A multi-method approach for studying status and

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Feb 14, 2017 - also thanks to Diego Bravo, Felipe Morales and Leslie Novoa for their effort and interest in the project. Some of the results showed here are part ...
Responses of Antarctic Sponges to Climate Change: from Individual to Community Levels César A.

a Cárdenas ,

a González-Aravena ,

b Hajdu ,

Marcelo Eduardo d e Shane W. Geange & James J. Bell

Nicole

c Trefault ,

a

Departamento Científico, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Punta Arenas, Chile. e-mail: [email protected] b Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. c Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile. d Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. e School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

• The projected changes in water T° and OA constitute major threats to ecosystem functioning, services and integrity, as they can affect key functional species, thus affecting their associated ecosystem processes (Berg et al. 2010). • Sponges are important members of Antarctic benthic communities (Cárdenas et al. 2016), potentially playing a central role in the functioning of benthic communities, making them good candidate for species indicators. • To achieve this requires increasing our understanding of the dynamics of Antarctic sponges from an individual to community level.

Individual level • High-throughput sequencing assess intra and interspecific variability, and temporal stability of sponge-associated bacterial communities.

Community level • Collect baseline data against which future changes in the distribution of sponges and interactions with other components of benthic communities can be compared.

1400 1200

OTUs

1000 800 600 400 200

• Baseline information on variability in the composition of sponge-associated microbial communities.

1 2300 4500 6800 9100 11400 13400 15700 18000 20200 22400 24500 26600 28700 30600 32800 34900 37100 39300 41100 43300 45400 47500 49456 51300 53600 55800 58000 60200 62500 64800 67100 69400 71700 74000 76300 78600 80900 83200 85500 87700 89900 92200

0

Haliclona (Rhizoniera) sp Isodictya sp.2 Dendrilla antarctica

Hymeniacidon Iophon unicorne Haliclona (Soestella) sp.

Tedania (Tedaniopsis) wellsae Iophon sp.2 Haliclona (Soestella) chilensis

Microbial diversity in sponge specimens collected at Doumer Island, WAP.

Tagged specimens of Isodictya sp.2

100

Bacteria_unclassified Cytophagales Flavobacteriales Sphingobacteriales Planctomycetales Alphaproteobacteria_unclassified Rhizobiales Rhodobacterales Betaproteobacteria_unclassified Nitrosomonadales Bdellovibrionales Myxococcales Alteromonadales Cellvibrionales E01-9C-26_marine_group Gammaproteobacteria_unclassified Oceanospirillales Thiotrichales Proteobacteria_unclassified Verrucomicrobiales unknown_unclassified

80

Relative abundance (%)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

• Semi-permanent 30 m-long transects (10 - 20 m depth) at 4 sites • Hobo data loggers deployed to record temperature and light levels

27 Jan 2016 Coverage

90

Microbial abundance in sponge specimens of Isodictya sp.2 collected in summer 2016 at Doumer Island, WAP.

Summer 2016

14 Feb 2017

Bare Rock Gravel Sediment Coralline Red algae Porifera Bryozoa

Mean percent coverage of biotic and abiotic categories obtained at sites (10 and 20 m depth) around Doumer Island, WAP

Summer 2017

Working Myxilla (Burtonanchora) lissostyla

Observed sponge richness (top) and estimated sponge richness by using Chao2 estimate (bottom) at sites around Doumer Island, WAP

Mycale (Oxymycale) acerata

Specimens tagged in summer 2016 and resampled in summer 2017

Shallow sea water temperatures recorded every 2 hours at PY2- 20 m (red dots) and PY4-10 m (green dots), and every 1 hour at PY1-10 m (violet dots), South Bay Doumer Island, WAP. Data recorded with HOBO pendants.

• Transcriptome sequencing using RNA-seq approach to evaluate the differential gene expression of genes associated with environmental stress response.

• 16 sponge species were identified (four potential new species) • Sponges are the most dominant group after macroalgae • Haliclona (Rhizoniera) sp., Isodictya sp. 2. and Hymeniacidon sp. were the most abundante species • The high biological heterogeneity observed suggest a strong effect of ice scour

Acknowledgements

Haliclona (Rhizoniera) sp

Our divers, field crew and INACH personnel at Yelcho Research Station for help during field activities in 2016/2017. Julio C.C. Fernandez (UFRJ) for assistance with sponge taxonomy. We also thanks to Diego Bravo, Felipe Morales and Leslie Novoa for their effort and interest in the project. Some of the results showed here are part of DB and FM undergraduate theses. Fondecyt de Iniciación #11150129

Working in progress De novo Transcriptome analysis

Raw Reads and Quality Filtration

De Novo Assembly

Sample ID

AT (%)

Q20 (%)

Q30 (%)

Hali_209

Temperature Total read Total GC (%) experiment base (bp) reads 0.78°C 5,249,690,938 51,977,138 45.5

54.5

95.46

91.42

Hali_103

0.78°C

5,097,409,198 50,469,398 45.78

54.22

95.44

91.46

Hali_117

3°C

5,759,699,528 57,026,728 46.53

53.47

95.46

91.39

Hali_123

3°C

5,445,979,792 53,920,592 45.29

54.71

95.48

91.49

Hali_135

5°C

5,210,301,140 51,587,140 46.48

53.52

94.93

90.56

Hali_141

5°C

5,310,459,002 52,578,802 45.18

54.82

95.32

91.14

Transcript Contigs Identification of Exons and CDS Functional Annotation

Sample ID : Sample name; Total read bases : Total number of bases sequenced; Total reads : Total number of reads. In illumina paired-end sequencing, read1 and read2 are added; GC(%) : GC content; AT(%) : AT content; Q20(%) : Ratio of reads that have phred quality score of over 20; Q30(%) : Ratio of reads that have phred quality score of over 30.

References Berg, M.P., Kiers, E.T., Driessen, G., van der Heijden, M., Kooi, B.W., Kuenen, F., Liefting, M., Verhoef, H.A. & Ellers, J. 2010. Adapt or disperse: understanding species persistence in a changing world. Global Change Biology 16, 587-98. Cárdenas, C.A., Newcombe, E.M., Hajdu, E., Gonzalez-Aravena, M., Geange, S.W. & Bell, J.J. 2016. Sponge richness on algae-dominated rocky reefs in the Western Antarctic Peninsula and the Magellan Strait. Polar Research 35, 30532.