Role of Non-Timber Forest Products in Food and Nutritional Security: A Study among the Lodhas in West Bengal Shyamal Kr. Jana*
Introduction : The tribals in India constitute 8.20 per cent of the total population (2001 Census). These tribal groups numbering more than 400 inhabit widely varying ecological and geo-climatic conditions (hilly, forest, tarai, desert, coastal regions etc.) in different concentrations throughout the country and are distinct biological isolates with characteristic cultural and socio-economic background. Almost 80 per cent of the tribal communities live in forest environment. Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have been identified as important to rural livelihoods, as an alternative land-use option as well as in fulfilling an important safety-net function although empirical evidence on the latter’s strength are limited. The role of NTFPs becomes more significant for less agriculture dependent communities. With drastic reduction in the income from minor forest produce, unemployed local people are indulging in illicit felling of trees to sustain their livelihood. NTFP are emerging globally as a tool for the establishment of sustainable forest communities. NTFPs refer to medicinal plants, food, resin, fiber and others kinds of non-timber products collected from the forest (Peters et. al., 1989, Chamberlein et. al., 1998). Gathering NTFPs from local forest for getting cash income or used by indigenous people themselves can be traced thousands of year ago (Ticktin 2004, Freed 2001). To collect and use NTFPs is a key issue related not only to improvement in living standards and traditional culture of indigenous people but also conservation of biodiversity and sustainable development of concerned regions (Kareiva 1994, Gould et. al., 1998, Baird and Fearden, 2003). Traditional market not only provides a major venue to indigenous people for getting cash income from their produce but also is important sites for spreading traditional knowledge on plant use and conservation (Williams et. al., 2000, Mertz et. al., 2001). The primitive tribal economy is intimately connected with forests. Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) form the main stay of income and sustenance for many of these tribal communities (Malhotra, 1992; Rao, 1987; Gauraha, 1992; Chopra, 1993; Das, 1993, 2008; Mallik, 2000). About 60
*
Shyamal Kumar Jana, M. Sc., Ph. D, Districts Manager, Landesa/Rural Development Institute, 95/S, Ground Floor, Block- E, New Alipore, Kolkata–700053, West Bengal, Mobile: +919007049771, E-mail:
[email protected] /
[email protected]
per cent of NTFPs is consumed by about 7 crore tribals in the country. NTFPs contribute about 10 to 40 per cent of the tribal household earnings (Shiva, 1993). Kant (1997) studied the role of NTFPs in three tribal villages of Gujarat and West Bengal and found that NTFPs contributed from 26.50 % to 55.00% to the total households’ income. He also observed that majority of the households employment was generated through collection of NTFPs (36.40%), followed by stetted cultivation (15.11%) and agricultural labour (14.30%). The income from NTFPs and the extent of extraction will depend, among others, the factors like the state policy on forest access and land use, the forest type and the demand for NTFPs (Bautista, 1992). The NTFPs of economic importance in India can be grouped into the following categories : a. NTFP for Food Security: Honey, mushroom, edible fruits and nuts, foliage and rhizomes; b. NTFP for Wood and Biomass: Useful for fuel, furniture, thatching, forage and manure; c. NTFP for Medicines and Plant Protection: For human beings, animals and for control of pests and diseases in agricultural crops; and d. NTFP for Aromatics, Dyes and Oilseeds: For medicinal and industrial uses. Food habits of a family depend on the standards of living of the family and the standard is judged very often from the quantity and quality of food. However, the difference is judged by the quantity of rice (staple food mainly) eaten, by the frequency of meat intake in the diet, by the use of spices, fats & oils, jiggery and sugar in the preparations of food. Frequency of taking meal and quality of food also depend on economic ability and availability of food stuff. Therefore, an economically well-to-do family is able to provide various types of morsels of food twice daily, whereas at the same time of paucity number of times reduces. Beliefs, customs, tradition, social connotations etc., regarding eating habit are again dependent on economic factors (Sanyal, T.K., 1997). Diet of not a single tribal in the different States of India can be said to be fully satisfactory. Tribal diets are generally grossly deficient in Calcium, Vitamin- A, Vitamin- C, riboflavin and animal protein. Studies carried out at the National Institute of Nutrition (1971) and Planning Commission of India (Sixth Five Year Plan, Government of India) reported a high protein calorie malnutrition along the rice-eating belts. It is also suggested that tribes living in the forest eco-system have better nutritional status than the communities living in the forest free areas. The dietary pattern of the tribal people is peculiar by the inclusion of local or natural resources or unconventional foods. A World Bank study (1993) reported that about 30 per cent of the diet of forest fringe tribal communities in Maharastra is derived from the forest products. In Andaman and Nicobar Islands, several tribal communities totally subsist on the food derived from forest and sea. In the Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh (now Chhattishgarh) about 75 per cent of the people depend upon forests for supplementing their food throughout the year (Solanki, undated). A general study from Bankura district of West Bengal shows that tubers collected from forest constitute an important source of food particularly during the times of scarcity. Tribals use tubers of tubers of 2
several kinds as food though preparations of these items are time and fuel consuming (Pal, et.al., undated). A study from Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal shows that most of the forest food items can equate the nutritive value to that of cultivated items and the former ones are well suited supplement the later stuff (Jana, S. K., 2004). The dietary pattern of the Lodha community is peculiar by the inclusion of local or natural resources or unconventional foods. Very little work has been carried out on socio-economic aspects of tribals for upliftment of their economic status through locally available raw materials or plant produces through selling of NTFPs. Since there is no in-depth study of the use of NTFPs by the people, the present study has been directed towards understanding of the role of NTFPs in food and nutritional security of the Lodhas of West Bengal. Objectives : Keeping the above in view the present study has been conducted among the Lodhas, once treated as Criminal Tribe, later a De-notified Community and now a Primitive Tribal Group of West Bengal with the following objectives : (i)
To identify the various NTFPs available in the forest and their economic values;
(ii)
To examine the collection, consumption pattern and sales of various classified forest edibles;
(iii)
To study the dietary pattern of the community; and
(iv)
To determine the nutrient content of the Forest food items.
Materials and Methods : The unit of study has been the household. The sample size has been 75 households. Altogether three revenue villages/mouzas, viz., Singdhui (J.L. No. 14), Khas Jangal (J.L. No. 11) and Pathardahara (J.L. No. 30) of Patina Gram Panchayat under Nayagram Block in Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal have been selected randomly for the present study. These three studied villages have been selected on the basis of dependence of Lodha tribal people on the forest resources for their livelihoods. Methodological consideration have been tried to cover PRA, general surveys, observation, focus group discussion and case studies for rigorous micro-level data collection. The method adopted for collection of information was also the interview with tribal people, the traditional medicinemen and local traders. Information as vernacular names, parts used and market price of the NTFPs was also recorded. Data have been collected with the help of a structured schedule in the two phases. Intensive fieldwork for this paper has been done during January to June 2002 and in April to May, 2012. After compilation, the entire data have been analysed by using simple statistical tools like percentages.
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The People : The Lodhas are considered as one of the Primitive Tribal Groups of West Bengal. They are distributed over the western part of West Bengal, a contiguous territory of Chotanagpur Plateau, which spreads along the western border of Paschim Medinipur district. Their main economy is gathering, collection of sal leaf, kendu leaf, seeds, fruits grass (Sabai), honey and faggots, tusser cocoons or gouty, firewoods from the jungles and also edible roots and tubers and small games from there. Forest plays a vital role in the life of the Lodhas. They sell their collections to the local people at a throw away price and purchase some of their essential food articles in exchange. They also hunt various poisonous and non-poisonous snakes, lizards, the skins of which are sold to local people at a high price. Regarding their economic activities, those who live nearby the jungles, collect firewood, put them in bundles and sell them to the nearest market or locality. They spend their sale proceeds on food and other essential articles. Sometimes they are found to work as wage earners, working in the field of others or in road construction work of some such activities. After the rainy season, they get some employment opportunities and they also collect various fruits, water lily, molusca and they eat and sell these in these in the market, but after March nothing is available. They then full on thin times and face a near famine condition. To supplement their income they mainly depend on the vast resources of the forest. But the earning from collecting and selling of forest produces are not sufficient which divert them occasionally for illegal felling of timbers. The forest produces are processed to some extent with their crude traditional mechanism of these people. Sal leaves are stitched in pairs and made in bundles for selling. Sabai grass is dried and made into ropes. Very recently tusser coccons are reared in the forests, which are collected by the tribal villagers after paying revenue to the forest departments. These activities are mainly performed by the females, though menfolk also provide assistance in bundling, selling and sometimes making of the products. These products are made in the leisure hours of the day. Most of the Lodha households rear livestock. Poultry birds are found in almost all the houses. Goats are quite in large numbers in these villages. The Lodhas do not have cultivable land of their own, though they use Khas or government vested lands for doing rudimentary agriculture. A few among them have been given some land by the government for cultivation. But the product is so less that it cannot provide subsistence for even a quarter of the year. Owing to marginal land holdings, bad soil condition, primitive means of production, unavailability of water, the yield rate is not at all promising. The general literacy level is very low, even it is lesser for female folks. But people are getting aware of modern educational facilities and their benefits and thereby some of them are sending their children to schools in the nearby areas.
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Results And Discussion : i.
Identification of the various Forest Edibles available in the Forest: Studies on identification of edible NTFPs available in the Chandabilla Forest Range under
Nayagram Block have been conducted with the help of the Lodha people and Beat level forest personnel since indigenous knowledge plays an important role in identifying these edible NTFPs. In total 34 species have been identified and the usage of those items as foodstuff as reported by the Lodha people have been recorded. The different edible parts identified are leaf, stem, root, tubers, flowers, seed, rhizome, fruit body, etc. (Table – 1.0). Table : 1.0 Sl. No. 1.
A few important NTFP usually collected by the sample Lodha households in Nayagram Block, Paschim Medinipur Rate per unit of product (2002) Rs. 7.00 / 1000
Rate per unit of product (2012) Rs. 40.00/1000
Rs. 2.00 per kg. Rs. 2.50 per kg. Rs. 1.00 per kg. Rs. 10.00 per kg. In the form of liquor Rs. 3.00 per kg. Rs. 6.00 - 8.00 per kg. Rs. 12.00 - 15.00 per kg. Rs. 1.00 per kg. Rs. 3.00 per kg.
Rs. 5.00 Rs. 11.00 Rs. 10.00 – 20.00 Rs. 12.00-15.00 per kg. In the form of liquor Rs. 18.00-20.00 Rs. 60.00 – 70.00 Rs. 30.00 - 32.00
Rs. 3.00 per kg.
Rs. 45.00 – 55.00
Rs. 4.00 per kg.
Rs. 18.00 – 20.00
July – September
Rs. 6.00 per kg.
Rs. 15.00 – 20.00
June – July
Rs. 5.00 per bundle
Rs. 15.00 – 20.00
Throughout the year
Rs. 15.00 – 20.00 per piece Rs. 1136.00 per Qntl. (high grade) Rs. 500.00 per 80 pcs. Rs. 40.00 per 100 no. of cocoon
Rs. 40.00 – 60.00
NTFP Item
Collection Time
Sal leaf
January – March
2. 3. 4. 5.
Sal seed Sabai grass Need seed Mohua flower
May – June September – October June – July February – March
6. 7. 8.
Mohua seed Mushroom Cashew
May – June During rainy season April – May
9. 10.
Bahera Haritaki
11.
Amlaki
12.
15.
Kuchla (Medicinal herb) Kalmegh (Medicinal herb) Kurchi (Medicinal herb) Bamboo
November – January November – December November – December Round the year
16.
Kendu leaves
November – January
17.
Tusser cultivation on Sal, Arjun and Asan plant
Throughout the year
13. 14.
II.
Rs. 10.00 – 18.00 Rs. 20.00 – 30.00
Rs. 1600.00 Rs. 700.00 per 80 pcs. Rs. 100.00 per 100 no. of cocoon
Dietary Practices : The staple food of the Lodha is rice. A number of unconventional plant foods are eaten by the
Lodhas depending on the availability. It includes green vegetables, flowers, fruits, roots and tubers, and mushrooms. Apart from the common non-vegetarian foods rabbit, rat, birds, fowls, fish, goat, etc. are also consumed. Seasonal variation in the diet is an important feature. Their meal pattern is
5
unplanned and monotonous in nature. Their diet is cereal based with the inclusion of seasonal vegetables. Boiling is the predominant cooking method in the tribal cookery (Table - 2.0). Table : 2.0
Consumption Of Food, Age–Group wise by the Lodhas of Nayagram Block, Paschim Medinipur District, W. B.
Children (0-14 years) Gruel, Cereals, Parched paddy, Flattened rice, Pulses, Vegetables, Milk, Saboo, Barley, Fruits, Fish.
iii.
Adult (15-59 years) Cereals, Pulses, Vegetables, Fruits, Fish, Dried Fish, Meat, Egg, Roots & Tubers, Drinks.
Aged (60 + years) Cereals, Inferior cereals, Vegetables, Pulses, Fruits, Roots & Tubers, Fish, Dried Fish, Meat, Egg, Drinks.
Diseased
Disabled
Cereals, Inferior cereals, Different products of rice by parching, flattening, and frying, Saboo, Vegetables, Pulses, Fruits, Milk.
Cereals, Inferior cereals, Barley, Saboo, Vegetables, Pulses, Fish, Dried fish, Meat, Egg, Drinks.
Collection, Consumption Pattern and Sales of Various Classified Forest Edibles: The Table - 3.0 shows the mean household annual collection and consumption and sale of
edible NTFPs in the sample villages of Nayagram Block, Paschim Medinipur District in West Bengal. It has been observed from the table that collection of Mohua flower (30.40 Kgs.) is highest followed by tuber, leafy vegetables, mushrooms and fruits respectively. Regarding consumption, tuber (16.25 Kgs.) is highest followed by Mohua flower, leafy vegetables, mushroom and fruit respectively. About 50 per cent of the collected Mohua flowers meet the consumption need in the villages whereas the rest 50 per cent is sold in the open markets. Considering the fruit items, the consumption remains at 2/3 rd of the collected quantity and the rest 1/3rd is taken for sale. In case of tubers, 60 to 80 per cent of the collected food items are consumed while the balance 20 to 40 per cent goes as sale. The level of consumption of mushroom per household is as high as 65 to 75 per cent while the remaining 25 to 35 per cent of the commodity is marketed. Among forest edibles, varieties of tubers, mushrooms, fruits, Mohua flowers, etc. are consumed at households’ level but also sold in the local markets. Some of the edible NTFPs like leafy vegetables (Kendu, Bon Notey, etc.) are collected exclusively for households’ consumption. The Lodhas never sell leafy vegetables. Only Mohua flowers and tubers are sold in the local hats (markets). Table : 3.0
Mean households’ annual collection and consumption and sale of edible NTFPs in the sample Lodha villages of Nayagram Block, Paschim Medinipur District, W. B. (Amount in Kgs.)
Type of operation
Leafy vegetables
Flowers (Mohua)
Fruit
Tuber
Mushroom
Collection
7.07
30.40
2.36
25.00
3.37
Consumption
7.07
13.70
1.57
16.25
2.37
Sale
Nil
16.70
0.78
8.75
1.00
The mean households’ annual consumption of basic food items in the sample studied Lodha households of three studied villages of Nayagram Block, Paschim Medinipur District in West Bengal have also been recorded (Table - 4.0). It has been observed from the table that consumption of Cereals 6
(824.90) is highest followed by the potato (187.26), vegetables (27.42), pulses (26.75), animal protein (20.07), fats/oil (15.46) and spices (4.93). Table : 4.0
Mean households’ annual consumption of basic food items in the sample Lodha households villages of Nayagram Block, Paschim Medinipur District, W. B. (Amount in Kgs.)
Cereals
Potato
Pulses
824.90
187.26
26.75
Animal Protein 20.07
Vegetables
Fats / Oil
Spices
27.42
15.46
4.93
Mean Household Size = 4.48
Though the nutrient contents of most of the forest edibles are quite high, the actual quantitative consumption of the items is very meagre compared to the conventional basic food items. The Table – 5.0 shows the economic values of the forest food items. Some small food items like berries and plums are consumed by the Lodha children are omitted from this account because those fruits are available in scanty quantities. This fact is also true for forest animals and birds, which are occasionally hunted by the Lodhas. Different types of tubers like Pan alu, Chun alu, Kanta alu and Baonla alu, etc. are sold at the rate of Rs. 7.00 to Rs. 10.00 per Kg. Wild mushrooms are sold at the rate of Rs. 60.00 to Rs. 80.00 per Kg. However, Mohua flowers are sold almost regularly in the local hats (markets) and the cost varies from Rs. 12.00 to Rs. 15.00 per Kg. The Bon Kankrol, a vegetable food item is sold to the market at a rate as high as Rs. 120.00 per Kg. Table : 5.0
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Iv.
Economic Values of a few Edible NTFP items available in the Chandabilla Forest Range in Nayagram Block, Paschim Medinipur District, W. B. Edible Items Chun Alu Pan Alu Baonla Alu Mata Sak Bon Kankrol Kendu Fruit Bel Charkul Bhurur Mahul Flower Parab Chhatu Putka Chhatu Bon Kundri Bon Pui
Price (in Rs.) in 2002 3.50 – 4.00 per Kg. 3.50 – 4.00 per Kg. 4.00 – 5.00 per Kg. 4.00 per Kg. 40.00 per Kg. 1.00 per 10 pieces 1.00 per 2 Pieces 4.00 per Kg. 2.00 per Kg. 10.00 - 11.00 per Kg. 15.00 – 20.00 per Kg. 10.00 per Kg. 25.00 per Kg. 2.00 per Kg.
Price (in Rs.) in 2012 7.00 – 8.00 7.00 – 8.00 8.00 – 10.00 6.00 120.00 5.00 per 10 pieces Rs. 10.00 – 12.00 8.00 – 10.00 5.00 12.00 – 15.00 40.00 – 60.00 30.00 – 40.00 30.00 4.00
Determination of the Nutrient Content of Forest Food : Assessment of the nutritive value of the edible NTFPs, i.e., the presence of dietary
constituents of food like carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins and their derivatives have been determined with the help of standard bio-chemical methodologies and that has been done by a
7
biochemical expert using the procedures listed by the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad (Table- 6.0). Table 6.0
Analysis of nutrient contents in Forest Food Items consumed by the Lodha sample households in Nayagram Block in the District of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal
A. Edible Green Fruits : Sl. No.
Nutrients Local Name
Scientific Name
1. Bon Begun 2. Bon Chalta 3 Bon Kankrol 4. Bon Kudri 5. Bon Kumro B. Edible Leaves and Stems 1. Bon Kumro Sak 2. Bon Notey Sak 3. Bon Pui Sak 4. Mata Sak 5. Sajne Sak C. Edible Fruits 1. Ashfal 2. Bel 3. Amlaki 4. Bon Khejur 5. Bainch Kul 6. Bhurur 7. Charkul 8. Jam 9. Kendu 10. Kankul D. Edible Mushrooms 1. Bali Chhatu 2. Putca Chhatu 3. Parab Chhatu 4. Patra Chhatu 5. Mura Chhatu E. Edible Roots and Tubers 1. Bhui Kumro 2. Khama Alu 3. Chun Alu 4. Churka Alu 5. Kanta Alu 6. Pita Alu 7. Pan Alu 8. Mou Alu
Solanum torvun Bridelia retusa Mormordica Sp. Coccinia sp. Ipomea digitata
9.
Bon Ol
Carbohydrate 55.0 11.9 7.9 4.2 31.6
Protein
Fat
8.3 1.0 1.5 1.7 3.8
1.7 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.7
Vitamin C 10 277 278 18 92
Ipomea digitata Amaranthus viridis Basella alba Antidesenta diandrum Moringa oleifera
31.6 3.8 4.2 57.8 12.5
3.8 5.2 2.8 7.2 6.7
0.7 0.3 0.4 4.8 1.7
92 178 87 121 220
Euphorbia inongana Aegle marmelos Embilica officinalis Phoenix sp. Flacourtia ataphpacta Gardenia gummifera Zizyphus sp. Syzigium cumini Diospyros melanoxylon Zizyphus sp.
8.3 31.8 13.7 3.4 21.7 14.6 17.0 14.0 26.8 33.3
1.4 1.8 0.5 1.9 0.5 2.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 3.2
5.4 0.3 0.1 2.5 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.3
209 08 600 02 89 225 76 18 01 96
Agaricus sp. Marasmius sp. Agaricus campestris Agaricus pracimosus Psalliota sp.
1.1 1.6 4.3 3.7 1.2
25.6 26.0 25.5 24.2 25.5
0.18 0.3 0.8 0.27 0.7
81.9 8.6 16.4 11.9 9.0
Ipomea digitata Dioscorea alata Dioscorea floribunda Dioscorea glabra Dioscorea pentaphylla Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscorea oppositifolia Dioscorea wallichi Amorphophellus sylvaticus
31.6 17.4 30.9 12.8 12.0 18.4 14.7 15.0
3.8 1.3 2.3 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.8
0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.6
92 5.0 3.0 2.9 7.0 5.1 2.0 4.0
28.2
1.2
0.3
24.0
Note: Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat in (g/100g) and Vitamin - C in (mg/100g) respective
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The present study on nutritional aspect of some of the species provides enough evidence to demonstrate their richness in nutrients. Parts of some species like tubers of Dioscorea and fruits of Bel (Aegel marmelos) are excellent sources of carbohydrate. Some items like various types of mushrooms contain high amount of protein. The fruits of Amlaki (Emblica officianales) and Cashew (Anacardium oxidentale) contain considerable amount of vitamin – C. All the forest dependent Lodhas lying below poverty line (BPL) usually suffer from malnutrition. It is evident from the study that the forest foods containing essential nutrients may be helpful to improve their physical as well as mental well-being. Summary And Conclusion : NTFPs play a key role in the life and economy of the Lodha tribal community living in and around the forests. The income derived from NTFPs was the single largest source but it was not sufficient to meet even their subsistence requirement of food. Therefore, in order to meet the caloric deficit they are forced to depend on edible forest products to sustain themselves. Thus, there is every evidence to show that it is primarily out of sheer necessity that the tribals venture for NTFPs and not for their commercial gains. NTFPs are mainly Sal leaf, Kendu leaf, various seeds, fruits, grasses, medicinal plants (Satamuli, Kalmegh, Anantamul, Ishwarmul, Bahera, Haritaki, Amloki, etc.), etc. The earning from collecting and selling of NTFPs are not sufficient which divert them occasionally for illegal felling of timbers. This led to a faster and rampant deforestation in many areas of the studied sites. Availability of different species varies widely in the forest while some of them are available abundantly. Some others may have just the traces of existence. Though availability of those species however, depends on seasonality, intensity of grazing, forest fire, etc. the collection of those rests on choice and taste as food, marketability, price level, etc. The average annual collection per household in the studied villages is shown to be highest for Mohua flower followed by tuber, mushroom, leafy vegetables and fruit. In case of leafy vegetables, the entire collected amount is consumed in all the studied villages and hence the sale remains nil. The nutrient analysis of the edible plant indicates that a number major nutritive element like carbohydrate, protein, fats & oil and vitamins, etc. are available in the forest grown food items in considerable quantities. It has also been found that many of the forest-based edible NTFPs are comparable with the cultivated food items from the nutritional point of view. Policy Recommendations : From the policy point of view, it is important to recognize that the extent of dependence on NTFPs is strong and its sudden withdrawal will severely affect the employment and income of the stakeholders. Therefore :
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1.
The studied Lodha community should be allowed to use NTFPs for their subsistence;
2.
Proper documentation of the existing NTFPs available in the forests is urgently needed;
3.
Encouraging the cultivation and conversation of these plants will also help to reduce malnutrition among the children and women of the Lodha community of the studied areas and will help in meeting the food need of the increasing population;
4.
Nutrition education for them to accept these plants in the daily dietary is a challenge put forth to the dietarians and nutritionists;
5.
Nutrition education programme/campaign through the ICDS workers, ASHA, ANMs, School Teachers, etc. to accept these edible NTFPs in their dietary system may be encouraged; and
6.
NTFPs having nutritive value may be used in the MID Day Meal Programme for the children and boys & girls attending ICDS Centres and schools respectively; and
7.
To reduce illegal felling of timbers, provision of training to the community members on alternative livelihoods options may be arranged.
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