25-34 Asma Ali.pmd

Malays. Appl. Biol. (2018) 47(4): 25–34

BREAKFAST CONSUMPTION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AMONG FISHERMEN’S CHILDREN IN TERENGGANU TAI SIN WEI and ASMA’ ALI* School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Malaysia * E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 10 September 2018, Published online 25 October 2018

ABSTRACT Regular breakfast consumption among children is important to improve their cognitive performance. However, there has been no data found yet on breakfast consumption of children among fishermen families in Terengganu or its relationship with cognitive performance. The main objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the relationship between breakfast consumption and cognitive performance among fishermen’s children aged 7 to 12 years old in Terengganu, Malaysia. A questionnaire consisting of demographic data and three days dietary recall was used along with face-to-face interviews with children and their parents. Moreover, respondents’ cognitive performance was assessed using Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices and categorized into five grades. Among 100 children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of this study, 75% were regular breakfast eaters (consumed breakfast at least five times weekly). Both age groups; 7 to 9 and 10 to 12 years old, fulfilled the Ministry of Health’s and RNI recommendations in terms of total energy intake at breakfast (352.79 kcal and 339.8 kcal) and carbohydrate content (51.27 g and 52.13 g) respectively, despite their low socio-economic condition. However, their fat consumption (10.91 g and 9.85 g) exceeded the suggested range, while protein (12.49 g and 11.34 g) and fiber (1.20 g) intake were insufficient to reach recommended range. Referring to RNI, the respondents’ highest fulfilments of micronutrient were vitamin C and iron while the lowest was iodine from their breakfast consumption. Although total raw scores in cognitive assessment increased with respondent age, majority (94%) had level of cognitive performance which below the average. There was no association found between breakfast frequency and cognitive performance. Furthermore, energy intake and selected macro- and micronutrients in breakfast consumption also had no relationship towards significant cognitive performance.

Key words: Breakfast consumption, cognitive performance, fishermen’s children, Terengganu

INTRODUCTION In order to refresh the brain and regain energy for normal daily activities, the human body needs nutrients from breakfast consumption in the morning (Moy et al., 2006). Regular breakfast consumption helps to maintain healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) or avoid overweight, reduce risk of chronic diseases, and achieve a good overall dietary quality (Hallstrom et al., 2011; Van Lippevelde et al., 2013; Tang et al., 2017). Yet, studies done in Malaysia found high proportion of children and adolescents in Malaysia skipped their breakfast (Husna, 2007; Koo et al., 2015; Tee et al., 2017). Skipping breakfast is defined as not having or missing breakfast on any particular day * To whom correspondence should be addressed.

(Rampersaud, 2009). Prevalence of breakfast skipping among Malaysian children in recent years has been pointed out by previous studies (Koo et al., 2015; Sumaya et al., 2015; Chong et al., 2016; Mohd Nasir et al., 2017). The breakfast skipping rate is also found to be proportional to children’s age (Chin & Nasir, 2009). Common reasons given by those breakfast skippers and irregular eaters are stomach discomfort, poor appetite, lack of time due to oversleeping, unavailability of food items and weight concerns (Koo et al., 2015; Purttiponthanee et al., 2016). Many studies have been done in Malaysia in order to assess breakfast consumption among various age groups, including undergraduates (Fitri et al., 2016), preschoolers (Aziz & Devi, 2012), school-going children (Koo et al., 2015) and adolescents (Law et al., 2013; Abdullah et al.,

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BREAKFAST CONSUMPTION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE

2016). However, previous studies had less focus on those poor-income groups, especially the fishermen community. Furthermore, the quality of breakfast intake among younger generation may reflect more dramatic effects on their daily life as compared to other age groups (Mahoney et al., 2005). Therefore, it is significant to study breakfast consumption of school-aged children from fishermen families due to their differences in living culture and availability of food sources. This may also provide a clear overall view of breakfast pattern of local fishermen’s children. Since fishermen’s households are vulnerable due to monsoon season in Malaysia, malnutrition is a serious issue in this community, compared to those who stayed in paddy and estate villages (Khor & Tee, 1997). Moreover, poor diet quality, especially during breakfast, has detrimental effects toward cognitive performance and academic achievement among children (Hjorth et al., 2016; Tajik et al., 2016). This can be seen through a number of cross-sectional studies that suggest an association between breakfast intake and cognitive performance among children (Mahoney et al., 2005; Rampersaud, 2009; Adolphus et al., 2016). With data obtained from this study, the Malaysian government may find solutions to improve these children’s dietary quality and nutritional status, starting with their breakfast consumption. The main objective of this study was to determine breakfast consumption and its relationship with cognitive performance among fishermen’s children in Terengganu.

MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in Terengganu, Malaysia among fishermen’s children aged 7 to 12 years old using descriptive analysis. Sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula and 10% was added to take account of dropouts and unsuitable data. Cluster sampling was applied since there was no fishermen’s household list available for the sampling frame. By convenience sampling method, data collection was conducted at primary schools and villages or residential areas along the coast within Kuala Nerus and Kuala Terengganu. Before the real data collection, a pilot study was conducted on 30 children who came from lowincome family background. This was used to determine feasibility of the questionnaire, duration and efficiency of interview session. School visits and home visits were conducted to approach potential respondents from July to August 2017. Malay language was used along the data collection process through researcheradministered survey. Firstly, respondents and their

parents or guardian were briefed on the purpose of the study and overall data collection procedures. Then, information sheets and consent forms were distributed for signatures if they were willing to participate in this study. Then, respondents and their parents were interviewed using the questionnaire prepared in order to collect data for both independent and dependent variables. Demographic information of respondents such as date of birth, gender, household income and mother’s occupation, were asked in Part 1. Moreover, frequency of respondents’ breakfast consumption was also asked in order to categorize them into regular breakfast eaters and skippers (Thomas et al., 2015). Part 2 of the questionnaire was a three days dietary recall on respondents’ breakfast intake, includes two school-attending days and one weekend. For the purposes of a homogeneous and unbiased sample, breakfast in this study was defined as food items and beverage that consumed within 2 hours after waking up in the morning on schoolattending days. For weekends, only items consumed before 11 am were accounted as breakfast intake (Van Lippevelde et al., 2013). During this period, suitable prompts were used to aid the respondents to recall their memories better. Besides the cooking method, household measurement of portion size (such as cup, glass and teaspoon) and ingredients in each food item were also recorded. At the same time, the Malaysia Food Album and Atlas of Food Exchanges and Portion Sizes (Second Edition) were used to facilitate the estimation of quantities consumed. Next, Part 3 was an assessment on respondents’ cognitive performance using a licensed Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) (Raven, 2004). The assessment contained 36 questions and each question was a picture with a missing part at the corner of right bottom. CPM is divided equally into three subsets, which are Subset A, AB and B. Subset A in Raven’s CPM requires children’s ability to find the missing part of each pattern or puzzle, is the easiest part of CPM test. For Subset AB, it aims to determine children’s ability in recognizing associations of patterns and relatedness to the alternatives given. Next, Subset B consists of the most challenging items in order to test children’s ability in abstract thinking (Hashmi et al., 2015). Thus, CPM test created to distinguish between degrees of intellectual maturity by quantifying a child’s ability to form comparison and to reason by analogy (Cotton et al., 2005). Each respondent was assessed individually by the same set of questions. After briefing, a smartphone was used to display questions to the respondents. They were required to tell the researcher their choices within a few seconds and then proceed to the next question.


Data on dietary recall was analyzed using Nutritionist Pro Nutrition Analysis Software (NutriPro) Version 20. For cognitive performance, CPM standard scoring system was applied to convert their raw total score into percentile rank by referring to Raven’s standard table. Total raw was converted to percentile rank with respect to his/her biological age. Later, respondents were categorized into five grades based on their percentile rank; > 95th Grade I (intellectually superior), > 75th Grade II (definitely above average), 25th – 75th Grade III (intellectually average), < 25th Grade IV (below average), and < 5th Grade V (intellectually impaired). For example, a 10 years 4 months old boy joined the survey and scored 28 out of 36 questions during the cognitive assessment. As referring to Raven’s standard table, he was located at the 25th percentile rank, and thus he is categorized as Grade IV for general ability from nonverbal perspective. In addition, all data were

then analyzed using SPSS 20. Those variables were tested for normality, reported with mean or median and standard deviation or interquartile range (IQR). Non-parametric of Chi-square and Spearman rankorder correlation test were used to examine the relationship between breakfast consumption and cognitive performance. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research on Human of RMIC, UMT (UMT/JKEPM/2017/4).

RESULTS Demographic profile and frequency of breakfast consumption A demographic profile and frequency of breakfast consumption of the 100 respondents are presented in Table 1. All respondents were Malay and the proportion for gender was somewhat evenly

Table 1. Demographic profile and breakfast consumption’s frequency of fishermen children (n=100) Distribution Characteristic

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n (%)

Gender Boys Girls

42 (42%) 58 (58%)

Ethnicity Malay

100 (100%)

Mean ± SD / Median (IQR) –

–

Age group (year) 7 8 9 10 11

25 10 13 20 32

(25%) (10%) (13%) (20%) (32%)

10.13 (3.46) years

Parents’ highest educational level Primary school Lower secondary school Upper secondary school Diploma and above

21 53 24 2

(21%) (53%) (24%) (2%)

Mother’s occupation Housewife Working Others

75 (75%) 20 (20%) 5 (5%)

Number of total family members 10

31 (31%) 57 (57%) 12 (12%)

Household income < RM 440 RM 441 – 750 RM 751 – 1000 RM 1001 – 2000

2 46 38 14

Financial help receiver Yes No

20 (20%) 80 (80%)

Frequency of breakfast consumption Breakfast skipper (< 2 times/week) Regular breakfast eater (> 5 times/week)

25 (25%) 75 (75%)

–

–

6.92 2.25

– (2%) (46%) (38%) (14%) –

–

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distributed, with 42% boys and 58% girls. Majority of the respondents (32%) were aged 11 years old, with a median age of 10 years 2 months. Besides that, most (75%) of the respondents’ mother were housewives whereas 20% were working besides managing housework while the remaining 5% of respondents’ mother had passed away. For household income, 46% of the respondents stated that their household income was within RM441 and RM750, which was categorized as poor household group. Although most (86%) of their household income were below RM1000, it was found that only 20% of them received financial help from either government or private parties. By self-reported method, 75% of the respondents reported consuming breakfast at least five times weekly and classified as regular breakfast eaters. The rest (25%) of them were breakfast skippers, skipping breakfast at least five times in a week.

highest fulfillments of micronutrient among the 100 respondents were Vitamin C and iron. The lowest fulfillment was for iodine (0%), since there was no iodine sources revealed within their breakfast consumption. Cognitive performance of respondents Table 4 shows the cognitive performance of the respondents with median values according to age group. The total raw score of the respondents from Raven’s CPM assessment indicated an increasing in the median value. It can be seen that the respondents from age group 8 to 11 fell at 5th of percentile rank, on average. Then, the respondents were recategorized to five grades based on their individual percentile rank of cognitive performance, as shown in Table 5. It can be seen that the majority (67%) of the respondents were classified into 5th of percentile rank or Grade V which indicate intellectually impaired. Conversely, no respondents were categorized as intellectual superior (Grade I) and only two respondents were categorized into Grade II (definitely above average). As a result, their cognitive performance was not normally distributed.

Total energy intake and macronutrients in breakfast consumption Table 2 and 3 shows the total energy intake, selected macro- and micronutrients consumed by the respondents during breakfast period based on their three days dietary recall. It can be seen that their energy intake from breakfast consumption fulfilled the Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia’s recommendations (Garis Panduan Pelaksanaan Pemakanan Sihat di Sekolah, 2011). Besides carbohydrate intake, their protein, fat and dietary fiber contents in breakfast consumption did not fell in the suggested range of MOH (Garis Panduan Pelaksanaan Pemakanan Sihat di Sekolah , 2011) and RNI (NCCFN, 2017). In terms of RNI, the

Relationship between breakfast consumption and cognitive performance There was no association found between frequency of breakfast consumption and cognitive performance (p>0.05). In addition, results based on Spearman correlation test also reported that there was no significant relationship between quality of breakfast consumption (including total energy intake, selected macro- and micronutrients content) and cognitive performance.

Table 2. Total energy intake and macronutrients in respondents’ breakfast intake (n=100) Age group 7–9 years (n=48)

Component

Total energy intake (kcal) Macronutrient* Carbohydrate (g) Protein (g) Fat (g)

10–12 years (n=52)

MOH rec a

Mean ± SD / Median (IQR)

MOH reca

Mean±SD / Median (IQR)

350.00

352.79 ± 104.20 **

400.00

339.84 ± 106.85

43.75–56.88 21.88–26.25 3.89–7.78

51.27 ± 15.17** 12.49 ± 5.47 10.91 ± 4.91

50.00–65.00 25.00–30.00 4.44–8.89

52.13 ± 17.28** 11.34 ± 4.61 9.85 ± 4.38

7–12 years (n=100) Dietary fibre (g)b a

20.00–30.00 c

1.20 (1.27)

MOH rec: Recommendation made by Ministry of Health Malaysia in Garis Panduan Pelaksanaan Pemakanan Sihat di Sekolah (2011). * Recommended macronutrients intake for breakfast (excluded rest time’s consumption) is referred to RNI 2017, where percentages of carbohydrate, protein and fat from total energy intake are 50-65%, 10-20% and 25-30% respectively. **Breakfast intake of respondents fulfilled MOH recommendation for the particular component. b Respondents’ breakfast intake was reported as median (interquartile range) for dietary fiber. c Recommended amount of 20 to 30g of dietary fiber is referred to daily intake value that suggested by RNI 2017 for all Malaysian, regardless of age.


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Table 3. Amount of selected micronutrients intake during breakfast of fishermen’s children (n=100) Age group 7-9 years (n=48)

Gender c

Component

Micronutrients Vitamin C (mg) Vitamin B9 (µg) Vitamin B12 (µg)* Calcium (mg)

10-12 years (n=52)

RNId


% of fulfilment

RNId


% of fulfilment

35.00 300.00 2.50 1000.00

31.83 ± 14.04 14.19 ± 9.69 0.15 (0.19) 127.60 ± 43.78

90.94% 4.73% 6.00% 12.76%

65.00 400.00 3.50 1300.00

24.99 ± 18.02 14.90 ± 14.00 0.13 (0.21) 112.51 ± 56.16

38.45% 3.73% 3.71% 8.65%

Iron (mg)

Boys Girls

6.00 6.00

5.49 ± 2.05 4.61 ± 1.79

91.50% 76.80%

10.00 9.00

3.82 ± 1.97 4.44 ± 2.17

38.20% 49.30%

Iodine (µg)*

Boys Girls

101.60 100.00

0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00)

0.00% 0.00%

133.60 141.60

0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00)

0.00% 0.00%

Zinc (mg)

Boys Girls

5.70 5.60

1.26 ± 0.86 1.22 ± 0.60

22.10% 21.80%

7.00 6.30

0.93 ± 0.68 1.30 ± 0.72

13.30% 20.60%

7-8 years (n=35) Copper (mg)

0.44

9-12 years (n=65)

0.23 ± 0.11

52.3%

0.70

0.23 ± 0.16

c

The distribution of respondents’ gender in this study is 42 boys and 58 girls. Values of RNI refer to recommended nutrient intakes per day for Malaysians. * Respondents’ breakfast intake was reported as median (interquartile range) for particular micronutrients. d

Table 4. Total raw score in cognitive assessment of fishermen’s children according to age group (n=100) Age

n (%)

Total raw score, Median (IQR)

Percentile ranke

7

25 (25%)

13.0 (12.0)

1th

8

10 (10%)

20.0 (12.0)

5th

9

13 (13%)

20.0 (7.0)

5th

10

20 (20%)

22.0 (6.0)

5th

11

32 (32%)

26.0 (6.0)

5th

e Percentile

rank ranges from 0.1 th to 99.9 th , where higher value indicate higher cognitive performance.

Table 5. Cognitive performance of fishermen children categorized into five grades (n=100) Category

Percentile rank

n (%)

Grade I (intellectually superior)

> 95th

0 (0%)

Grade II (definitely above average)

> 75th

2 (2%)

25th – 75th

4 (4%)

Grade IV (below average)

< 25th

27 (27%)

Grade V (intellectually impaired)

< 5th

67 (67%)

Grade III (intellectually average)

* Cognitive performance of respondents based on Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices is not normally distributed.

32.9%

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DISCUSSION The findings indicate that 75 out of 100 respondents consume breakfast regularly, with not less than five times weekly. This is in alignment with outcome of previous studies done by Aziz and Devi (2012) at Selangor and MyBreakfast study conducted in 2013. High in breakfast intake rate in this study was due to Rancangan Makanan Tambahan (RMT) (RMT, 2017) implemented in Malaysia’s primary schools. In terms of school attendance, most of the respondents consumed no food or beverage at home day and then had the free meal prepared at canteen under RMT before class. This observation was supported by few previous studies (Adolphus et al., 2013; Vanelli et al., 2013; Anzman-Frasca et al., 2015) that investigated the effects of breakfast campaigns and programs among school-going children. Poor quality of the respondents’ breakfast consumption was reported based on the data from three days dietary recall. It was found that the respondents focused more on their carbohydrate source intake in order to provide adequate energy for their daily activities. Thus, they reached MOH’s recommendation range (Garis Panduan Pelaksanaan Pemakanan Sihat di Sekolah, 2011) on their carbohydrate and total energy intake during breakfast. However, the respondents’ fat consumption was higher than the recommended value, which was supported by MyBreakfast study’s finding (Mohd Nasir et al., 2017). This was because most of them consumed heavy breakfast in the morning, such as nasi lemak, nasi ayam and roti canai. This could relate to Malaysian dietary culture, with high fat and sugar food (Chin & Nasir, 2009) but low fiber intake from fruits and vegetables (Sumaya et al., 2015). At the same time, they might ignore their protein consumption due to affordability reasons. In addition, it was revealed that some of them did not consumed the fruits and vegetables prepared by RMT, resulting in low fiber intake from their breakfast. The highest fulfillment on vitamin from the respondents’ breakfast consumption was vitamin C. From the observation, it was possible due to the high vitamin C content in the chocolate-flavored malted drink consumed by majority of them in the morning. Iron achieved the highest fulfillment in their breakfast intake, as compared with iodine, zinc, calcium and copper. Food items that contributed to high iron content in breakfast of these fishermen’s children were noodles soup (mee bandung) and malted drink, which were prepared by RMT at schools. Since there was no iodine source found in their breakfast, there was 0% fulfillment on iodine intake among 100 respondents regardless of gender

and age group. Therefore, they were advised to consume sufficient iodine-rich food in daily diet. They may include those food items with high market availability with affordable price, such as cabbage, whole or wheat bread, egg, corn and green peas. Besides that, daily consumption of milk also aids in gaining iodine from diet (Bath et al., 2014). During the interview and cognitive assessment, the respondents have less concentration and were not fully active. Thus, it suspected that they had over-reported their breakfast consumption. In fact, children and parents or guardians may perceive what they had reported as own practice are either socially desirable or undesirable (Perez-Rodrigo et al., 2015). As a result, they tend to over-report more favorable behavior, such as breakfast, fruit and vegetable consumption. In the meantime, they might also under-report less favorable behaviors, including carbonated drinks and sweets intake (Nilsen et al., 2017). Increasing respondent age showed an increase in median of total raw score from 13 to 26 out of 36. This obeyed the principle in which there is a positive relationship between children’s age and total raw score (Raven, 2004). IQR values decreased from age 7 to 11 years, which means that difference in cognitive performance of same age’s respondents became smaller gradually. For example, fishermen’s children 11 to 12 years old scored in a more concentrated range than those 7 to 8 years old. It can also be said that consistent tendency of respondents’ cognitive performance were improved with increasing in their age. This finding has been supported by prior studies (Costenbader & Ngari, 2001; Cotton et al., 2005). At the same time, this indicates that fishermen’s children (with or without learning disability) were poor in intellectual ability due to several factors. Compared to those learning-disabled children in previous study i.e. (Hashmi et al., 2015) who studied in special education classes in public primary schools, all 100 respondents in the current study were positioned in normal classes in different schools. Therefore, they might be more stressed and less able to obtain attention from teachers when studying together with other classmates who showed better intellectual capacity. This learning environment might be one of the factors causing them to be vulnerable from cognitive aspect as compared to other children. In order to improve the condition, increasing physical education within school curriculum is a potential approach as proved by Ardoy et al. (2013). The prior research revealed that increased physical education can benefit both cognitive performance and academic achievement among students. In Malaysia, Physical and Health Education (also called Pendidikan Jasmani dan


Kesihatan) was included in primary schools’ syllabus to ensure students practice physically active lifestyle from childhood. It also aimed to shape a balanced individual from all respects, including physical, emotional, spiritual, social and intellectual aspect. For the association between frequency of breakfast consumption and cognitive performance, little previous research (Cueto et al., 1998; AnzmanFrasca et al., 2015) supported the finding of this study, where there is no significant association found. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship reported between cognitive performance and any element of breakfast, including total energy intake, selected macro- and micronutrients. It was consistent with several studies (Brindal et al., 2012; Ptomey et al., 2015) done in foreign countries. One of the prior study studied about the effect of different glycaemic load of breakfast towards cognitive performance among 39 children with a mean age of 11.6±0.7 years. Three breakfast menus with equal calorie content but different glycemic loads (high, medium and low) were used to achieve its objective of study. As a result, it was reported that different composition ratio of carbohydrate, fat and protein, as well as energy contributed by breakfast, did not result in significant differences in cognitive performance (Brindal et al., 2012). Instead of quality of breakfast consumption, the cognitive performance of primary school-aged children, especially fishermen’s children, might be influenced by other factors such as sociodemographic variables (Chin & Nasir, 2009). Baharudin and Luster (1998) explained that higher level of household income, well-educated mothers and fewer children provided supportive home environment to children. In addition, neonatal conditions were studied by Christian et al. (2014) to link with cognitive function among school-age children in Nepal. As a result, small-for-gestational age and low birth weight have negative consequences for children’s general intelligence and executive function. In addition, head circumference at birth as a measure of brain development is strongly and positively associated with school age cognitive performance (Christian et al., 2014). Furthermore, exclusive breastfed children will also have better cognitive development besides visual acuity. This could be due to fatty acid in breast milk is useful in brain development and thus enhances cognitive function (Pem, 2015).

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CONCLUSION In summary, the finding indicated that 75 of 100 respondents were categorized as regular breakfast eaters. All these respondents consumed adequate total energy intake and carbohydrate content from their breakfast. However, they had insufficient protein and fiber intake and over-consumed fat in their breakfast. Furthermore, their lowest fulfillment on micronutrient consumption was iodine, whereas they showed high fulfillment on Vitamin C and iron intake. Although respondents’ total raw scores in cognitive assessment increased gradually in respect to age, majority (94%) of them fell in Grade IV and V, with intellects of below average. Later, no significant association (p>0.05) was found between frequency of breakfast and cognitive performance among fishermen’s children. Moreover, there was no correlation (p>0.05) between respondents’ breakfast consumption (energy intake, selected macro- and micronutrients) and cognitive performance. Future studies may use more effective and reliable approach instead of three days dietary recall to collect breakfast intake data. For example, dietary record and observation method can improve the reliability of data collected. As a determining factor that influences cognitive performance, the home environment may also be accounted to obtain a comprehensive finding. Instead of breakfast intake only, further study should be conducted to determine daily diet and consumption patterns of fishermen’s children and their relationship with cognitive performance and academic achievement.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to express their thanks to Dr. Mohd Nizam Lani, Director of Centre of Knowledge Transfer and Industrial Networks Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and also the East Coast Economic Region Development Council (ECERDC) for their cooperation in providing information regarding fishermen’s children in Terengganu. Moreover, authors would like to thank those respondents and parents for their willingness to participate in this study and cooperation in the interview session. The authors also owe their deep gratitude to principals and teachers of the primary schools visited, for their tolerance and support for the data collection. This study is funded partly under the Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)’s Tabung Penyelidik Muda scheme (Vot No: 68007/ 2016/83).

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