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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ACADEMIC RESEARCH

Vol. 8. No. 5. September, 2016

TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY IN SEDENTARY COLLEGE STUDENTS AND ATHLETES 2

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Sebiha Golunuk Baspinar¹, Ercan Akin , Vedat Ceylan 3 2 Yalcin Tasmektepligil , MD, PhD Samet Kose * 1

Afyon Kocatepe University, Physical Education and Sports Academy, Afyon 2 Hasan Kalyoncu University, Department of Psychology, Gaziantep Ondokuz Mayis University, Yasar Dogu Faculty of Sport Sciences, Samsun (TURKEY) *Corresponding author: [email protected]

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DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2016/8-5/B.6 Received: 15 Aug, 2016 Accepted: 20 Sept, 2016 ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed to compare Temperament and Character Inventory results among athlete and sedentary groups. Our sample consisted of 154 college students in Samsun, Turkey. Sociodemographic information of the participants was collected and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) were administered. In temperament dimension; mean scores of Reward Dependence, Attachment and Dependence of athletes in the sample group were found significantly lower compared to the sedentary group. In character dimension; the mean values of Self-directedness, Responsibility, Self-acceptance, and Enlightened Second Nature subscales of the athlete students were significantly lower than the mean scores of the sedentary group. Mean scores of Cooperativeness scale and Empathy were also significantly lower compared to the sedentary group. Mean scores of Transpersonal Identification (ST2) subscale of athletes were significantly higher than the student group. These findings suggested that athletes and sedentary students showed differences both in temperament and character dimensions of the TCI. Key words: Personality, Temperament, Character, College Students, Athletes 1. INTRODUCTION Cloninger developed and described a dimensional psychobiological personality model that describes normal and abnormal variations in temperament and character which are two essential components of personality (Cloninger, Svrakic, & Przybeck, 1993). Cloninger proposed that these personality dimensions occur in the early life, and they are precursors of adolescent and adult behavior (Cloninger, 1987; Sigvardsson, Bohman, & Cloninger, 1987). Also, it has been identified as crucial information that they are genetically homogeneous and independent from each other(Heath, Cloninger, & Martin, 1994; Stallings, Hewitt, Cloninger, Heath & Eaves, 1996).Temperament dimension includes Novelty Seeking (NS), Harm Avoidance HA), Reward Dependence (RD) and Persistence (P); the Character trait includes, Self-Directedness (SD), Cooperativeness (C), and Self-Transcendence (ST) subscales(Cloninger et al., 1993). Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) which is based on Cloninger’s psychobiological theory built on the seven-factor model of temperament and character. Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) has been translated into several languages, the reliability and validity have been demonstrated in various cultures.So far, Swedish (Brandstrom et al., 1998),Dutch (De la Rie, Duijsens & Cloninger, 1998; Duijsens, Spinhoven, & Goekoop, 2000) French (Pelissolo, & Lepine, 2000), Japanese (Kijima, Tanaka, Suzuki, & Kitamura, 2000), Spanish (Gutierrez et al, 2001), Korean (Sung, Kim, Yang, Abrams, & Lyoo, 2002), Chinese (Parker, Cheah, & Parker, 2003) versions have been developed and psychometric properties were reported.The Italian version has been studied in the psychiatric patient sample( Fassino et al., 2001)but validity and reliability have not yet been done. Reliability and validity of TCI have also been reported for Belgium (Hansenne, Le Bon, Gauthier, & Ansseau, 2001) and Australian societies (Parker et al., 2003).The process of translating TCI into Turkish has been carried out by Kose andhis colleagues, and this version has been approved by Cloninger as the Turkish TCI (Kose et al., 2004; Kose et al., 2004). Personality traits are features that constitute the core characteristics of an individual's personality and make him separate and distinct from other people. Therefore, the development of appropriate motivational techniques to the individual features of the athletes and the interaction with the psychological characteristics of motivation, of course, makes temperament and character assessment relevant regarding exhibiting superior performance in competitive sports. An individual's ability to be successful in the sport, skill, physical and physiological suitability as well as mental, psychological and sociological status must be at the highest level (Turhan, 2008). Sedentary groups are also associated with their unique personality traits like athletes to sustain their lives without any problems. At this point, it is important to determine to what extent temperament and character dimensions are affected by participating in sports and if these athletes scores are comparable to the Turkish and American normative values. This study may also contribute determining differences in

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ACADEMIC RESEARCH

Vol. 8. No. 5. September, 2016

personality characteristics of in sedentary and athletes. Additionally, this study is also important regarding promoting and developing the sports. In this study, we examined personality traits of athletes and sedentary college studentsby using the Turkish version of Temperament and Character Inventory. 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1. Participants The participants of the study were 154 university students in Samsun province in Turkey. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Samsun 19 Mayis University. Each participant provided informed consent. Written informed consents were obtained from the participants following the study protocol was thoroughly explained. 2.2. Psychometric Measurements 2.2.1. Sociodemographic Data Form This form includes demographic variables including gender, age, department, education, and department. 2.2.2. Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) TCI is a self-administered, 240-item True/False questionnaire developed by Cloninger and colleagues (Cloninger, 1987). Temperament dimension includes Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence; the Character trait includes Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence subscales (Cloninger et al., 1993). It measures the temperament dimensions of NS and HA using four subscales, RD by three subscales, and P by a single 8-item scale. The character dimensions of SD and C are assessed with 5subscales, and ST consists of 3 subscales. The TCI has been adapted into Turkish by Kose et al. (2004), and no items were excluded as being irrelevant to Turkish culture. In this study, the average Cronbach alpha value for Temperament dimensions were between 0.60 and 0.85 and for character dimensions were between 0.83 and 0.82 in a normative sample in Turkey (Kose et al., 2004). 2.3. Statistical Analysis All variables were screened for the accuracy of data entry, missing values, and homoscedasticity using SPSS version 15 for Windows. Descriptive statistic was reported using means and standard deviations for continues variables. One-Sample t-test was used to compare averages, and ANOVA was used for comparison between groups. The data had less than 5% of missing items, and no pattern was detected. Degrees of association between metric discrete variables were calculated by Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients. Degrees of association between metric discrete variables were calculated by Pearson’s correlation coefficients. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 3. RESULTS In terms of temperament dimension; Novelty Seeking (NS) was found higher compared to the Turkish normative values (µ=19.7, p0.05). The average scores of Impulsiveness (NS2) and Disorderliness (NS4) subscales of Novelty Seeking (NS) were found to be significantly higher than both the Turkish and the American normative values (µ=4.4, p