Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CR. Complete ..... Radiosurgery of brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer 97â ...... Tractotomy 30. Tracking.
Abbreviations AAPM ABC ACA ACS AFP AJCC AP ASCO ASR AST AVM BCNU BED BEV BNI BT CA 19-9 CBD CBR CEA CGT cGy CI CK CL CNS 60 Co COPD CR 3D-CRT CT CTV DFI DNA 3DRA DRR DSA DVH EBRT EBV ECOG ED50 EPI ERCP
EUS 18 F FDA FDG FFD FLAIR FLT fMRI fOAR FOV FSD 5-FU fx GBM GITSG GK GTV Gy HAMDS HCC HDR HI HVL IAEA IARC
American Association of Physicists in Medicine Active breathing control Alive with cancer present American Cancer Society Alpha-fetoprotein American Joint Committee on Cancer Anterior-posterior American Society of Clinical Oncology Age-standardized incidence rate Aspartate aminotransferase Arteriovenous malformation 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-urea Biologically effective dose Beam’s eye view Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ Brachytherapy Cancer antigen 19-9 tumor marker Common bile duct Clinical benefit response Carcinoembryonic antigen Category generation task centigray (1cGy = 10-2 Gy) Conformality index CyberKnife Contralateral Central nervous system Radioactive isotope 60Cobalt Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Complete response 3D conformal radiation therapy Computed tomography (e.g., 4D-CT)
IL IMRT IORT J JNA KPS kV kg LDR LED LFT LGT Linac µSv mA MALT MAX-T MCI MCS
Clinical target volume Disease-free interval Deoxyribonucleic acid 3D Rotational angiography Digitally reconstructed radiograph Digital subtraction angiography Dose-volume histogram External beam radiation therapy Epstein-Barr virus Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Radiation dose producing a specified effect in the normal tissues of 50% of the study group Echo planar imaging Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 393
Endoscopic ultrasound Radioactive isotope 18Fluorine United States Food & Drug Administration Fluorodeoxyglucose Free form deformation Fluid attenuation inversion recovery Fluorothymidine Functional magnetic resonance imaging Functional organ at risk Field of view Focus-skin-distance 5-Fluorouracil fraction Glioblastoma multiforme Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group Gamma Knife Gross tumor volume gray (unit of absorbed dose) Hamilton depression score Hepatocellular carcinoma High dose rate (brachytherapy) Homogeneity index Half-value layer International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France Ipsilateral Intensity-modulated radiation therapy Intraoperative radiation therapy Jacobian matrix Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma Karnofsky performance status (or score) kilovolts (e.g., 130 kV X-rays) kilogram (1 kg = 103 g) Low dose rate (brachytherapy) Light emitting diode Liver function/liver blood chemistry test Letter generation task Linear accelerator microsievert (1 µSv = 10-6 Sv) milliamps (1 mA = 10-3 A) Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue Motion adaptive X-ray therapy Modified conformality index Mental component score
394
A B B R E V I AT I O N S
MDACC ML MeV mg MIR MNI MR MRI MRS MS MSKCC MU MV MVD N NCI NCI NED NPC NRC NSCLC NTCP NTD OAR OCD OCM ONSM PCI PCS PDD PET PG P-H PNET PR PS PSA PSS PTV PTW PVTT Ra RT
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX Medial-lateral million electron volts milligram (1 mg = 10-3 g) Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis Montreal Neurological Institute Magnetic resonance (e.g., 4D-MR) Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance spectrosopy Multiple sclerosis Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York Monitor unit million volts (e.g., 6 MV X-rays from a linear accelerator) Microvascular decompression Nodal stage (e.g., NO, N1, N2) National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD New conformality index No evidence of disease Nasopharyngeal carcinoma United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Non-small cell lung cancer Normal tissue complication probability Normalized total dose Organ at risk Obsessive-compulsive disorder Oral cavity mucosa Optic nerve sheath meningioma Prophylactic cranial irradiation Physical component score Percentage depth dose Positron emission tomography Parotid gland Post-herpectic Primitive neuroectodermal tumor Partial response Post-pharyngeal space Prostate-specific antigen Performance status scale Planning target volume Physikalisch-Technische Werkstätten Dr. Pychlau GmbH Portal vein tumor thrombosis Radium Radiation therapy
RTOG SD SF-12 SI SMA SMG SMV SPM SQT T T TACE TD TLD TN TN TNM TPS TRUS TURP QA SDD SEER SF2 SMART SRS Sv T1 TIPS TLD TMR TVL U UCLA UCSF USC V20 V95 VAS WBRT WHO YBOCS
Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Stable disease Short form health survey (12 item) Superior-inferior Superior mesenteric artery Submandibular gland Superior mesenteric vein Statistical parametric mapping Simple question task Tesla (as in a 1.5 T magnetic resonance scanner) Tumor stage (e.g., I, II, III, IV) Transhepatic arterial chemoembolization Target dose Thermoluminescent dosimetry Trigeminal neuralgia Thomson & Nielsen Tumor Nodal Metastasis staging system (e.g., T2N1M0) Treatment planning system Transrectal ultrasound Transurethral resection of the prostate Quality assurance Source-to-detector distance Surveillance Epidemiology & End Results program of the NCI Survival fraction at 2 Gy in a single fraction Synchonized moving aperture radiation therapy Stereotactic radiosurgery sievert (unit of equivalent dose or effective dose) Half-life Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt Thermoluminescent dosimetry Tissue maximum ratio Tenth-value layer Use factor University of California, Los Angeles University of California, San Francisco University of Southern California, Los Angeles Percentage of the total lung volume that received a dose of 20 Gy or less Percentage of the target volume receiving 95% of the prescribed dose Visual analog scale Whole brain radiation therapy World Health Organization Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive score
Author Index A
D
K
R
Damore S 117
Kang YN 279
Reynolds WE 97
Delp JL 133
Kim MS 347
Rodas RA 109
Archer JS 325
Dieterich S 51
Kim MC 23
Rodgers JE 41
Avanzo M 81
D’Souza MF 97, 325
King CR 315
Ryu MR 279
B
E
Koong AC 287
S
Bae SH 279
Engles C 97
Kresl JJ 363
Sakamoto GT 125
Balfour E 65
van der Est H 223
de Kruijf W 223
Sato K 109
Krummel TM 375
Scalchi P 71, 81
Adler JR xv, 3, 33, 109, 125, 187, 375
de Klerck E 223
Bellairs EE 301, 333 Berger BD 133
F
Berna E 81
Fink AS 333
L
Schwade JG 255, 301
Bowers DC 133
Francescon P 13, 71, 81
Lee TK 23
Sinclair J 125, 187
Brenner MJ 231
Schulz RA 375
Levendag PC 223
Singh A 65
Brown WT 255
G
Lim M 213
Stancanello J 71, 81
Burton SA 171
Gagnon GJ 65, 147, 161
Lin JC 199
Gerszten PC 171
Loeckx D 81
T
C
Gibbs IC 33, 125, 187, 213
Luketich JD 269
Teguh D 223
Casamassima F 81
Giller CA 133
Causin F 81
Goodman KA 287
M
Cavedon C 13, 71, 81
Gumerlock MK 97
Massoudi F 117
Thomson ES xvii Tsai ST 199
McRae DA 147, 161
V
Chehabi HH 117
H
Medbery CA 97, 325
Voet P 223
Chen HHW 199
Hahn ST 279
Meeuwis C 223
Vogel WJ 171
Chenery SG 117
Han JY 279
Morrison AE 97, 325
Cherlow J 117
Harriet V 97
Mould RF 3
Cho CK 347
Heijmen BJM 223
Choi BO 279
Henderson FC 147, 161
O
Woo RK 375
Choi IB 279
Hirschbein MJ 231
Ozhasoglu C 171
Wu X 255, 301
Choi JY 279
Hoogeman M 223
P
Y
Chang SD 33, 125, 187, 213
Christie NA 269
W White B 97
Collins BT 161
J
Parry C 97, 325
Yang GP 375
Colombo F 13, 81
Jang HS 279
Pennathur A 269
Yang J 255
Cora S 71, 81
Jung KW 279
Perman M 255, 301
Yang KM 347
Cotrutz C 315
Jung M 65
Yoo SY 347
Q
Yoon SK 279
Quinn AE 171
You HJ 347 Young MM 97, 325
39 5
396
Subject Index
A Accuracy and precision 72, 366 Acne vulgaris 4 Acoustic neuroma Assessment of trigeminal function 3 Clinical evaluation of results 28 First description 25 First resection 26 Gamma Unit 5, 20, 26 Hearing preservation rates 27, 26 Japan, results, CyberKnife fractionated radiosurgery 27 Long-term outcome 27 Patient selection 27 Pretreatment evaluation 27 and Schwannoma of the vestibular nerve 25 Stanford University, CyberKnife 25–32 Stanford University, frame-based radiosurgery, linear accelerator 35 Treatment plan 27, 29 Adenocarcinoma 57 Adler, John 3, 4, 33, 09, 25, 87, 364, 378, 379 Algorithms 9, 8, 83, 86 α/β ratio Evidence from brachytherapy, low dose rate and high dose rate 36 Late-responding and early-responding tissues see Linear-quadratic model Panreas tumors 309 Prostate tumors 36, 326 Radiosensitive and radioresistant cells 0 Variations 66, 0, 52 American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Topic Group reports TG-2 report 60 TG-5 report 60 TG-54 report 6 American Cancer Society 302, 348 American Joint Committee on Cancer, TNM staging 20 Amifostine, radiation toxicity prevention 280 Anatomy Functions of the spine 62 Orbital 233 Pancreas and surrounding structures 288 Anesthesia 42, 33, 35, 43 Angiography Angiograms 25, 84, 85, 89, 94 Angiographic time-series 84 Cone beam C-arm angiographic system 82, 83 Digital subtraction angiography 83 Hepatocellular carcinoma 282, 284 see Image fusion MR-angiography 84 Non-linear and linear distortion 83 3D Rotational angiography 9, 8, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90 3DRA and AVMs 8, 82 Animal experiments Amifostine, radiation toxicity prevention 280 Protons, cerebral tissue 4 Rat spinal cord models 66 Annandale, Thomas 26 Arteriovenous malformations
Angiogram 89, 94 Angiography follow-up 25 Case study, AVM of the cerebellum, Gamma Knife 37 Conservative dose prescriptions 36 Embolization 27, 87, 92 Microsurgical resection 87, 92 MR image 89 Natural history 87, 92 Obliteration rates 26, 88 Pathological groups, types I-IV 88 Patient selection 88 Post-treatment follow-up 92 Pretreatment evaluation 89 Risk for hemorrhage 88 Stanford University, CyberKnife 87–96 Surgical resection 27 and 3D Rotational angiography 8, 82 Thyroid gland, as critical structure in arteriovenous malformation treatment 9 Asia Arteriovenous malformations 24, 25, 26 Benign tumors 24, 26, 27 CyberKnife experience 30, 3 Depression 29 Extracranial radiosurgery 30, 3 Functional disorders 24, 26, 28 Gamma Knife 24, 26, 27, 28 see Hepatocellular carcinoma see Japan see Korea Linear accelerator-based radiosurgery 24, 25 Malignant tumors 24 Movement disorders 28 see Nasopharyngx, carcinoma Ocular disorders 24 Pancreas cancer, incidence 304 Spinal radiosurgery 30 Stereotactic radiosurgery of metastases from colorectal cancer 347–359 Symptomatic unresectable cavernous malformations, multiple bleeding episodes 27 see Taiwan Trigeminal neuralgia 28 Vascular disorders 24 Astrocytoma 09, 38, 40, 48 Aurora tumor tracking system 59, 60
B Baltimore, Sinai Hospital Stereotactic radiosurgery for orbital tumors 23–253 Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix Clinical comparison of CyberKnife & Gamma Knife radiosurgery systems 363–374 Becquerel, Henri 4, Benign tumors, see Individual tumors, diseases and disorders Biologically effective dose, see Radiation biology Biology, tumor see Individual pathologies see Linear-quadratic model
SU BJECT IN DEX
see Radiation biology Bladder, cancer External beam radiotherapy 8 USA, incidence and mortality, 2005 estimates 302 Bloomington, Central Ilinois Neurohealth Sciences High grade gliomas, magnetic resonance spectroscopy 09–6 Bombs, radium 6, 8, 9 Brachial plexus, dose tolerance 266 Brachytherapy Applicators 4 High dose rate brachytherapy 0, 224, 326 Interstitial techniques 3, 4, 224 Intracavitary techniques 4 Isodose distribution, high dose rate brachytherapy, prostate tumor 329 as Monotherapy for prostate cancer, 92Iridium high dose rate 37 Prostate tumors, α/β ratio evidence, high dose rate and low dose rate 36 Pulsed dose rate brachytherapy 224 see Radium Surface 3, 4, 9 Ultrasound-guided transperineal approach, prostate brachytherapy 326 Bragg peak 4 Brain, tumors see Acoustic neuroma Boost irradiation, radiosurgery, malignant glial tumors 27, 28 Case studies 02, 03, 372 Cerebral tumor radium applicator 9 see CyberKnife comparison with Gamma Knife Dose fractionation, brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer 97 External beam radiotherapy 8, 9, 98, 99, 0, 0 see Glioblastoma multiforme Gliomas, high grade 09–6 see Intracranial tumors Local control of metastatic brain tumors 28 Non-melanoma brain metastases 97 Prophylactic cranial irradiation 98, 02 Radionecrosis risk, correlation with tissue volume irradiated Radiosurgery of brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer 97–07 RTOG 85-28, phase I, dose escalation, accelerated hyperfractionation, brain metastases 98 RTOG 90-05, dose escalation, previously irradiated brain tumors 0 RTOG 9-04, phase III, evaluation of hyperfractionation, brain metastases 98 RTOG 93-05, radiosurgery followed by conventional RT compared to RT plus BCNU 0 RTOG 95-08, phase III, whole brain radiotherapy versus WBRT plus radiosurgery boost 99 Surgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone, solitary lesions 99 see Survival see Toxicity Whole brain radiation therapy 98, 99, 0 Breast cancer, USA, incidence and mortality, 2005 estimates 302 Breathing, tumor motion Active breathing control 52
397
Breath-hold 37, 5, 27, 28 see also Dynamic tracking of moving tumors Free breathing 5, 52, 53, 27 see also Respiratory motion see also Synchrony Bronchus, see Lung Brussels Cancer Institute 8
C Cancer see Epidemiology see Individual sites, tumors see Survival results of treatment Carotid cavernous fistulae 5 Case studies CyberKnife and Gamma Knife 369, 370, 37, 372 CyberKnife versus IMRT, prostate cancer 320, 32 see also Individual sites, tumors, diseases and conditions Pancreas tumors, 32 see Pediatric radiosurgery Pelvic tumor recurrence, CyberKnife 342, 343 Single-fraction spinal radiosurgery, CyberKnife 84, 85 Cataract risk 234, 235 Cavernous sinus, CT and FDG-PET images 87 Cervix uteri, cancer, intracavitary brachytherapy 4 Chemical hypophysectomy 28 Chemoradiation, see Individual tumor sites Chemotherapy, see Individual tumor sites Childhood, radiosurgery, central nervous system tumors, see Pediatric radiosurgery China, Guandong province, Hong Kong, nasopharyngeal carcinoma 200 Choline/creatine ratio 3, 4 Chrondrosarcoma 48, 57 Chordoma 48, 57, 82 Cleveland Clinic 5, 37 Clinical comparison of CyberKnife and Gamma Knife radiosurgery systems Accuracy 366 Advantages & disadvantages, Gamma Knife & CyberKnife 368 Anatomical targeting errors 367 Case histories 369, 370, 37, 372 Frame-based radiosurgery limitations 365 Possible sources of inaccuracy in frame-based radiosurgery 366 Possible sources of inaccuracy in image-guided radiosurgery 367 Preferred workload subdivision 372 Radiosurgery milestones over 50 years from Gamma Knife to CyberKnife 364 Stereotactic localization errors 367 Treatment, brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer 97-
07
Treatment delivery errors 367 Clinical trials Extracranial radiosurgery, phase I study 2 Lung cancer, phase I, radiosurgery 37 Phase I, RTOG 85-28, dose escalation, accelerated hyperfractionation, brain metastases 98 Phase II, RTOG 02-36, inoperable stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer, dose escalation 258
398
SU BJECT IN DEX
Phase III, RTOG 9-04, evaluation of hyperfractionation, brain metastases 98 Phase III, RTOG 95-08, whole brain radiotherapy versus WBRT plus radiosurgery boost 99 RTOG 93-, inoperable non-small cell lung cancer, dose escalation 258 Surgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone, solitary lesions 99 60 Cobalt Gamma Knife sources 0, 4 Teletherapy machines 5, 0, 5, 24 Collimators CyberKnife 45, 66, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 9, 55 Gamma Knife 4, 365 Multileaf 7, 8 Colombo, Federico 3, 5, 8, 364, 379 Colorectal cancer Bone metastases, spinal cord 354, 357 Brain metastases 353, 357 Complications of treatment 352 Epidemiology 348 Immobilization device 347, 350 Isodose distribution, para-aortic lymph node metastasis 356 Liver metastases 348, 355, 358 Local recurrences 348 Lung metastases 349, 354, 357 Lymph node metastases 356, 357 Operative morbidity 349 Organ motion 347 Prognostic factors 352, 353 Quality of life 349 Resection with curative intent 347, 348 Response rates 352, 357 Risk factors 348, 355 Stereotactic radiosurgery of metastases from colorectal cancer 347–359 Survival rates 348, 35 USA, incidence and mortality, 2005 estimates 302 Complications, see Toxicity Compton effect 78 Computed tomography CT-MRI fusion 7, 8, 90, 378 CT time series 8 4D-CT 5, 52, 57 see Individual tumor sites Invention and introduction of CT scanner, Hounsfield, EMI 378 Multi-slice CT scanners 57 PET-CT 85, 86, 87 Conformality indices Definitions 65, 66 Plans with and without dose objectives to functional areas of the brain 92 Spinal cord radiosurgery 55, 84 Cranial, tumors, diseases see Acoustic neuroma see Brain, tumors see Intracranial, tumors, diseases Craniopharyngioma 40 Cross-fire 3-2, 4 Curie, Marie and Curie, Pierre 4,
Cushing, Harvey 3, 26 CyberKnife see Clinical comparison of CyberKnife and Gamma Knife radiosurgery systems Energy spectrum 74 see Individual treatment sites, tumors, diseases and disorders Paths, nodes and beams 42, 43, 49, 78, 276 Radiosurgery for infants, schematic diagram 36 CyberKnife treatment room design Barrier materials 42, 43, 45, 47 Barrier thicknesses 45 Basic radiation shielding considerations 42 Dose equivalent ‘in-any-one-hour’ 46, 47, 48 Floor plan with maze barrier 44, 46 Frequency distribution of nodal average U values for different path types 49 Geiger counter or survey meter 47 General design considerations 4 Half-value layers 44, 47 Primary and secondary barriers, differing requirements 43, 44, 46 Radiation survey and evaluation of measurements 47, 48 Shielding calculation example 44–47 Tenth-value layers 43, 44, 45 Uncontrolled (public) and controlled areas 44, 45, 47 United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission requirements 46 Use factor 43, 44, 46, 48 Workload analysis 50 Cyclotron 4, 5
D Dandy, Walter 26 Danlos, Henri 4 Degrais, Paul 4, 5, 0 Depression 29 Diabetes 249 Digitally reconstructed radiographs 8, 9, 53, 56, 79 Dose distributions on CT and on 3D Rotational angiography 84 see Isodose distributions Dose escalation studies Conformal radiotherapy, 3D-CRT, lung tumors 27 Metastatic and primary liver tumors 37 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 207 Pancreas tumors 290, 307 Pelvic tumor recurrences 336 Phase I, RTOG 85-28, dose escalation, accelerated hyperfractionation, brain metastases 98 Phase II, RTOG 02-36, inoperable stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer, dose escalation 258 Prostate cancer 35 RTOG 90-05, dose escalation, previously irradiated brain tumors 0 RTOG 93-, inoperable non-small cell lung cancer, dose escalation 258 Dose fractionation Brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer 97, 0 Comparison of BEDs of high dose regimes and conventional fractionation, pelvic tumor recurrences 336 Early studies, Claudius Regaud, Institut du Radium, Paris 0
SU BJECT IN DEX
Glomus jugulare tumors 27, 29 Hepatocellular carcinoma 282, 283 High grade gliomas 2 Hypofractionation, localized prostate cancer, Stanford University 35–323 Lung tumors 257, 258 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 203, 204 Orbital tumors 232, 237, 238, 24, 247, 248, 249, 250 Pancreas tumors 290, 29 in Pediatric patients 36, 37, 39 Prostate tumors, summary of selected clinical series with different fractionation schemes 37 see Radiation biology Reliability of linear-quadratic model Single-fraction treatment for spinal tumors 7–86 Spinal tumors, radiosurgery, schedules 57 Dose prescription see Dose fractionation see Isodose line for prescription of dose Dose rate effect, see Radiation biology Dose-volume histograms Arteriovenous malformations 9 Brain metastases, radiosurgery 97 of fOAR and target 93 Monotherapy, prostate tumor, CyberKnife 32 Prostate cancer, CyberKnife and IMRT 32, 322 Spinal radiosurgery, tumor, spinal cord, esophagus 77 Dosimeters and detectors Calibrated integrating dosimeter for radiation protection surveys 47 Diodes 58, 72, 76, 78 Ionization chambers 7, 72, 76, 78 MOSFET, microMOSFET 58, 7, 72, 76, 78 Polarity effect 78 Radiochromic film 7, 72, 76 Solid state, diamond, detectors 7, 72, 73, 76, 78 Thermoluminescent 6 Dosimetry Accuracy and precision 72 Dosimetric beam characteristics, experimental results, Monte Carlo simulation 7–80 Ionization chambers 7 see Monte Carlo simulation Percentage depth doses 73, 76, 79 Tissue maximum ratios 7, 73, 75, 77, 79 Total scatter factors 72, 73, 76 Trigeminal neuralgia, pre-treatment phantom testing 20, 2, 22 Dynamic field shaping 8 Dynamic tracking of moving tumors Aurora tumor tracking system in CyberKnife suite, experimental set-up 59, 60 Correlation model between internal and external motion 55 Electromagnetic tracking 59, 60 Intra-fractional and inter-fractional changes in breathing patterns 55 Linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery 52, 53 Liver 52, 56 Lung 54, 56, 273
399
Orthogonal projection of 3D trajectories of 2 tumors in the lung 55, 56 Pancreas 52, 55 Planning target volume 5, 52, 58 Principle of 4D-CT 57 Prostate 52, 56 Quality assurance 60, 6 Robotic dynamic stereotactic radiosurgery 53 Synchrony patient set-up in CyberKnife suite 54 Treatment planning and dosimetry 58, 59
E Ear, see Hearing preservation Endometrium, cancer, USA, incidence and mortality, 2005 estimates 302 Energy spectra CyberKnife 74, 79 6 MV linear accelerator 74, 79 Ependymoma 40, 48, 57 Epidemiology Bone, primary tumors 48 Colorectal cancer 348 Liver, tumors 280, 28 Lung, tumors 98, 255 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 200 Pancreas cancer 287, 30–306 Spinal tumors 48, 6 USA, incidence and mortality, 2005 estimates 302 Epilation skin dose 6 Epilepsy 28 Escalation of dose, see Dose escalation Esophagus, cancer Dose tolerance 266 Dose-volume histogram, spinal radiosurgery 77 External beam radiotherapy 5, 8 USA, mortality, 2005 estimates 302 Epstein-Barr virus 200, 209 External beam radiation therapy Glomus jugulare tumor 24 Liver tumors 280 Lung tumors 256 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 202, 203 Orthovoltage X-ray therapy 4 Pancreas tumors 289, 290 Prostate cancer, high dose rate brachytherapy boost 326 Rotation therapy 5 of Spinal malignancies 48, 62, 73 see Teletherapy Tonsillar fossa and soft palate tumors 227, 228 Treatment planning CT, slow acquisition of images 56 Eye, see Orbital tumors
F FDG-PET and FLT-PET, pancreas cancer 294, 296, 297 Fiducial-less tracking, see Xsight Fiducials 20, 35, 37, 52, 53, 60, 53, 73, 74, 79, 90, 263, 264, 273, 28, 2
9, 295, 327, 338, 35, 378
Fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) image 3, 4 8 Fluorine, see FDG-PET Fluoroscopy 52, 55, 295 Fractionation
400
SU BJECT IN DEX
see Dose fractionation Hypofractionation, prostate tumors 37 Radiobiological models 66 at Stanford University 994–2004 34 Frame-based radiosurgery see Gamma Knife see Head frames, head immobilization Functional magnetic resonance imaging Activation map, left-handed motor task 90 Areas activated in motor, sensory and cognitive tasks 89 Echo planar imaging volumes 89 Functional organs at risk 89 Placing dose constraints for critical areas of the brain 8 Functional radiosurgery Asian experience 24, 26 see Movement disorders and their treatment see Pain Psychosis 3 Fusion, see Image fusion
G Gamma Knife in Asia 23, 24, 26 see Clinical comparison of CyberKnife and Gamma Knife radiosurgery systems see Collimators Concept 3, 4, 5, 3, 363 Gamma Knife Users’ Group, brain metastases 00 Gamma Unit 3, 4 see Individual treatment sites, tumors, diseases and disorders see Leksell, Lars Orbital tumors, dose levels and constraints 250 Pediatric radiosurgery 34 Prototype 0, 4 Gamma thalamotomy 4 Ganglioma 48 Gasserian ganglion, orthovoltage X-rays, Leksell 4 Gastrointestinal, tumors, see Liver, see Pancreas Gastrointestinal Study Group 289, 307 Geiger counter 47 Georgetown University, Washington DC CyberKnife radiosurgery for spinal tumors 47–60, 6–69 CyberKnife treatment room design 4–50 Dynamic tracking of moving tumors 5–63 In vitro assessment of radiation sensitivity 65–70 Germany University of Cologne 00 University of Heidelberg 5, 00, 364 Glasser, Otto 5 Glioblastoma multiforme Anaplastic astrocytoma, survival comparison 09 Natural hisatory of high grade gliomas Radioresistance 09 Vertebral body tumor 48 Glomus jugular tumors Conformal dose, petromastoid bone 24 CyberKnife radiosurgery, Stanford University 23–222 see Dose fractionation Gamma Knife 26 Linear accelerator, radiosurgery 26 Local control, literature review 25
see Paraganglioma Radiation therapy, historical review 24, 25, 26 Surgery 23 Toxicity 25, 28, 29 Tumor control and function preservation 35 Tumor regression 27 Grading system, points, spinal tumors, Georgetown University 64
H Hamilton depression score 30 Harvard University 4, 00 Head & neck, tumors, diseases and conditions Glomus jugulare tumors, CyberKnife radiosurgery, Stanford University 23–222 see also Individual tumor sites Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CyberKnife boost treatment 99–
22
PET imaging for radiotherapy 85 Head frames, head immobilization Boston children’s frame 34 Frame-based versus frameless radiosurgery , 26, 49 see Gamma Knife Gill-Thomas-Cosman frame 34 Laitinen stereoadapter 34 Limitations of frame-based radiosurgery 6, 232 Occipital and chin molds 34 Patient set-up for radiosurgery 7 Problems with pediatric patients 34 Stockholm and Uppsala 4 for Trigeminal neuralgia 22 Hearing see Acoustic neuroma Gardner-Robertson grading 30 Preservation 27, 26 Heart Coronary angioplasty 377 Dose tolerance 266 Stents 377 Helium ions 4 Hemangioma 48, 57, 82 Hepatic tissue ablation, general surgical application 383 Hepatocellular carcinoma Angiograms 282, 284 Breath-hold technique 28 CyberKnife management of primary hepatocellular carcinoma 279–286 Dose fractionation 282, 283 Epidemiology 280, 28 Intrahepatic vascular invasion 279 Liver function tests 282 see Liver, tumors Portal vein tumor thrombosis 30, 279, 282, 284, 285, 286 Procedure times, radiosurgery 28 Toxicity 285 Transhepatic arterial chemoembolization 282, 283, 284 Treatment response 279, 282, 283 Histology see Individual histologies of Spinal tumors 48, 49 Holfelder, Georg 7
SU BJECT IN DEX
Hong Kong, nasopharyngeal carcinoma 200 Homogeneity index see Conformity indices Maximum dose/prescribed dose 66 Hôpital St. Louis, Paris 4 Hounsfield, Godfrey 378 Hypertichosis 4 Hypofractionation see Dose fractionation Localized prostate cancer, Stanford University 35–323 Pancreas tumors 308
40
207, 26, 232, 256, 307, 36, 320, 32
Treatment plans, with and without dose objectives to functional areas of the brain 92 Intramedullary spinal cord arteriovenous malformations, see Arteriovenous malformations Inverse planning 9, 9, 232 92 Iridium, prostate cancer, high dose rate brachytherapy 37, 329, 330 Ischemia 87 Isodose Origin of the term 6 Shaping 7, 56 Isodose distributions Case study, progressive residual tentorial meningioma, CyberKnife 370 Chicago, 99, 50 kV X-rays, point doses 6 Generated with and without dose constraints to fOAR 92 Glomus jugular tumor 24, 28 Lung tumor 276 Lung tumors, comparison of different stereotactic radiosurgery delivery methods 262, 263 Nasopharynx cancer, boost, CyberKnife 35, 204 Neck nodes, major salivary glands 226 Pancreas tumor 292, 3 Para-aortic lymph node metastasis for colorectal cancer 356 Pelvic tumor recurrence, cervical cancer, CyberKnife 34 Prostate tumor, CyberKnife monotherapy 328 Spinal tumor radiosurgery 55, 56 Tonsillar fossa tumors 229 Isodose line for prescription dose definition Arteriovenous malformations 90 Brain metastases 97, 0, 02, 03 Glomus jugulare tumors 27 Hepatocellular carcinoma 279, 283 High grade gliomas 2 Lung tumors 26, 275 Pancreas tumors 309, 30 Soft palate tumors 227 Spinal tumors 55, 56, 64, 77, 90 Tonsillar fossa tumors 227 Italy Clinic Flaminia, Rome 00 see Colombo, Federico see Vicenza, San Bortolo Hospital
protocol 75, 79
J
I Image deformation 20 Image fusion CT and 3D rotational angiography 82, 83, 84, 90 CT time series, non-rigid registration 86, 87, 88 CT-MR, treatment planning 9, 8, 82 CT-MRI, arteriovenous malformation 90 CT-MRI, trigeminal neuralgia 7, 8 Fused 3DRA-CT dataset, sagittal, axial and coronal sections 83 with Magnetic resonance spectroscopy 3, 4 PET-CT 85, 86, 87 Image registration, see Registration Imaging, image guidance see Computed tomography see CyberKnife radiosurgery technique for individual tumors, diseases and disorders Fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) image 3, 4 see Functional magnetic resonance imaging History, head frames to image guidance 3–22 see Magnetic resonance imaging see Positron emission tomography Prostate tumors, need for image-guided radiotherapy and guidelines for PTV margins 39 see Registration Specialized imaging techniques for CyberKnife treatment planning 8–94 Incidence of cancer, see Epidemiology Institut du Radium, Paris 4, 0 Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) 43, 5, 52, 53, 59, 78, International Atomic Energy Agency, technical report number 398, International Registry of Lung Metastases 257 Intracranial, tumors, diseases see Acoustic neuroma see Brain, tumors Category generation task 9, 93 Craniopharyngioma 5 see Functional magnetic resonance and Gamma Knife 4 Letter generation task 9, 93 Meningioma 20, 27 Pinealoma 5 Pituitary adenoma 5, 6, 27 Prescribed doses 28 Simple question task 90, 9 Stanford University experience 34, 35, 09 Survival rates 28
Jacobian matrix 87 Japan Hokkaido University 00 Jiro Suzuki Memorial Clinic 00 Komaki City Hospital 00 Konan St. Hill Hospital, Ube City 25 Liver tumors 280 Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo 00 Okayama Kyokuto Hospital 09, 2 Osaka University 00, 0 Tokyo Metropolitan Komagone Hospital 00 University of Tokyo Hospital 23
K Karnofsky performance score 99, 2 Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 3, 6, 0, 4, 00, 26
402
SU BJECT IN DEX
Kidney and renal pelvis, USA, incidence and mortality, 2005 estimates 302 Kienböck, Robert 8 Kjellberg, Raymond 4, 5 Korea Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University 25 Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences 347–359 St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 23–32, 279–286 Ulsan University 23, 24, 00
L Larynx, cancer External beam radiation therapy 8 Treatment by Claudius Regaud, fractionated radiation 0 Leiomyosarcoma 58 Leksell, Lars 3, 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 23, 26, 364, 377, 378 Leukemia, USA, incidence and mortality, 2005 estimates 302 Linear accelerator Acoustic neuroma, Stanford University, frame-based linear accelerator 35 see Collimators see Colombo, Federico Dynamic field shaping 8 First megavoltage linear accelerator, Stanford 33 Heidelberg, Germany, radiosurgery method 5 Locations in Asia, radiosurgery 26 Motion adaptive X-ray therapy, dynamic radiosurgery 52 see Multileaf collimators Novalis 25 Scanning beam techniques 8 Seoul, Korea, radiosurgery, AVM 23 Spinal radiosurgery 72 Synchronized moving aperture radiation therapy, dynamic radiosurgery 52, 53 Vicenza, Italy radiosurgery method 5, 6 X-band, CyberKnife 3, 33, 53 X-Knife 25 Linear-quadratic model see α/β ratio Comparison of BEDs of high dose regimes and conventional fractionation, pelvic tumor recurrences 336, 337 Comparison to data from V69 treatment prolongation studies 67 and Exponential model, single fraction radiosurgery High grade gliomas, radiosurgery 2 Lung tumors 258 see Radiation biology Rectal dose-volume goals, prostate cancer treatment 39 Reliability with Special reference to spinal cord tolerance dose 52 Liver, tumors see Colorectal cancer metastases see Hepatocellular carcinoma Dose escalation study, Stanford University 37 Epidemiology 280, 28 and Intrahepatic bile duct, USA, mortality, 2005 estimates 302 and Synchrony, metastatic liver tumor 37 Lung tissue ablation, general surgical application 38 Lung, tumors
Body frame, stereotactic radiosurgery, lung 273 Conformal radiotherapy, 3D-CRT 270 Division of lung into three regions for evaluation 260 Dose escalation 258, 27 Dose fractionation 257, 258 Epidemiology 98, 255 Evolution of radiation techniques 269–273 External beam radiation therapy, local failure rates 37 Fusion image, FDG-PET with CT 86 IMRT 256 Indications for radiosurgery 256–257 Linear-quadratic modeling 258 Lung metastases 257 Non-small cell lung cancer 256, 257 Patient selection 259, 275 PET imaging for radiotherapy, non-small cell lung cancer 85 Phase II, RTOG 02-36, inoperable stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer, dose escalation 258 Pretreatment with amifostine, radiation toxicity prevention 260 Radiosurgery of brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer 97–07 RTOG 93-, inoperable non-small cell lung cancer, dose escalation 258 Set-up errors 27 Stanford University phase I study 37 Stereoactic radiosurgery for lung tumors 255–268, 269–278 Survival rates 256, 270, 27 see Synchrony Toxicity 37, 258, 260, 269, 270 Treatment planning 263, 264, 265, 266 Tumor localization 263 Tumor mobility 27 USA, incidence and mortality, 2005 estimates 302 Lupus vulgaris 4 Lymph nodes Isodose distribution 226 Pathological, identification using PET scanning 85 Lymphoma, orbital 233–237
M Magnetic resonance imaging Follow-up MR imaging 97, 28, 37, 38, 39, 65, 92, 204, 27 4D-MR 5, 55 see Functional magnetic resonance imaging see Image fusion MR-angiography 84 MR spectroscopy, high grade gliomas 2–4 Martinez, Alvaro 326 Mayneord, Valentine 6 McBurney, Charles 26 M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Pancreas cancer, preoperative chemoradiation 293 Radiosurgery, brain metastases 00 Medulloblastoma 39, 40 Melanoma Case study, metastatic melanoma to the left pons, CyberKnife 369 Skin, USA, incidence, 2005 estimates 302 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York Radiosurgery, brain metastases 00
SU BJECT IN DEX
Radium bomb 6 Spinal cord doses 354 Meningioma 2, 20, 40, 48, 57, 82, 240, 24, 242, 369, 370 Miami, CyberKnife Center of Miami Cancer of the pancreas with special reference to epidemiology and radiosurgery 30–33 Stereoactic radiosurgery for lung tumors 255–268 Microsurgery 6, 27, 87 Middlesex Hospital, London 6 Monotherapy for prostate cancer, 92Iridium high dose rate brachytherapy 37 Monte Carlo simulation for Beam calibration under reference conditions 74, 78 BEAM code 72 CyberKnife X-ray spectrum, CyberKnife 60 mm collimator 43 Dosimetric beam characteristics, experimental results, Monte Carlo simulation 7–80 for Scatter factors 74 Tissue maximum ratios, measured and calculated 75, 77 Total scatter factors 76 Tuning of beam parameters 73, 74, 76 Montreal Neurological Institute neurological atlas 89, 9 Mortality from cancer, see Epidemiology Motion tracking, real-time Dynamic tracking of moving tumors in stereotactic radiosurgery 5–63 see Respiratory motion see Synchrony Movement disorders and their treatment Gamma Knife 28 Pallidotomy 28 Parkinson’s disease 28 Protons 4 Thalamotomy 28 Multileaf collimators 7, 8, 52, 232 Multiple myeloma, USA, mortality, 2005 estimates 302 Multiple sclerosis, trigeminal neuralgia 2 Myelitis, radiation 66 Myelopathy 78, 79
N Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, juvenile 30 Nasopharynx, cancer Age-standardized incidence rates 200 American Joint Committee on Cancer, TNM staging 20 Chemotherapy 202 Critical structures, doses 205 Dose fractionation 203 Epidemiology 200 and Epstein-Barr virus 200, 209 External beam therapy 20, 202 Failure patterns and survival 205 Historical footnote, 896 X-ray treatment for pain 209 IMRT 207 Intracavitary brachytherapy 4 Local control and T-stage 20 Local control rates, literature review 202 Pretreatment evaluation 20 Radiosensitivity 20 Salvage treatment 20
403
Survival rates 20, 206, 207 Stanford University, CyberKnife radiosurgery boost 35 Taiwan, CyberKnife radiosurgery boost 99–2 Toxicity 204, 205 National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan CyberKnife radiosurgery as a boost treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma 99–22 Necrosis, see Toxicity Netherlands, The Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, organ preservation, tonsillar fossa & soft palate tumors 223–230 Neurofibroma 27, 48, 82 Neuroma, see Acoustic neuroms Neurotron 00, prototype CyberKnife 33 Nevus 4 Newport Diagnostic Center, Newport Beach Trigeminal neuralgia, CyberKnife clinical outcomes 7–23 Non-Hodgkins lymphoma, USA, incidence and mortality, 2005 estimates 302
O Ocular disorders, see Orbital tumors Oklahoma City, Frank C. Love Cancer Institute CyberKnife monotherapy for prostate cancer 325–33 Radiosurgery of brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer 97–07 Oligodendroglioma 48 Optimization, see Treatment optimization Orbital tumors Anatomy 233 Cataract risk 234, 235 Contouring of tumors and critical structures 249 Cornea 232, 233 CT image-guidance 248 Cutaneous eyelid and adnexal malignancies 245 Dose fractionation 232, 237, 238, 24, 247, 248, 249, 250 Lacrimal gland 232, 233 Lens 232 Lymphoma 233, 234, 235, 236, 237 Malignant lacrimal tumors 245 Ocular motility 246, 247 Opthalmologic examination, pretreatment 248 Optic nerve 232, 233 Optic nerve sheath meningioma 240, 24, 242 Orbital lymphangioma 245 Orbital metastases 242, 243, 244 Pseudotumors 238, 239, 240 Radiation tolerance, orbital tissues 23, 232, 250, 246 Reduction of complications 235 Retina 232, 233, 249 Tissue diagnosis 247 Vestibular schwannoma 246 Organ motion, prostate 39 Ovary, cancer, USA, incidence and mortality, 2005 estimates 302
P Pain Bone 49, 6 Gamma thalamotomy 4 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, historical, 896 X-ray treatment 209 see Quality of life
404
SU BJECT IN DEX
Relief of pain 62, 67, 86, 209 Thalamic pain syndrome 28 see Trigeminal neuralgia Pallidotomy 28 Pancreas, tumors Anatomy 288 Case studies 32 Chemotherapy and radiotherapy combined 307 Critical structures 296 CyberKnife technique 309 Diagnosis 305 Dose escalation 290, 29, 307 Dose fractionation 294, 308, 3 Dose hetereogeneity 296 Epidemiology 287, 30–306 External beam radiation therapy 289, 307 FDG-PET and FLT-PET 294, 296, 297 Guidelines for dose limitation to duodenum, liver and kidneys 309 Intraoperative radiation therapy 290 Locally advanced disease 289 Metastatic pancreatic cancer, CyberKnife radiosurgery 293 Natural history 304 Neoadjuvant therapy, resectable pancreatic cancer 293, 294 Pancreaticoduodectomy 294 Patient selection 308 PET-CT simulation 295 Phase I/II studies 290 Preoperative treatment approach, advantages 294 Response 297, 3 Risk factors 304 RTOG studies 290 Staging 288 Stanford University, CyberKnife radiosurgery for pancreatic cancer 287–299 Surgical management 287, 288, 289, 306 Survival rates 288, 289 and Synchrony 36, 295 Toxicity 29, 30 Tumor volume 296 USA, incidence and mortality, 2005 estimates 302 Pancreatic tissue ablation, general surgical application 384 Paraganglioma, see also Glomus jugulare tumors 82, 23 Parkinson’s disease 28 Pathology Arteriovenous malformations, types I–IV 88 of Spinal tumors, 48, 59 Patterns of Care Survey results 98 Pediatric radiosurgery Anesthesia 34, 35, 43 Boston children’s frame 34 Case studies Consent 35 Dose fractionation 36, 37, 39 Dose magnitude 36 Follow-up results by tumor type 40 and Gamma Knife 34 Hypofractionation 37 Imaging and tracking 36 Immobilization 36
Patient selection 34, 35 Toxicity, radionecrosis 37, 42 Pelvic tumors, recurrent Case study 342, 343 Comparison of BEDs of high dose regimes and conventional fractionation 336, 337 Dose fractionation 333 Dose prescription 339 Follow-up assessment 340, 342 Isodose distribution, recurrent cervical cancer 34 Local control 342 Management strategies 335 Patient selection 337 Pretreatment investigations 338 Primary tumor recurrence sites 333 Prognosis 335 Radiosurgery for recurrent pelvic tumors 333–345 Rationale for stereotactic methods 336 Toxicity 333, 340 Treatment delivery 339 Treatment planning 338 Petromastoid bone 24 Phantoms see Dosimetry see Quality assurance Pharynx, tumors External beam radiation therapy 8 see Nasopharynx Phase I, II, III studies, see Clinical trials Phoenix, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital & Medical Center Clinical comparison of CyberKnife and Gamma Knife radiosurgery systems 363–374 Photographic film dosimetry, Kienböck strips 9 Photodynamic therapy 269 Pineoblastoma 40 Pittsburgh, University of CyberKnife radiosurgery single-fraction treatment for spinal tumors 7–86 987 Gamma Knife installation 24 Stereotactic radiosurgery for lung tumors 269–278 Pituitary 4, 5, 6, 28, 24 Planning, see Treatment planning Portal vein tumor thrombosis 30, 279, 282, 284, 285, 286 Positron emission tomography FDG-PET and FLT-PET, pancreas cancer 294, 296, 297 FDG-PET images 86, 87, 296, 297 Identification of pathological lymph nodes 85 Imaging for radiotherapy, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, head & neck cancer 85 PET-CT scanner 85 PET-CT simulation, pancreas cancer 295 Prescribed doses see Dose fractionation see Individual treatment sites, tumors, diseases and disorders Prescription isodose, see Isodose line for prescription dose definition Prostate tissue ablation, general surgical application 383 Prostate, tumors Advantages of CyberKnife , treatment with lower urethral doses than brachytherapy 327
SU BJECT IN DEX
α/β ratio 36, 326 Brachytherapy monotherapy for prostate cancer 37 Case study, CyberKnife versus IMRT 320, 32 CyberKnife monotherapy for prostate cancer 325–33 Dose escalation 35 Dose regimen proposals, hypofractionation 38 Dose-volume histograms 32, 322, 327 High dose rate brachytherapy, isodose distribution 329 Hypofractionation 38, 35–323 Isodose distribution, CyberKnife monotherapy 328 Localized prostate cancer, hypofractonation, Stanford University 35–323 Need for image-guided radiotherapy and guidelines for PTV margins 39 Organ motion 39 PET imaging for radiotherapy 85 Prostate-specific antigen 36 Radical prostatectomy 322 Rectal dose-volume goals 39 Set-up errors 39 Summary of selected clinical series with different fractionation schemes 37 and Synchrony 38 Toxicity 325 Treatment plan comparison, CyberKnife versus IMRT 32 Treatment planning, CyberKnife monotherapy 327 USA, incidence and mortality, 2005 estimates 302 Protons 4, 364 Psychological disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder 30 Refractory major depression 29, 30 Pulmonary function parameters 27
Q Quality assurance Anthropomorphic phantoms 6 see Dosimeters Dynamic tracking of moving tumors in stereotactic radiosurgery 60, 6 of Image registration procedures 93 Trigeminal neuralgia, pre-treatment phantom testing 20, 2, 22 Quality of life see Karnofsky performance score Mental component score 65 Metastatic spinal tumors 6 see Pain Physical component score 65 Resolution of trigeminal neuralgia 22 Short form health survey, 2-item 65 Spinal tumors, post-treatment 65, 67
R Radiation biology see α/β ratio see Animal experiments Biologically effective dose 66, 0, 52, 37, 38, 336 and Brachytherapy for prostate cancer 36 Cell survival studies 68, 69, 49, 63 Comparison of BEDs of high dose regimes and conventional fractionation, pelvic tumor recurrences 336
405
see Dose fractionation Dose rate effects 66, 67, 68 Dose rate prediction for the CyberKnife 67 Early studies, Claudius Regaud, Institut du Radium, Paris 0 Erythema, skin 5 Hypoxia 70, 258 In vitro assessment of radiation sensitivity to CyberKnife radiosurgery 65–70 see Linear-quadratic model Normal tissue complication probability 272 Prostate tumors, hypofractionation 37 Radiation tolerance, spinal cord 64 Rationale for fractionating radiosurgery 49–53 Repair, reassortment, recruitment [repopulation] and reoxygenati on 0, 47, 50, 5 Self-exposure experiments with radium 4 Single-fraction radiosurgery, clinical efficacy 49 Summary of selected clinical series with different fractionation schemes, prostate cancer 37 see Toxicity Volume effect Radiation protection, see CyberKnife treatment room design Radiation sensitivity, see Radiation biology Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Acute and late morbidity grading , 285, 286 Brain tumors, radiosurgery 97 Conformity index 65 Proposed dose tolerances, spinal cord, esophagus, trachea, heart, brachial plexus 266 RTOG 85-28, phase I, dose escalation, accelerated hyperfractionation, brain metastases 98 RTOG 90-05, dose escalation, previously irradiated brain tumors 0 RTOG 9-04, phase III, evaluation of hyperfractionation, brain metastases 98 RTOG 93-05, radiosurgery followed by conventional RT compared to RT plus BCNU 0 RTOG 95-08, phase III, whole brain radiotherapy versus WBRT plus radiosurgery boost 99 RTOG 02-36, phase II, inoperable stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer, dose escalation 258 Radiobiology, see Radiation biology Radiofrequency Ablation 269, 280 Pallidotomy 28 Thalamotomy 28 Radionecrosis, see Toxicity Radiosurgery see Fractionation Functional radiosurgery 3, 6 Indications 6 see Individual treatment sites, tumors, diseases and disorders Limitations of frame-based radiosurgery 6 Literature survey, brain metastases 00 see Pediatric radiosurgery Radium Applicators 4 see Bombs, Radium see Brachytherapy Cerebral tumor applicator 9
406
SU BJECT IN DEX
Discovery 4, Dosimetry 8, 9 see Institut du Radium, Paris Intracavitary brachytherapy 4 Needles 3, 4, 2 Random errors 5 Rectal dose-volume goals, prostate cancer treatment 39 Rectum, cancer, see Colorectal tumors Recurrent pelvic tumors, see Pelvic tumors, recurrent Regaud, Claudius 0 Registration by Affine registration 83 Automatic between 3DRA and CT 82 using B-splines ‘free form deformation’ 87 CT time series, non-rigid registration 86 Deformation of lower lung region, floating and reference studies 88 Quality assurance 8, 93 Rigid mutual information based algorithm 85 Superposition of floating and reference studies before and after non-rigid registration 88 Volumetric, mutual information-based algorithm 8 Respiratory motion see Dynamic tracking of moving tumors and Fiducial tracking 20 Gastrointestinal tumors 36 and Lung tumor motion 27 Mapping displacement of target and organs at risk 87 Respiratory gating techniques 272 see Synchrony Rhabdoid tumor 40, 4 Robots see various entries for CyberKnife Robodoc 376 Robot correction for patient roll and pitch rotation, and yaw 53 da Vinci system 376 Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center Organ preservation of tonsillar fossa & soft palate tumors 223–230 Royal Cancer [later Marsden] Hospital, London 5, 6, 24
S Saint Paul, St. Joseph’s Hospital Cancer of the pancreas with special reference to epidemiology & radiosurgery 30–33 Radiosurgery for recurrent pelvic tumors 333–345 Salivary glands 226 Scanning beam techniques 8 Schwannoma of the vestibular nerve see Acoustic neuroma Case study, recurrent melanotic spinal schwannoma 37 Spinal tumor 48, 57, 82 Treatment results, CyberKnife radiosurgery, Japan 27 Sciatic neuralgia, radium therapy 3, 4, 0 Seizures 28 Sensitivity, radiation Dose rate variation within tumors 67 Inter-tumor variance 67
Intra-tumor variability 67 Micro-environmental variation within tumors 67 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 20 see Radiation biology Seoul, Korea CyberKnife management of primary hepatocellular carcinoma 279–286 Radiosurgery experience in Asia 23–32 Stereotactic radiosurgery of metastases from colorectal cancer 347–359 Shielding, see CyberKnife treatment room design Side effects, see Toxicity Skin cancer, radium therapy 4 Skin erythema 5 Soft palate tumors IMRT, neck nodes, dose distribution 226 Organ preservation, CyberKnife radiosurgery, Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center 223–230 Planning target volume, critical normal tissues, mean doses 227 Protocol, organ preservation, CyberKnife, brachytherapy, IMRT 228 Submaxillary gland transfer 224, 225, 226, 228 Xerostomia 224 Spectroscopy, see Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spinal cord Arteriovenous malformations, spinal cord, CyberKnife 87–96 Decompression 80, 83 Dose-volume histogram 77 Radiation tolerance 64, 78 see also Spine Spine, tumors see Arteriovenous malformations Biological modeling 5, 52, 53 Bone pain 49, 65 Case study 84, 85 Clinical measures of response 65 Complication of treatment 49, 59 CT image-guidance 72, 74, 75 CyberKnife limitations 58 Dose fractionation schedules 57, 78 Face mask 7 Fiducials 53, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80 Georgetown University 47–60, 6–69 Grading system, Georgetown University 64 Indications 8 Intradural meningioma, case study 57 Isodose distributions 55, 56, 77 Literature review79, 80 Pain relief 67, 68, 86 Pathology 48 Presacral leiomyosarcoma, case study 58 Pretreatment CT images 76 Pretreatment MR images 75, 80 Previously irradiated spines, treatment 6–69 Quality of life, post-treatment 65, 83 Rationale for radiosurgery 49 Simulation 54, 72 Single-fraction treatment, CyberKnife 7–86 Stanford University 35, 87–96 Surgery 48
SU BJECT IN DEX
Survival 49, 66 Tracking images, fiducials, titanium hardware 53 Treatment delivery, CyberKnife 8 Treatment planning 54, 74, 75, 76 Tumor volume distribution 54 University of Pittsburgh experience 7–86 Stanford University see Adler, John Acoustic neuromas, CyberKnife radiosurgery 25–32 Arteriovenous malformations, spinal cord, CyberKnife radiosurgery 87–96 with Bloomington and Okayama, gliomas, magnetic resonance spectroscopy 2–4 Brain metastases, CyberKnife radiosurgery 00 CyberKnife 994–2004 experience 33–38 Glomus jugulare tumors, CyberKnife radiosurgery 23–222 Hypofractionated radiotherapy, localized prostate cancer, CyberKnife 35–323 Nasopharynx carcinoma, CyberKnife boost 35 Origin of the CyberKnife 3 Pancreastic cancer, CyberKnife radiosurgery 287–299 Recycling the past at Stanford 0 Robotic radiosurgery for the general surgeon 375–390 Step-and-shoot 5, 320 Stereotactic radiosurgery Asian experience 23–32 History, head frames to image guidance 3–22 see Individual centers and universities see Individual treatment sites, tumors, diseases and disorders see Pediatric radiosurgery see Radiosurgery Surgery Acoustic neuromas, resection 25, 26 Brain tumors, resection 28 Cholecystectomy 376 Colorectal cancer, resection with curative intent 347, 348 Early stage primary lung cancer 37 General surgical applications of radiosurgery 38–388 Glomus jugulare tumors 23 Hepatic tissue ablation 383 Laparoscopy 375, 376, 377 Liver tumors 280 Lung tissue ablation 38 see Microsurgery Neck dissection 224, 228 Pancreas tumors, management 287, 288, 289, 306 Pancreatic tissue ablation 384 for Pelvic tumor recurrences 335 Prostate tissue ablation 383 Radical prostatectomy 322 Robotic radiosurgery for the general surgeon, Stanford University 375–390 of Spinal malignancies, risk 48 Submaxillary gland transfer 224, 225, 226, 228 Survival results of treatment Brachytherapy HDR boost, brain tumors 0 Brain tumors 97 Glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma, survival comparison 09 see Individual tumor sites
407
Literature survey, brain metastases 00 Lung cancer 256, 270, 27 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 20, 206, 207 Spinal tumors 49, 66 Surgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone, solitary lesions 99 Synchrony respiratory tracking system and Gastrointestinal tumors 36 Infrared detector set 42 Liver 37, 56 Lung 54, 264, 266 Pancreas 36, 55, 295, 296 Patient set-up in CyberKnife suite 54, 38 Prostate 38, 56 Synchronization of linear accelerator movement with tumor displacement 86 Tight-fitting elastic harness for patient 53
T Taiwan Boost treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CyberKnife radiosurgery 99–2 Talairach neurological atlas 89 Target localization 3 Teletherapy see Bombs, radium 60 Co machines 3, 5, 5 see External beam radiation therapy Rotational therapy, conventional 5, 6 Thalamotomy 28 Thalidomide 37 Thermoluminescent dosimetry, see Dosimeters Thyroid gland, as critical structure in arteriovenous malformation treatment 9 Tissue maximum ratios, see Dosimetry Tonsillar fossa tumors Dose distribution, IMRT plus CyberKnife boost 229 IMRT, neck nodes, dose distribution 226 Organ preservation, CyberKnife radiosurgery, Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center 223–230 Protocol, organ preseervation, CyberKnife, brachytherapy, IMRT 228 PTV critical normal tissues, mean doses 227 Submaxillary gland transfer 224, 225, 226, 228 Xerostomia 224 Toxicity Acute and late RTOG toxicities Bladder, maximum dose 327 Brachial plexus 266 Cataract risk 234, 235 Heart, dose tolerance 266 after Hepatocellular carcinoma radiosurgery 285 see Karnofsky performance score Latent ipsilateral facial numbness, trigeminal neuralgia 8 after Lung tumor radiosurgery 37 Myelopathy 78, 79 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 204, 205 Neurologic 98 of Orbital structures to radiation 232, 250
408
SU BJECT IN DEX
Pancreas cancer, guidelines for dose limitation to duodenum, liver and kidneys 309 Pneumonitis 258, 274 Pneumothorax 37, 60, 263 Radiation myelitis, ED50 66, 68 Radiation tolerance, spinal cord 64, 78 Radionecrosis , 37 Rectal dose-volume goals, prostate cancer treatment 39 Rectum, maximum dose 327 RTOG acute morbidity grading 285, 286 RTOG proposed dose tolerances for critical structures 266 Spinal tumor treatment 49, 58, 90, 266 Thyroid gland, as critical structure in arteriovenous malformation treatment 9 Trachea 266 Urethra, maximum dose 327 Xerostomia 224 Trachea, dose tolerance 266 Tractotomy 30 Tracking see Dynamic tracking of moving tumors see Fiducials see Spinal, tumors see Synchrony Transrectal ultrasound 338 Treatment optimization and Inverse planning 9 Treatment planning Acoustic neuromas 27, 28, 29 Algorithms 0 Analog computing, historical 7 Arteriovenous malformations, 84, 90, 9 Beam’s eye view 52, 58 Clinical target volume 6 Contouring of orbital tumors and critical structures 249 see Cross-fire CT acquisition 56, 58 see Dosimeters 4D-CT treatment planning and dosimetry 58, 59 Gross tumor volume 5, 56, 58 see Inverse planning Light boxes, historical 7 Lung tissue density changes during the breathing cycle 58 for Lung tumors 263, 264, 265, 266 and PET 85 Planning target volume 5, 52, 56, 58, 6, 87 Plans with and without dose objectives to the functional areas of the brain 92 Prostate cancer, CyberKnife monotherapy 327 Specialized imaging techniques for CyberKnife treatment planning 8–94 Spinal tumors 54, 90, 9 Step-and-shoot 5, 320 Treatment plan comparison, CyberKnife versus IMRT 32 Treatment room design, see CyberKnife treatment room design Trials, see Clinical trials Trigeminal neuralgia Asian experience 28 Complication, latent, ipsilateral facial numbness 8 Dose prescription 9, 20
Dose variation along the fifth nerve at the root entry zone 20 Head immobilization and alignment 22 Microvascular decompression 7, 8 Orthovoltage X-rays, Leksell 4 Pain assessment results 22 Pretreatment phantom testing 20, 2, 22 Rhizotomy 7 Stanford University experience 35 Tumor delineation see Computed tomography see Image fusion see Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance spectroscopy 3
U University of California, San Francisco 00, 0, 79 University of Pittsburgh, see Pittsburgh, University of University of Southern California 97, 00 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas CyberKnife radiosurgery for children with malignant CNS tumors 33–45 Uppsala University 0, 4
V Vestibular schwannoma, see Schwannoma Vicenza, San Bartolo Hospital Dosimetric beam characteristics, experimental results, Monte Carlo simulation 7–80 Linear accelerator, radiosurgery 5–9, 364 Specialized imaging techniques for CyberKnife treatment planning 8–94 Video-thoracoscopy 269 Visual acuity 20 Visual analog scale 65, 224, 226
W Wickham, Louis 4, 5, 0
X Xerostomia 224 X-rays CyberKnife orthogonal X-ray assemblies 8 Discovery 4, see External beam radiation therapy see Linear accelerator Orthovoltage X-rays 4 Xsight spine tracking system 20, 36
Y Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive score 30
