Acari - Mites. In

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Page 1. 137. Alberti, G. & Coons, L. B. 1999: Acari - Mites. In: Harrison, F. W. ..... of the Coxal Glands.................................................................................736. Page 2 ...
137. Alberti, G. & Coons, L. B. 1999: Acari - Mites. In: Harrison, F. W. (ed.) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Vol. 8c. New York, Wiley-Liss: 515-1265 (index included). Contents: Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................515 Origins...................................................................................................................................................................516 Habitats.................................................................................................................................................................516 Development.........................................................................................................................................................517 Systematics...........................................................................................................................................................518 Anactinotrichida.....................................................................................................................................520 Opilioacarida and Holothyrida.................................................................................................520 Ixodida......................................................................................................................................520 Gamasida..................................................................................................................................521 Actinotrichida.........................................................................................................................................522 Actinedida................................................................................................................................523 Oribatida...................................................................................................................................525 Acaridida..................................................................................................................................526 Conventions..........................................................................................................................................................528 External Morphology General Body Plan..................................................................................................................................528 Anactinotrichida.......................................................................................................................567 Actinotrichida...........................................................................................................................581 Gnathosoma............................................................................................................................................585 Anactinotrichida.......................................................................................................................611 Opilioacarida..............................................................................................................611 Holothyrida................................................................................................................614 Gamasida...................................................................................................................614 Actinotrichida..........................................................................................................................640 Actinedida.................................................................................................................642 Oribatida....................................................................................................................649 Acaridida...................................................................................................................651 Legs.......................................................................................................................................................652 Articulations............................................................................................................................656 Podomeres...............................................................................................................................656 Ambulacrum............................................................................................................................657 Functional Adaptations to Locomotion...................................................................................673 Leg Chaetotaxy........................................................................................................................677 Other Functions........................................................................................................................679 Leg Protection..........................................................................................................................680 Leg Regeneration.....................................................................................................................681 Integument...........................................................................................................................................................681 Epidermis...............................................................................................................................................683 Cuticle....................................................................................................................................................684 Procuticle.................................................................................................................................684 Epicuticle.................................................................................................................................686 Sclerotized Cuticle...................................................................................................................695 Nonsclerotized Cuticle.............................................................................................................701 Molting.....................................................................................................................................702 Cuticular Variations in Acari....................................................................................................705 Mineralization...........................................................................................................................712 Coloration.................................................................................................................................712 Functional Considerations........................................................................................................713 Exocrine Glands...................................................................................................................................................714 Dermal (Cuticular, Integumental) Glands..............................................................................................714 Anactinotrichida.......................................................................................................................718 Actinotrichida...........................................................................................................................727 Prosomal Glands.....................................................................................................................................729 Glands Basically Associated With Coxal Glands (Nephridia).................................................729 Glands Independent of the Coxal Glands.................................................................................736

Opisthosomal Glands..............................................................................................................................742 Gené`s Organ of Ticks............................................................................................................................748 Cheliceral Glands....................................................................................................................................748 Orificial Glands.......................................................................................................................................749 Anal Glands.............................................................................................................................................749 Coxa-Associated Glands („Coxal Glands“ or „Coxal Organs“)............................................................750 Pustules of Labidostommatidae..............................................................................................................750 Tarsal Glands..........................................................................................................................................750 Other Glands...........................................................................................................................................750 Muscles.................................................................................................................................................................753 Major Somatic Muscle Groups...............................................................................................................753 Muscles of the Idiosoma...........................................................................................................753 Muscles of the Gnathosoma......................................................................................................758 Muscles of the Legs..................................................................................................................768 Microscopic Structure of Somatic Muscles..............................................................................774 Visceral Muscles.....................................................................................................................................780 Connective Tissue, Tendons, Endosternite.............................................................................................783 Connective Tissue.....................................................................................................................783 Tendons.....................................................................................................................................784 Endosternite..............................................................................................................................787 Fat Body................................................................................................................................................................794 Circulatory System................................................................................................................................................794 Hemocytes...............................................................................................................................................794 Nephrocytes.............................................................................................................................................795 Pulsating Organ (Heart)..........................................................................................................................795 Respiratory System...............................................................................................................................................796 Anactinotrichida......................................................................................................................................799 Opilioacarida.............................................................................................................................799 Holothyrida...............................................................................................................................799 Ixodida......................................................................................................................................801 Gamasida..................................................................................................................................802 Actinotrichida.........................................................................................................................................807 Actinedida.................................................................................................................................807 Acaridida...................................................................................................................................816 Oribatida....................................................................................................................................816 Digestive System...................................................................................................................................................825 Generalized Structure..............................................................................................................................825 Types of Digestive Systems....................................................................................................................829 Fore Gut..................................................................................................................................................830 Preoral Cavity...........................................................................................................................832 Pharynx.....................................................................................................................................832 Esophagus.................................................................................................................................837 Midgut.....................................................................................................................................................843 Anterior Midgut: Ventriculus and Caeca..................................................................................843 Postventricular Midgut..............................................................................................................864 Colon...........................................................................................................................864 Postcolon.....................................................................................................................869 Hindgut......................................................................................................................................872 Anal Atrium................................................................................................................873 Anal Opening..............................................................................................................873 Microorganisms.......................................................................................................................................875 Excretory and Osmoregulatory Organs.................................................................................................................876 Excretory Organs....................................................................................................................................876 Malpighian Tubules..................................................................................................................876 Dorsomedian Excretory Organ of Actinedida..........................................................................879 Waste Storage Tissues..............................................................................................................885 Osmoregulatory Organs..........................................................................................................................887 Coxal Glands (=Coxal Organs).................................................................................................887 Supracoxal Glands of Acaridida...............................................................................................912 Salivary Glands of Ticks..........................................................................................................913 Genital Papillae and Claparède Organs....................................................................................913

Axillary Organs........................................................................................................................924 Pregenital Capsules...................................................................................................................933 Nervous System and Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Organs..............................................................................935 Synganglion.............................................................................................................................................935 Mapping of the Synganglion.....................................................................................................937 Neural Lamella..........................................................................................................................945 Perineurium...............................................................................................................................946 Neurons.....................................................................................................................................946 Neuropil....................................................................................................................................949 Peripheral Nervous System: Peripheral Nerves......................................................................................951 Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Organs..................................................................................................951 Sensory System.....................................................................................................................................................951 Setiform Sensilla.....................................................................................................................................952 Anactinotrichida.......................................................................................................................955 Setae on Tarsus I........................................................................................................956 Palpal Setae in Gamasida...........................................................................................960 Cheliceral Setae in Gamasida.....................................................................................960 Actinotrichida............................................................................................................................961 Types of Actinotrichid Setiform Sensilla...................................................................961 A. Setae without a Cytoplasmic Core........................................................961 1. Simple (tactile) Setae...............................................................961 2. Trichobothria...........................................................................961 B. Seta-Like Sensilla with a Cytoplasmic Core.........................................966 1. Eupathidia................................................................................966 2. Famuli......................................................................................966 3. Solenidia..................................................................................966 Fine Structure of Type I Sensilla (Putative Mechanoreceptors).................................971 Fine Structure of Type II Sensilla (Putative Chemoreceptors)...................................982 Nonsetal Sensilla.....................................................................................................................................983 Slit Sense Organs and Cupules.................................................................................................983 Other Receptor Organs..............................................................................................................990 Photoreceptor Organs..............................................................................................................................992 Anactinotrichida........................................................................................................................996 Actinotrichida..........................................................................................................................1002 Lateral Eyes..............................................................................................................1002 Median Eyes.............................................................................................................1008 Secondarily Developed Eyes of Oribatida (Clear Spot, lenticulus)..........................1010 Reproductive System...........................................................................................................................................1019 Male Genital System.............................................................................................................................1021 Morphology of Testes.............................................................................................................1021 Spermatogenesis and Spermatozoa.........................................................................................1031 Anactinotrichida........................................................................................................1031 Actinotrichida...........................................................................................................1052 Male Genital Ducts.................................................................................................................1066 Vasa Deferentia and Seminal Vesicle.......................................................................1069 Ejaculatory duct and Genital Opening......................................................................1071 Accessory Glands....................................................................................................................1074 Female Genital System.........................................................................................................................1077 Ovaries and Oogenesis............................................................................................................1077 Anactinotrichida........................................................................................................1081 Actinotrichida...........................................................................................................1113 Genital Ducts and Genital Opening........................................................................................1123 Genital Opening and Ovipositor.............................................................................................1124 Accessory Glands....................................................................................................................1125 Seminal Receptacles and Sperm Access Systems...................................................................1126 Accessory Structures Involved in Reproduction...................................................................................1134 Anactinotrichida......................................................................................................................1143 Actinotrichida..........................................................................................................................1151 Acknowledgments...............................................................................................................................................1186 Literature Cited....................................................................................................................................................1187 Taxonomic Index.................................................................................................................................................1217 Subject Index.......................................................................................................................................................1233