A Review on Performance of Solar Still Coupled with ...

Proceedings of 2014 1st International Conference on Non Conventional Energy (ICONCE 2014)

A Review on Performance of Solar Still Coupled with Thermal Systems Nagasarada Somanchi1, Hima Bindu Banoth2 Ravi Gugulothu3

Mohan Bukya4 4

1, 2, 3

Department of Mechanical Engineering JNTUH College of Engineering Hyderabad, India 3 [email protected]

Abstract— To combat the present and future energy supply challenges which are associated with shortage of the non renewable natural resources, like coal, gas and oil as well as to mitigate the increasing concentration of gaseous CO2 in the atmosphere, there is need to explore alternative energy sources. Water is a nature’s gift and it plays a key role in the development of an economy and in turn for the welfare of a nation. Due to increasing population and human activities the water is getting depleted and polluted. Non availability of drinking water is one of the major problem faced by both the under developed and developing countries all over the world. In future, we should depend on oceanic and brackish water resources for fulfilling our demand of water. Today, majority of the health issues are owing to the non availability of clean drinking water. Potable water is a basic necessity for human being. Solar energy is available in abundant, free of cost and hence solar distillation is the best solution for obtaining clean drinking water. Solar still is a simple device which can convert available waste or brackish water into potable water using solar energy. Clean water is evaporated from the brackish water and condensed on the glass cover, which is drained out for use. Two major groups of solar distillation devices are: active solar still and passive solar still. In passive systems, solar energy is the only source of the energy while in active systems; extra energy is required to be supplied for the operation of pump and collector. A detailed review on previous experimental investigations done by other researchers in the field of solar distillation using active and passive techniques is made in this paper.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Koneru Lakshmaiah University Guntur, India 4 [email protected]

water is reduced day by day due to increase in the population and industrial usages. Desalination of brackish or saline water using solar energy is a good method to get fresh water. Among active and passive systems, passive solar system is preferred because it is cheaper compared to active solar still. Moreover, in active solar system there is a need of pump which requires electricity for its operation. Solar still is a useful device that can be used for distillation of brackish water. The basic principle of solar water distillation is the sun’s energy heats water to the point of evaporation. The incident solar radiation on solar still is transmitted through an inclined glass cover to the water which is available in the solar still. The water absorbs the solar radiation, gets heated up causing the vaporization of water. The evaporated water particles condense on the glass cover and the condensed distilled water exits through the outlet channels. This process removes impurities such as salts and heavy metals as well as destroys microbiological organisms. Finally, the saline or impure water is purified by using this technique. So many experimental investigations were conducted on solar distillation techniques in many countries like India, Iran and Iraq, Jordan, Turkey etc. The work done by previous researchers in obtaining distilled water using solar energy in different methodologies are listed below: LHTESS: Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System; SGHT: Symmetric Green House Type still; ASGHT: Asymmetric Green House Type still; PCM: Phase Change Material;

Index Terms—Solar, desalination, distillation, Energy storage materials, active and passive techniques

I. INTRODUCTION Water is the only available source of drinking and it is the gift of god on this beautiful earth. The availability of drinking Sl. No 1 2 3 4

Year of Publication 1992 Tiwari.G.N and Lawrence.S.A (India) 2001 Moh’d S Abu-Jabal et al (Palestine) 2002 Mona M Naim et al (Egypt) Authors

Valsaraj.P

2002 (India)

978-1-4799-3338-9/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE

Distillation Process Solar still Solar powered desalination Solar still 30 mm water depth

114

Augmented by Passive Active June-July December Using PCM Solar heating Normal still Perforated and black Aluminium sheet Aluminium sheet folded into “V” wave

Efficiency (Distillate) 20% 30% 204.5 l/day 85 l/day 40 ml/min 4.536 l/m2 1600 kg/m2 1700 kg/m2 43%, 2400 kg/m2

ICONCE 2014 January 16 - 17, 2014, Kalyani, WB, India.


5

Mathioulakis. E and Belessiotis.V

6

John Ward

7

Imad Al-Hayek and Omar O Badran

8

Ali A.Badran et al

2003 (Greece) 2003 (Australia) 2004 (Jordan) 2005 (Jordan)

Solar still coupled with thermal storage and solar collectors

Day time

30% - 100%

Night time

60% - 180%

Solar still

Made of plastic

9 l/m2/day

Solar still

SGHT ASGHT

45% 56%

Single stage, basin type solar still connected with

flat plate collector

231%

Solar still alone with flat plate collector Solar still with flat plate collector Still alone Solar collector Still alone With sponge With mini solar pond With mini solar pond integrated with sponge Experimental simulated Mini solar pond Pond and sponge Solar still alone

27.03% (1980 ml) 24.57% (4590 ml) 28.56% (3038 ml) 22.26% (4606 ml) 2240 ml 3510 ml 2.77 l/m2/day 3.3 l/m2/day 3.4 l/m2/day 4.4 l/m2/day 0.45 kg/m2/day 0.53 kg/m2/day 27.60% 57.80% 1 l/m2/day

SHCMV

12 l/m2/day

Without PCM

4.998 kg/m2/day

With stearic acid (PCM)

9.005 kg/m2/day

Experimental Prediction Coated metallic wiry sponges Uncoated metallic wiry sponges Black rocks Passive solar still Hybrid solar still July, August October Top surface open

1.19 kg/m2/day 1.58 kg/m2/day 28% 43% 60% 3 – 5 times higher in hybrid active solar still 280 kg/day 174.6 kg/day 23.19%

Solar still

9

Ali A Badran et al

2005 (Jordan)

10

Badran O.O and Al-Tahaineh H.A

2005 (Jordan)

Solar still

11

Velmurugan.V et al

2006 (India)

Solar still

12

Eugenio Garcia Mari et al

13

Velmurugan.V and Srithar.K

14

Abdallah S et al

15

El-Sebaii.A.A et al

16

Hiroshi Tanaka

17

Salah Abdallah et al

18

Shiv Kumar and Tiwari.G.N

19

Xuyun Wang et al

20

Arunkumar T et al

2010 (India)

21

Rahul Dev and Tiwari.G.N

2010 (India)

Hybrid active solar still

22

Dr.Srithar.K

2010 (India)

Solar still coupled with

23

Al-Hamadani and Shukla S.K

24

Swetha K and Venugopal J

25

Swetha.K and Venugopal.J

2007 (Valencia) 2007 (India) 2009 (Jordan) 2009 (Saudi Arabia) 2009 (Japan) 2009 (Jordan) 2009 (India) 2009 (China)

2011 (India) 2011 (India) 2011 (India)

Saline water

Solar still integrated in a greenhouse Solar still integrated with Solar Distillation using Vacuum Tube Coupled with Photovoltaic System Single basin solar still Basin type solar still with internal and external reflector Solar still Hybrid (PV/T) Active solar still Fiber membrane distillation system Single slope solar still operating with crescent absorber

Solar distillation Single sloped solar still Single slope solar still

26

Arunkumar T et al

2012 (India)

Solar still

27

Badshah Alam et al

2012 (India)

Hybrid (PV/T) solar still

28

Sampathkumar Karuppusamy

2012 (India)

Solar still

978-1-4799-3338-9/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE

115

Top surface closed

13.01%

July Month April Month Activated carbon and Methanol Activated carbon and Methanol with sponges Activated carbon and Methanol with sponges and Pebbles Activated carbon and Methanol with sponges and sand Still alone Lauric Acid (PCM)

2.006 kg 7.223 kg 24.19% 27.41% 30.23% 32.32% 30% 127%

Using Lauric acid (PCM)

36%

Using Sand Using PCM as Lauria acid Spherical Solar Still (SSS) Concentrator Coupled Single Slope Solar Still (CCSSS) Double Basin Glass Solar Still (DBGSS) Pyramid Solar Still (PSS) Hemispherical Solar Still (HSS) Tubular Solar Still (TSS) CPC-PSS-Pyramid Solar Still Active system Passive system Solar still alone Coupled with Evacuated Tubes Using black gravel Using black gravel with evacuated tubes

13% 36% 2300 ml/m2/day 2600 ml/m2/day 2900 ml/m2/day 3300 ml/m2/day 3659 ml/m2/day 4500 ml/m2/day 6928 ml/m2/day 5.5 higher yield in active system 1965 ml 49.7% (3910 ml/day) 8% 59.48%



29

Saravanan.M and Manikandan.K

2012 (India) 2012 (India)

30

Shobha.B.S et al

31

Shobha.B.S et al

32

Zhili Clhen et al

33

Amir Rahimi Elias Movassagh

34

Kargar Sharif Abad et al

35

Koilraj Gnanadason.M et al

36

Koilraj Gnanadason. M et al

37

Omar Ansari et al

2013 (Morocco)

38

Omara. Z. M et al

2013 (Egypt)

Stepped solar still

39

Ranjan.K.R and Kaushik.S.C

2013 (India)

Active solar distillation system integrated with solar pond

40

Sampathkumar.K et al

2013 (India)

Solar still coupled with evacuated tube solar collector

2012 (India) 2012 (China) 2013 (Iran) 2013 (Iran) 2013 (India) 2013 (India)

Single slope stepped solar still Solar Hybrid system Solar still Desalination unit with triple effect

12 kg/m2/day

Two different types of solar stills Solar still

Made of Copper

Single basin solar still made of Solar still with PCM of different melting temperatures

II. RESULT

39% - 59%

10.6 l/day – 35.91 l/day

Galvanized Iron sheet Copper sheet 420C 520C 560C Conventional still Stepped still Conventional still Stepped still with mirrors Productivity Energy 24.436 MJ/m2 Exergy Productivity 500 W/m2 Energy Exergy Passive Winter season Active Passive Summer season Active Passive Total Year Active

0.875kg/m2/h 0.50 kg/m2/h 80% (2490 ml/day) 30% (1360 ml/day) 80% (2490 ml/day) 56.40% 59.50% 61% 2800 ml/m2/day 5840 ml/m2/day 3630 ml/m2/day 6350 ml/m2/day 5 l/m2/day 38.63 2.71% 9.5 l/m2/day 46 14.81% 2.52 kg/day 4.76 kg/day 2.445 kg/day 5.6 kg/day 512 kg/year 911.5 kg/year

solar energy in the presence of different water depths, glass cover inclination angles, dyes and energy storage materials like black rubber mat, gravel, sponges and pebbles. But the work using combination of sun tracking system (single axis or double axis) coupled with PCM, dyes, sponges and nanomaterials are limited. Hence, there is a scope to conduct experimental investigations on this topic.

Energy and water are the basic necessity for all of us to lead a normal life on this beautiful earth. Solar energy technologies and its usage are very important and useful for the developing and under developed countries to sustain their energy needs. The use of solar energy in distillation process is one of the best applications of renewable energy. The solar stills are user friendly to the human being in the nature. Local climatic condition and application are to be considered while selection of solar still. The length of solar still, depth of water in basin, inlet water temperature, inclination angle of glass, free surface area of water, water glass temperature difference, absorber plate area and solar radiation are the major parameters which affect the performance of the still. All these are covered in first review paper. In this 2nd review paper, focus is made on active and passive solar distillation techniques in the presence of Phase change materials, symmetric and asymmetric solar stills, solar stills coupled with solar thermal systems like flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, solar still integrated with mini solar ponds and energy absorbing materials like gravels, fins and pebbles. From the first and second literature review, it is observed that, previous researchers conducted experimental investigations on obtaining distilled water with the help of

978-1-4799-3338-9/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE

46.9% - 48.8%

Four stage distillation unit with triple effect Length: 10 m – 20 m Active system Passive system

Solar desalination

4.85 kg/m2day 5.14 kg/m2day 2.98 l/m2/day 4.58 l/m2/day

Without LHTESS With LHTESS Solar still alone Hybrid still Coupled with an Evacuated tube collector type solar water heater With KMnO4 + River water

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Foremost, I am thankful to Prof. A. V. Sita Rama Raju, JNT University for his suggestion of reading numerous research publications in the area of solar distillation and to write review papers. I am thankful to Prof. K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy and Prof. B. Sudheer Premkumar, JNT University and my parents for their encouragement in preparing this second review paper. REFERENCES [1] Abdallah. S, Abu-Khader. M. M and Badran. O (2009), “Performance Evaluation of Solar Distillation Using Vaccum Tube Coupled with Photovoltaic System”, ISSN 0003-701X, Applied Solar Energy, Vol.45, No. 3, pp: 176-180, 2009. [2] Al-Hamadani. A. A. F and Shukla. S. K (2011), “Water Distillation Using Solar Energy System with Lauric Acid as Storage Medium”, International Journal of Energy Engineering 1(1): 1-8, 2011.

116



[3] Ali A. Badran, Ahmad A. Al-Hallaq, Imad A. Eyal Salman and Mohammad Z. Odat (2005), “A Solar still augmented with a flat-plate collector”, Desalination 172, pp 227-234, 2005. [4] Amir Rahimi Elias Movassagh (2013), “Mathematical modeling and parametric study of a continuous solar desalination system”, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 135/ 031015, August 2013. [5] Arunkumar T, Jayaprakash R, Perumal K and Sanjay Kumar (2010), “Desalination Process of Single Sloped Solar Still Coupled in CPC with Crescent Absorber”, Journal of Environmental Research and Development, Vol. 5, No. 1, JulySeptember 2010. [6] Arunkumar. T, Vinothkumar. K, Amimul Ahsan, Jayaprakash and Sanjay Kumar (2012), “Experimental Study on Various Solar Still Designs”, ISRN Renewable Energy, 2012. [7] Badran O. O and Al-Tahaineh. H. A (2005), “The effect of coupling a flat plate collector on the solar still productivity”, Desalination 183, pp 137-142, 2005. [8] Badshah Alam, Emran Khan and Shiv Kumar (2012), “Annual Performance of Passive and Hybrid (PVT) Active Solar Still”, VSRD-MAP, Vol. 2(6), pp 223-231, 2012. [9] Eugenio Garcia Mari, Rosa Penelope Gutierrez Colomer, Carlos Adrados Blaise-Ombrecht (2007), “Performance analysis of a solar still integrated in a greenhouse”, Desalination, 203, pp 435-443, 2007. [10] El-Sebaii. A. A, Al-Ghamdi. A. A, Al-Hazmi. F. S and Adel S Faidah (2009), “Thermal performance of a single basin solar still with PCM as a storage medium”, Applied Energy, vol 86, pp 1187-1195, 2009. [11] Hiroshi Tanaka (2009), “Experimental study of a basin type solar still with internal and external reflectors in winter”, Desalination, vol 249, pp 130-134, 2009. [12] Imad Al-Hayek and Omar O.Badran (2004), “The effect of using different designs of solar stills on water distillation”, Desalination vol 169, pp 121-127, 2004. [13] John Ward (2003), “A plastic solar water purifier with high output”, Solar Energy, vol 75, pp 433-437, 2003. [14] Kargar Sharif Abad.H, Ghiasi.M, Jahangiri Mamouri.S and Shafii.M.B (2013), “A novel integrated solar desalination system with a pulsating heat pipe”, Desalination, vol 311, pp 206-210, 2013. [15] Koilraj Gnanadason. M, Senthil Kumar. P, Vincent H Wilson, Kumaravel.A and Jebadason.B (2013), “Comparison of performance analysis between single basin solar still made up of Copper and GI”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 7, July 2013. [16] Koilraj Gnanadason. M, Hariharan. G and Senthil Kumar.P (2013), “Enhanced Performance of Design of a single basin solar still made up of Copper”, Indian Journal of Applied Research, Volume: 3, Issue: 8, Aug 2013. [17] Mathioulakis. E and Blessiotis. V (2003), “Integration of solar still in a multi-source, multi-use environment”, Solar Energy, 75, pp 403-411, 2003. [18] Moh’d S Abu-Jabal, Kamiya. I and Narasaki. Y (2001), “Proving test for a solar-powered desalination system in GazaPalestine”, Desalination, 137, pp 1-6, 2001. [19] Mona M. Naim, Mervat A. Abd El Kawi (2002), “Non conventional solar stills part 2. Non conventional solar stills

978-1-4799-3338-9/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

117

with energy storage element”, Desalination vol 153, pp 71-80, 2002. Omar Ansari, Mohamed Asbik, Abdallah Bah, Abdelaziz Arbaoui and Ahmed Khmou (2013), “Desalination of the brackish water using a passive solar still with a heat energy storage system”, Desalination, vol 324, pp 10-20, 2013. Omara.Z.M, Kabeel.A.E and Younes.M.M (2013), “Enhancing the stepped solar still performance using internal reflectors”, Desalination, vol 314, pp 67-72, 2013. Rahul Dev and Tiwari.G.N (2010), “Characteristic equation of a hybrid (PV-T) active solar still”, Desalination, vol 254, pp 126137, 2010. Ranjan. K. and Kaushik. S. C (2013), “Exergy analysis of the active solar distillation systems integrated with solar ponds”, Springer, August 2013. Salah Abdallah, Mazen M.Abu-Khader and Omar Badran (2009), “Effect of various absorbing materials on the thermal performance of solar stills”, Desalination vol 242, pp 128-137, 2009. Sampathkumar Karuppusamy (2012), “An experimental study on single basin solar still augumented with evacuated tubes”, Thermal Science, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp: 573-581, 2012. Sampathkumar. K, Arjunan.T.V and Senthilkumar.P (2013), “The Experimental Investigation of a Solar Still Coupled with an Evacuated Tube Collector”, Energy Sources, Part A, 35: pp 261-270, 2013. Saravanan.M and Manikandan.K (2012), “Experimental analysis of Single slope stepped solar still with and without Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System (LHTESS)”, International Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Technology, vol 2(4): pp 92-95, 2012. Shobha.B.S, Vilas Watwe and Rajesh.A.M (2012), “Performance evaluation of a solar still coupled to an evacuated tube collector type solar water heater”, International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET), Vol. 1, Issue 1, June 2012. Shiv kumar and Tiwari.G.N (2009), “Estimation of internal heat transfer coefficients of a hybrid (PV/T) active solar still”, Solar Energy, vol 83, pp 1656-1667, 2009. Shobha.B.S, Vilas Watwe and Rajesh.A.M (2012), “Performance Evaluation of A Solar Still Coupled to an Evacuated Tube Collector type Solar Water Heater”, International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET), Vol. 1, Issue 1 June 2012. Dr.Srithar.K (2010), “Performance Analysis of Vapour Adsorption Solar Still Integrated with Mini-solar Pond for Effluent Treatment”, International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No.4, December 2010. Swetha K and Venugopal (2011), “Experimental Investigation of a Single sloped still using PCM”, International Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Technology, vol 1(4), pp 30-33, 2011. Tiwari.G.N and Lawrence.S.A (1992), “Thermal Evaluation of High Teperature Distillation under an Active Mode of Operation”, Desalination, vol 85, pp:135-145, 1992. Valsaraj.P (2002), “An experimental study on solar distillation in a single slope basin by surface heating the water mass”, Renewable Energy, vol 25, pp 607-612, 2002. Velmurugan.V, Mugundhan.K and Srithar.K (2006), “Experimental studies on solar stills integrated with a mini solar



pond”, Proceedings of the 3rd BSME-ASME International Conference on Thermal Engineering, 20-22 December, 2006. [36] Velmurugan.V and Srithar.K (2007), “Solar stills integrated with a mini solar pond analytical simulation and experimental validation”, Desalination, vol 216, pp 232-241, 2007. [37] Xuyun Wang, Lin Zhang, Huajian Yang and Huanlin Chen (2009), “Feasibility research of potable water production via

978-1-4799-3338-9/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE

solar heated hollow fiber membrane distillation system”, Desalination, vol 247, pp 403-411, 2009. [38] Zhili Chen, Guo Xie, Ziqian Chen, Hongfei Zheng and Chunlong Zhuang (2012), “Field test of a solar seawater desalination unit with triple-effect falling film regeneration in northern China”, Solar Energy, vol 86, pp 31-39, 2012.

118
