30thNATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE (NRSC 2013)

30thNATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE (NRSC 2013) April 16‐18, 2013, National Telecommunication Institute, Egypt

K5. Diagnosis of Blood Leukemia by using Ultrawide band Pulse Mohamed A.A.Eldosoky Dept of Biomedical Eng, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan university, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Detection of the blood leukemia can be one by using the ultra wide band pulse. These ultra frequency ranges facilitates to increase the ability of the electromagnetic waves in detection and diagnosis of the human diseases such as blood. In this paper, a proposed noninvasive tool for detection the leukemia in the blood and classification of its kind had been presented. New proposed technique can be used as a classification tool for diagnosing of blood leukemia. This depends the measured scattering parameters, the calculated Y and Z parameters, and the the reconstructed values of the permittivity and conductivity from the S-parameters.

Keywords: blood leukemia, Ultrawide band, scattering parameters.

I. INTRODUCTION Any vital tissue or liquid has its mechanical and electrical characteristics. The difference in these characteristics enables us to increase the medical applications such as: imaging and bio-sensing. The variation doesn’t only change from tissue to another but also it extends to the characteristics of the abnormal tissue as compared to the healthy (normal) one [1]. For example, Typhoid is another example that has an effect on the electrical characteristics of the blood. In [2], the measurements had approved that the healthy blood has a permittivity and a conductivity with values of (35 to 36) and (0.25 to 0.35) , respectively at 2.4GHz. These values become (40 to 42) and (0.6 to 0.7) for the person had been infected by the typhoid. This difference enables us to sense it by using the microwave as a bio-sensor. In [3], the investigators had performed a database of the tissues and their characteristics in all ranges of frequencies from 10Hz to 100 GHz. Detecting earlier of leukemia is the main hope of the physician to be treated. Most of them complain that the patient delivers lately so the treatment becomes harder. As the diagnostic of leukemia cost patient painful and more time cost it needs invasive maneuver, namely Bone marrow biopsy, furthermore repetitive biopsies frequently are applied due to possible marrow dry tap which aggravates the ordeal of the patient. These issues always motivate the engineers to find out a new technique to detect the leukemia. The leukemia is divided into large groups between acute or chronic, myeloid or lymphoid and other types. We compared leukemia by the healthy blood but still there many challenges we are facing to distinguish between all these types. Ultra wide band (UWB) pulses with their properties had their role in many applications in the medical diagnosis such as: breast cancer [4], skin tumor [5], and liver tumor [6]. These applications had been extended from diagnosis of the abnormality of any tissue to investigate the characteristics of the muscle as in [7] and forming a coding system of the finger coding as an alternative tool for Electromyography (EMG) [8]. The characteristics of these pulses will be summarized as shown: very high frequencies components from 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz as a result of using very narrow pulses (in the range of picoseconds to few nanoseconds) will be transmitted to an object [9]. The returned pulse from the object carries information about the electrical characteristics of the object. This frequency range is the allowed range for medical applications. In this paper, the ability of the UWB pulses in detection of three different kinds of blood leukemia had been presented experimentally. These results had been measured by using our proposed designed system. The scattering parameters and the impedances had been measured and used as tools to classify the presence and the kind of the leukemia. The second part of this paper presents the estimated or calculated the electrical properties (the permittivity and the conductivity) of three different kinds of blood leukemia (as compared to the healthy blood) as applying an iterative method. 978-1-4673-6222-1/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE

525


II. METHODOLOGY AND MODEL DESIGN The aim of this paper is studying the effect of the leukemia on the characteristics of the blood as a noninvasive tool to diagnose the blood diseases by using microwave or UWB. In [10], the investigators had proposed new small model. Firstly, this model had been designed and simulated by microwave studio program (MW-CST). In [11], This small prototype had been implemented with dimensions (6*6*10cm3) in volume and used for measuring the scattering parameters from different blood samples. All blood specimens had been prepared by a specialized physician in the hospital of Ain-Shams. These blood specimens with different four cases (healthy blood, Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myloid Leukemia (AML), and T-Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (TALL)) had been inserted between the two UWB antennas. The scattering parameters between these two antennas had been measured at the scanning frequency range from 3.1 to 10.6GHz.These scattering parameters are the main milestone for calculating the Z , Y parameters and the equivalent circuits of this model. Estimating of the permittivity with its real and imaginary components of the blood from the scattering parameters had been done by using an iterative method [12]. The equations of this method had been shown as following: (1) (2) (3) S11 , S12, S21 and S22 are the scattering parameters. (4) is the sample length , is the propagation constant of the material and is the reflection coefficient. Since  is a complex number, this iterative method has the ability to calculate the two components of the permittivity, which are: =’- j” (5) Furthermore, the conductivity of any material as a function of the permittivity is: =.” (6)

III. RESULTS As applying the UWB on the specimens, the processes of penetration and the reflection of the waves differ from case to another as shown:

A) S12 as a tool to diagnose the leukemia: The reference case is the healthy blood (with small dots) shows that S12 is between -15dB at low frequencies to 30dB at high frequencies. The effect of the leukemia on the response of S12 is clear. New values and new positions of these responses around 5GHz had been shown in Fig.1a. Fig.1b shows the response of the scattering parameters, S12 associated with the blood specimens as zooming the response in the frequency range from 6 to 6.7GHz. The healthy blood with a dot line (the upper one) has a minimum peak with value of -26.28dB at 6.41GHz. The associated variation in the frequency response had been shown in Table.1.

526

30thNATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE (NRSC 2013) April 16‐18, 2013, National Telecommunication Institute, Egypt -10 AML ALL TALL Healthy blood

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50

-55

-60

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 9

x 10

(a) -18 AML ALL TALL Healthy blood

-20

-22

-24

-26

-28

-30

-32

-34

6

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7 9

x 10

(b) -30 AML ALL TALL Healthy blood -35

-40

-45

-50

-55

-60 8.2

8.25

8.3

8.35

8.4

8.45

8.5

8.55

8.6

8.65

8.7 9

x 10

(c) Fig.1. The response of S12 at different blood specimens (a) For the frequency range from 3 to 9GHz. (b) For the frequency range from 6 to 6.7GHz. (c) For the frequency range from 8.2 to 8.7GHz Table.1. The response of S11 at different cases of blood leukemia

Case Position of minimum peak (GHz) Value of S12 (dB)

Healthy blood 6.41 8.343 -26.28

-35.01

ALL 6.344 8.352

6.344

8.352

-32.84

-33.12

-49.55

-49.55

AML

TALL 6.37 8.362 -28.36

-50.36

Although the response in this band is smoothing, the main problem of this range is the closed values between ALL and AML (as shown in Table.1). The difference between these values had increased around 5GHz. At high frequencies (from 8 to 9GHz), S12 had an ability to distinguish between the healthy blood and the abnormal blood. The healthy blood has values with -35 to -30 dB. Although ALL leukemia had different from the values from

527

30thNATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE (NRSC 2013) April 16‐18, 2013, National Telecommunication Institute, Egypt the other two kinds of leukemia but these two kinds had approximated closed values at this frequency range as shown in Fig.1c.

B) Variation in the S11 parameters: Fig.2 shows the response of S11 as inserting the low value of specimens between the two antennas. From this response it was shown that S11 in low frequency had approved its ability as a tool to diagnose the blood leukemia. Two areas or frequency bands show the effect of the leukemia, which are from 4 to 5GHz with wide band and the other is sharper one between 6.3 to 6.6GHz. Clear differences in these responses are shown not only in the values of S11 but also in the position of the minimum values. These results had been summarized in Table.2. -5

-10

-15

S11(dB)

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

3

4

5

6 Freq (GHz )

7

8

9 x 10

9

(a) -10

-15

-20

S11(dB)

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45 6.3

6.35

6.4

6.45 Freq (GHz )

6.5

6.55

6.6 x 10

9

(b) -14

-16

-18

S11(dB)

-20

-22

-24

-26

-28 4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5 Freq (GHz )

4.6

4.7

(c) Fig.2. Response of S11 at different blood specimens a) At the frequency range from 3 to 9 GHz b) As stretching the characteristics in the frequency range from 6.3 to 6.6GHz. c) As stretching the characteristics in the frequency range from 4.2 to 4.8GHz.

528

4.8 x 10

9


Case Position of minimum peak (GHz) Value of S11 (dB)

Table.2. The response of S11 at different cases of blood leukemia Healthy blood ALL AML 6.472 4.522 6.434 4.508 6.424 4.525 -34.36

-20.65

-38.73

-21.8

-34.73

TALL

-26.94

6.44

4.446

-42.85

-19.62

C) Y and Z parameters as tools in diagnosing the leukemia: Z and Y parameters are two parameters as tools to collect the effect of all scattering parameters. Fig.3 shows the value of the impedance, Zb in the equivalent circuit of the model including the specimens inside it, where Zb is the most effective parameters that affected by varying the medium between the two antennas. As shown in Fig.3, the frequency range between 5 to 6GHz is the most effective range, where Zb plays an important rule in diagnosing the blood leukemia as compared to the healthy blood. This variation isn’t only in the amplitude of Zb but also in the position of the maximum amplitude of each Zb. From Fig.3b, The phase of Zb is an important tool for diagnosing the blood diseases, where from this phase we can determine the real and the imaginary parts of this Zb. The positive part of Zb means different characteristics as compared to the positive part. 25

Impedance, Zb (Ohm)

20

15

10

5

0 3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Freq (GHz )

9

x 10

(a) 200 ALL Healthy blood AML TALL

150

Phase (Degree)

100

50

0

-50

-100

-150

-200

3

4

5

6

7

8

Freq (GHz)

(b) Fig.3. Zb a) Its amplitudes at different blood specimens b) The phase

529

9

10 9

x 10

30thNATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE (NRSC 2013) April 16‐18, 2013, National Telecommunication Institute, Egypt On the other side, the calculated values of the Yb in Fig.4 indicates that the range from 3 to 4 GHz is the most effective range for detecting the variation in the blood characteristics. The classification process depends on the variation in the values of Yb in the different cases. So Yb had regarded as an effective tool for diagnosis the leukemia. 0.018

0.016

Admittance, Zb (1/Ohm)

0.014

0.012

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Freq (GHz)

10 x 10

9

Fig.4. The values of Yb at different blood specimens.

D) Calculation of the electrical characteristics of different leukemia types as compared to the healthy blood: Fig.5 shows the calculated real values of the permittivities. The values had been calculated from the iterative equations (From Eqs 1 - 4). The inputs of these iterative equations were the scattering parameters (S11 , S12 , S21 and S22), the sample length , the air length in the model, and the propagation constant of the air. 8 Acute Lymphoid Leukemia T Acute Lymphoid Leukemia Acute Myloid Leukemia

Permittivity of leukemia / Permittivity of blood

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0 3

4

5

6 Freq (GHz)

7

8

9

Fig.5. The Calculated permittivity of different kinds of blood leukemia as compared to the healthy blood

Since  is a complex number, this iterative method has the ability to calculate the two components of the permittivity had considered as inputs to the designed program. This had been done in the scanned frequency range from 3.1 to 9GHz. All calculated values had been normalized to the healthy blood characteristics.

530

30thNATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE (NRSC 2013) April 16‐18, 2013, National Telecommunication Institute, Egypt Depending on the kind of the leukemia, a direct effect on the blood characteristics had been shown. The most effective frequency bands are from (3.6 to 4GHz) and from (5.8 to 6.2GHz). Table.3 shows the variation of the permittivity as compared to the healthy blood.

Table.3 The permittivity of different kinds of blood leukemia

Freq (GHz) 3.6 – 4 5.8 – 6.2

ALL

AML

TALL

4.6 (max variation) 3

0.5 1.2

8 5

From Eqn.6, the conductivity of the material can be calculated from the imaginary part. The values of the conductivity aren’t stable along the scanned band. For the frequency range (3-6 GHz), at any frequency each kind of leukemia has different value as compared to the other kinds. From the higher frequency range, all kinds of the leukemia have closed values with a decaying in the conductivity values as compared to the lower range as shown in Fig.6

Conductivity of Leukemia/ conductivity of healthy blood

1.25

1.2

1.15

1.1

1.05

1

0.95

0.9

0.85 3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Freq (GHz)

Fig.6. The calculated conductivity

IV. CONCLUSION Ultra wide band with its wide scanned frequency band enables the diagnostic tools of classification to be numerous. The scattering parameters, the admittance and the impedances equivalent circuits are the main diagnostic tools. Each parameter has different response changes from case to another. These extended variations facilitate the process of classification correctly. References [1] C. Yifan, E. Gunawan, K. Yongmin, L. Kaysoon, and S.Cheongboon, “UWB microwave imaging for breast cancer detection: tumor/clutter identification using a time of arrival data fusion method,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APS ’06), pp 255–258, Albuquerque, NM, USA, July 2006. [2] A. Lonappan, V. Thomas, and G. Bindu, ‘Nondestructive measurement of human blood at microwave frequencies”, J. of Electromagn. Waves and Appl., Vol. 21, No. 8, 1131–1139, 2007 [3] http//niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop/

531

30thNATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE (NRSC 2013) April 16‐18, 2013, National Telecommunication Institute, Egypt [4] S. A. AlShehri and S. Khatun, “UWB imaging for breast cancer detection using neural network,” Progress in Electromagnetic Research C, vol. 7, pp. 79–93, 2009. [5] Mohamed A.A. Eldosoky, “ The Ability of Ultra Wideband Signals in Detection of the Skin Tumor”. XXIX General Assembly, International Union of Radio Science, 2008. [6] H.M.Jatari, W.Liu, S.Hranilovic, and M.J.Deaen., ’’ Ultra wide band radar imaging system for biomedical applications’’., American Vacuum Society, Jun 2006. [7] Mohamed A.A. Eldosoky, “The Applications of the Ultra Wide Band Radar in Detecting the Characteristics of the Human Arm Muscles” the proceedings of the 26th National Radio Science Conference (NRSC’2009) Future University, Cairo, Egypt,(K09), March 17 – 19, 2009. [8] Mohamed A.A. Eldosoky, “Classification of the Fingers Movements by Using the Ultra-wide Band Radar”. journal of Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Volume 13, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 865 – 868. [9] http:// www.fcc.gov. [10] Eldosoky, M.A.A.; Moustafa, H.M.” Detection of the blood leukemia by using the ultra wide band pulses” XXXth , General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, 2011. [11] Mohamed A.A.Eldosoky, and H.M.Moustafa,” Experimental Detection of the Leukemia Using UWB” Antenna propagation and Symposium Chicago, July 2012. [12] James Baker-Jarvis, Eric J. Vanzura, and William A. Kissick, “ Improved Technique for Determining Complex Permittivity with the Transmission / Reflection Method” IEEE Trans on the Microwave Theory and Technologies, vol. 38, no 8, August 1990.

532