Action. dew6w CME round the front of the club house , or through the car park at the back . [Central television a5bkw news K20 scripts] the entire round of both stores . The railwaymen: KQz4w Wolverton B2S1838-1986. from Queen Elizabeth Country Park , near Petersfield , to Alfriston in East Sussex andThe the Alton first team Herald. yNxjw will start atB03 6.30 a.m . right through Aquila , and is very rich , so that the whole region will repay sweeping with Exploring binoculars the of night 5my8w anysky magnification with EAWbinoculars. . right through it , so that there are plenty of rich fields . Exploring the night 5my8w sky with EAWbinoculars. for 56 miles through the varied scenery of north-east Norfolk , from Cromer to Great Yarmouth Outdoor Action. . LpPEw CHH for 100 miles from Bath in Avon to Chipping Campden in Gloucestershire . Outdoor Action. pgxQw CMD round the belt to the side , where it connected with a lithium battery similar to and no larger The negotiator. than the10Zrw sort used CAM to power digital watc to the opposite jaw of the clothes-peg . The negotiator.8bM6w CAM