Abstract Abstract

The World Journal of Economics and Engineering www.newscienceseries.com Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2015, 9-16

ISSN: 2391-5714

A survey of the effects of renewable energies and components of Zero- Carbon Building & Zero- Energy Building On environment and improving life level of society Saeid Hasanpour Loumer1*

Abstract

Abstract

he present study attempted to evaluate the effects of renewable energies and Zero Carbon Building & Zero Energy Building on improving life quality and environment. This study is descriptive and library design. The results show that by increasing growth of cities population and consumption of fossil energies and environmental pollutions and reduction of green space, health and life of all live creatures are threatened and to eliminate such environmental pollutions, we should move from fossil fuels to renewable energies. By the investigation of the results of this study we can conclude using renewable energy sources and new technologies in urban environments and buildings we can reduce to 50-60% of environmental pollutions in big cities. Indeed, the approaches in zero carbon and zero energy buildings can create a space full of healthy life for the users and is a good support for various animal, plant and environmental species and a good factor for revenue of users and the result of such suitable events can increase the health and life quality of all people in society Keywords: Zero Carbon, Zero energy, Renewable energies, Life quality, Fossil energies

1*

Corresponding author: MA of architecture, Islamic Azad University of Khalkhal branch, Researchers and elites club of Khalkhal, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

Saeid Hsanpour Loumer

Introduction The considerable progress of science and technology in the current world has lead into the comfort and welfare of human life (Hasanpour Loumer & sattari sarebangholi, 2014) but the world is faced with serious environmental and energy crises as these crises are not only threats for life quality of human communities but the continuance of the present trend of human life is faced with serious risk (Adeli Guilani et al., 2014). Great part of annual energy consumption of countries is dedicated to construction sector and saving and finding a method and solution reducing energy consumption and annual pollution in building sector is of great importance (Mirlotfi et al., 2012). Buildings are major consumers (about two thirds) of energy in the world (Bose, 2010). The increasing growth of buildings and urbanization leads to the considerable increase of energy consumption (Chaoui et al,. 2009). The increasing growth of prices and limitations of fossil sources have created many problems for countries and this problem has caused that the researchers have considered mostly the protection of renewable energies (Rezaei and gholamian, 2013). One of the approaches is using buildings with zero-carbon & zero-energy and zero carbon, zero energy buildings are those with high performance in which environmental pollution and energy are low and zero and are provided of renewable energies and resources as the result of the building with the closest place of clear energy manufacturers (Szalay & Zöld, 2014). The present study attempts to evaluate the effects and components of “zero energy and zero carbon” buildings on environment and improving life quality in the third millennium by descriptive, analytic and library methods.

Clean energies (Renewable) Renewable energies in the present century as an efficient choice for environment are the movement to sustainable development and zero carbon society (Alanne & Saari, 2006). Clean , suitable and cheap energies can stimulate production activities and economic prosperity, development, housing improvement, environment, welfare level, reduction of national costs and saving and storage of fossil energy sources (Sartipipour, 2011). and they can have suitable coordination with nature and environment (Fetras et al., 2012). Improvement of energy consumption output and other raw materials and reduction of carbon play important role in movement to sustainable development (Morad sharifi et al., 2009). Using the clean energies thoughts and using existing technologies in the buildings using these systems can reduce CO2 energy consumption (Zhao, et al, 2015) and it can lead to economic saving in micro and macro level in society and country (Hasanpour loumer, 2014). Table 1- The investigation of some of applied resources of renewable energies in the third millenniums. References (Jafarinejad, 2000) & (Chandel & Sarkar,2015) & (Hong et al,. 2015) (Li et al,. 2015) (Ledo et al,. 2011) & (Peacock et al,. 2008)

(van Ackere et al,. 2005) (Alam Zaigham et al, 2010) (Alam Zaigham et al,. 2010)

(Yasar et al,. 2015) (Patil et al,. 2008) & (Ratha & Prasanna, 2012) & (Patil et al,2008) (Steilen & Jörissen, 2015)

(Li & Willman, 2014)

Some of renewable energies  Solar energy: Using heat, photolytic systems, trump walls, solar heaters in tall and low height buildings can generated clean energy.  Wind energy: Wind turbines are one of the cheapest renewable energies. Small wind turbines or strong ones, with low noise or small and cheap dimensions are used in low spaces.  Water energy: Hydroelectric energy is one of renewable energies created by strong water flow and this energy is used from many years ago.  Geothermal energy : internal energy of earth or infinite source until there is life on earth and it is recycled as cheap and clean energy.  Salt Govadiant energy: The combination of saline and sweet water lead to strong flows in oceans, lakes and river and this tide can activate electric generators.  Biogas energy: Biogas energy is the energy of fermentation of animal excrements and plant residuals and organic waste in which methane gases (at most 70%) and Co2 are emitted.  Biomass energy: Using natural gases in agriculture, local habitat (human and animal) in environment can lead to reduction of greenhouse gas emission.  Hydrogen energy: Hydrogen is a good source to provide energy in future fuels as it is used in combustion cells. Theoretically, these cells have high energy conversion return compared to present combustion equipment. .  Tidal energy: It is a form of water energy obtained by converting tidal energy to useful electric energy forms.

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The World Journal of Economics and Engineering Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2015

A survey of the conceptual components of “zero-carbon & zero-energy” buildings The design of a building with zero net energy is a great challenge and complex goal (Hernandez & Kenny,2010). Creating the buildings with zero energy and Co2 needs the successful interaction between executive group, design, contractors, client and environment (Sartori et al,. 2012). In recent decades, wide researches have been conducted regarding control of energy consumption of in the world (Shafie et al., 2013) and the approaches are mentioned as:  The with zero energy buildings and Zero Net Energy Building (ZNEB) can be some examples and growth of zero energy buildings can be developed all over the world (Jessica et al, 2011) and can be the final goal for future generation buildings (Fong & Lee, 2012).  Zero carbon buildings: These buildings are those not using CO2 energy for more than one year (Salom et al, 2014).

Figure 1- Conceptual model of Zero-energy buildings, Source: (Song et al,. 2014) -.(Sartori et al, 2010).

Table 2- A brief survey of goal setting of “zero-carbon & zero-energy” for the influence on environment. Macro level Middle level Micro level  Adaptation with climate and  Full coordination of  Using sustainable buildings with regional conditions architecture design with new technologies applied form and space  Water saving (Deng et al,. 2014)  Design consistent with building (Tuhus-Dubrow et al,. 2010)  Applying geography (Hasanpour loumer et renewable energy al,. 2014)  Suitable architecture design (Jacobson, 2009)  Suitable protection of design site  Increasing internal and  Adaptability and environment and complex external space quality protection (Schimschar et al, 2011).  Creating suitable interaction with  Increasing safety  Reduction of greenhouse gases building construction situation (Hasanpour loumer,& Rayat pollution (avoiding warming and and coordination of cultural zadeh, 2015). climate changes (Hamdy et al, grounds (Hasanpour loumer,  Effective use of space 2011). 2014) .  Suitable flexibility  Reduction of carbon in  Taking steps for sustainable  Efficiency environment (Hamdy et al, 2010). and easy development of physical application (C. Lam,et al, adaptation and flexibility 2006) (Kolokotsa et al,. 2011)  Integration of art,  The ability of fighting against architecture and using new natural factors (Hasanpour technologies of building loumer, et al,. 2014) industry


Design based on cultural principles

Climatic design with new sciences

Presenting semantic and applied project

The process of integration by digital netwowrks and sensors

Using new energies in building

Economic, econmicality of design and energy measurements

The recognition and creation of renewable energy grounds

The university application of using building and created systems for all users

Zero energy buildings

Figure 2- Conceptual model of achieving Zero-energy buildings, Source: (Hootmanet al, 2013).

The advantages and disadvantages of zero energy and zero carbon buildings Table 3- The brief investigation of some of advantages and disadvantages of “zero-carbon & zero-energy”.

Disadvantages

Benefits

 High initial costs and needing their applied trainings

 Protection of the owners of buildings against

 The shortage of technical knowledge of abilities and

 Easy

required experiences in design and building zero energy buildings  Technology of photolytic cells reduces prices and this causes that investment cost in energy production systems based on solar energy is reduced (Woodhouse et al, 2013).  Reduction of ability in selling these buildings due to initial costs and hard compe--tition in sale, absorbed solar energy via building shell has highest return only in its southern part and due to shadow, its return is reduced in other directions.

increasing energy price, needing less energy work due to design and regulating environment temperature as uniform and isotherm (Hara et al,. 2011).  Increasing the value of zero energy buildings compared to traditional buildings by increasing the costs of fossil fuels, reduction of costs of building construction in case decision making to turn it to zero energy building in future, reduction of net monthly costs of life  Low maintenance costs due to high energy return, high reliability as Photolytic syst ems with guarantee 25 years and are less having the problems of climate changes (Lizin et al,. 2012).  Energy consumption balance with energy request (Hsanpour Loumer, 2014).

The increasing consumption of energy in buildings is more than 40% and to avoid and achieve sustainable development goals, we should perform suitable planning in all over the world. Energy consumption in developing countries is more than 90% of fossil fuels and is non-renewable and one of the important solutions is using zero carbon buildings (Visa, et al,. 2014).

Figure 3: An example of the first zero –carbon buildings in Hong-Kong zero-carbon, source (Panl, 2014).

Three effective steps on achieving a zero-carbon building 1- Energy demand reduction for building: Building stability by updated standards 2- Using the best technologies of energy control: Installing efficient equipment in control and energy optimization in inside and outside building 3- Construction and creating communication networks in energy control unit: The link of all consumption and production information of energy under central systems in inside and outside the building (Xing et al,. 2009) & (Xing et al,. 2011).

Life quality: Life quality is a multi-dimensional concept including the performance of mental state as other important factors as diseases, social and economic and cultural status are important (Safi et al,. 2011). According to the full definition of world health organization, life quality of any person as affected by his physical condition and social environment is also affected by biological-mental reactions to the environment (WHOQOL Group, 1993). Life quality is a range in which person expectations are fulfilled and it includes satisfaction of great life issues. Life quality is highly associated with emotional

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cases and etc. The term of life quality in various approaches has close definition (Shamal et al,. 2012). For example, Felce & Perry model in this field includes five main fields of physical, materialistic, social , emotional and activity wellbeing (Felce & Perry). Life quality is general satisfaction of life. Indeed, life quality means all mental and physical issues (Tuan Seik, 2000).

Life quality in cities and architecture: Life quality is of great importance beside soul, content and vitality beside city physical aspects. Life quality has wide concept including some items as good life, valuable life, satisfactory and happy life (McCrea et al,. 2006). Lee (2008) in his study classified life quality in eight variables as housing, environments built by people, environmental safety, health conditions, quality of general services, access to public services, social relations, family income. He believes that the qualitative indices in life are effective in all townships and city (Tuan Seik, 2000). As human being is effective on his surrounding, from mental comfort, physical health and ethical maturity and perfection growth and creativity achieving self-belief and actualization are more influencing than all environmental conditions and various spaces in growth and life process. Indeed, all physical and mental health, EQ actualization, life quality and observing social and individual ethics and high position and human identity in society, social behaviors and their attitude with others and society are the products of effect of living spaces and their cultural and educational environments (Nayebi et al., 2007). Goals of zero-carbon buildings  Environment protection  Reduction of pollution and emission of greenhouse gases  Easy management of building for users.  Considering the present and future generation needs  Economic exchange, reduction of energy consumption costs

  

 

The goals of Zero Energy buildings Environment protection Non-renewable energy protection Using renewable energies Providing environmental, physical and metaphysical environment Economic exchange bringing

The goals of healthy life  Environment protection  Health (physical and metaphysic)  Social, economic and cultural activities  Housing and cities, human-made environment for living .

Conceptual similarity between healthy life goals and zero energy and zero carbon buildings  Protection of nature and natural sources for present and future generation  Using economic, social, health, mental conditions for all society members  Using all sciences for facilitation in life and dynamic economic conditions of renewable energies

Improving full growth of various life grounds in healthy society

Figure 4- The influence and same direction of zero carbon and zero energy buildings with environment and its role in healthy society, source: Author

Conclusion Architecture in its own reality can have important effects on society and future generation and the surrounding environment. Indeed, the purpose of architecture of a building or design of a city in third millennium, is considering life quality and its surrounding. Indeed, each building should be designed as renewable sources can be used at most and they can create a source to create other structures at the end of their useful life. Indeed, by creating the buildings with zero carbon and zero energy, we can bring suitable flexible environments based on the need of users and improving the economic needs of users, environment protection and more application of clean energies for all people in society. Indeed, if the buildings with renewable energy approaches are constructed, they can have good return. We can say the suitable buildings with social, environment, economic and cultural needs of users can be a good factor to sustainable development and improving life level in society.


Recommendations 

Long-term planning: Long-term planning for cities and developing and developed countries can reduce environmental pollution, reduction of individual and group abnormalities in society and cities.  Using all natural and abnormal potentials in nature: By exact investigations of energy experts and designers, structure engineers and contractors can create buildings without time range and also we can establish a building with energy optimization and energy production approaches and a space full of comfort for users.  Suitable cultural modeling: Logical use of suitable plans of advanced countries of host society culture (globalized thinking and acting regionally)  Creating buildings with humanistic goal: Creating multifunctional spaces in towers, sport spaces, green space, minimizing fossil energy and suitable use of renewable energies and design for healthy and non-healthy people can help the improvement of buildings and architecture that users can create suitable relation with a building and we can observe the manifestation of humanisticarchitecture. This goal can be a good interaction between environment and human-made artifacts.

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