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Third 2008 International Conference on Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology

A Study on Application of BIM(Building Information Modeling) to Pre-design in Construction Project Nam-Hyuk Ham1,a, Kyung-Min Min2,b, Ju-Hyung Kim3,c, Yoon-Sun Lee4,d , Jae-Jun Kim5,e Master Course, Dept. of Sustainable Architectural Enginr., Hanyang Univ., Seoul, Korea 3 Professor, College of Architecture, Tongmyong Univ., Busan, Korea 4 Research Prof., Dept. of Sustainable Architectural Enginr., Hanyang Univ., Seoul, 5 Professor, Dept. of Sustainable Architectural Enginr., Hanyang Univ., Seoul, Korea a [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], e [email protected] 1,2

Construction project pre-design phase is highly influential in setting the directions for the whole business and project to proceed. Thus, it is essential to collect and analyze enormous amount of data related to construction project. So far, the pre-design phase in a project was depending on experts’ experience and intuition. However, as construction projects become larger and more complex, the amount of related information and analyzed data increases. Therefore, the necessity arises for a plan that could directly support the pre-design phase. In this paper, BIM was suggested as a tool that will support the pre-design phase, and so the concept and role of pre-design BIM is defined. The framework of pre-design BIM simulation is composed using the international standard model IFC and how the pre-design BIM simulation system can support the process is illustrated.

making new decisions by related participants are insufficient by reusing and referring to information gathered, processed, saved on the project. This is because major planning relied on experiences and intuitions of few experts despite of many participants in planning phase with broad job scope and unclear. Therefore, there requires study on ways to support making major decisions by the participants, contractor and constructor, in planning phase. The concept of BIM (Building Information Modeling) is becoming important from the point of integrated management on information generated during the lifecycle of the building in advanced AEC (Architecture, Engineering, Construction) industries in the US, Finland. Therefore, this study aims to expand the concept of BIM as a tool supporting information to support planning and maintenance phase by expanding studies on BIM limited only in AEC and to present application plans.

1. Introduction

1.2. Methods and Procedures of Study

1.1. Background and Aim of the Study

The study was conducted in the following ways to present plans for supporting architectural planning using BIM. First, the study presented the changes in construction environments and the necessity of BIM application in architectural planning phase and methods of study. Second, the concept of BIM was defined presented as a tool to define architectural planning and analyze the trends of related studies and to support architectural planning from theoretical examination. Third, obtained the concept and roles of planning BIM by analyzing the concept of planning process and lifecycle BIM. Fourth, defined 3D unit space model based on the international standard IFC space model to support architectural planning using BIM and constructed

Abstract

Each phase of jobs directly affect the life-cycle of construction project, that is planning, design, construction, maintenance and the quantity of information generated from this is huge. As the construction projects at present day is getting bigger, complex thus the quantity of information increases exponentially and efficient management and use of this information is required. Currently, there are many studies to increase the efficiency of projects by managing this information and reusing useful information in construction project design and construction fields. However, studies on these project information is insufficient in planning and maintenance fields and planning phase is especially where major decisions on the project in general are made but

978-0-7695-3407-7/08 $25.00 © 2008 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ICCIT.2008.190

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information from contractor through collection and analyzing information into design from the viewpoint of project lifecycle.

simulation system that implements the roles of planning BIM based on the model. Finally, conclusion presented summaries on this study and future directions.

Table 1. Definition of Architectural Planning

2. Theoretical Examination

Researcher

Contents Study to use as a tool assisting knowledge model Aim to solve problems in architectural planning using GIS

2.1. Definition of Architectural Planning

Dong Jae Wook Defined as a function presenting direction and and 2 others guide of design through collection and analysis (2006) Def of information required in design as well as feasibility and economy of the project

Architectural Planning is planned frequently in each project but it’s not systematized due to lack of interests on planning duties. As the construction projects are getting bigger and complex the importance of architectural planning is in increase recently. The definition on architectural planning varies according to the aim of the studies and it is shown on Table 1. Dong Jae Wook and 2 others (2006) divided the planning phase of construction project into solving problems and information flow system, many decisions are made and explained by external environments in the planning phase as a problem solving and it is included as definite action expressed by knowledge system or methodology. Also, the planning phase as information flow has the information structure to convert information required by participants on many problems on the projects and information related with projects into new building information. Park Il Woo and 1 other (2001) said that the concept of domestic architectural planning matches with the concept of architectural planning in Japan that emphasize feasibility study and project operation plan and analyzed that “Architectural Programming” concept, “Pre-design” concept regarding planning as planning at pre-design phase in lifecycle that are being used in the US as rational and systematic design methodology. The definition on planning by Cherry (1999), the concept of construction framing is strong, defined problems that can be solved with design as studying and decision making procedures to prepare rational standard for selecting the most appropriate types of buildings by architects in pre-design phase and to obtain solutions on the range of projects and design standards through programming procedures. Park Han Gyu (1998) advised to prepare all information and data required for constructor to start designing through his study to apply practically architecture methodology. As the following table shows, the definitions on architectural planning are diverse and architectural planning can be summarized as a role of gathering necessary information in advance to perform construction projects and setting up the direction of project and as a pre-design phase for reflecting related

Aim Jang Sung Jun (2002)

Study to systemize by clearly dividing duties of each phase of building lifecycle

Defined planning phase ranges from the beginning of project to preparing guide for design phase from the viewpoint of project Def lifecycle and prepared job results through the participation of experts in various fields related with planning Aim

Study to clarify the concept of architectural planning

Defined the concept of feasibility study and Park Il Woo economic feasibility focusing on project and 1 other operation plans and a phase presenting the (2001) Def direction of design and setting up design conditions focusing on the concept of improving physical ability of buildings Aim

Presented the concept of planning as a methodological approach of architecture

Robert. G. Regarded planning as the first stage of Hershberger architecture and defined phases of setting goals (1999) Def of project, collecting information, extracting building requirements by reflecting the values of contractor, user and social value Aim Edith Cherry (1999)

Basic study for matching methodology with actual jobs

architecture

Defined as preparing information and data Def needed for starting designing and completing it by constructor

2.2. Advance study on architectural planning

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as

Defined problems that can be solved with design as research and decision making phase and it is Def defined as extracting solutions on design standard and clarifying the scope of project by constructor Aim

Park Han Gyu (1998)

Presented the concept of planning methodological approach of architecture

based methodology. Many cases for supporting decision making by participants by using those technologies and drawing control and site control are being discovered in the fields of architect and construction due to development of information technology but there are not many studies applying those information technologies at planning phase yet. Kim Chang Guk (1991) researched progresses of finding out problems arising at the beginning of design process and conceptualizing and presented basic methodology on modeling to execute those processes with computer, You Sang Wook and 1 other (1994) studies concepts on architectural processes to develop object oriented construction programming professional system and selected construction programming model and established theoretical conceptual model to construction system based on object oriented development methods. Dong Jae Wook and 2 others (2006) along with recent NGIS Project performed studies by dividing into information analysis phase through analysis on societies and natural environments and GIS analysis and feasibility analysis phase such as facility programming, feasibility study and business forecasting, and decision making phase based on comprehensive business plan and planned design. As seen so far, the duties of planning phase is unclear compared to design and construction fields and broad and there are many participants since it is the beginning phase of project lifecycle thus it is difficult to establish process and prepare plans for supporting planning duties. This study intends to use BIM (Building Information Modeling) concept which is becoming popular in AEC(Architecture, Engineering, Construction) industry as a supporting tool for comprehensively managing information generated during the lifecycle of buildings and for duties before designing phase.

A Architectural planning, from project life cycle viewpoint, is finding out the needs of construction participants related with project and finding out information on pre-design phase and it should be converted into useful information at design phase and provide tools for making decisions for contractor and architects. There needs to know about the scope and duties of planning to support making decisions as architectural planning phase, and supplementary means to control those information should be studied for using information at each phase of project well in lifecycle. Table 2 shows advanced studies on architectural planning and broadly divided into study to present architectural planning for clarifying the processes of planning phase and study on construction of knowledge structure on architectural planning and decision making system assisting planning. As shown previously, architectural planning can be defined diversely and the scope and contents of duties are diverse as well. There arises duplication of duties due to unclear planning duties and lacks cooperation between experts. A study by S Architecture Office on planning process for systematizing architectural planning stated that feasibility study is conducted before signing contract with the contractor and performed architectural planning after signing the contract but in reality, it was not able to present comprehensive planning model because feasibility study and construction is progressing at the same time thus it was difficult to apply in various situations. Gang Mi Sun (1997) considered the economical and social gains on contractor and architectural planning aspects in feasibility study with comprehensive viewpoints. However, it is limited by limiting planning in feasibility study side only. According to Architectural Planning Theory by Japanese Architect Academy (1992), planning process is composed of project proposal, planning condition analysis, planning from organization/administration/spatial/technology aspect, evaluation of plans and preparation but the procedures of planning duties on each phase are unclear and has difficult in controlling architectural planning in terms of construction project lifecycle. Kim Jin Woo (1996( and H Kim (2007) constructed knowledge structure of architectural planning for studies on construction of knowledge structure of architectural planning. Kim Jin Wook studies ways to extract essential knowledge in developing knowledge base meeting the characteristics of construction fields as a base step to develop knowledge base system in construction design field, H. Kim defined the relationship between object and object of buildings to support initial design phase, and constructed those concepts with ontology and presented knowledge

Table 2. Advance study on architectural planning Class

Researcher

Contents

Learn lessons through project analysis Gibsond and related with initial planning processes 3 others and proved positive relationship initial planning and (2006) between improvements in project results Presenting Architectural S Architect Planning Office Process (1998)

Performed feasibility study before signing contract with contractor and performed planning design in architectural aspects after signing the contract

Gang Mi Presented feasibility study models in Sun economic, social, architectural aspects (1997)

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Table 3. Definition of BIM

Discussed about concepts and Gibson and definitions at initial planning phase and 2 others presented process model analyzing (1997) functions of planning phase Composed of project proposal, Japanese planning condition analysis, planning Architect in aspects of Academy organization/administration/spatial/ (1992) technology, evaluation and preparation of plans H.Kim and 1 Construct space with building ontology other for supporting initial design Construction (2007) of Construct knowledge base Architectural development phase for developing planning Kim Jin knowledge base system in construction Knowledge Wook field and examined ways to extract Structure (1996) knowledge essential in developing knowledge base

Definition

NIBS (2007)

Provide parametric based model to reflect insertion, extraction, updating or altering physical, functional characteristics of building at each steps as needed throughout the processes to support cooperation among related parties

Gang Hyun Cheol and 1 other (2007) GSA (2006)

Performed studies by dividing into information analysis phase through analysis on societies and natural Dong Jae environments and GIS analysis and Wook and 2 feasibility analysis phase such as others facility programming, feasibility study (2006) and business forecasting, and decision making phase based on comprehensive business plan and planned design Decision Making System supporting Planning

Organization, Scholar

Lee Gang (2006)

Comprehensively manage and use information on all steps from planning to expiry through exchanging and sharing information according to projects, processes focusing on interoperation of information through the entire lifecycle of construction Refers to the entire processes of exchanging, reusing, controlling information generated during the lifecycle of building through object oriented artificial intelligent information model Comprehensively control all information and organization, duties and processes needed from the stage of planning for construction to its cycle of design, construction, maintenance and demolition

As seen from the above, the concept of BIM has developed from the points of integrated management of information thought the lifecycle of a building and its concept is being firmly established with the development of CAD. Picture 2 compares efforts and effects required to form BIM based on existing CAD system, object-oriented CAD system, parametric based CAD system. As shown in the picture, parametric based CAD system is most effective in forming BIM.

Defined the concepts on design processes for developing object oriented APES (Architectural You Sang Programming Expert System), selected Wook and 1 construction programming model and other set theoretical conceptual model to (1994) construct APES by integrating structure expert system based on object-oriented development methods Presented basic methods in modeling from problems arising in the beginning Kim Chang to conceptual modeling and till Guk execution in computer based on themes (1991) on design problems, design models, problem search and problem solving

2.3. BIM(Building Information Modeling) A According to (2006), there were many discussions on BIM at a conference held in 2005 and Eastman & Laiserin argued that BIM should be regarded as the entire process exchanging, reusing and controlling project information being generated during the lifecycle of buildings and not just simple Information model. The BIM concept defined from the aspect of integrated control of information generated during the lifecycle of building has stronger meaning as integrated control of processes through parametric modeling advancing from the concepts of existing 2D CAD, Object CAD model and the definitions of BIM are shown on Table 3.

Figure 1. BIM composition and CAD technology One building model is used through each participant and program per field to manage project information on the lifecycle of building and STEP, IFC, XML are being developed to interoperability of data in ISO(International Organization for Standardization) and IAI(International Alliance for Interoperability) to solve the problem of data compatibility. Especially, IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) of IAI integrates all objects of industry throughout the lifecycle of

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AEC/FM project thus compatibility between BIM exclusive program can be solved.

3. Concept and Role of Plan BIM 3.1. Concept of Plan BIM

Figure 3. Planning Supporting BIM

‘Tasks and Outlooks on constructing Korean BIM’ forecasted that interoperability and the importance of information exchanges between firms will increase as the steps of development increase as BIM development steps of BIM based on the results of researching European BIM market evolve into unit function BIM, job unit BIM, A/E step BIM, A/E/C step BIM, lifecycle BIM and presented that it should become lifecycle BIM integrating planning, designing, constructing, maintaining building. BIM refers to process comprehensively managing information being generated throughout the processes and not just simple information model. For planning phase, it is a phase where the first information is generated for integrated management along with the start of the project and generates basic information on design phase.

3.2 Roles of Plan BIM Job processes at planning phase can be defined according to the characteristic of projects. Planning duty is a process of extracting optimum Plan by comprehensively finding out information related with project and the role of Plan BIM should be defined on this line of thoughts. As defined previously, Plan Supporting BIM should be reflected initial data related with plans and requirements related with projects at initial space and Plan BIM with strong characteristics of initial project program as shown is developed into Building Model by going through design, construction, maintenance. Major roles and detailed duties of Plan BIM are shown on Table 4. Major roles of Plan BIM is supporting processes of collecting and analyzing data, process extracting optimum space plans reflected with requirements from contractor and project. Table 4. Role of Planning BIM Characteristics

Figure 2. Concept of lifecycle BIM Trelligence Affinity, US firm developing a system supporting initial design phase, called the tools containing those information as Program Model and these model include data at initial phase, requirements related with project (land, contractor), initial space plan which is the basic information at design phase and stated that this model evolves into Building Model gradually by going through conceptual design and execution design, construction and maintenance phases. As shown from the above, BIM supporting planning use Program Model containing information on general project and create initial BIM to manage project through acquiring, generating, reusing information throughout the lifecycle. The concept of Plan BIM is as follows.

Program Model

Roles

Detailed Duties -Feasibility Study -Research and Analysis on surround environments (social/nature) Data -Land analysis collection/ -Review legal validity Analysis (purpose, floor space, building space, height control) -Project costs analysis -Research/compare similar buildings -Maximum costs for contractor -Due Date management Managing -Requirements on the size of space Requirements -Space composition on building, purpose -Selection of finishing materials -Examine feature of building unit space -Set physical size of building -Extend/reduce building (complex) Space Plan -Layout of building -Review costs on space plan -Review regulations on space plan -Review space on contractor requirements

4. Plans for implementing supporting architectural plan using BIM

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Site inherits all attributes as Sub Object of unit space and has Address information as additional attribute.

4.1. Define unit building space model for supporting planning There requires a tool to contain architectural planning information to use on construction lifecycle usefully by collecting/analyzing information at planning phase, BIM required for supporting planning at initial project phase is space model containing initial data on project and contractor requirements thus it should contain attributes on definitions and usage, costs on unit space to be developed into Design BIM Model. This study constructed 3D Unit Space Model based on space model of IFC, international standard model. IFC Model being developed as standard BIM model in construction industries has broad range of expressing information and open-structure in expressing information thus has excellent advantage in expansion and application of BIM model. Unit space model for supporting architectural planning support is as follows.

Table 6. VC_Site Object Definition attribute

description

Global_ID

Object identifier

Name

Object name

Type

Object type

Placement

Object location information

Representation

Object shape information

Address

Address information

VC _Site

4.1.3. Building Building inherits all attributes as Sub object of unit space and has ground level and address information as additional attributes. Table 7. VC_Building Object Definition

VC _Building

attribute

description

Global_ID

Object identifier

Name

Object name

Type

Object type

Placement

Object location information

Representation

Object shape information

GL

Building height information

Address

Address information

4.1.4. Storey Storey inherits all attributes as Sub Object of unit space and has elevation value as an additional attribute.

Figure 4. 3D Unit Space Model 4.1.1. Unit Space

Table 8. VC_Storey Object Definition

Unit space, conceptual object, is defined as attribute contained commonly by all space objects. Table 5. VC_UnitSpace Object Definition

VC _UnitSpace

VC _Storey

attribute

description

Global_ID

Object identifier

Name

Object name

Type

Object type

Attribute

description

Placement

Object location information

Global_ID

Object identifier

Representation

Object shape information

Name

Object name

Elevation

Elevation information

Type

Object type

Placement

Object location information

Representation

Object shape information

4.1.5. Space Space inherits all attributes as Sub Object of unit space and has interior/exterior identifier and elevation height as additional attributes. Table 9. VC_Space Object Definition

4.1.2. Site

Attribute

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description

Global_ID Name

VC _Space

Type

Object type

Placement

Object location information

Representation

Object shape information Identifying internal and external space

Interior_Exterior Elevation_from _floor

identify additionally required interior and exterior and Elevation_from_floor displaying the height of elevation. Rough space planning can be planned through generated unit space.

Object identifier Object name

Height of space (based on level)

4.2. Planning Simulation using BIM This chapter presented prototype system showing how the system supports architect through planning simulation system platform through unit space created based on IFC.

Figure 6. Generation of Unit Space Model for planning space

4.2.1. Generation of Project

4.2.3. Reviewing Space Plan Space tree will be generated on navigation on the screen according to the types of project through unit space model and architect can set up space plan through those unit spaces. At this time, basic mass is generated according to land and regulations for reviewing unit planning and basic mass is generated by inheriting attributes of land. Architect needs to check the size of space and the relationship between spaces through unit space and can adjust appropriate size according to space. Also, space planning outside of basic mass can be derived through moving and expansion/reduction, alteration of spaces.

Figure 5. Generation of Project Picture 6 is the initial step of a project and this is where the types of project is decided and information related with projects such as location of land, contractor requirements is generated for the first time. When a location of land is decided than regulations on land will be automatically generated and user can define laws and regulations to consider and items related with regions, zones according to the characteristics of projects. For land, an attribute on address will be added on the previously constructed unit space model attributes. 4.2.2. Generation of Unit Space Model for planning space

Figure 7. Reviewing Space Plan

Architect classifies spaces according to purposes through researching and comparing existing similar buildings and calculates appropriate size according to project desired by contractor. Space for planning space plan inherits attributes of unit space and basically includes Global_ID an attribute to identify objects, Name an attribute displaying object name, Type displaying the types of object, Placement displaying location of object, Representation displaying the shape of object and additionally defines Interior_Exterior an attribute to

4.2.4. Cost Review Planning phase requires economical review as well and space information for designing. Costs per each space can be calculated when unit space model and costs are linked. Also, it is possible to calculate costs per storey, purpose according to the classification of unit space and space plan can be adjusted based on the total costs presented by the contractor.

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for construction project”, Collection thesis from Korean Architect Academy, Vol. 22, No. 9, 2006 pp. 101-110 [6] Park Il Woo, Park Young Gi, “Study on establishing the concept of architectural planning”, Collection thesis from Korean Architect Academy, Vol. 17, No. 8, 2001, pp. 67-74 [7] Park Han Gyu, “Study on using programming in architecture at Korean architect firms”, Collection thesis from Korean Architect Academy, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2006, pp. 69-80

Figure 8. Cost Review

[8] You Sang Wook, Jung Mu Woon, “Basic study on the development of professional system for construction programming”, Collection thesis from Korean Architect Academy, Vol. 10, No. 6, 1994, pp. 33-42

5. Conclusion This study aimed to present the concept of Plan BIM and its applications to support decision makings by participants of planning phase. It established the concept and role of Planning BIM efficiently supporting decision makings at planning phase through defining architectural planning and analyzing advanced studies, defining BIM, and studied the role of planning supporting BIM according to each situation by creating simulation screen to check how planning duties can be supported based on unit space model by establishing 3D unit space model based on space model based on IFC model by taking into account expendability and compatibility from the point of view from project lifecycle. Finally, there required studies to define the relationships between unit space models according to space formation and purposes, contractor requirements and it is believed that there needs studies on expansion of planning supporting BIM when we think that construction project planning will expand from building to complex, region, city units.

[9] Lee Gang, “Key technology for managing building lifecycle”, Collection of Thesis from Korean Architect Academy Seminar, 2006, pp. 145-149 [10] Japanese Architect Academy, “Architect Planning”,1992 [11] Jang Sung Jun, “Collection of lectures on architect planning”, Myungji University, School of Architect, 1998 [12] Jang Sung Jun, “Study on duty division of architects and job results”, Collection thesis from Korean Architect Academy, Vol. 18, No. 9, 2002, pp. 51-58 [13] Autodesk. Building Information Modeling in Practice. Press Releases White Paper, http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/se Rvlet/item/?siteID=123112&id=8127972, 2006 [14] G. E. Gibson, J.H. Kaczmarowski, H. E. Lore, “Preproject-Planning Process for Capital Facilities”, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 121, No. 3, 1995, pp. 312-318 [15] G. E. Gibson, Y. R. Wang, C. S. Cho, M.. P. Pappas, “Waht is Preproject Planning, Anyway?”, Journal of Management Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2006, pp. 35-42 [16] GSA Building Information Modeling Guide Series (01GSA BIM Guide Overview), 2006 [17] R. G. Hershberger, “Architectural Programming & Predesign Manager”, McGraw-Hill, 1999 [18] IAI Korea, Technology seminar and reports on activities, Construction Standard IFC, Advance construction, CAD&Graphics, 2006, pp. 50-51, http://iai.or.kr/ [19] H. Kim, F. Grobler, “Building Ontology To Support Reasoning In Early Design”, Computing in Engineering, 2007 [20] National BIM Standard Version 1.0-Part 1 : Overview, Principles and Methodology by NIBS, 2007 [21] http://ce.vtt.fi/iaiIFCprojects/ [22] http://www.trelligence.com

References [1] Gang Mi Sun, “Study on methods of analyzing FEASIBILITY at architectural planning phase”, Doctorate thesis for Seoul National University, 1997 [2] Gang Hyun Cheol, Lee Myung Shik, “Study on development of construction duty integration model through analysis on BIM cases”, Collection of Thesis from Korean Architect Academy Seminar, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2007, pp. 61-64. [3] Kim Jin Wook, “Study on Knowledge Acquisition method for developing architect knowledge base”, Collection thesis from Korean Architect Academy, Vol. 12, No. 6, 1996, pp. 47-62 [4] Kim Chang Guk, “Basic study on using Cad in construction programming environments”, Collection thesis from Korean Architect Academy, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1991, p. 3-8 [5] Dong Jae Wook, Go In Yong, Lee Hwa Ryong, “Case Study on using geographic information system in planning

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