Indian Vet. J., February 2017, 94 (02) : 17 - 19
A Comparative Evaluation of Lead II Electrocardiograms Obtained from Labrador Retriever Dogs in Different Body Positions S. Mohapatra1, L. Swain, A. Gitika, L. Priyadarsini, T.Jyotiranjan, A.P.K. Mahapatra and A.K. Kundu Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-7510 03, Odisha. (Received : 14-08-2015;
Abstract
The study was carried out to have a comparative evaluation of the Lead II electrocardiograms in Labrador Retriever dogs in three different body positions. ECGs from Labrador dogs in RL position exhibited signicantly highest (p < 0.05) P wave duration in comparison to other groups. Similarly, ECGs from Labrador dogs in LL position exhibited signicantly higher values (p < 0.05) of T wave amplitude, QT interval and mean electrical axis. Finally, in ST position, the P wave amplitude was measured to be non-signicantly highest (p > 0.05) with respect to other groups. Key words : ECG, Labrador Retriever, Body positions. A standard ECG in dogs is usually recorded with the dog restrained in right lateral recumbency (Mohapatra et al., 2015). But many situations require the exam to be performed in the standing position (Garncarz et al, 2013). Generally, the ECG reference values available in the literature for Labrador Retriever dogs were obtained by positioning the dogs in right lateral recumbency. Using these reference ranges for comparing with the ECGs recorded from dogs in other body positions may not be valid (Rishniw et al., 2002). Therefore, this study has compared the ECGs in different body positions in order to establish standard reference values and also to introspect the changes in electrocardiograms associated with different body positions. Materials and Methods Healthy male Labrador Retriever dogs 1
Corresponding author : Email :
[email protected]
Accepted : 02-11-2015)
(n=8) aged between 1 and 3 years having no clinical evidence of cardiac dysfunction were considered for the study. A twelve-lead standard ECG recorder, Maestros MRX-12 was used to record ECG. The electrocardiograph was set with a paper speed of 25mm per sec (Singh et al., 2004 and Mohapatra et al., loc. cit) and sensitivity of 1 (1 cm = 1mV). Then the electrocardiograms were recorded with the dogs positioned in right Lateral (RL), left lateral (LL), and standing (ST) body positions. The Lead II electrocardiograms were analysed and compared using SPSS 16 software. Results and Discussion
The mean ± standard error values of all electrocardiographic parameters taken into consideration are represented in table I. The amplitude of P wave measured highest in standing position (ST) while the right lateral (RL) and left lateral (LL) positions exhibited nearly equal P wave amplitude. Similar ndings were reported by Coleman and Robson (2005) who measured lower P wave amplitude (lead II) in RL position as compared to sitting position and sternal recumbency in dogs. However, no signicant difference (p > 0.05) was observed among the values of P-wave amplitudes in different body positions. The P wave duration obtained in RL position was signicantly higher (p < 0.05) than the duration obtained in the other two positions. However, the duration measured in both LL position and ST position were equal. Similar values of P wave duration were obtained by Sonia et al, (2014) in healthy Labrador dogs positioned in right lateral recumbency. The QRS amplitude recorded almost equal values
The Indian Veterinary Journal (February, 2017)
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A Comparative Evaluation of ... Table I: ECG parameters (mean ± standard error) of Labrador Retriever dogs measured in Right Lateral (RL), Left Lateral (LL) and Standing (ST) positions. Pos
P wave amplitude (mV)
P wave duration (sec)
QRS complex QRS complex amplitude duration (mV) (sec)
T wave amplitude (mV)
T wave duration (sec)
PQ interval (sec)
QT interval RR interval (sec) (sec)
RL
0.17±0.02a
0.06±0.008a
1.05±0.21a
0.04±0.005a
0.28±0.05a
0.07±0.01a
0.10±0.01a
0.11±0.01a
LL
0.18±0.04a
0.04±0.00b
1.00±0.27a
0.04±0.00a
0.30±0.03a
0.06±0.007a 0.10±0.007a 0.17±0.02b
ST
0.20±0.02a
0.04±0.005b
0.77±0.25a
0.04±0.00a
0.14±0.02b
0.05±0.01a
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
Mean Electrical Axis (degree)
0.52±0.06a 123.42±12.48a
74.85±8.09a
0.54±0.05a
116.29±9.98a
84.42±9.26a
0.10±0.007a 0.14±0.01ab 0.52±0.04a
119.29±9.05a
61.71±14.92b
*means having different superscripts in a column differ signicantly (p 0.05) was found between the QRS amplitude values in all the three positions. But our ndings are not in agreement with Rishniw et al., loc cit who measured higher QRS amplitudes (lead II) in standing position in comparison to right lateral recumbency in dogs. The QRS duration recorded equal values in all the three positions with no signicant difference (p > 0.05) between them. However, Stern et al. (2013) reported a shorter QRS duration in right lateral recumbency in comparison to dogs in standing position. The amplitude of T wave displayed a lot of variation with LL position measuring signicantly higher than ST position. However, no signicant difference was found between RL position and LL position in which the T wave amplitude almost measured equally. The T wave duration showed least variation among groups with RL position recording highest duration. But no signicant difference was observed in groups. However, Mohapatra et al (2013) recorded comparatively lower values of both T wave amplitude and duration in German Shepherd dogs positioned in right lateral recumbency. The variation between breeds with respect to body and chest conformation might be the reason behind this deviation. (Gugjoo et al., 2014) No signicant difference (p> 0.05) was observed within the three different positions as far as PQ interval and RR interval were concerned. However, LL position recorded the highest QT interval and RR interval, ST position recorded intermediate value for QT interval and 18
RL position recorded the least QT interval. It was found that the QT interval obtained in ST position differed signicantly (p < 0.05) from LL and RL positions. But our ndings are not in agreement with Coleman and Robson (loc cit) who found no variation in PR and QT interval of electrocardiograms recorded in right lateral recumbency, sitting position and in sternal recumbency. The heart rate was found to be highest in case of RL position and decreased progressively in ST position and LL position with no signicant difference (p> 0.05) among the heart rates in these three positions. However, the mean electrical axis displayed a lot of signicant variation (p < 0.05) with highest value observed in LL position and lowest value observed in ST position. Thus, these variations in the mean electrical axis with different body positions might be the reason behind ECG parameter changes observed in the study which corroborates the ndings of Hanton and Rabemampianina (2006) who reported that the axis of the heart was shifted to the left when the animals were restrained in a hammock compared to when they were standing on a table. Summary
The study suggested that certain variations do exist in the electrocardiograms of dogs when positioned differently while taking ECG. The results of the study may be used as a standard baseline to interpret cardiac status of Labrador Retriever dogs irrespective of the ECG taken in any one of the three body positions mentioned in the study.
The Indian Veterinary Journal (February, 2017)
S. Mohapatra et al.
References Coleman, M.G. and Robson, M.C. (2005) Evaluation of sixlead electrocardiograms obtained from dogs in a sitting position or sternal recumbency. Am. J. Vet. Res., 66(2):233-7. Garncarz, M., Parzeniecka-Jaworska, M., Jank, M., Loj, M., Szaluś-Jordanow, O. and Kurek, A. (2013) Lead II Electrocardiography in Standing and Right Lateral Recumbency in Dogs with Normal Echocardiographic Heart Chamber Values. Bul. of the Vet. Inst. in Pulawy. 57(2): 263–267. Gugjoo, M.B., Hoque, M., Saxena, A.C. and Zama, M.M. (2014) Reference values of six-limb-lead electrocardiogram in conscious Labrador retriever dogs. Pak. J. Biol. Sci.17(5):68995. Hanton, G. and Rabemampianina, Y. (2006) The electrocardiogram of the Beagle dog: reference values and effect of sex, genetic strain, body position and heart rate. Lab. Anim. 40(2):123-36. Mohapatra, S., Mahapatra, A.P.K., Pradhan, S.R and Kundu,
A.K. (2015) Electrocardiographic Changes of Labrador dogs with age. Ind. J. Vet. Sc. Biotech. 10 (4): 19-22. Mohapatra,S., Sahu, S., Kundu, A.K and Mahapatra, A.P.K (2013) Electrocardiographic changes with age in German Shepherd Dogs. Ind. Vet. J., 90 (6): 130-132. Rishniw, M., Porciello, F., Erb, H.N and Fruganti, G. (2002) Effect of body position on the 6-lead ECG of dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 16(1): 69-73. Singh, R., Varshney, J.P., Singh, K.P. and Mehrotra, M.L. (2004) Clinico-pathological and electrocardiographic ndings in parvoviral outbreak in dogs. Ind. J. of Ani. Sci. 74 (2): 167168. Sonia, Randhawa, C.S., Chand, N. and Neetu, S. (2014) Electrocardiographic reference values in Labrador dogs. Ind. Vet. J., 91(12): 21-23. Stern, J.A., Hinchcliff, K.W and Constable P.D. (2013) Effect of body position on electrocardiographic recordings in dogs. Aust. Vet. J., 91(7): 281-6.
Indian Vet. J., February 2017, 94 (02) : 19 - 21
L. Darwin and R. Thangathurai1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Madras Veterinary College, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai – 600 007. (Received : 14-12-2015;
Abstract
The present study was conducted to nd out the alterations occurred in haemato-biochemical constituents in rumen acidotic goats. Based on the rumen pH, four groups, each comprising of twenty animals were selected. Haematological and biochemical analysis revealed a highly signicant (P≤0.01) increase in Hb, PCV, TEC, neutrophils, sodium, glucose, blood lactate, and the value of lymphocytes, monocytes, potassium were signicantly (P≤0.01) reduced. It was concluded that, great variations occurred on ionic concentration in goats suffered from rumen acidosis. Key words : Acidosis, Biochemistry, Haematology, Goat Rumen acidosis is frequently occurring 1
Corresponding author : Email :
[email protected]
Accepted : 28-06-2016)
metabolic disease in goats as a consequence of feeding mistakes in animals not adapted to a diet of easily fermentable carbohydrates. Haematological and biochemical analysis is of diagnostic importance to clinically investigate various constituents of the blood inturn helps to ascertain the physiological, nutritional and pathological status of the animal (Farooq et al., 2011), also to select appropriate therapeutic agents. Therefore, the study was planned to elucidate the haemato-biochemical changes of rumen acidosis in goats. Materials and Methods
Sixty goats, age ranging from 6 months to 4 years brought to the Gastroenterology unit, Large Animal Clinical Medicine section of Madras Veterinary College with symptoms suggestive of rumen acidosis were selected. The ruminal
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