Abstract Abstract

4 downloads 0 Views 652KB Size Report
he present study attempts to examine theories and components of green architecture and their focus on a sustainable development, by employing descriptive ...
World Journal of Management and Art www.newscienceseries.com

Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2015, 74-79

ISSN: 2391-5706

An Evaluation of Green Building Components & Their Relationship with Sustainable Development Objects Saeid Hasanpour Loumer 1*

Abstract

Abstract

he present study attempts to examine theories and components of green architecture and their focus on a sustainable development, by employing descriptive methods and using library resources. A sustainable development pursue all-around qualitative and quantitative growth and development in life of humans, other creatures, and the environment. Establishment of strict standards causes green buildings to encourage the greatest qualitative and quantitative effectiveness. Findings suggest some shared points between a sustainable development and green architecture, leading to reduction of costs and time wastes and ultimately to evaporation of optimism for the life, improvement in welfare and health, and conservation of ecosystem Keywords: Sustainable development concepts, green architecture, ecology, the environment

1* Corresponding author: MA of architecture, Islamic Azad University of Khalkhal branch, Researchers and elites club of Khalkhal, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

75

World Journal of Management and Art Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2015

Introduction In recent years, the world has experienced environmental problems such as warming and economic crisis. Therefore, today, plans of sustainable development should be considered more than previously. One of these plans are green building and architecture (Pei et al., 2015). Today, development of green architecture is increasingly accepted. Buildings consume relatively %40 of energy (Deng & Wu, 2014). Effectiveness of green buildings is identified worldwide in environmental, economic, and social terms (Holmes & Hacker, 2007). Concurrent with green building development, a large body of studies have investigated its functions and effectiveness in different geographical regions (Candido et al. 2011; Hua et al., 2014). Studies on green architecture show users' higher satisfaction of green building, which is consistent with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), as compared with ordinary buildings (Altomonte & Schiavon, 2013). Indeed, green buildings are designed to provide a satisfaction of environment to have compatibility with socioeconomic and cultural dimensions of all users and creatures in environment (Hasanpour Loumer & Rayat Zadeh, 2013) and ultimately to encourage an all-around growth and development especially a sustainable development. The present study attempts to examine theories and components of green architecture and their focus on a sustainable development.

LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a reference for choosing green buildings in USA and Europe. Its is a certificate which shows fulfillment of green building criteria in the concerned regions (Donghwan et al., 2015).

Green Architecture: Green buildings are often called sustainable architecture indicating a structure compatible with environment (Mahdavinejad et al., 2014). These buildings are a combination of architecture and construction design stages, dominant cultures, geographical and environmental elemts, and agreement between employers and operators (Edwards & Naboni, 2013). Green architecture achieves greater effectiveness and has greater compatibility with environment, thus being widespread worldwide (To Lang, 2013).

Main Components of Green Architecture: The most similar components of green buildings are as follows:  Considerations of site (qualitative and quantitative features, natural and artificial consequences, neighboring, cultural norms, etc.);  Considerations of natural energy (maximum use of renewable energy and minimum use of fossil fuels in buildings);  Concentration on optimal use of electricity and water, natural and electrical ventilation, and reduction of harmful wastes;  Environmental quality (quality of indoor and outdoor space) (Hasanpour Lumer, 2014); and Reduction of economic costs, improvement in social quality, and maintenance of cultural identity consistent with needs of the present generation and next generations (Deng et al, 2012; Todorovic & Tai Kim, 2012; Gou & Siu-Yu Lau, 2014). Green Architecture

Sustainability

Elements of Materials; Economic, Renewable, and Sustainable Technologie s

Existing Resources in Sites; Pricing; Effectivenes s; Normal Acessibility of Resources

Ecology A Healthy, social, and Habitable Environment with capacities of Security & Safety

Clean and Renewable Technologie s; Use of Renewable energies

Quality of the Surrounding Soil Surface; Sorounding Water Areas

Resources

Environmen Technologies tal of Adequacy, Pollutions; Efectiveness monitoring, & Normal Manufacturi Return ng

Economic, Behavioral, and Environment al Resources & Their Designs

A Compatibile & Operational Environment

Saeid Hasanpour Loumer

Fig 1. Main Structures & Components of Green Architecture (Attmann, 2010)

Merits of Green Buildings: A variety of merits is defined for green buildings. These merits can be generalized to neighboring units, urban cells, and the whole city.        

Table 1- Some Urban Merits of Green Buildings (Safavi, 2013; Gissen, 2002; To Lang, 2013; Stang et al., 2005). Coping with flowage  Absorber of Heat Waves  Reduction of Costs on Observatory View of Buildings Maintenance of Sewer Network  Absorber of Laser Waves  Control of Sunlight Gleam Ecology & Environmental Variability  Formation of buildings  Use of Soundproofs Reduction of Impacts of Urban Heat  Conservation & Control of Energy  Protection of Roof Structures Islands  Pleasant spaces & Recreation Areas Air Cleaning  Creation of Passive Defense  A Growth of Food Control and Conservation of Energy  Uniformity of Spaces  Reduction of Water Consumption Increase of Green Capita  Control of Blast Waves Improvement in Mental Conditions of Society

Sustainable Development: Sustainable development, traced from the end of 1990s, is defined as socioeconomic growth and development in consistency with environmental capitals and developmental requirements of the next generation. Within 3 decades ago, environmental conservation and natural reservoirs have entered into serious discussions and within 2 decades ago, sustainable development is discussed (Hasanpour Loumer & Rayat Zadeh, 2015). Prior to this period, all projects of development only concentrated on economic perspectives, collection of revenues and higher profitability. Sustainable development is management and conservational of natural reservoirs and agricultural resources and optimization of tourism in administrative structures in a way that needs of humans are fulfilled and the present generation and next generation are satisfied (Karatas & El-Rayes, 2015).

Sustainable Development & Architecture: In direction of movement towards support of development systems, architectures simultaneous with other professionals pursue new strategies for a satisfactory life and improved life quality. A building design directly impacts upon all dimensions of world environment. Concepts of sustainability and sustainable development make contribution to reduction of energy consumption and pollution of environment. Accordingly, a concept of sustainable architecture has entered into discussions (Hasanpour Loumer et al., 2014). This architecture creates a compatibility with ecological conditions of the concerned region and has interaction with them. As Richard Rogers points out, buildings have similarity with birds. They adjust their metabolism with seasonal conditions (Hasanpour Loumer& Rayat Zadeh, 2014).

Sustainable Architecture: Sustainable development was formally introduced by The World Environment in 1986 (Report of Our Shared Future) (Tsuzuki, 2009). Sustainable buildings are designed to soften damaging impacts of buildings upon the environment in terms of consumption of energy and natural resources. Rules of sustainable buildings are as follows:  A reduction of consumption of non-renewable resources;  A Development of Natural Environment; and

76

Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2015  Reduction or avoidance of consumption of poisons or other harmful substances in industry of housing and building (Hasanpour Loumer, 2013).

Main Indices of Sustainable Development: Main indices of sustainable development are as follows: (1) Fundamentally moral and ethical indices; (2) psychological indices; (3) descriptive (qualitative) indices; (4) organizational indices; (5) life quality indices; (6) social and welfare indices; (7) indices of physical resources; (8) economic and financial induces; (9) dependency indices; and (10) environmental endurance indices (Russell & Thomson, 2009; Puig et al, 2014; Moreno Pires, 2014; Horsley et al, 2015).

Third Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): After Earth Summit and circulation of world development agenda (2000), General Assembly of United Nations issued The Third Millennium Declaration, which formulates 8 objectives for a sustainable socio-economic and environmental development (Rosenström & Kyllönen, 2007). Table 2- Objectives of Development in Third Millennium (Addo-Atuah, 2014). Objective 1: Alleviation of Severe Poverty and Starvation Objective 2: Elementary Education Worldwide Objective 3: Promotion of Equality of Genders and Empowerment of Women Objective 4: Reduction of Children's Mortality

Objective 5: Improvement in Mothers' Health Care Objective 6: Coping with AIDA and Its Carrier Virus Objective 7: Sustainability of Environment Objective 8: Global Participation for Development

Moderation Social Welfare Respect for Fundamental Rights of Humans; Equal Opportunities for all Social Classes; Equal Distribution of Wealth; Elimination of Poverty; Protection of Social and Cultural Life Environment: Protection and Management of resources especially valuable and Nonrenewable Resources in Social Life; Minimization of Air, Water, And Soil Pollution; Protection of Environmental Diversity & Natural Heritage

A Moderate Welfare for All Members of Society: Socio-economic & Cultural Comfort

Focus on The Present Generation & The Next Generation

Environment: Optimal Use of All Environmental & Ecological Potentials

Ecology: Optimal Compatibility with Natural Resources; Management of Renewable Resources; Management of Environmental Crisis Sustainability: Conservation of Energy Ecology Reduced Use of New Resources Respect for Users Respects for Sites Holism

Focus on Environment

Economic Welfare Prosperity for all members of Society

Objectives of Green Architecture

Objectives of Sustainable Development in The Third Millennium

Consistency of Green Architecture with Objectives of Sustainable Development:

Long Term Planning

77

World Journal of Management and Art

Figure 2- Consistency of Green Architecture with Objectives of Sustainable Development.

Conclusion: Green Architecture derived from sustainable development concepts attempts to have compatibility with the environment i.e. one of fundamental concerns of humans in the present world. Green buildings are designed to improve weather, prevent energy waste, and to eliminate damaging impacts of construction upon the environment. Green buildings improve health of residents and provide users with great satisfaction. Similarly, sustainable development concentrates on consistently socioeconomic and environmental growth and development. This development is viewed as an altered new understanding of relationship between humans and the environment. Today, due to growth of population, buildings are increasingly erected, which causes significant changes in earth and weather and serious environmental problems for humans and other creatures. At the present time, an appropriate foundation should be built for next generations, along with fulfillment of everyday needs, by formulating objectives for sustainable development focusing on all needs of humans. As Figure 3

Saeid Hasanpour Loumer

shows, over half of the earth planet is covered by buildings. Accordingly, a design of green architecture is necessary. Green buildings are designed in conformity with standards such as LEED in order to create a pleasant context for users and the environment.

Suggestions:

 Identification of sustainable development components, avoidance of slogans, and compliance with sustainable development components and discussions;  Development of sustainable development concepts including equal growth of socio-economic, cultural, and humanistic dimensions & Omission of all existing restrictions on consistent advancement of society; and  Consistency of constructions, inventions, economy, and housing with sustainable development objectives (as shown by green architecture/sustainable architecture) Indeed, all human-made objects and all projects seeking for profitability of all social classes (all rich and poor cultures) and all generations can achieve consistency with a sustainable development.

References Safavi, S. 2014. Green building from the perspective of passive defense (Case Study: The green body in Tehran). Journal of Science, Research and Technology in Passive Defense (JSRTPD), Vol 1(1), 49-59. Mahmodi, M. 2009. Sustainable Development. In Housing development is consistent with sustainable development (Vol. 1, p. 78). Tehran: Publication of Tehran University. Mahmodi, M. 2009. Housing development is consistent with sustainable development. Tehran. Publication of Tehran University. Altomonte, S and Schiavon, S. 2013. Occupant satisfaction in LEED and non-LEED certified buildings. Building and Environments. Vol. 68. 66-76. Attmann, O. 2010. Green Architecture: Advanced Technologies and Materials. New York, USA. Addo-Atuah, J. 2014. Making a case for a public health orientation in global pharmacy education and practice in the context of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) . Arth Prabhand: Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning. Vol. 6. 723-729. Cândido, Ch and de Dear, R & Lamberts, R. 2011. Combined thermal acceptability and air movement assessments in a hot humid climate. Building and Environments. Vol. 46. 379-385. Deng, Y and Li, Zh. 2012. Economic returns to energy-efficient investments in the housing market: Evidence from Singapore. Regional Science and Urban Economics. Vol. 42. 506-515. Deng, Y and Wu, J. 2014. Economic returns to residential green building investment: The developers' perspective. Regional Science and Urban Economics. Vol. 47. 35-44. Donghwan, G and Yong, K and Hyoungsub, K. 2015. LEED, its efficacy in regional context: Finding a relationship between regional measurements and urban temperature. Energy and Buildings. Vol. 86. 687691. Edwards, B., and Emanuele, N. 2013.Green buildings pay: design, productivity and ecology. Routledge, F. Achieng Ogola, P and Davidsdottir, B and Birgir Fridleifsson, I. 2011. Lighting villages at the end of the line with geothermal energy in eastern Baringo lowlands, Kenya – Steps towards reaching the millennium development goals (MDGs). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 15. 4067-4079. Gou, Zh and Siu-Yu Lau, S. 2014. Contextualizing green building rating systems: Case study of Hong Kong. Habitat International. Vol. 44. 282-289. Gissen, D and National Building Museum (Ed.). 2002. Big and Green: Toward Sustainable Architecture in the 21st Century. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 21 Hua, Y and Göçer, Ö & Göçer, K. 2014. Spatial mapping of occupant satisfaction and indoor environment quality in a LEED platinum campus building. Building and Environments. Vol. 79. 124-137. Horsley, J and Prout, S and Tonts, M and H. Ali, S. 2015. Sustainable livelihoods and indicators for regional development in mining economies. The Extractive Industries and Society. Vol: In Press, Corrected Proof — Note to users. 1-13. Hasanpour Loumer, S and Rayat Zadeh, F. 2014. A study on consistency with principles of green architecture in masouleh. International Journal of Current Life Sciences. Vol. 04. 107-111. Hasanpour Loumer, S. 2014. Architectural Design of Tourist Residential Complex based on Environmental Design and Green Architecture Criteria in the Historical City of Masouleh (Unpublished master's thesis for master's degree). Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal Branch, Architecture, Khalkhal, Iran. Hasanpour Loumer, S. And satari sarebangholi, H. 2013. The Study and Analysis of the Components of Sustainable Development of the Historical City of Masouleh* International Conference on Urban Development Based on New Technologies in Sanandaj Iran. Procedia.. doi: http://www.civilica.com/PaperNCUD04-NCUD04_142.html.

78

79

World Journal of Management and Art Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2015 Hasanpour Loumer, S and Rayat Zadeh , F. 2014. A study on consistency with principles of green architecture in masouleh. International Journal of Current Life Sciences. Vol. 4. 107-111. Hasanpour Loumer, S and Rayat Zadeh, F. 2015. Impact of Tourism Industry in Historical Textures (Case Study: Masuleh Historical City). Arth Prabhand: A Journal of Economics and Management. Vol. 4. 135145. Hasanpour Luomer, S and Sattari Sarbangholi, H and Toofan, S. 2014. Designing the Residential Places for Tourists Based on Environmental Factors and Green Architecture: A Case Study in Historical City of Masouleh. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. Vol. 3. 39-46. J. Holmes, M and N. Hacker, J. (2007). Climate change, thermal comfort and energy: Meeting the design challenges of the 21st century. Energy and Buildings. Vol. 39. 802-814. L. Russell, Sh and Thomson, I. 2009. Analysing the role of sustainable development indicators in accounting for and constructing a Sustainable Scotland. Accounting Forum. Vol. 33. 225-244. Moreno Pires, S and Fidélis, T. 2014. Measuring and comparing local sustainable development through common indicators: Constraints and achievements in practice. Journal of Environmental Management. Vol. 39. 1-9 Mahdavinejad, M and Zia, A and Norouzi Larki, A and Ghanavati, S and Elmi, N. 2014. Dilemma of green and pseudo green architecture based on LEED norms in case of developing countries . International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. Vol. 03. 235-246. Pei, Z and Lin, B and Liu, Y and Zhu, Y. 2015. Comparative study on the indoor environment quality of green office buildings in China with a long-term field measurement and investigation. Building and Environment. Vol. 84. 80-88. Peck, S., & Callaghan, Ch., & Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. 1999. Greenbacks from green roofs: Forging a new industry in Canada. Ottawa: CMHC. Puig, M and Wooldridge, Ch and Mari Darbra, R. 2014. Identification and selection of Environmental Performance Indicators for sustainable port development. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. 81. 124-130. Rosenström, U and Kyllönen, S. 2007. Impacts of a participatory approach to developing national level sustainable development indicators in Finland. Journal of Environmental Management. Vol. 84. 282-298. Stang, A and Hawthorne, Ch and National Building Museum (U.S.). 2005. The green house: New directions in sustainable architecture. (Springerlink.) New York: Princeton Architectural Press. To Lang, N. 2013. Cultural and Social Elements in the Development of Green Architecture in Vietnam. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 85, 16-26. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.333 Todorovic, M S and Tai Kim, J. 2014. Buildings energy sustainability and health research via interdisciplinarity and harmony. Energy and Buildings. Vol. 47. 12-18. Tsuzuki, Y. 2009. Comparison of pollutant discharge per capita (PDC) and its relationships with economic development: An indicator for ambient water quality improvement as well as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) sanitation indicator. Ecological Indicators. Vol. 9. 971-981. Yeang, K & Bullivant, L. 2011. Eco skyscrapers: Volume 2. Mulgrave, Vic: Images Pub.