3G/4G Mobile Communications Systems ... Wireless. ▫ Communication without
wires, can either be mobile or fixed. ▫ Mobile. ▫ Portable ..... PPT Figures. 31 ...
3G/4G Mobile Communications Systems Dr. Stefan Brück Qualcomm Corporate R&D Center Germany
Chapter I:
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History of Mobile Communications and Standardization
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History of Mobile Communications and Standarization History of Wireless/Mobile Communications History of Standardization Evolution of Mobile Communcation Systems Service/Network Evolution Mobile Communication Roadmaps (A look into the future)
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History - Definition of Wireless and Mobile Wireless Communication without wires, can either be mobile or fixed Mobile Portable devices (laptops, notebooks etc.) connected at different location to wired networks (e.g. LAN ) Portable devices (phones, notebooks, PDAs etc.) connected to wireless networks (UMTS, GSM, WLAN….)
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History – Wireless Communications I Many people in history used light for communication Heliographs, flags („semaphore“), ... China, Han-Dynasty (206 BC – 24 AC) signalling towers 150 BC smoke signals for communication; (Polybius, Greece) 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
Beginning of communications with electromagnetic waves 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic fields, wave equations (1864) 1876 telephone, Alexander Graham Bell H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates the wave character of electrical transmission through space (1888, in Karlsruhe)
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History - Wireless Communication II 1895 Guglielmo Marconi First demonstration of wireless telegraphy (digital!) Long wave transmission, high transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
1907
Commercial transatlantic connections
Huge base stations (30m-100m high antennas)
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Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco
1920
Discovery of short waves by Marconi
Reflection at the ionosphere Smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
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History - Mobile Communications 1911 mobile transmitter on Zeppelin 1926 train (Hamburg – Berlin) 1927 first commercial car radio (receive only) First Mobile Communication Systems started in the 40s in the US and in the 50s in Europe
CONCEPTS: Large Areas per Transmitter „Mobiles“ large, high power consumption Systems low capacity, interference-prone Expensive !!! 1924
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History - 1st Generation Systems
High transmitter power (≥ 20 W) in base- and mobilestation Large cells with wide range (radius ca. 150 km) Low infrastructure-cost Low subscriber-capacity Low frequency economy
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History - A/B-Netz in Germany
A-Netz (1958-1977) 160 MHz 1971 80% Coverage 11000 Subscriber B-Netz (1972-1994),
Der Abschied von ABC- Eine Zeitreise zu den wichtigsten Stationen, Broschüre der T-Mobil, www.handy-sammler.de
Germany, Austria, Luxemburg 1979 13 000 Subscriber, heavy „Mobiles“ mainly in cars Beginning of the 80s < 1 Mio. Subscribers worldwide
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History- Cellular Communication Networks Rapid semi-conductor and microprocessor development Bell Labs: Patent for cellular networks, 1972
Small coverage areas with variable cell radius Less transmitter power Frequency reuse, clustering Hand-over
Smaller and cheaper user equipment Higher network capacity High costs for infrastructure Typical networks:
Quelle: B. Walke, M.P. Althoff, P.Seidenberg, UMTS – Ein Kurs, Weil der Stadt 2001, Figure 2.2 , p. 15
• NMT in Scandinavia (1979) • AMPS in the US (1983) • C-Netz in D, A, CH (1985-2000)
1990 ca. 20 million subscriber world-wide Ericsson Hotline 900 630 gr !NMT-900, 1987
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History – 2nd Generation Mobile Systems Requirement: Higher system capacity, higher data rates Digital Transmission to improve system capacity, coverage and QoS International Roaming Voice is the dominating application but systems are capable of fax, data, SMS, MMS, … Typical Networks (since 1990): IS-95 (US), D-AMPS (US), PDC (Japan) and GSM
Motorola International 1000 www.handy-sammler.de/Museum/13.html
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History- Systems of the 2nd Generation IS-54 (D-AMPS) Follower of the analog AMPS in America Timeslot structure
IS-136 (Digital PCS) Further development of IS-54
IS-95 and IS-95b (cdmaOne) based on N-CDMA (1.23MHz Bandwidth) first commercial CDMA-Net PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) particularly in Japan broadened
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History of GSM 1982: The main governing body of the European PTTs (CEPT) set up a committee known as Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to define a digital mobil cellular system that could be introduced across Europe by the 1990s. PTT: Post, Telegraph and Telephone Administrations CEPT: European Conference of Postal Telecommunications Administrations The CEPT allocated the neccesary duplex radio frequency in the 900 MHz region.
1987: The main transmission techniques are chosen based on prototype evaluation 1990: The Phase 1 GSM900 specifications are frozen, DCS1800 adaptation begins 1992: GSM (renamed Global System for Mobile Communications) went operational in various European countries Today: Around 1 billion subscribers in more than 200 countries use GSM-based systems
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The Creation of 3GPP Mid to end of the nineties the standardization of 3rd generation mobile communications systems took place in several regions around the world Common to all of them was the focus on CDMA based technologies
To ensure equipment compatibility and to increase working efficiency, initiatives were made to create a single forum for WCDMA standardization These initiatives resulted in the creation of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in December 1998 Standardization organizations firstly involved were ARIB (Japan), ETSI (Europe), TTA (Korea), TTC (Japan) and T1P1 (USA) In 1999, also CWTS (China) joined 3GPP
The detailed technical work in 3GPP was started early 1999 with the aim of having a common specification ready by the end of 1999
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What is 3GPP?
3GPP stands for 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP is a collaboration agreement, established in December 1998, to ensure a worldwide acceptance of 3G W-CDMA/UMTS standards It is a partnership of 6 regional SDOs (standard development organization)
S.Korea Europe
USA
China Japan
These SDOs take 3GPP specifications and transpose them to regional (Europe, North America, Korea, Japan, China) standards ITU references the regional standards “IMT-2000”, “IMT-Advanced” see: www.3gpp.org 15
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3GPP Members
Organizational Members: ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, Japan ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions, USA CCSA China Communications Standards Association, China ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute, EU (France)
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TTA
Telecommunications Technology Association, South Korea
TTC
The Telecommunication Technology Committee, Japan
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3GPP Specification Groups
This lecture focuses on Radio Access Network Aspects 17
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3G Evolution – Radio Technologies
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What is 3G or IMT-2000 The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the key requirements for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 services more commonly known as
3G requirements Improved system capacity, backward compatibility with 2G, multimedia support and high speed packet data meeting the following criteria 19
2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments 384 kbps in pedestrian or urban environments 144 kbps in wide area mobile environments Variable data rates in large geographic area systems (satellite) Slide 19
IMT-Advanced and 4G Wireless Standards IMT-Advanced Requirements Based on an all-IP packet switched network Peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility Scalable channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz Peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the uplink System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks. Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.
Typically, IMT-Advanced and 4G are used synonymously IMT-Advanced Technologies are LTE-Advanced (specified by 3GPP) WiMax – 802.16m (specified by IEEE) WirelessMAN-Advanced, Mobile WiMax Release 2
http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2012/02.aspx 20
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3G = CDMA2000 and UMTS/WCDMA
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Where are the 3G Standards? 3GPP (for GSM, UMTS, LTE) www.3gpp.org
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3GPP2 (for CDMA2000) www.3gpp2.org
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WCDMA – Data Services
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3GPP Mobile Broadband Evolution Path
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The Evolution Beyond 2011
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3GPP Standard Releases – Rel99 to Rel10
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Version
Released
Info
Release 99
2000 Q1
Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating a CDMA air interface
Release 4
2001 Q2
Originally called the Release 2000 , introduced all-IP Core Network
Release 5
2002 Q1
Introduced IMS and HSDPA
Release 6
2004 Q4
Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks and adds HSUPA, MBMS, enhancements to IMS
Release 7
2007 Q4
Focuses on decreasing latency, improvements to QoS and real-time applications such as VoIP. This specification also focuses on HSPA+
Release 8
2008 Q4
First LTE release. All-IP Network (SAE). New OFDMA, and MIMO based radio interface, not backwards compatible with previous CDMA interfaces. Dual-Cell HSDPA.
Release 9
2009 Q4
SAES Enhancements, WiMAX and LTE/UMTS Inter operability. Dual-Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual-Cell HSUPA.
Release 10
2011 Q1
LTE Advanced fulfilling IMT Advanced 4G requirements. Backwards compatible with Release 8 (LTE). Multi-Cell HSDPA (4 carriers). Slide 26
3GPP Standard Releases – Rel11 to Rel12
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Version
Released
Info
Release 11
In progress
Further enhancements for heterogeneous networks for LTE (FeICIC), Downlink Cooperative Multipoint in LTE (CoMP), Eight carrier HSDPA, 4x4 HSDPA MIMO, 64QAM 2x2 HSUPA MIMO
Release 12
Not started
Discussions are ongoing what to include
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The 3GPP History of a Decade
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Facts and Numbers (Source: 4G Americas) 423 HSPA networks are in service in 160 countries in February 2012 373 HSPA networks are in service in 150 countries in December 2010
184 HSPA+ networks are in service in 94 countries in February 2012 97 HSPA+ networks are in service in 52 countries in December 2010
55 LTE networks are in service in 34 countries in February 2012 14 LTE networks are in service in 10 countries in December 2010
Market Share and Forecast to 2016
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Total Mobile Network Data Traffic Forecast
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PPT Figures
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The 3GPP History of a Decade R8 DL OFDM UL SC-FDMA DL 4x4 MIMO UL MU-MIMO UL Shared Channel Frequency-Selective Scheduling Flexible Frequency Spectrum Enhanced RAN/Core Architecture
R5 HS DL Shared Channel DL 16QAM DL AMC DL HARQ DL Node B Scheduling IMS
R7 DL 2x2 MIMO DL 64QAM UL 16QAM DL L2 Enhancements
R9 DL Dual Layer Beam Forming
R10
R11
DL 8x8 MIMO UL 2x4 MIMO eICIC
FeICIC CoMP
R99
R4
R6
R8
R9
R10
DL/UL CDMA Dedicated Channel DL QPSK UL BPSK Turbo Codes 5 MHz Frequency Spectrum
DL Shared Channel DL RNC Scheduling All-IP Core
Enh. Ded. Channel UL QPSK UL AMC UL HARQ UL Node B Scheduling MBMS
DL 2-Carrier SIMO UL L2 Enhancements
DL 2-Carrier MIMO UL 2-Carrier SIMO
DL 4-Carrier SIMO UL TD
LTE
LTE
LTE-A
HSPA+
HSPA+
HSPA+
UMTS R4 UMTS R99
1999
2000
HSDPA
2001
2002
UMTS R99
HSUPA
2003
2004
HSPA+
2005
HSDPA
2006
2007
HSUPA
2008
2009
R7 HSPA+
2010
2011
R8 HSPA+
R8 LTE
EDGE
First Deployments 32
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LTE HSPA+
2012
