A Floristic Survey of the Seeps of Calloway County, Kentucky

A Floristic Survey of the Seeps of Calloway County, Kentucky Author(s): Vicki A. Funk and Marian J. Fuller Source: Castanea, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Sep., 1978), pp. 162-172 Published by: Southern Appalachian Botanical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4032632 . Accessed: 28/10/2013 15:36 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

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162 SMALL, J. K. 1938. Ferns of the Southeastern States. Hafner Publishing Co.: New York, New York. 1964 reprint. WHERRY, E. T. 1964. The Southern Fern Guide. Doubleday: Garden City, New York. DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY BOCA RATON, FLORIDA 33431

A Floristic Survey of the Seeps of Calloway County, Kentucky' VICKI A. FUNK2 and MARIAN J. FULLER3 ABSTRACT Two hundred sixty-two species of vascular plants representing 76 families were collected and identified from six seeps in Calloway County, Kentucky. The six seeps were sampled to determine the vascular plants characteristic of seeps located on various geologic units within the county and to establish indicator species of seeps. Collectively, 33 species have been designated indicators of seeps in Calloway County.

INTRODUCTION The Jackson Purchase area of Kentucky is the only section of the state underlain by Coastal Plain materials (Figure 1); therefore its flora includes many plants characteristic of that region. Of the eight counties that comprise the Jackson Purchase area, Calloway County was chosen for the study because of its abundance of seep areas, the variety of geologic units exposed, and its convenient location. The Jackson Purchase area is delimited on the east by the Tennessee River (Kentucky Lake), on the north by the Ohio River, on the west by the Mississippi River and on the south by the KentuckyTennessee border. It occupies the northern tip of the Gulf Embayment in Kentucky and was covered by an extension of the Gulf of Mexico during the Tertiary (Figure 1). The materials deposited during this period were unconsolidated clays, sands and gravels which 1 Contribution no. 1 from the Murray State University Herbarium. 2This paper is extracted from Vicki A. Funk: A Floristic and Geologic Survey of Selected Seeps of Calloway County, Kentucky. M.S. Thesis, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky. 89 pp + Appendix B. 1975. 3Travel expenses were defrayed in part by CISR Grant 235 to the junior author from the Murray State University Foundation.


163

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

Ll

t

S~~~~TA

PL A INI

Figure 1. Map of part of the United States showing that the extreme western portion of Kentucky is part of the Coastal Plain region.

Figure 2. Site 1, April 1974. Photograph by Vicki A. Funk.


164 are typical of coastal plain areas (Roberts and Gildersleeve 1945). Beginning in the early Cretaceous sedimentation exceeded subsidence causing a regressive sequence. Continuous sinking of the embayment tilted the deposits in a westward direction (Blade 1963; Wilshire 1963, 1964; Wolfe 1963). Starting from Kentucky Lake and moving westward, the following geologic units are exposed in Calloway County: Fort Payne Chert, Tuscaloosa Gravel, McNairy Sand, Porters Creek Clay and the Wilcox-Claiborne formations. These units have been covered by Continental Deposits and loess. The topography of Calloway County includes a ridge just west of Kentucky Lake which is underlain by Fort Payne Chert, capped by Tuscaloosa Gravel. The remainder of the county is a stream dissected plain underlain by McNairy Sand, Porter Creek Clay and Wilcox-Claiborne formation. Swamplands are abundant along the flood plain of the streams. However, the flood plain of the Tennessee River is inundated by the reservoir resulting from the impoundment by Kentucky Dam. In Calloway County numerous low lying areas, fed by springs and covered by standing water throughout the year forming wet, marshy areas, lie along the Tennessee River and the major streams. These marshy areas are located at the base of a hill or rise, but between the hill and the flood plain of a stream. Ground water percolates through the Continental Deposits to the bedrock and then flows out at the base of the hill. These areas are referred to as seeps (Figure 2). Because the flora of seeps of a region is generally considered to present a distinctive floristic element of that region (Schwegman 1969) and because no systematic study of these areas had been carried out in Calloway County, this survey was undertaken. MATERIALSAND METHODS The systematic study of the vascularplants of six seeps areas in Calloway County (Figure 3) was carried out from August 1974 to November 1975. Sites 1, 2, and 3 were in the Fort Payne Chert region; sites 4 and 5 in the Porters Creek Clay region; and site 6 was in the Wilcox-Claiborne formation region. The areas were surveyed three times a month in the spring and early fall, twice a month during the summer, and once a month during the winter. Voucher specimens of each species were collected from each site; the first set


165

I

I

.~~~~~~~~5 .~~~~~~4

*FORT PAYNECHERT * PORTERCREEK CLAY -CLAIBORNE FORMATION *WILCOX Figure 3. Map of Calloway County, Kentucky showing drainage system and the locations of the six study sites.

of voucher specimens has been deposited in the Murray State University Herbarium and the second set in the Herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden. In general, the nomenclature used follows that of Radford, Ahles and Bell (1968). Sources for identification and distribution were as follows: Fernald (1950), Deam (1940), Braun (1943), Hitchcock (1950), Gleason (1952), Steyermark (1963), Chase (1922), Fassett (1969), Wharton and Barbour (1971, 1973), Petrides (1972), and Duncan and Foote (1975). TAXONOMICCHECKLIST In the checklist, each of the 262 taxa of vascular plants has been numerically designated according to the site(s) (Figure 3) in which it was collected. In addition, any species for which the limit of its range was within 167 km (100 mi.) of the study areas was listed as extraneous (Cain, 1930). Each species has been placed in one of the following distributional patterns:


166 Southeastern and Coastal Plain: The southeastern quarter of the United States. Eastern: Primarilythe eastern half of the United States. Widespread:Continental North America. Northeastern-Northern: The New England states and the northern half of the United States. Southern: The southern half of the United States. East Central-Central:The mid-eastern or mid-central portion of the United States. Naturalized: Originally coming from a foreign country but now thoroughly established. SOUTHEASTERNAND COASTAL PLAIN *Denotes plants usually found in aquatic habitats. +Denotes extraneous taxa. Aesculuspavis L. (6) Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt. (4,5) *Arundinaria gigan tea (Walt.) Muhl. (5,6) +*Asclepiasperennis Walt. (4) +Aster vimnineusLam. (6) +*Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. (1,2,3) Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. (4) +Carex debilis Michx. (3) +*Carex flaccosperma Dew. (1) *Commelina virginica L. (1,2,4) *Cornus stricta Lam. (2) Elephantopus carolinianus Willd. (1,3,4) *Eryngium prostratum Nutt. (3) +Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small (3) Gentiana saponaria L. (3) Habenaria flava (L.) R. Br. (1) +Hypericumndensiflorum Pursh (3) Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz (6) +*Itea virginica L. (1,2,3) *Liquidambar styraciflua L. (1,2,3,4,5,6) Lobelia puberula Michx. (3) *Ludwigia decurretnsWalt. (2,3)

Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej. (1,2,3,4,5,6) *Panicum anceps Michx. (1) +*Polygonum arifolium L. (2) +*Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. var. opelousanum (Riddell) Stone (1,2,3,6) *Ptilimnium costatum (Ell.) Raf. (1) Quercus falcata Michx. var. falcata (1,5,6) +Quercus falcata Michx. var. pagodaefolia Ell. (5) +*Quercus lyrata Walt. (5,6) *Quercus michauxii Nutt. (1,2,3,4,5,6) +*Rhynchospora corniculata (Lam.) Gray (3) +*Sagittaria engelmanniana J. G. Smith (2,3) Smilax glauca Walt. (1,3) +*Sorbus arbutifolia (L.) Heynh. (1) +Spigelia marilandica L. (4) Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. (1,3,5) +*Trisetum pensylvanicum (L.) Beauv. (1) Ulmus alata Michx. (1,2,4,6) Uniola latifolia Michx. (4,6)


167 +Uniola laxa (L.) BSP.

+*Woodwardia areolata (L.) Moore (1,2,3)

(1,2,3)

+*Virburnumnudum L. (2,3,5)

EASTERN *Acer negundo L. (4,6) Acer rubrum L. (1,2,3,4,5,6) Acer saccharinum L. (1) Acer saccharum Marsh (5,6) Agrimonia parviflora Ait. (1,2) Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. (1,4) Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. (1) *A Inus serrulata (Ait.) Willd. (1,2,3,4,5,6) Amelanchier aborea (Michx. f.) Fern. (1,3) Andropogon virginicus L. (3) *Anisotichus capreolata. (L.) Bureau (4,5) Aralia spinosa L. (3) Arisaema (L.) triphyllum Schott. (6) Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal (1,3,4,5) Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes (1,2,4,5) Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. (1,2,3,4,6) Aster patens Ait. (3) *Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) A. A. Eaton (1,2,3,6) Bartonia virginica (L.) BSP. (1,2,3) *Betula nigra L. (1,2,3,4,5,6) *Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. (1,3) Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. (2,5,6) Botrychium dissectum Spreng. (1,2,5,6) bulbosa Cardamine (Schreb.) BSP. (1,2,4,5,6) Carex annectens Bickn. (3) *Carex bromoides Schkuhr (1,2) Carex bushii Mackenz. (4) *Carex crinita Lam. (1,2,3,6) *Carex incomperta Bickn. (1,2,3,6)

*Carex laevivaginata (Kiikenth.) Mackenz. (1,2,3) *Carex lupulina Muhl. (1,3,4,5) Carpinus caroliniana Walt. (1,2,3,4,5,6) Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet (1,2,5,6) Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch (1,2) Celtis occidentalis L. (4,5) Cercis canadensis L. (4) +Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray (3) *Chelone glabra L. (1,2) Cicuta maculata L. (1,2,4,5) *Cinna arundinacea L. (1,2,3,6) Circaea lutetiana ssp. canadensis (L.) Ascherson & Magnus (6) Claytonia virginica L. (1,2,3,4,5,6) Cornus florida L. (1,2,4,5) Corylus americana Walt. (2,3) Crataegus mollis (T. & G.) Scheele (4) Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. (6) *Cyperus strigosus L. (3) Dentaria laciniata Muhl. (4,6) Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl.) Loud. (3) Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. (1,2) Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. (6) Dioscorea villosa L. (1,5,6) Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) Gray (1) Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (3) Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. (6) Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. (6) Erythronium americanum Ker (6) Euonymus americanus L. (1,2,3,4,5,6)


168 *Eupatorium coelestinum L. (1,2) Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt (3) Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh. (6) Festuca obtusa Biehler (6) Fraxinus americana L. (1,3,4,5,6) *Galium tinctorium L. (1,2,3,6) Geranium maculata L. (6) Geum canadense Jacq. (1,2,3,4,5,6) Gleditsia triacanthos L. (4) *Gratiola virginiana L. (1,2,3,5) Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. (1,3) Helenium autumnale L. (3) +Helianthus decapetalus L. (2) Helianthus microcephalus T. & G. (3) Hieracium gronovii L. (3) Hydrangea arborescens L. (6) *Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray (1,2,3) *Impatiens Meerb. capensis (1,2,3,4,5,6) Ipomoea lacunosa L. (3) Iso tria verticillata (Muhl.) Raf. (3) Juglans nigra L. (4) Juniperus virginiana L. (1) Justicia americana (L.) Vahl (3) Krigia dandelion (L.) Nutt. (6) Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. (6) *Leersia virginica Willd. (3) Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britt. (2) Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume (3) Liriodendron tulip ifera L. (1,2,3,5,6) *Lobelia cardinalis L. (1,2,3,4,5) *Lobelia siphilitica L. (3) *Ludwigia alternifolia L. (3) *Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. (2,3) *Lycopus virginicus L. (4,6) Lysimachia ciliata L. (1,2,3) Melanthium virginicum L. (3) Melica mutica Walt. (1) Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. (6) *Mimulus alatus Ait. (2,3,4,5,6) Morus rubra L. (1,4,5,6) Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. (1,2,3,6)

*Onoclea sensibilis L. (1,5,6) *Osmunda cinnamomea L. (1,3) *Osmunda regalis L. (1,2,3) Oxalis stricta L. (5,6) Panax quinquefolium L. (4) *Panicum agrostoides Spreng. (3) Panicum commutatum Schultes (6) Panicum dichotomum L. (6) Panicum latifolium L. (1,2,5,6) Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (1,2,4,5,6) Passiflora lutea L. (6) *Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth (3) Penthorum sedoides L. (6) Phlox divaricata L. (6) Phryma leptostachya L. (4,5) *Platanus occidentalis L. (1,2,4,6) Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. (3) Poa autumnalis Muhl. (2,3,6) Poa sylvestris Gray (4,6) Podophyllum peltatum L. (5,6) Polygonatum (Walt.) biflorum Eli. (6) *Polygonum scandens L. (6) Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott (5,6) Potentilla simplex Michx. (1,2,4,6) Quercus alba L. (3,4,5,6) *Quercus palustris Muenchh. (6) Quercus rubra L. (1,2,4,5,6) Ranunculus abortivus L. (2,3,4,5,6) Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. (1,2) Rhexia virginica L. (3) +Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr. (3) Rhus copallina L. (3) Rhus radicans L. (1,2,3,4,5,6) *Rosa palustris Marsh. (2) Salix nigra Marsh. (2) Salvia lyrata L. (4,5) Sambucus canadensis L. (6) Sanguinaria canadensis L. (6) Sanicula canadensis L. (1,2,4,5,6)


169 Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees (1,4,5,6) *Saururus cernuus L. (1,2,3,4,5,6)

Scirpuspolyphyllus Vahl (3) Scutellariaelliptica Muhl. (5) Senecio aureusL. (5,6) Silene virginica L. (1,3,4,6) Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. (3,4,5,6) Smilax rotundifolia L. (1,2,3,4,5,6) Smilax hispida Muhl. (3,5) Solidagogigantea Ait. (2) Solidago nemoralis Ait. (1) *Solidago patula Muhl. (1,2,3)

Thaspium

trifoliatum

(L.)

Gray (6) Tovara

virginiana

(L.)

Raf.

(1,2,4,6) Tradescantia subaspera Ker (6) Ulmus americana L. (4,5) Uvularia sessilifolia L. (1,3,6) (Gray) Vaccinium atrococcum

Porter (1,2,3) Vaccinium stamineum L. (3) Verbesina helianthoides Michx.

(2) Vernonia altissima Nutt. (2,3) Viola palmata L. var. palmata (6) Viola palmata L. var. triloba

Solidago ulmifoliaMuhl. (1,3)

(Schwein) Ging. (5,6)

Sorbus melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. (1,2,3,4,5,6) Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Boivin (4,5,6)

Viola

papilionacea

Pursh

(1,2,3,4,6) Viola striata Ait. Vitus vulpina L.

(3,6) (3,4,6)

WIDESPREAD Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. (6) *Carex leptalea Wahlenb. (1,3) *Carex lurida Wahlenb. (1,2,3) *Carex scoparia Schkuhr (4) *Carex stipata Muhl. (1,3,5) *Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (3) Cuscuta cephalanthii Engelm. (2,3,6) *Diodia virginiana L. (3) *Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes (3) Elymus virginicus L. (4,6) Erigeron philadelphicus L. (4,5) Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. (5,6) Galium aparine L. (1,2,5,6) Galium circaezans Michx. (4,5) Geranium carolinianum L. (2) *Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. (1,2,3,4,5,6)

Houstonia caeruleaL. (3) *Juncuseffusus L. (1,3,4,6)

*Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. (1,3) *Lycopus americanus Muhl. (1,2,3) Mitchella repens L. (1,3) Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. (2,4,6) Oxalis violacea L. (5) Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. (2) *Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. (3,6) *Polygonum punctatum Ell. (1) Prunella vulgaris L. (1,2,6) Rudbeckia laciniata L. (2) *Sagittaria latifolia Willd. (1,2,3) *Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth (3) Scirpus koilolepis (Steud.) Gleason (4) *Scutellaria lateriflora L. (2,5) Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. (2,5,6) Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. (1)


170 NORTHEASTERN-NORTHERN +*Carex gracillima Schwein. (1,3,4,6) +Carex jamesii Schwein. (4,6) *Carex squarrosa L. (4)

Erythronium albidium Nutt. (6) +Eupatoriumpurpureum L. (6) *Viola cucullata Ait. (1,5)

EASTCENTRAL-CENTRAL +*Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. (3) *Habenaria peramoena Gray (1,6) Prunus hortulana Bailey (3)

Pycnan themum pycnan themoides (Leavenw.) Fern. (1,2,3) Trillium recurvatum Beck (4,5,6) +*Wisteria macrostachya Nutt. (1,3)

NATURALIZED A Ilium vineale L. (4,6) Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don (3) Lonicera japonica Thunb. (1,2,4,5,6)

Maclura pomifera Schneid. (6) Pyrus baccata L. (1)

(Raf.)

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Of the 262 species representing 76 families obtained in this study, the following 18 species usually found in aquatic habitats were common and occurred in four or more of the six sites: Alnus serrulata (1,2,3,4,5,6) Glyceria striata (1,2,3,4,5,6) Athyrium asplenioides (1,2,3,6) Gratiola virginiana(1,2,3,5) Betula nigra (1,2,3,4,5,6) Impatiens capensis (1,2,3,4,5,6) Carex crinita (1,2,3,6) Juncus effusus (1,3,4,6) Carexgracillima (1,3,4,6) Liq uidambar styraciflua Carex incomperta (1,2,3,6) (1,2,3,4,5,6) Carex lupulina (1,3,4,5) Lobelia cardinalis (1,2,3,4,5) Cinna arundinacea (1,2,3,6) Mimulus alatus (2,3,4,5,6) Galium tinctorium (1,2,3,6) Quercus michauxii (1,2,3,4,5,6) Saururus cernuus (1,2.3.4,5,6) In addition the following 15 species usually found in aquatic habitats were common, but were seen in fewer than four of the sites: Bartonia paniculata (1,2,3) Onoclea sensibilis (1,5,6) Boehmeria cylindrica (2,5,6) Osmunda cinnamomea (1,3) Carex bromoides (1,2) Osmunda regalis (1,2,3) Carex laevivaginata(1,2,3) Sagittaria latifolia (1,2,3) Chelone glabra (1,2) Solidago patula (1,2,3) Ilex verticillata (1,2,3) Vaccinium atrococcum (1,2,3) Itea virginica (1,2,3) Viburnumnudum (1,3,5) Woodwardiaareolata (1,2,3)


171 These 33 species collectively characterize the flora of the seeps of Calloway County, Kentucky. LITERATURE CITED BLADE, L. V. 1963. Geology of the Hazel quadrangle in Kentucky (GQ-203). U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C. BRAUN, E. L. 1943. An Annotated Catalog of Spermatophytes of Kentucky. Published by the author, planographed by John S. Swift Co., Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio. 161 pp. CAIN, S. A. 1930. Certain floristic affinities of the trees and shrubs of the Great Smokey Mountains and vicinity. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 1:129-156. CHASE, A. 1922. First Book of Grasses. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 121 pp. DEAM, C. C. 1940. Flora of Indiana. Department of Conservation, Division of Forestry, Indianapolis, Indiana. 1236 pp. DUNCAN, W. H., and L. E. FOOTE. 1975. Wildflowers of the Southeastern United States. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia. 296 pp. FASSETT, N. C. 1957. A Manual of Aquatic Plants. With Revision Appendix by E. C. Ogden. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin. 405 pp. FERNALD, M. L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany. 8th ed. American Book Co., New York. lxiv + 1632 pp. (Corrected Printing, D. Van Nostrand Co., New York. 1970. GLEASON, H. A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, 3 vols. The New York Botanical Garden, New York. 482 pp., 655., 595 pp. (Fifth Printing, Hafner Press, New York. 1974). HITCHCOCK, A. S. and A. CHASE. 1950. Manual of Grasses of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. 1051 pp. (Revised February 1951. Reprinted by Dover Publications, Inc., New York. 1971). PETRIDES, G. A. 1972. A field guide to trees and shrubs. Houghton Miffin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 428 pp. ROBERTS, J. K. and B. GILDERSLEEVES. 1945. Geology and Mineral Resources of the Jackson Purchase Region. Kentucky Dept. of Mines and Minerals, Geological Div., Frankfort, Kentucky. RADFORD, A. E., H. E. AHLES, and C. R. BELL. 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. Univ. North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 1183 pp. STEYERMARK, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa. 1725 pp. SCHWEGMAN, J. 1969. A Flora of the Cretaceous Seep Springs of Southern Illinois. M.S. Thesis, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. 79 PP.

WHARTON, M. E., and R. W. BARBOUR. 1971. Wildflowers and Ferns of Kentucky. Univ. Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. 344 pp. WHARTON, M. E., and R. W. BARBOUR. 1973. Trees and shrubs of Kentucky. Univ. Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. 582 pp. WILSHIRE, H. G. 1963. Geology of the Kirksey Quadrangle (GQ-246). U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C.


172 WILSHIRE, H. G. 1964. Geology of the New Concord Quadrangle and part of the Buchanan Quadrangle, Kentucky (GQ-313). U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C. WOLFE, E. F. 1963. Geology of the Hazel Quadrangle in Kentucky (GQ-244). U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 1735 NEIL AVENUE COLUMBUS, OHIO 43210 BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT MURRAY STATE UNIVERSITY MURRAY, KENTUCKY 42071

Boerhaaviadiffusa L. (B. coccinea Mill.) (Nyctaginaceae) in the Carolinas RICHARD D. PORCHER ABSTRACT Two relatively recent field collections from Wilmington, N.C., and Charleston, S.C., indicate that Boerhaavia diffusa L. (Nyetaginaceae) is established in the Carolinas. A review of the literature also indicates that the commonly used taxon, B. coccinea Mill., is a synonym and should be discarded in favor of B. diffusa L.

Boerhaavia diffusa L., Scarlet Spiderling, is a perennial herb, ascending to procumbent, occurring in waste places, fields, river banks, and roadsides. It is widely dispersed throughout the tropics and subtropics of the Old and New World (Small 1933, and Woodson 1961). Correll and Johnston (1970) list its range in the United States as peninsular Florida to south and west Texas and southeast California, and adventive on ballast in eastern North Carolina. Radford et al. (1968) list it as being collected only once in the Carolinas, in 1885 on ballast near Wilmington, North Carolina, and add that it is apparently not established. Collections cited in this paper subsequent to the references above, however, indicate that B. diffusa is established in the Carolinas, and warrant its inclusion as an element in the flora of the Carolinas. Small (1933), Radford et al. (1968), and Correll and Johnston (1970), use the taxon B. coccinea Mill. Gard. Dict. ed 8. Boerhaavia no. 4. 1768, which Woodson (1961) indicates is a synonym of B. diffusa L. Sp. P1. 3. 1753. Woodson states that after a rather ex-
