Adjectives Using Proper Names

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Xiao, R. (2013) “Making statistic claims” by PowerPoint presentation. .... basic knowledge of all the great religions of the world—Islam, Confucianism, Taoism,.
The Greats of English Language Intellectual History: the Eponymous Adjective Science & Engineering Word List averaged, normalized data from four mega-corpora: Ngram Viewer, COCA, BNC, and iWeb

Contents The 49 Most Frequent Scientific Eponymous Adjectives, plus α ..………p. 2 Key Words in Context (quotes from books)…………………………………. p. 9 Advanced data………………………………………………………………….. p. 20 Glossary…………………….…………………………………………………… p. 26 appendix How the list was made………………………………………………………… p. 31 Mission statement……………………………………………………………….p. 35 Sources and Bibliography………………………………………………………p. 39

Introduction Everyone has a name. Few have an adjective. A person needs to have made quite an impact on the culture for writers to find it necessary to adjectivize their name. An eponymous adjective of a famous figure 1 is an informationrich word that serves as a shorthand to those who are familiar with the essence of that figure’s thoughts, deeds, or creations. Most (76% in this study) eponymous adjectives were derived from the names of real human beings, usually posthumously. This suggests a principle role of these terms is to describe the legacy of highly influential people 2. This influence can be quantified by the frequency in print of their eponymous adjective. Thus, this list is an attempt to characterize the most influential ideas that are circulated by writers in the English language 3. Entries are grouped by lexeme and ranked by ‘usage factor,’ a linear metric which was converted from normalized data gathered from four mega-corpora: Google Books Ngram Viewer (NgV), iWeb: The 14 Billion Word Web Corpus, Corpus of

Contemporary American English (COCA), and British National Corpus (BNC). This is the first time all of the most-used eponymous adjectives have been compiled into a cross-disciplinary frequency-based ranking. While there are numerous partially complete dictionaries and compendia of eponyms which serve a narrower purpose such as medicine, law, economics, coffee table book, etc., none were found to have systematically measured word frequencies. The Eponymous Adjective Word List (EAWL) was putatively completed to the 335th rank after over 1,000 entries had been investigated for frequency, etymology, and adjectival properties. Some entries were excluded from the official 335 due to 1) low frequency, 2) not being derived from a figure (e.g. chronic is not actually derived from the deity Chronos), or 3) behaving like a noun adjunct (i.e. compound noun) rather than an 1

figure: human, divine being, mythological or fictional character, collective society, animal.

2

A critical drawback of this methodology is the near failure to dectect 1) women, 2) the fields of law and

medicine, and 3) non-Western civilizations like China, India, sub-Saharan Africa, and Indigenous America. See

Mission statement. 3

There are, of course, many other methods to do so; I make no claims of creating a definitive list. See Sources:

Lists / Commentaries on Eponyms, cf.‘Pantheon’. nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

adjective because it can only modify a handful of nouns (e.g. venereal is almost always connected to ‘disease’ or ‘infection’ so is not considered an adjective in this study). It must be acknowledged that surely some eponymous adjectives have been missed, particularly those with zero-derivation (i.e. no suffix as in Doppler or Meiji), which are difficult to detect. But I estimate the list is over 95% complete. See How the list was made and Advanced data.

top | KWIC | data | glossary | appendix key

The Scientific Eponymous Adjectives of Famous Figures rank 5 (1) 143

12 (2) 57.2

14 (3) 48.0

19 (4) 26.5

33 (5) 13.9

37 (6) 13.4

38 (7) 13.2

adjective giant

volcanic

diesel

robotic

Darwinian

Newtonian

galvanized / galvanic

namesake

the Giants (Gigantes) fl. c. 900s BC Greek mythological race

Vulcan Roman god of fire Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913) German inventor the roboti (1920) Czech Čapek's fictional organic-synthetic laborers Charles Darwin (1809-1882) English naturalist Isaac Newton (1642-1726) English polymath Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) Italian physician and biologist

pronunciation

description

ˈjī-ənt (jī-ˈgan-tēz)

__ cell: 1 membrane w/ multiple nuclei; MISC: very large, esp. of nature, progress, or business

ˈvəl-kən väl-ˈka-nik

movement of magma under and above earth’s surface; creation of new rocks; explosive or effusive eruptions

ˈdē-zəl

| context | data |

| context | data | video |

__ engine: internal combustion based on air compression; esp. used in heavy-duty transport vehicles | context | data |

ˈrō-ˌbä-tē rō-ˈbä-tik

mechanical process capable of doing complex or repetitive actions, usually computer programmable

ˈdär-wən där-ˈwi-nē-ən

natural selection-induced evolution; __ fitness: best suited to pass on genes in present environment

ˈnü-tən nü-ˈtō-nē-ən

math-based branch of physics describing familiar laws of nature; pre-relativity, pre-quantum

gal-ˈvä-nē ˈgal-və-ˌnīzd gal-ˈva-nik

| context | data |

| context | data | video |

| context | data |

__ed steel/metal: coating with zinc alloy to prevent rusting; __ic cell: ion

transfer-induced current battery | context | data |

2

(Henshaw 2018)

rank 48 (8) 10.7

52 (9) 9.4

73 (10) 6.9

77 (11) 6.6

87 (12) 5.4

adjective Doppler

photovoltaic / voltaic

Fermi

Copernican

Hubble

namesake

Christian Doppler (1803-1853) Austrian mathematician and physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) Italian physicist Enrico Fermi (1901-1954) Italian American physicist Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) US astronomer

pronunciation ˈdä-plər

description

__ shift: lengthening effect on waves which are moving away from the detector/observer | context | data |

ˈvōl-tə (ˌ)fō-tō-väl-ˈtāik

p__ cell: (a.k.a. solar cell) generating electric current via extraction of electrons from radiant energy | context | data |

ˈfer-(ˌ)mē

demonstrating nuclear chain reaction; description of the weak force

kō-ˈpər-ni-kəs kə-ˈpər-ni-kən

identification of heliocentrism; __ revolution: a rational-based new idea that changes people’s worldview

ˈhə-bəl

| context | data |

| context | data |

__ expansion: generalized movement of the universe wherein observer appears to be at the center | context | data |

114 (13) 3.8

119 (14) 3.6

121 (15) 3.5

125 (16) 3.3

126 (17) 3.2

129 (18) 3.1

131 (19) 3.1

137 (20) 2.9

139 (21) 2.9

Jovian

Jupiter (Jove) Roman king of the gods

Lorentz / Lorentzian

Hermes Trismegistus fl. c. 200 AD legendary Egyptian alchemist Hendrik Lorentz (1853-1928) Dutch physicist

Hippocratic

Hippocrates of Kos (c. 460-c. 370 BC) Greek physician

hermetic (sci.)

pasteuri(z/s)ed / unpasteuri(z/s) ed / Pasteurian

Mendelian

Cyrillic

Boltzmann

Hamiltonian

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) French chemist Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian scientist Saint Cyril (c. 826-869) Greek missionary Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906) Austrian physicist William Rowan Hamilton (1805-1865) Irish physicist and mathematician

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

ˈjōv ˈjō-vē-ən ˈhər-(ˌ)mēz (ˌ)hər-ˈme-tik ˈlȯr-ˌen(t)s lȯr-ˈen-sē-ən hi-ˈpä-krə-ˌtēz hi-pə-ˈkra-tik

related to the planet Jupiter in particular, or giant gaseous planets in general | context | data |

__ seal: closed or fixed cleanly and

airtight, esp. in engineering or medicine | context | data |

__ function: a.k.a. Lorentzian or

Cauchy distribution; describing shape of spectral lines | context | data |

__ Oath: physician’s pledge to do no

harm; observation-based medicine, disease has natural causes (supernat.) | context | data |

pas-ˈtər ˌ ən- ˈpas-chəˌrīzd

p__ed: sterilizing products (esp. milk) with heat for healthier consumption

ˈmen-dəl men-ˈdē-lē-ən

mixed genetic inheritance of physical traits from both parents

ˈsir-əl sə-ˈri-lik

ˈbōlts-män

| context | data |

| context | data | video |

__ script / __ alphabet: writing system

used by many Slavic and neighboring languages | context | data |

description of statistical mechanics wherein atomic properties affect macro properties | context | data |

ˈha-məl-tən ˌha-məl-ˈtō-nēən

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

__ system: total energy of a system; __ matrix: bridging Newtonian and

quantum mechanics and maths | context | data |

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

rank 141 (22) 2.9

154 (23) 2.6

157 (24) 2.5

158 (25) 2.5

160 (26) 2.4

166 (27) 2.2

172 (28) 2.1

174 (29) 2.0

177 (30) 2.0

182 (31) 1.8

197 (32) 1.6

206 (33) 1.5

210 (34) 1.4

212 (35) 1.4

217 (36) 1.3

adjective Gregorian (sci)

Ptolemaic (sci.)

Galilean

Dirac

Julian

chimeric

Planck eolian /

Aeolian / aeolian

ohmic / Ohmic

Pavlovian

Coulomb

aphrodisiac

parkinsonian

/ Parkinsonian

hermaphroditic

Lamarckian

(Henshaw 2018)

namesake

Gregory XIII (1502-1585) Italian pope

Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100-c. 170 AD) Egyptian astronomer and geographer Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italian astronomer and physicist Paul Dirac (1902-1984) English theoretical physicist Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) Roman dictator and general the Chimera Greek mythological monster

pronunciation

description

ˈgre-g(ə-)rē gri-ˈgȯr-ē-ən

used for business in most of the world since the 1600 and 1700s

ˈtä-lə-mē tä-lə-ˈmā-ik

James Parkinson (1755-1824) English surgeon and polymath Hermaphroditus Greek child of Hermes and Aphrodite Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) French naturalist

| context | data |

__ satellites: 4 largest moons of Jupiter; __ transformation: vector

helping match relativity with quantum physics

ˈjül-yəs ˈjül-yən

| context | data |

| context | data |

__ calendar: adjusted to better synchronize seasons with months—in use for 1500 years | context | data | video |

kī-ˈmir-ə kī-ˈmer-ik

ˈē-ə-ləs ē-ˈō-lē-ən

Aphrodite Greek goddess of love and procreation

geocentric astronomical model full of complicated epicycles

di-ˈrak

Aeolus Greek ruler of the winds

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806), French engineer and physicist

__ system: dominant pre-Copernican

arithmetic in Newtonian spacetime

ˈpläŋk

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Russian physiologist

| context | data |

ga-lə-ˈlē-ō ga-lə-ˈlē-ən

Max Planck (1858-1947) German theoretical physicist

Georg Ohm (1789-1854) German physicist

__ calendar: adjusted Julian calendar,

a lab-grown biological entity with genetic material sourced from more than one species | context | data |

__ scale: the minimum limits of energy, time, and length on which current theories of physics operate | context | data |

ˈōm ˈō-mik ˈpäv-ˌlȯf pav-ˈlȯ-vē-ən

ˈkü-ˌläm

ˌa-frə-ˈdī-tē ˌa-frə-ˈdē-zē-ˌak ˈpär-kən-sən ˌpär-kən-ˈsō-nēən (ˌ)hər-ˌma-frəˈdī-təs (ˌ)hər-ˌma-frəˈdi-tik lə-ˈmärk lə-ˈmär-kē-ən

producing wind-shaped geology and landscape; A__ harp: stringed instrument played by the wind | context | data |

__ contact: junction between esp.

metal and semiconductor that facilitates low-resistance charge flow | context | data |

__ conditioning: involuntary physiological response caused by experience, not true stimulus | context | data |

description of physics of stress | context | data |

using a substance or food to increase sexual desire via sensual, biochemical, or cognitive stimulation | context | data |

clinical syndrome with tremors, shaking, and other losses of motion control brought on by various causes | context | data |

one organism having both m. and f. sex organs, esp. in plants and invertebrates | context | data |

pre-Darwinian evolution – habitual behavior leads to inherited adaptation; precursor to epigenetics? | context | data | video |

4

rank 221 (37) 1.3

232 (38) 1.2

234 (39) 1.2

239 (40) 1.1

263 (41) 0.93

269 (42) 0.87

283 (43) 0.79

299 (44) 0.67

310 (45) 0.60

312 (46) 0.59

317 (47) 0.54

332 (48) 0.48

333 (49) 0.48

adjective von Neumann

Baconian

Zeeman

Linnaean

Cyclopean / cyclopean

plutonic

Einsteinian

Maxwellian

Galenic

Keplerian

Hawking

Plinian / plinian

Paracelsian

namesake

John von Neumann (1903-1957) Hungarian-US mathematician and physicist Francis Bacon (1561-1626) English polymath and politician Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943) Dutch physicist

pronunciation vän-ˈnȯi-ˌmän

ˈbā-kən bā-ˈkō-nē-ən

ˈzā-ˌmän

Cyclops fl. c. 900s BC Greek one-eyed giant

ˈsī-ˌkläps sī-ˈklō-pē-ən

Pluto Greek god of the underworld

ˈplü-(ˌ)tō plü-ˈtä-nik

Albert Einstein (1879-1955) German-U.S. physicist

ˈīn-ˌstīn īn-ˈstī-nē-ən

Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD), Roman naturalist; or Pliny the Younger (61-c. 113), Roman author Paracelsus (c. 1493-1541) German-Swiss physician and alchemist

beg. scientific method: experimenting via observation, data collection, induction; experience over tradition | context | data |

__ effect: splitting spectral lines into component parts within a magnetic field, as in spectroscopy and MRI | context | data |

lə-ˈnē-əs lə-ˈnē-ən

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) German astronomer and mathematician Stephen Hawking (1942-2018) English cosmologist and physicist

__ architecture: general design of current computers, with input-CPUoutput | context | data |

Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) Swedish botanist

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Scottish physicist and mathematician Galen of Pergamon (129-c. 200 AD) Greek physician

description

ˈmaks-ˌwel maks-ˈwe-lē-ən

__ classification system: every life form

has a two-word Latin-based name, e.g. Homo sapiens | context | data | video | __ masonry: gigantic stone-based Mycenaean architecture, esp. with great walls of unwrought boulders | context | data |

__ rocks: pre-formed igneous rocks arising from within the earth | context | data | video |

relativistic physics of gravity’s pull on light; describing fluid relationship of matter and energy with e=mc2 | context | data |

__ distribution: gas particles move

according to probability; mathematizing electromagnetism | context | data | video |

ˈgā-lən gə-ˈle-nik

medicine: 4 humors-based paradigm of Western medicine until the Renaissance

ˈke-plər ke-ˈplir-ē-ən

movement of a celestial body w/r to another along an orbit that is elliptical, parabolic, or hyperbolic

| context | data |

| context | data |

Bekenstein-Hawking entropy:

ˈhȯ-kiŋ

necessary amount of disorder in black hole based on surface area | context | data |

ˈpli-nē ˈpli-nē-ən ˌpa-rə-ˈsel-səs ˌpar-ə-ˈsel-sēən

__ eruption: powerful volcanic

explosion that ejects debris and gas high into stratosphere; aka Vesuvian | context | data |

__ medicine: theory of chemical relations to health, incl. toxins and pharmaceuticals; post-Galenic | context | data |

Bonus List: Related to Science nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

rank 6 (1) 130

25 (1) 17.5

28 (2) 16.1

29 (4) 16.0

30 (1) 15.0

31 (3) 14.8

65 (6) 7.6

76 (10) 6.7

88 (9) 5.4

101 (14) 4.8

133 (12) 3.0

144 (13) 2.8

148 (14) 2.7

150 (22) 2.7

175 (25) 2.0

adjective Victorian

Gaussian

Boolean / boolean

Freudian

Aristotelian

Cartesian

namesake

Queen Victoria (1819-1901) British monarch

pronunciation

description

vik-ˈtȯr-ē-ə vik-ˈtȯr-ē-ən

power was unchallenged; time of great technological change

Carl F. Gauss (1777-1855) German mathematician

ˈgau̇ s ˈgau̇ -sē-ən

George Boole (1815-1864) English mathematician and logician Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Austrian psychologist and writer Aristotle (384-322 BC) Greek philosopher and biologist René Descartes (1596-1650) French polymath

__ era: 1837-1901 British global | context | data |

__ distribution: normal patterns of

statistical functions (bell curve) | context | data |

ˈbül ˈbü-lē-ən

using logic to optimize language and digital circuits; beg. logical AND, OR, NOT; __ algebra: beg. set theory

ˈfrȯid ˈfrȯi-dē-ən

start of psychoanalysis; sexuality is major driver of actions; __ slip: misspoken words that show true feeling

ˈa-rə-ˌstä-təl a-rə-stə-ˈtēl-yən

things have an intrinsic purpose; we are political animals; __ logic: beg. formalized deduction; not Platonic

dā-ˈkärt kär-ˈtē-zhən

| context | data | video |

| context | data |

| context | data |

__ coordinate system: graphical model

of math; PHIL: mind-body dualism; “I think, therefore I am.” | context | data |

Euclid of Alexandria fl. c. 300 BC Greek mathematician

ˈyü-kləd yü-ˈkli-dē-ən

preColumbian /

Christopher Columbus (c. 1450-1506) Italian explorer

kə-ˈlum-bəs kə-ˈlum-bē-ən

between Americas and Eurasia

Lagrangian / Lagrange

Joseph L. Lagrange (1736-1813) Italian mathematician

lə-ˈgränj lə-ˈgrän-jē-ən

updating Newtonian mechanics by adding more math, making it easier to apply; not Eulerian method

Euclidean

Pre-Columbian

Meiji

Meiji (1852-1912) Japanese Emperor

ˈmā-(ˌ)jē

ˈrē-ˌmän rē-ˈmä-nē-ən

Laplacian / Laplace

Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827) French mathematician

lə-ˈpläs lə-ˈplä-shē-ən

Gregory I the Great (c. 540-604) Italian pope

ˈgre-g(ə-)rē gri-ˈgȯr-ē-ən

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) English political economist

ˈmal-thəs mal-ˈthü-zhən

Malthusian

Hermetic (rel.)

Hermes Trismegistus fl. c. 200 AD legendary Egyptian alchemist

| context | data |

pre-__: Americas before 1492; C__ Exchange: of life and disease | context | data |

| context | data |

stage with rapid industrialization; start of modern Japanese empire | context | data |

Riemann / Riemannian

(art)

standard 3-D geometry and mathematical proof

__ period: 1868-1912, return to world

Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866) German mathematician

Gregorian

__ geometry: basis (axioms) for

ˈhər-(ˌ)mēz (ˌ)hər-ˈme-tik

__ geometry: describing curved

surfaces, or manifolds, beyond 3D Euclidean space; seeds of relativity | context | data |

__ operator: ∇·∇, function Δf(x,y),

describes divergence of gradients; useful for gravity, fluids, heat, waves | context | data |

__ chant: monophonic hymns from a

large choir

| context | data |

catastrophic view of overpopulation: too many people, too little food; seeds of eugenics movement | context | data |

__ Tradition: uncovering ancient

secrets through alchemy and analyzing mystical texts | context | data |

6

(Henshaw 2018)

rank 185 (24) 1.8

198 (13) 1.5

199 (16) 1.5

252 (36) 0.99

254 (20) 0.98

296 (25) 0.69

306 (29) 0.62

308 (46) 0.61

335+5 (48+1) 0.61

335+26 (31+8) 0.06

unranked noun 15.3

unranked n-adjunct, noun 10.1

unranked

n-adjunct, etymology 10.1

unranked n-adjunct 8.2

adjective Ptolemaic (dyn.)

chimerical

Promethean

Luddite

Archimedean

Popperian

Kuhnian

Gregorian (rel)

Gupta

Avicennian / Avicennan

Parkinson’s

Achilles / Achilles’ cesarean /

Caesarean / Cesarean / caesarean

venereal

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

namesake

Ptolemy I Soter (c. 367-c. 283 BC) Greek-Egyptian pharoah and general

pronunciation

description

ˈtä-lə-mē tä-lə-ˈmā-ik

between Alexander and Caesar; center of great learning

the Chimera Greek mythological monster

kī-ˈmir-ə kī-ˈmer-i-kəl

Prometheus Greek mythological Titan

prə-ˈmē-thē-əs prə-ˈmē-thē-ən

sacrificial love of humanity; __ fire: using technology to spread knowledge or power

Ned Ludd (fl. 1779) semi-legendary English textile worker

ˈləd ˈlə-ˌdīt

distrustful or destructive of new technologies that may overtake human labor

Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287-c. 212 BC) Greek mathematician and inventor Karl Popper (1902-1994) Austrian-British philosopher Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) US physicist and philosopher Gregory VII (c.1015-1085) Italian pope Sri Gupta I (r. c. 240-c.280 AD) Indian king Al-Hasan Ibn Ali Ibn Sīnā “Avicenna” (c. 980-1037) Persian polymath James Parkinson (1755-1824) English surgeon and polymath Achilles legendary Greek hero of the Trojan War Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) Roman politician and military general Venus Roman goddess of love and beauty

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

ˌär-kə-ˈmē-dēz ˌär-kə-ˈmē-dēən

__ period: 305-30 BC, Hellenistic Egypt | context | data |

fantastical ideas or notions fueled from multiple imaginary sources | context | data |

| context | data | video |

| context | data |

__ point: view from which observer

may see and analyze whole system; __

screw: a type of water pump | context | data | video |

ˈpäp-ər päˈperēən

scientific theories can’t be proven true; thus we should try to prove them false and move onto next theory

ˈkün ˈkü-nē-ən

science exists in a paradigm we can’t escape until a radical shift occurs; theory-ladenness of observation

ˈgre-g(ə-)rē gri-ˈgȯr-ē-ən (ˌ)srē-ˈgu̇ p-tə ˈgu̇ p-tə ib-ən-ˈsē-nu (ˌa-və-ˈse-nə) ˌa-və-ˈse-nē-ən ˈpär-kən-sən ˈpär-kən-sənz

ə-ˈki-lēz

ˈsē-zər si-ˈzer-ē-ən ˈvē-nəs və-ˈnir-ē-əl

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

| context | data |

| context | data |

__ reform: the Church is supreme over

all lives in Christendom, and clergy must be pure and celibate | context | data |

__ period: 320-550 AD, ‘golden age’ of

India marked by rapid academic advances, based in northern India | context | data |

2nd beginning of metaphysics: our souls

don’t pre-exist our bodies; SCI: pushing limits of Galenic medicine | context | data |

__ disease: progressive neurodegenerative disorder with lack of dopamine causing dyskinesia | context | data |

__ tendon: tough fibrous tissue that connects calf muscles to heel bone; aka calcaneal tendon; __ heel: hidden weakness | context | data | section(s); deliver(y/ies) delivery of a baby through an abdominal incision | context | data |

__ disease: sexually transmitted

infection; related to sex or sexual organs | context | data |

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

rank unranked n-adjunct 7.8

unranked n-adjunct 4.6

unranked n-adjunct 4.5

unranked n-adjunct 3.4

unranked n-adjunct 2.9

unranked n-adjunct 0.77

unranked n-adjunct 0.54

unranked n-adjunct 0.41

unranked n-adjunct 0.36

unranked infreq, offensive 0.28

unranked infreq 0.04

adjective fallopian / Fallopian

Golgi

Southern

Brownian

eustachian / Eustachian

Mullerian / mullerian

Haversian / haversian

Wolffian / wolffian

Malpighian mongoloid (genetic disorder) Vesalian

namesake

Gabriele Fallopius (1523-1562) Italian anatomist

pronunciation fäl-ˈlȯ-pē-əs fə-ˈlō-pē-ən

Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) Italian biologist and pathologist Edwin Southern (1938-) English molecular biologist

ˈsə-t͟hərn

Robert Brown (1773-1858) Scottish botanist

ˈbrau̇ n ˈbrau̇ -nē-ən-

Bartolomeo Eustachius (c. 1500-1574) Italian physician and anatomist Johannes Müller (1801-1858) German physiologist Clopton Havers (1657-1702) English physician and osteologist Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1733-1794) German physiologist Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) Italian physician and anatomist the Mongols (c. 800 AD?-present) East-Central Asian peoples Andreas Vesalius (151x-156x) Dutch-Flemish surgeon and anatomist

description

__ tube(s): in mammals, channel for egg transport from ovaries to uterus; a.k.a. uterine tube or oviduct | context | data |

__ apparatus: in eukaryotes, organelle

ˈgȯl-(ˌ)jē

that packs proteins into vesicles, esp. for secretion | context | data |

yu̇ -ˈstā-kē-əs yüˈstā-shən ˈmyü-lər myü-ˈlir-ē-ən ˈhā-vərz hə-ˈvər-zhənˈvȯlf ˈvȯl-fē-ən mal-ˈpē-gē mal-ˈpē-gē-ənˈmän-ˌgōl ˈmäŋ-gə-ˌlȯid

__ blot: in DNA analysis, finding number of copies of gene in genome | context | data |

__ motion: patterns of small particles’

movement through air or other medium | context | data |

__ tube(s): in mammals, connects nasopharynx to middle ear; pressure equalization, mucus drainage; a.k.a. auditory tube | context | data | __ duct(s): embryonic paired tubes which become female reproductive organs; aka paramesonephric duct | context | data |

__ canal(s): within compact bone,

microscopic system of channels containing blood vessels and nerves | context | data |

__ duct(s): embryonic paired tubes which become male reproductive organs; aka mesonephric duct | context | data |

__ tubule(s): in arthropods, gut tubes to aid excretion or osmoregulation | context | data |

offensive and abusive term for perceived Down’s syndrome-related characteristics | context | data |

anatomy: rejection of Galenic

və-ˈsā-lē-əs və-ˈsā-lē-ən

tradition in favor of human dissection, illustration, and professional experience | context | data |

top | KWIC | data | glossary | appendix

8

(Henshaw 2018)

Key Words in Context note: key word is shown in bold; links to other key words are shown in blue italics (when available) adjective

Achilles / Achilles’

aphrodisiac

Archimedean

Aristotelian

Avicennian / Avicennan

Baconian

Boltzmann

Boolean / boolean

context Achilles tendon rupture most often occurs following an injury after acute push-off during jumping or sprinting as the result of extreme ankle dorsiflexion. Occurring in otherwise healthy adults, it is a disease of the third to fifth decades and has a male predominance. There has been a lot said about the aphrodisiac effect of weed. For some reason, scientists dislike to admit that there is such a thing as an aphrodisiac, so most pharmacologists say there is “no evidence to support the popular idea that weed possesses aphrodisiac properties.” I can say definitely that weed is an aphrodisiac and that sex is more enjoyable under the influence of weed than without it. “Embedded in the principles of justice there is an ideal of the person that provides an Archimedean point for judging the basic structure of society.” — John Rawls “He found the Archimedean point, but he used it against himself; it seems that he was permitted to find it only under this condition.” – Franz Kafka Special attention is paid … to the Aristotelian concept of “primary substances” (individual material things or “particulars”) and how the various “predicates” (or “attributes) relate to them. The treatment of the primary substances and their relationships to the universals occupies a significant portion of both Aristotle’s and Alfarabi’s writings.

Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes By Steven D. Waldman (2011, Elsevier; p. 365) | return to list |

Junky: The Definitive Text of "Junk" By William S. Burroughs (2012, Grove/Atlantic; p. 23) | return to list |

Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics By Bonnie Honig (1993, Cornell University; p. 126) | return to list |

Aristotelian Logic and the Arabic Language in Alfarabi By Shukri Abed (1991, SUNY; p. 2) | return to list |

Aquinas's 'Effect to Cause Argument' grows out of his reading of Avicennian arguments regarding the possible versus necessary being — according to which arguments a caused thing is only possible in itself and must receive esse from another in order to be.

Wisdom's Apprentice: Thomistic Essays in Honor of Lawrence Dewan, O.P. By Lawrence Dewan, Peter A. Kwasniewski (2007, CUA; p. 63) | return to list |

[T]he Baconian scientist imposes on himself the discipline of continuing careful observations, in order to carefully distinguish normal from abnormal function of the principle. Finally, at the far end of the continuum, Baconian method sometimes results in many repeated observations that exhibit a stable, highly consistent pattern, with variation in intensity from weak to strong.

John Gregory and the Invention of Professional Medical Ethics and the ... By Laurence B. McCullough (2007, Springer Science and Business; p. 189) | return to list |

First we introduce the Boltzmann equation for chemically reacting gas mixtures and derive the transfer equations for the constituents and for the mixture. The equilibrium properties are discussed on the basis of the Maxwell-Jiittner distribution function of the constituents.

The Relativistic Boltzmann Equation: Theory and Applications By Carlo Cercignani, Gilberto M. Kremer (2002, Springer Science & Business; p. 171) | return to list |

In general, functions can be defined as algebraic expressions that are formed from variables, operators, parentheses, and an equal sign. More specifically, Boolean expressions are formed from binary variables and the Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT. When we compute the values of Boolean expressions, we

Introduction to Quantum Computation By Ioan Burda (2005, UniversalPublishers; p. 20) | return to list |

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

source

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

must adhere to a specific order of computation: namely, NOT, AND, and OR.

Brownian

Cartesian

cesarean / Caesarean / Cesarean / caesarean

chimeric

chimerical

Copernican

Coulomb

Cyrillic

(Henshaw 2018)

In 1923, N. Wiener studied the mathematical model for Brownian motion and gave a concise and rigorous definition of the stochastic process corresponding to the displacement of a Brownian particle, known as the Wiener process. Bringing Cartesian objectivity to gender issues, he published On the Equality of the Two Sexes: A Physical and Moral Discourse which Shows the Importance of Getting Rid of One's Prejudices anonymously in 1673, which addressed cultural inequalities between the sexes.... By systematically employing Cartesian methodology Poullain rejected tradition as a means of dealing with the issue of feminism. Cesarean rate is the number of deliveries by a cesarean procedure divided by the total number of hospital newborn deliveries… Primary cesarean is a cesarean delivery without the diagnosis code of a uterine scar. In other words, a primary cesarean is a cesarean performed on a woman who has not had a previous cesarean. The modular nature of peptides can be exploited in the synthesis of chimeric sequences that combine diverse motifs in a single molecule. A theoretical consideration of the classification of peptides further expounds the multigeneric nature of peptide chimeras. Strategies for chimeric peptide syntheses include the chemical cross-linking of monomers and tandem combination by conventional SPPS [solid phase peptide synthesis]. Gavin Langmuir offered a useful starting point by distinguishing among three types of ethnic bias: garden variety prejudice when groups simply dislike each other, xenophobia when groups form essentially negative opinions of each other, and chimeria when out-groups are demonized as bearers of monstrous powers. Jews, at different times, have been the object of all such prejudices, but increasingly they are the objects of chimerical prejudice in particular, according to Langmuir. Within the confines of his Copernican revolution, Kant believes that he has successfully brought together our common conception of duty or moral obligation with our metaphysical yearning to prove the reality of transcendental freedom, the immortality of the soul, and the existence of God. Perhaps the most important success of quantum mechanics is the explanation of the internal electronic structure of atoms on the basis of general physical laws. The Schrödinger equation with a Coulomb potential, although a crude model of a “real” hydrogen atom, can describe its properties with high accuracy and explains the spectroscopic observations tham mechanicst have puzzled physicists at the beginning of the 20th century. Table 23 shows the completely new Cyrillic writing system for Uygur. This system had 32 letters to represent the 32 phonemes in Uygur: 24 letters were loaned from the Cyrillic alphabet and seven modified letters (Ғ, Җ, Ң, Қ, Ө, Ү, and Ҳ) were added.

Quantum Harmonic Brownian Motion in a General Environment: A Modified Phase-space Approach by Leehwa Yeh (1993, University of California, Berkeley; p. 19) | return to list | Three Cartesian Feminist Treatises By François Poullain de la Barre (2007, University of Chicago; p.3) | return to list |

Cesarean and Vaginal Deliveries in Illinois : 1992 State of Illinois (1994, Health Care Cost Containment Council; p. 2) | return to list |

Peptide Synthesis and Applications edited by John Howl (2005, Springer Science & Business Media; p. 25) | return to list |

Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 1 By Richard T. Schaefer (2008, SAGE; p. 77) | return to list |

Kant: The Three Critiques By Andrew Ward (2006, Polity; p. 173) | return to list |

Advanced Visual Quantum Mechanics By Bernd Thaller (2005, Springer Science & Business; p. 57) | return to list |

Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages 1949-2002 By Minglang Zhou (2003, Walter de Gruyter; p. 183) | return to list |

10

Darwinian

diesel

Dirac

Doppler

Einsteinian

eolian / Aeolian / aeolian

Euclidean

eustachian / Eustachian

fallopian / Fallopian

[E]motions … are states … consistent with … a design by which genes can specify (some) goals or reinforcers of our actions. This means that the theory of emotion that I propose should not be seen as behaviourist, but instead as part of a much broader theory that takes an adaptive, Darwinian, approach to the functions of emotion, and how they are important in brain design.

Emotion Explained By Edmund T. Rolls (2005, Oxford; p. 61) | return to list |

For diesel vehicles, emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are the most critical of the smog precursors and are the most difficult to control with conventional technologies. Heavy-duty diesel vehicles are currently estimated to account for 33 percent of the total onroad vehicle NOx emissions.

Demonstration of Lean NOx Catalytic Converter Technology on a Heavy-duty Diesel Engine by Martin J. Heimrich (1996, California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Research Division; p. xiii) | return to list |

It is, from my point of view, absolutely fascinating to see that all the electronic properties in spintronics and also condensed matter research in general emerge from just one single, small equation: the Dirac equation. Only the large number of particles is what makes it in practice impossible to solve the equation exactly in realistic solid state physics systems. The Doppler shift is a change in the frequency of sound caused by a moving reflector when observed by a stationary source. In the case of medical diagnostic ultrasound, the Doppler shift is caused by reflection off the red blood cells. [T]here is a fundamental problem in the standard presentations, conceptualizations, and understandings of all orthodox, or, what I will treat as meaning the same thing, Einsteinian formulations of general relativity. This problem makes itself fully manifest in the theory of measurement. The issue to be raised here, stated as blatantly as possible, is that these orthodox presentations of [general relativity] render problematic if not outright incoherent the very idea of measurement within cosmology. The softer limestone and marl and unconsolidated alluvial and eolian sediments weather more readily than hard limestone. How unique and definitive is Euclidean geometry in describing the "real" space in which we live? Richard Trudeau confronts the fundamental question of truth and its representation through mathematical models. E. Steroid Perfusion of the Eustachian Tube For those patients who have chronic problems with severe eustachian tube dysfunction and have required many treatments with standard pressure-equalizing tubes, an alternative treatment exists. Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube is the least common malignancy of the female genital tract and is estimated to account for less than 1.0% of all gynecologic malignancies.

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

Single-site Green Function of the Dirac Equation for Full-potential Electron Scattering By Pascal Kordt (2012, Forschungszentrum Julich; p. 1) | return to list | Vascular Technology Examination PREP by Ray Gaiser, Traci B. Fox (2015, McGraw Hill Professional; p. 8) | return to list |

Whitehead and the Measurement Problem of Cosmology By Gary L. Herstein (2006, Walter de Gruyter; p. 15-6) | return to list |

Soil Survey of Reagan and Upton Counties, Texas. U.S. Department of Agriculture (2003; p. 85) | return to list | The Non-Euclidean Revolution By Richard J. Trudeau (2008, Springer Science & Business; jacket) | return to list | Ear and Temporal Bone Surgery: Minimizing Risks and Complications by Richard J. Wiet (2006, Thieme; p. unknown) | return to list | Surgical Oncology: Contemporary Principles & Practice by K. I. Bland, John M. Daly, Constantine P. Karakousis (2001) McGraw Hill Professional; p. 897) | return to list |

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

Fermi

Freudian

Galenic

Galilean

galvanized / galvanic

Gaussian

Georgian

giant

gigantic

The Fermi surface at room temperature is typically as well defined as is the surface of a peach, i.e. the surface has a little “fuzz”, but the overall shape is well defined. For many electrical properties, only the electrons near the Fermi surface are active. Therefore, the nature of the Fermi surface is very important. Many Fermi surfaces can be explained by starting with a free-electron Fermi surface in the extendedzone scheme and, then, mapping surface segments into the reduced-zone scheme. This book argues that conventional interpretations of Freudian psychology have not accounted for the existence and complexity of death anxiety and its intrinsic relation to the creation of illusions and delusions. By 1550 most leading academics in Europe were Galenists. But their position was coming under attack from three sides. Galenic method in clinical medicine was cumbersome and beyond the capacity of most doctors to carry out properly. The followers of Paracelsus … asserted that Galenic herbal remedies were [ineffective]. All reference frames moving with constant velocity are Galilean, so Newton's laws are valid in these frames. Every mechanical system will therefore behave in the same way in all Galilean frames. This is the Galilei– Newton principle of relativity. [M]etal ions from solution are reduced and deposited onto a substrate that is oxidized and dissolved to complete the redution-oxidation cycle. This coupling of metal reduction and substrate oxidation provides the spatial selectivity observed in galvanic displacement.

This book is concerned with linear time series and random fields in both the Gaussian and especially the non-Gaussian context focusing on autoregressive moving average models and analogous random fields. Georgian architecture was introduced in the early 1700s in England. A revival of sixteenth-century Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio's classical forms, the style became a stronghold in both England and Colonial America. This style was brought over by English loyalists who were seeking a way to express their newfound wealth and status as landowners and merchants in the New World. Giant Cell Arteritis is known by other names – temporal arteritis, Horton's Disease, cranial arteritis and granulomatous arteritis. It is manifested by the presence of giant cells in the lining of the wall of a of a large or medium sized artery and is one of many vasculitic diseases. Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) affects mainly people aged 50 or older, women more than men, and almost exclusively Caucasians. The beams of the deck were slippery; two or three times she nearly lost her footing, and once only saved herself from falling by clutching at a gigantic coil of

Solid-State Physics: Introduction to the Theory By James Patterson, Bernard Bailey (2011, Springer Science & Business; p. 266) | return to list |

Death and Delusion: A Freudian Analysis of Mortal Terror By Jerry S. Piven (2004, IAP; jacket) | return to list | Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Classical tradition, Volume 3 by Manfred Landfester, Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider (2008, Brill; p. 434) | return to list | Einstein's General Theory of Relativity: With Modern Applications in Cosmology By Øyvind Grøn, Sigbjorn Hervik (2007, Springer Science & Business; p. 5) | return to list | Dynamics and Mechanism of Copper Deposition Onto Silicon by Galvanic Displacement By Calvin Paul daRosa (2008, ProQuest; p. 1-2) | return to list | Gaussian and Non-Gaussian Linear Time Series and Random Fields By Murray Rosenblatt (2000, Springer Science & Business; jacket) | return to list |

Architectural Trim By Nancy E. Berry (2007, Quarry Books; p. 42) | return to list |

Giant Cell Arteritis - An Elusive Odyssey By James Rupp (2008, Lulu; p. 6) | return to list |

The Happy Mariners By Gerald Bullett (2013, Bloomsbury; p. 1st page of Chap. 6) | return to list |

12

(Henshaw 2018)

rope, rope thicker than her arm in a coil as tall as herself.

Golgi

Gregorian (art)

Gregorian (rel)

Gregorian (sci)

Gupta

Hamiltonian

Haversian / haversian

Hawking

Condensation of the protein secretory substance, addition of polysaccharides, and packaging of this material into secretory granules take place within the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus consists of sacs bounded with smooth-surfaced membranes. Some large and more or less dilated sacs are called vacuoles; some are flattened and arranged parallel to one another forming a stack or heap of lamellae; others, round and very small, are termed vesicles. Whatever the origin of Gregorian chant, it is clear the Carolingian desire for liturgical and political uniformity imposed “Gregorian” chant throughout the realm. And with this tide of uniformity was swept away much music that, as it is gradually recovered and studied, gives a far richer picture of musical practice in early medieval Europe than was formerly known. And if it is true that the Gregorian reform movement helped to inspire an artistic renaissance in twelfthcentury France, how did the idea that the church was to be reborn, renewed, and not even to look as it did before, become translated into early manifestations of the art often called “Gothic”? There are three time standards in current use: Gregorian, DMY, and UTCO. In all cases, timing is assumed to be referenced to the Greenwich Meridian and the contemporary Gregorian calendar. All the important legal luminaries such as Yajnavalkya, Narada, Brihaspati, Parashara, Kamandaka and others seem to have flourished in this golden period of political history or nearabout this period. Thus, the Gupta period represents the culmination of the intellectual glory specially in the field of law and makes a landmark in the administration of law and justice. The Gupta period though with certain ups and downs, led to the evolution of legal culture in a very massive way… [Chapter] 1.1 Coexistence of the Dynamical Order and Chaos Hamiltonian systems are carriers of chaos. With minimal restrictions, the phase space of an arbitrary dynamic Hamiltonian system contains regions where motion is accompanied by a mixing of trajectories in the phase space. The analytical and graphic methods currently available are not good enough to capture the dynamics, which can be either chaotic or regular. Most of the thickness of compact bone, however, is occupied by the Haversian systems also known as osteons: lamellae concentrically arranged around a central Haversian canal. The osteons are the products of bone remodeling. In the previous section, we mentioned the Beckenstein-Hawking entropy of black holes, and that this entropy satisfies the second law of thermodynamics, that in a closed system like the universe, entropy must increase in time. Material that is falling into a black hole carries entropy of its own,

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

Ultrastructure of Endocrine Cells and Tissues edited by P. Motta (2012, Springer Science & Business; p. 7) | return to list |

The Beneventan Chant By Thomas Forrest Kelly (1989, Cambridge University Press; p. 1) | return to list |

Gothic Song: Victorine Sequences and Augustinian Reform in Twelfth-Century Paris By Margot Elsbeth Fassler (1993, Cambridge University Press; p. 211) | return to list | Numerical Partial Differential Equations for Environmental Scientists and Engineers By Daniel R. Lynch (2004, Springer Science & Business; p. 371) | return to list |

Essays on Legal Systems in India By Raj Kumar (2003, Discovery Publishing House; p. 31) | return to list |

The Physics of Chaos in Hamiltonian Systems George M. Zaslavsky (2007, World Scientific; p. 1) | return to list |

Endocrine Physiology by Balint Kacsoh (2000, McGraw Hill Professional; p. 129) | return to list | The Search for the Meaning of Space, Time, and Matter: Images of Many Travels By Kai Woehler (2009, Xlibris; p. 333) | return to list |

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

hermaphroditic

Hermetic (rel)

hermetic (sci)

Hippocratic

Hubble

Jovian

Julian

Keplerian

Kuhnian

which lowers the entropy of the environment. Beckenstein showed that the sum of the entropy lost to the environment and the entropy gained by the hole from swallowing the material is always positive. A synchronous hermaphroditic striped mullet, Mugil cephalus, was captured offshore of [the Southeast US] during the commercial roe mullet fishery harvest. The fish … was determined to be 4 years old by otolith analysis. Gross examination of the gonads revealed four lobes: right and left ovaries and right and left testis which represents a unique occurrence among hermaphroditic fish. Copernicus and Hermetism: We have also been told that the core of the [Renaissance Neoplatonist] (author’s brackets) movement was Hermetic, involving a view of the cosmos as a network of magical forces with which man can operate…. [This allowed for] that changed attitude of man to the cosmos which was the necessary preliminary to the rise of science. Many medical devices require a hermetic seal, where the internal volume of the device must be sealed to the outside environment. As package cases and sensor bodies become thinner, it becomes more difficult to maintain weld quality, hermeticity, and low thermal input. The Hippocratic approach to medicine is not simply an ethical viewpoint but rather a philosophy of disease. In that philosophy, disease is natural, and cure also comes from nature. The Hubble expansion might suggest that we're at the center of the universe, since distant galaxies are all receding from us. But an observer on any other galaxy would see the same thing. We can now be fairly certain that Jovian lightning occurs from cloud to cloud discharge, as most lightning occurs on Earth, and that Jovian lightning occurs in water clouds. [O]n the Julian calendar it is customary to refer to the year preceding 1 C.E. as 1 BCE., counting it as a leap year in accordance with the every-fourth-year leapyear rule of the Julian calendar. The orbit distance between two Keplerian orbits with a common focus is useful to know if two celestial bodies moving along these orbits can collide or undergo a very close approach. If the orbit distance is large enough there is no possibility of such an event, at least during the time span in which the Keplerian solutions are a good approximation of the real orbits. Kuhn describes the replacement of one paradigm by another as a scientific revolution. In due course, the new paradigm may be undermined by anomalies. There will be a new crisis and another revolution. Scientific progress in this Kuhnian interpretation is by revolution. Paradigms are replaced by new paradigms. However, Kuhn would not claim that each successive paradigm brings the scientific community closer to the ultimate truth.

Occurrence of a Synchronous Hermaphroditic Striped Mullet, Mugil cephalus, from the Northern Gulf of Mexico by James Franks et al. (1998, Gulf Research Reports 10 (1); p. 1) | return to list | Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Science By Roger H. Stuewer (1989, Taylor & Francis; p. 164) | return to list | Medical Device Materials: Proceedings from the Materials & Processes for Medical Devices Conference edited by Sanjay Shrivastava (2004, ASM International; p. 37) | return to list | Mood Disorders: A Practical Guide By S. Nassir Ghaemi (2007, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; p. 54 ) | return to list | Essential College Physics, Vol. 2 by Andrew F. Rex, Richard Wolfson (2010, Addison-Wesley/Pearson Education; p. 626) | return to list | Jupiter: and How to Observe It By John W. McAnally (2007, Springer Science & Business; p. 86) | return to list | Calendrical Calculations By Nachum Dershowitz, Edward M. Reingold (2008, Cambridge University Press; p. 14) | return to list | Near Earth Objects, Our Celestial Neighbors (IAU S236): Opportunity and Risk By International Astronomical Union. Symposium (2007, Cambridge UP; p. 3) | return to list | Financial accounting theory: its nature and development By Scott Henderson, Graham Peirson, Rob Brown (1992, Longman Cheshire; p. 21) | return to list |

14

(Henshaw 2018)

Lagrangian

Lamarckian

Laplacian

Linnean / Linnaean

Luddite

Malpighian

Malthusian

Lagrangian trajectory analysis is used to determine sites where water masses from the [Equatorial Undercurrent] upwell and later downwell. The use of Lagrangian mean transports to trace particles takes into account high-temporal variability in the tropics. Is Cultural/Scientific Evolution Really Lamarckian? There are not many theories that have been as successful as the idea that cultural evolution is Lamarckian [and not Darwinian. Gould writes:] “…This crux in the Earth’s history has been reached because Lamarckian processes have finally been unleashed upon it. Human cultural evolution, in strong opposition to our biological history, is Lamarckian in character.” Three demons have possessed the Western imagination in the modern period: Descartes’, Laplace’s, and Maxwell’s…: the knower who is able to know without causally affecting the known…. [The Laplacian demon,] given the universal laws and any set of initial conditions, can compute what happens at any point in spacetime without the computation itself making a difference to the state of the universe. [But Maxwell’s demon,] try as it may to approximate the transcendental aloofness of the Laplacian demon, is able to bring about a local reversal of the statistical tendency toward entropy only at the cost of generating entropy elsewhere in the universe. Our present system of biological classification grew out of the need to find a way of organizing the growing lists of new plants and animals carried back to Europe during the Age of Discovery. Prior to Linnaeus, organisms were named in a variable manner, usually with a descriptive phrase. The Linnaean system supplanted earlier forms of classification, primarily because it replaced more ponderous ways of naming species with the simple and flexible binomial system. (For example, genus and species: our species is Homo sapiens, with the name of our genus [Homo] always written before our species epitaph [sapiens].) The only way for the species to keep pace will be for humans to gain greater competence from the computational technology we have created, that is, for the species to merge with technology. Not everyone will find this prospect appealing, so the Luddite issue will broaden in the twenty-first century from an anxiety about human livelihoods to one concerning the essential nature of human beings. However, the Luddite movement is not likely to fare any better in the next century than it has in the past two. It suffers from the lack of a viable alternative agenda. [L]ooking at Aedes aegypti that are fully susceptible to Brugia pahangi, we find that about a quarter of the larvae that enter the thoracic flight muscles still die in the first few days. Susceptibility of the same mosquito to another filarial worm, Dirofilaria immitis (developing in Malpighian tubules), is controlled by a different sex-linked recessive gene designated f t. Historical evidence suggests that the transition from the Malthusian epoch to a state of sustained economic growth, rapid as it may appear, was a

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean edited by G.J. Goni, P. M. Rizzoli (2003, Elsevier; p. 175) | return to list | Handbook of Evolution: The Evolution of Human Societies and Cultures edited by Franz M. Wuketits, Christoph Antweiler (2008, John Wiley & Sons; p. 62) | return to list |

Social Epistemology By Steve Fuller (2002, Indiana University; p. 47-8) | return to list |

Life on Earth: An Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Volume 1: A – G Edited by Niles Eldredge (2002, ABC-CLIO; p. 226) | return to list |

The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence By Ray Kurzweil (2000, Penguin; p. unknown of chapter 8) | return to list |

The Biology of Blood-Sucking in Insects By M. J. Lehane (2005, Cambridge UP; p. 165) | return to list | Economic Growth and Distribution: On the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

gradual process and thus could not plausibly be viewed as the outcome of a major exogenous shock…

Maxwellian

Meiji

Mendelian

Mullerian / mullerian

Newtonian

ohmic / Ohmic

Paracelsian

parkinsonian / Parkinsonian

A massive black hole as a Brownian particle conducts to a equipartition of kinetic energy at the equilibrium, when the distribution function of stellar velocities is Maxwellian. When it is non-Maxwellian [it] is not surprising to find a deviation from equipartition. Begun initially as largely government enterprises that received government support and encouragement after they were in private hands, the machine silk-reeling and cotton-spinning industries of Meiji were the first in Japan to develop extensive factory production. Their work forces, heavily female, formed a large proportion of the labor force during the first period of Japan’s industrialization. This pattern would remain long after the Meiji era had ended. Single-gene defects are rare, occurring in fewer than one in 200 births, and are typically associated with Mendelian inheritance. Some diseases formerly thought to follow Mendelian patterns are much more complicated, including diabetes, asthma, and fragile X syndrome. The mullerian or paramesonephric ducts, which are evident by the end of the second month of gestation, ultimately fuse to form the uterus, cervix, and upper four fifths of the vagina. Incomplete fusion of these ducts results in uterine anomalies that may be associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. For the past 300 years or so, the simple Newtonian fluid model has been accepted as the standard fluid behavior. Though most gases and low molecular weight substances do exhibit this kind of fluid behavior, in recent years, there has been an increasing recognition of the importance of nonNewtonian flow characteristics displayed by most materials encountered in everyday life, both in nature (gums, proteins, biological fluids such as blood, synovial fluid, etc.) and in technology (polymers and plastics, emulsions, slurries, etc.). Ohmic heating processing has the promise to provide food processors with the opportunity to produce new, high-value-added, shelf-stable products with a quality previously unrealized with current sterilization techniques. [Most] of the processed substances studied by eighteenth-century chemists… were products long known in mining and metallurgy… and prepared in… pharmaceutical and alchemical laboratories…. Mercury, antimony and arsenic were [everyday] materials, which became prominent in sixteenthcentury Paracelsian chemical pharmacy and medicine. The most common parkinsonian disorders can be assigned to one of two categories based on biochemical abnormalities in tau protein or synuclein. As a group, these disorders have been termed tauopathies and synucleinopathies.

edited by Neri Salvadori (2006, Edward Elgar; p. 3) | return to list | Black Holes (IAU S238): From Stars to Galaxies - Across the Range of Masses By International Astronomical Union. Symposium, Giorgio Matt (2007, Cambridge University; p. 427) | return to list |

Factory Girls: Women in the Thread Mills of Meiji Japan By E. Patricia Tsurumi (1992, Princeton University Press; p. 9) | return to list |

Epidemiology and Prevention: A Systems Based Approach By John Yarnell (2007, OUP Oxford; p. 214) | return to list | Miscarriage and the Successful Pregnancy: A Woman's Guide to Infertility and and Reproductive Loss By William Hummel FACOF (2005, iUniverse; p. 100) | return to list |

Bubbles, Drops, and Particles in Non-Newtonian Fluids, Second Edition By R.P. Chhabra (2006, CRC; 1st page of Preface) | return to list |

Improving the Thermal Processing of Foods By Philip Richardson (2004, Woodhead; p. 227) | return to list | Stuff: The Nature of Chemical Substances edited by Klaus Ruthenberg (2008, Königshausen & Neumann; p. 21) | return to list | Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders edited by Joseph Jankovic, Eduardo Tolosa (2007, Lippincott & Wilkins; p. 271)

16

(Henshaw 2018)

| return to list |

Pavlovian

photovoltaic / voltaic

Planck

pre-Columbian / Pre-Columbian

Plinian / plinian

plutonic

Consider a population of Pavlov strategists. While their population is resistant to invasions by tit-for-tat players owing to the Pavlovian forgiveness, a Pavlov population is not stable to an invasion by mutant defectors. This follows because the Pavlov strategists try every other round to resume cooperation. Photovoltaic solar energy (PV) is a fascinating alternative as a renewable energy. It is clean and silent and the main resource is obtained without any production and transportation cost; thus it is seemingly ideal for reducing CO2 emissions. However, the panels that convert solar radiation into electrical power are costly and energy intensive to manufacture, rendering electrical energy from PV cells one of the most expensive of all non-renewable and renewable resources. One of the most exciting developments in theoretical physics in the last 15 years has been the realization that we know very poorly the energy scale at which quantum gravitational interactions become important. The Planck scale is the energy scale above which the quantum fluctuations of space-time cannot be neglected. Traditionally, this energy scale was thought to be around 1019 GeV…. Until recently, it was assumed that the Planck scale might never be probed experimentally. However, Arkani-Hamed et al. (1998); Antoniadis et al. (1998) have shown by studying a class of models with more than four dimensions that the Planck scale could be much lower than naively expected and potentially around a few 103 GeV depending on the number of of extra dimensions.

Lead Markets for Environmental Innovations By Klaus Jacob, Marian Beise, Jürgen M. Blazejczak, Dietmar Edler, Rüdiger Haum, Martin Jänicke, Thomas Löw, Ulrich Petschow, Klaus Rennings (2006, Springer Science & Business; p. 58) | return to list |

Quantum Black Holes By Xavier Calmet, Bernard Carr, Elizabeth Winstanley (2013, Springer Science & Business; p. 93) | return to list |

Modern political boundaries are often used as PreColumbian barriers when interpreting Pre-Columbian history in the region. However, these barriers are often arbitrarily defined and often do not reflect the PreColumbian demographic of genetic history in the regions.

Genetic history and preColumbian Diaspora of Chibchan speaking populations: Molecular genetic evidence By Phillip Edward Melton (2008, ProQuest; p. 78) | return to list |

The ridge-shaped stratavolcano, Hekla is Iceland’s second most active volcano with 23 confirmed eruptions since its first historic eruption in 1104 AD. Although the 1104 AD eruption was a purely explosive Plinian eruption, Hekla is typically characterised by mixed eruptions. Usually beginning with a vigorous, but shortlived (0.5–2 h long) Plinian or sub-Plinian phase, the eruption transitions into a several-hour long phase, with simultaneous sustained emissions of moderately widespread tephra fall and fountain-fed lava flows. phase, phase, the eruption transitions

Volcanic Tourist Destinations edited by Patricia Erfurt-Cooper (2014, Springer Science & Business; p. 35) | return to list |

Plutonic rocks make up about one quarter of the exposed Canadian Appalachians, occurring in all tectonostratigraphic zones. Plutons range in age from Middle Proterozoic to Cretaceous, but ages of plutons in particular zones are restricted to small parts of this range.

Geology of the Appalachian— Caledonian Orogen in Canada and Greenland Edited by Harold Williams (1995, Geological Society of America; p. 631) | return to list |

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

Global Challenges: An Approach to Environmental, Political, and Economic Problems By Todd Sandler (1997, Cambridge University; p. 173) | return to list |

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

Promethean

Ptolemaic (dyn)

Ptolemaic (sci)

Riemannian

Southern

unpasteuri(z/s)ed / (p/P)asteuri(z/s)ed / Pasteurian

venereal

Vesalian

Victorian

Promethean guilt is the guilt we incur for the sins that we need to commit if we are to achieve, both for ourselves and for our society, some of the social, political, [and economic goals we have]. At the beginning of the Ptolemaic period, the queen remained subordinate to her husband; by the reign of Kleopatra II and Euergetes (145-116 BC), the queen ruled equally with the king; and under the last Kleopatra, the queen emerged greater than her male associates. To Macurdy, the Ptolemaic queens had gained their influence by virtue of their strong character and political acumen. Based on the notion that a circle is a perfect form, together with what was then known about astronomical cycles, the Ptolemaic model conceived of the moon, the sun, the planets apart from the Earth, and all of the stars, as being in circular orbits around our planet. This view held for almost one-and-a-half thousand years. This book contains a clear exposition of two contemporary topics in modern differential geometry: distance geometric analysis on manifolds … applied to study the Laplace operator on minimal submanifolds; the application of the Lichnerowicz formula for Dirac operators to the study of Gromov's invariants to measure the K-theoretic size of a Riemannian manifold. Multiple assays have been described to analyze telomere length and for yeast, Southern blot analysis of terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) remains one of the most popular ones to get a global picture of the state of telomeres in a given experimental setting. The name of the food is “Pasteurized orange juice.” If the food is filled into containers and preserved by freezing, the label should bear the name “Frozen pasteurized orange juice.” The words “pasteurized” or “frozen pasteurized” should be shown on labels in letters not less than one-half the height of the letters in the words “orange juice.” In September 1867, a hospital for the treatment of venereal diseases of prostitutes was established in Yokohama for the first time in the history of Japan, and subsequently similar institutions were established at Kobe and Nagasaki. The ways in which anatomists have dissected the brain have determined their knowledge…. Vesalius… employed the method of slicing horizontally through the brain in situ…. Although the Vesalian procedure was an easy one to perform, it created difficulties for understanding of the relationships of the various parts of the brain; nevertheless, it was still being used to some extent… at the end of the eighteenth century. Michael J. Clark discusses Victorian thinking about the dangers of intense introspection: '…"introspection", almost invariably in conjunction with habitual self-absorption and unnatural egoism, forms one of the principal constitutive elements of

Guilt with a Twist: The Promethean Way By Lawrence H. Staples (2008, Fisher King Press; page unknown, but similar to p. xvi) | return to list | Imagination of a Monarchy: Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda By R. A. Hazzard (2000, University of Toronto Press; p. 101) | return to list |

Evolutionary Thought in Psychology: A Brief History By Henry Plotkin (2008, Wiley; p. 1) | return to list |

Global Riemannian Geometry: Curvature and Topology By Steen Markvorsen, Maung MinOo (2003, Springer Science & Business; p. 64) | return to list | Yeast Protocols edited by Wei Xiao (2006, Springer Science & Business; p. 265) | return to list | Handbook of Frozen Foods Edited by Y. H. Hui, Isabel Guerrero Legarretta, Miang Hoong Lim, K.D. Murrell, Wai-Kit Nip (2004, CRC Press; p. 468) | return to list | The Nightless City of the Geisha: The History of the Yoshiwara By Joseph Ernest De Becker (2002, Routledge; p. 163) | return to list | The Human Brain and Spinal Cord: A Historical Study Illustrated by Writings ... By Edwin Clarke, Charles Donald O'Malley (1996, Norman Publishing; p. 819) | return to list | The Most Dreadful Visitation': Male Madness in Victorian Fiction By Valerie Pedlar (2006, Liverpool University; p. 70) | return to list |

18

(Henshaw 2018)

their [later nineteenth-century psychological authorities] conception of "unsound Mind.".'

volcanic

von Neumann

Wolffian / wolffian

Zeeman

In the past 300 years, volcanic eruptions, most of them unexpected, have killed more than 250,000 people. In 2000, experts estimated that 500 million people were living in areas at risk from catastrophic volcanic eruptions. This book describes the strides that have made in eruption forecasting in recent years and explores why accurately predicting volcanic events remains difficult. All stored-program computers have come to be known as von Neumann systems using the von Neumann architecture. Although we are compelled by tradition to say that stored-program computers use the von Neumann architecture, we shall not do so without paying proper tribute to its true inventors: John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. A major determinant in establishing phenotypic sex is the expression of genetic sex early in fetal life, thereby leading to the differentiation of indifferent gonads into testes or ovaries. Subsequently, and depending upon the type of gonad that develops, male or female internal and external genitalia grow and differentiate form the Wolffian and Mullerian ducts, respectively. Zeeman discovered this phenomenon (known as the Zeeman effect) in the laboratory, but it proved valuable in deducing even more information from a star's light. When Hale leamed of the Zeeman effect, he conducted laboratory work of his own to observe what the effect looked like in certain test cases. He carried out ob servations of light from an iron arc (or spark) from other sources and recorded much diversity in the splitting of the spectral lines from the different materials.

The Forecasting of Volcanic Eruptions By R. B. Trombley (2006, iUniverse; jacket) | return to list |

The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture By Linda Null, Julia Lobur (2006, Jones & Bartlett Learning; p. 31) | return to list | Pediatric Gender Assignment: A Critical Reappraisal edited by Stephen A. Zderic et al. (2005, Springer Science & Business; p. 25) | return to list |

Great Events from History: The 20th century, 1901-1940, Volume 2 Robert F. Gorman (2007, Salem Press) | return to list |

Quotes were found via Google Books search for the eponymous adjective. Among dozens of choices, I attempted to select quotes that are reasonably well understood in isolation, accurately characterize a major meaning of the entry, and which bear no correlation to my personal beliefs. Words contained in brackets are my paraphrase of the author, inserted to save space or to clarify a section of text that would otherwise be out of context. Note that some KWIC items occur outside of 1988-2008; this selection has no bearing on other data collected for this study, and was chosen for style rather than chronological accuracy.

top | KWIC | data | glossary | appendix

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

Advanced Data Here is data for investigators who wish to dig deeply. Here you will find the ranking of influential humans, the words most often associated with the adjective, diachronic data, ‘genetic health’, and the actual usage rate. The parameters calculated by 4 corpora are Person Power rank and normalized average. Other items are based only on data from Google Ngram Viewer, although multiple corroborations were made for dependencies and dominant form of lexeme by comparing NgV with COCA and BNC. Even though NgV is not highly regarded among professional corpus linguists, its data proved satisfactory for the purposes of this list. Entries are organized by lexeme, which is a collection of one or more words that share the same meaning. The more frequent form of the lexeme is listed first. For example, there is little or no difference in meaning between Abelian and abelian; thus, together they create a single lexeme. It seems that, at least in this case, the math community isn’t overly concerned about conventions of capitalization. Conversely, Platonic and platonic constitute distinct lexemes because the former refers to the philosophical program of the great thinker, while the latter refers to a nonsexual intimate relationship. In principle, lexeme constituents that represent less than 20% of the total frequency value are not included. Genetic health factor (GHF) is an original metric created for this study. The calculation for GHF is the population standard deviation divided by mean (σ/μ) of top ten dependency terms multiplied by the percentage of total frequency accounted for by those dependencies, per Tables 1 & 2. Table 1. Dependencies (combined as lexeme where multiple inflections occur within top 10) of selected entries with differing degrees of Genetic Health Factor. item Nietzschean Marxist stentorian venereal item Nietzschean Marxist stentorian venereal

Dependency 1, frequency sense, 1.0E-06 theor(y/ies), 7.70E-05 voice(s) 4.37E-06 disease(s), 8.40E05 Dependency 6, frequency superman, 6.8E07 perspective, 9.85E-06 bellow, 1.01E-07 patients, 4.94E-07

Dependency 2, frequency philosophy, 1.0E06 Leninist, 5.57E-05

Dependency 3, frequency terms, 8.5E-07

tone(s), 2.00E-06 infection(s), 3.58E-06 Dependency 7, frequency will, 6.6E-07

lungs, 2.08E-07 warts, 2.77E-06

shout, 1.33E-07

Dependency 8, frequency thought, 5.5E-07

Dependency 10, frequency critique, 7.4 E-07

view, 9.79E-06

thought, 9.68E-06

Dependency 9, frequency perspective, 5.3E07 --

[be], 9.99E-08 transmission, 4.77E-07

whose, 7.74E-08 --

---

---

analysis, 2.11E-05

Dependency 4, frequency [be], 7.8 E-07 tradition, 1.41E-05 syphilis, 1.54E-06

Dependency 5, frequency critique, 7.4 E-07 ideology, 1.22E-05 roar, 1.04E-07 clinic(s), 9.32E-07

--

Table 2. Calculation of Genetic Health Factor for selected entries. item

A

Nietzschean Marxist stentorian venereal

B Normalized NgV Frequency (NF) 5.64E-05 9.34E-04 1.22E-05 1.15E-04

C sum of dependency frequencies 7.3E-06 2.09E-04 7.09E-06 9.38E-05

D % dependencies as NF (C / B) 13% 22% 58% 82%

E standard deviation ÷ mean (σ/μ) 0.23 0.92 1.64 2.2

G Genetic Health Factor 0.030 0.21 0.95 1.8

GHF indicates the degree to which the lexeme entry may be employed to modify a variety of other words (usually 20

(Henshaw 2018)

nouns). The median GHF is 0.20; lower than that, and the adjective can describe an above average number of words. In principle, entries whose GHF is above 1.05 were classified as noun adjuncts and were not included on the official list. Many familiar lowercase words like bohemian (0.14), gothic/Gothic (0.12), and masochistic (0.074) can be used in many situations, so they have low GHFs. Nietzschean is especially notable in its low GHF, meaning authors use Nietzsche’s adjective in a multitude of ways; it is extremely productive. Entries which can only modify a couple of words have a high GHF: fallopian/Fallopian (2.1) is almost always followed by tube(s) or canal; venereal (1.8) modifies the lexeme disease(s) 73% of the time. Therefore, venereal and other words with a GHF over 1.05 are not considered adjectives appropriate for the list because they serve a function more like attributive or compound nouns. Finally, I recognize that this metric has pitfalls. The cut off at 1.05 is not based on rigorous reasoning, but, like many aspects of this project, it is based on long-considered feeling. Also, the choice of population standard deviation as the metric of distribution may be faulty since the data are not normally distributed. Even more disconcerting is NgV’s lack of explanation about the meaning and frequency calculation of ‘dependency’: it includes the 10 most frequent “instances in which [each dependency term] is applied to [the item under investigation]” (Ngram Viewer info, 2013). It is also not clearly stated whether any data of the 10 dependency frequencies is counted twice; consider the phrase “the Nietzschean sense of the superman.” Would this one phrase count as separate hits on both dependency terms? The data suggest not. Among over 500 calculations of dependency sums, none exceeded 100% of lexeme total frequency, while 18 have surpassed 80%: noun adjuncts like fallopian/Fallopian, eustachian/Eustachian, cesarean, and Achilles. key

Person Power rank

% change 67-87 to 88-08

1st decade of use

Genetic health factor

normalized 4-corpora average

adjectival lexeme

Back to list

n/a

Achilles / Achilles'.

heel

tendon

52

1830

1.5

1.01E-04

return

n/a

aphrodisiac.

effect(s)

properties

8

1820

0.30

1.47E-05

return

172

Archimedean.

point(s)

screw

26

1800

0.83

9.84E-06

return

14

Aristotelian.

philosophy

logic

13

pre-1675

0.085

1.50E-04

return

235+23

Avicennian / Avicennan.

doctrine

philosophy

2

1930

0.080

6.46E-07

return

153

Baconian.

science

method(s)

2

1810

0.13

1.17E-05

return

79

Boltzmann.

equation

distribution

-11

1900

0.78

2.94E-05

return

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

Dependency term 1

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

Dependency term 2

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

Person Power rank

adjectival lexeme

Dependency term 1

Dependency term 2

% change 67-87 to 88-08

1st decade of use

Genetic health factor

normalized 4-corpora average

Back to list

12

Boolean / boolean.

expression(s)

function(s)

89

1920

0.18

1.61E-04

return

n/a

Brownian.

motion(s)

particle(s)

40

1870

1.3

3.35E-05

return

15

Cartesian.

coordinates

product

41

pre-1675

0.24

1.48E-04

return

n/a

(c/C)esarean / (C/c)aesarean.

section(s)

deliver(y/ies)

20

1830

1.2

1.01E-04

return

n/a

chimeric.

gene(s)

protein(s)

290

1840

0.22

2.23E-05

return

n/a

chimerical.

{be}

as

-21

1700

0.43

1.55E-05

return

41

Copernican.

revolution

system

-8

pre-1675

0.64

6.62E-05

return

129

Coulomb.

interaction(s)

criterion

-6

1880

0.20

1.57E-05

return

n/a

Cyclopean / cyclopean.

wall(s)

masonry

44

1800

0.38

9.26E-06

return

74

Cyrillic.

alphabet(s)

script

25

1830

0.68

3.07E-05

return

17

Darwinian.

theory

evolution

50

1860

0.28

1.39E-04

return

5

diesel.

fuel

engine(s)

-11

1890

0.62

4.80E-04

return

99

Dirac.

function(s)

equation

12

1930

0.46

2.48E-05

return

27

Doppler.

shift(s)

ultrasound

81

1900

0.16

1.07E-04

return

190

Einsteinian.

physics

relativity

-13

1920

0.31

7.90E-06

return

n/a

eolian / Aeolian / aeolian.

sand(s)

deposits

-16

1760

0.45

2.01E-05

return

120

Epicurean (phil).

philosophy

Stoic

15

pre-1675

0.13

1.70E-05

return

36

Euclidean.

geometr(y/ies)

distance(s)

24

1840

0.56

7.63E-05

return

n/a

eustachian / Eustachian.

tube(s)

function

-1

1780

1.8

2.89E-05

return

n/a

fallopian / Fallopian.

tube(s)

canal

5

1760

2.1

7.75E-05

return

40

Fermi.

level(s)

energy

-19

1920

0.75

6.93E-05

return

13

Freudian.

theory

psychoanalysis

-16

1900

0.30

1.60E-04

return

214

Galenic.

medicine

theory

33

1790

0.31

5.99E-06

return

98

Galilean.

satellites

transformation(s)

6

pre-1675

0.20

2.49E-05

return

20

galvanized / galvanic.

steel

{be}

-20

1800

0.35

1.32E-04

return

10

Gaussian.

distribution(s)

function(s)

65

1850

0.26

1.75E-04

return

n/a

giant.

cell(s)

tree(s)

6

1720

0.063

1.43E-03

return

n/a

gigantic.

proportions

{be}

-21

1720

0.063

3.50E-04

return

n/a

Golgi.

apparatus

complex(es)

-46

1880

0.67

4.55E-05

return

89

Gregorian (art).

chant(s)

melodies

-29

pre-1675

0.52

2.69E-05

return

213

Gregorian (rel).

reform(s)

n/a

39

pre-1675

n/a

6.12E-06

return

83

Gregorian (sci).

calendar

date

23

pre-1675

0.70

2.87E-05

return

Gupta.

period

times

-26

1900

1.5

6.10E-06

return

81

Hamiltonian.

system(s)

operator

15

1920

0.30

2.89E-05

return

n/a

Haversian / haversian.

canal(s)

system(s)

-39

1840

1.2

5.42E-06

return

219

Hawking.

entropy

process

220

1970

0.10

5.68E-06

return

n/a

hermaphroditic.

[be]

species

-22

1850

0.40

1.39E-05

return

235+3

22

(Henshaw 2018)

Person Power rank

Dependency term 1

adjectival lexeme

Dependency term 2

% change 67-87 to 88-08

1st decade of use

Genetic health factor

normalized 4-corpora average

Back to list

n/a

Hermetic (rel).

tradition(s)

order

15

1780

0.29

2.00E-05

return

n/a

hermetic (sci).

seal(ing)

{be}

16

1780

0.094

3.61E-05

return

68

Hippocratic.

oath

corpus

36

1780

0.66

3.34E-05

return

49

Hubble.

telescope

time

126

1940

0.34

5.44E-05

return

148

Humean.

view

theor(y/ies)

72

1890

0.12

1.24E-05

return

Husserlian.

phenomenology

sense(s)

51

1940

0.69

6.24E-06

return

n/a

Jovian.

planet(s)

atmosphere

-5

pre-1675

0.34

3.83E-05

return

101

Julian.

calendar

date

9

pre-1675

0.50

2.42E-05

return

215

Keplerian.

orbit(s)

motion

36

1830

0.29

5.86E-06

return

211

Kuhnian.

paradigm(s)

sense

92

1970

0.22

6.22E-06

return

50

Lagrangian / Lagrange.

multiplier(s)

function(s)

18

1880

0.51

5.42E-05

return

141

Lamarckian.

theor(y/ies)

evolution

30

1830

0.18

1.28E-05

return

86

Laplacian / Laplace.

operator(s)

pyramid

6

1890

0.49

2.80E-05

return

158

Linnaean.

system

Society

13

1780

0.55

1.06E-05

return

65

Lorentz / Lorentzian.

force

-7

1900

0.32

3.47E-05

return

n/a

Luddite.

movement

riots

3

1820

0.14

9.86E-06

return

n/a

Malpighian.

tubule(s)

layer

-59

1840

1.5

4.16E-06

return

91

Malthusian.

theor(y/ies)

model(s)

-29

1820

0.17

2.69E-05

return

204

Maxwellian.

distribution(s)

{be}

-37

1890

0.93

6.70E-06

return

56

Meiji.

period

era

-1

1890

0.69

4.76E-05

return

72

Mendelian.

inheritance

genetics

-11

1900

0.49

3.10E-05

return

n/a

Mullerian / mullerian.

duct(s)

substance

-4

1870

0.58

7.68E-06

return

19

Newtonian.

fluid(s)

mechanics

-2

1700

0.30

1.34E-04

return

112

ohmic / Ohmic.

contact(s)

resistance

-8

1890

0.73

1.97E-05

return

233

Paracelsian.

medicine

Science

60

1840

0.14

4.77E-06

return

136

Parkinson’s

patient(s)

symptoms

27

1900

0.44

1.40E-05

return

disease(s)

patients

150

1880

n/a

1.53E-04

return

milk

product(s)

35

1890

0.95

3.19E-05

return

235+2

n/a 69

parkinsonian / Parkinsonian. pasteuri(z/s)ed / unpasteuri(z/s)ed / Pasteurian.

transformation( s)

116

Pavlovian.

conditioning

response(s)

-37

1930

1.0

1.82E-05

return

30

photovoltaic / voltaic.

cell(s)

system(s)

-7

1810

0.64

9.43E-05

return

109

Planck.

equation

scale

20

1900

0.24

2.07E-05

return

232

Plinian / plinian.

eruption(s)

races

140

1810

0.57

4.80E-06

return

n/a

plutonic.

rock(s)

volcanic

-50

1790

1.1

8.74E-06

return

201

Popperian.

sense

philosophy

53

1960

0.055

6.88E-06

return

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

Person Power rank n/a

adjectival lexeme pre-Columbian / PreColumbian.

Dependency term 1

Dependency term 2

% change 67-87 to 88-08

1st decade of use

Genetic health factor

normalized 4-corpora average

Back to list

times

art

-5

1800

0.43

6.69E-05

return

n/a

Promethean.

fire

myth

-17

1740

0.15

1.55E-05

return

118

Ptolemaic (dyn).

period

dynasty

24

1830

0.32

1.75E-05

return

95

Ptolemaic (sci).

system(s)

astronomy

-12

1710

0.23

2.58E-05

return

75

Riemann / Riemannian.

surface(s)

problem

25

1920

0.37

3.04E-05

return

n/a

robotic.

system(s)

arm(s)

340

1950

0.33

2.65E-04

return

n/a

Southern.

blot(s)

blotting

420

1980

1.0

3.28E-05

return

n/a

venereal

disease(s)

infection(s)

-37

pre-1675

1.8

8.19E-05

return

n/a

Vesalian.

anatomy

Essays

45

1910

n/a

3.49E-07

return

2

Victorian.

era

period

4

1840

0.077

1.30E-03

return

n/a

volcanic.

rock(s)

eruption(s)

-18

1770

0.29

5.72E-04

return

145

von Neumann.

machine(s)

architecture

64

1960

n/a

1.26E-05

return

n/a

Wolffian / wolffian.

duct(s)

system

-41

1840

1.3

4.52E-06

return

155

Zeeman.

effect(s)

splitting

-26

1900

0.87

1.15E-05

return

Advanced Data: Explanations of each column 1. Person Power Rank: This is the most definitive list of influential legacies of real people whose work has been carried on through the generations. Individuals with questionable historical existence have not been included, with my apologies extending to Homer, Moses and others. Real people whose names have been used for purposes they hadn’t intended have also been excluded: de Sade, Masoch, Magdalene, and others. 2. Adjectival lexeme: Entries containing multiple words (i.e. component parts of a lexeme) are written in descending order of frequency. Incidentally, despite the title of this document, I prefer the term ‘adjectival eponym’ to ‘eponymous adjective’. In my conception of the word, an eponym is a metaphorical or proprietary use of a proper noun where characteristics or perceptions of the proper noun are displaced onto the eponym. Eponyms are usually nouns (pompadour, Kleenex, Reaganomics) or adjectives (see list above), and more rarely verbs (gerrymander, pasteurize, Google) or adverbs (tawdrily, sadistically, tantalizingly). Therefore ‘adjectival eponym’ seems more precise, but alas, ‘eponymous adjective’ has already taken hold as the signifier for this class of words, so I’ve submitted to convention. 3. Dependency terms 1 & 2: Generally speaking, these are the first and second most used lexemes which the adjective modifies. 4. % change from 1967-1987 to 1988-2008: To chart diachronic frequency changes, the time period under investigation (1988-2008) was divided by the previous 21-year period (1967-1987) to yield the percentage change. Note that a rise of 100% means doubling, while -50% means halving. 5. 1st decade of use: This actually means “decade of first prominent use,” and was determined as follows: Ngram search from 1675 with smoothing of 0. The word must have remained in continuous use from this decade with minimal yearly occurrences of zero. So, while Thomist was somewhat used in the 1760s, the listed decade for this lexeme is 1840s because Thomist completely fell out of use at two separate periods in the interim. Data before 1675 was ignored because it is unreliable for this type of study. English-language printing was too 24

(Henshaw 2018)

sporadic and undeveloped before then. It was during and after the English Civil War that the industry began to thrive. 6. Genetic health factor: See intro to this section. 7. Normalized 4-corpora average: This is the percentage at which the adjectival lexeme was printed within the study period, and was used to generate the ‘usage factor’ for this project. As a point of orientation, the most common English word, ‘the’, has a 5.2% chance of being a randomly selected word, or 1 out of every 19 words is the. The most frequent word in this study, Christian, has a probability of occurrence of 0.00671%, which means 1 out of 15,000 words is Christian.

top | KWIC | data | glossary | appendix

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

Glossary The following words have been defined for English language learners. In most cases, a dictionary was not consulted. These definitions are meant to reflect two things: 1) the context in which these words appear in this document and 2) the mind of the author of this document so that author biases may come to light.

word

PoS

anachronistic

adj.

angel anthropologist

noun – actor noun – actor

apostle

noun – actor

approach

noun – practice

art

noun – concept

astronomer

noun – actor

botanist

noun – actor

caliphate

noun – system

capitalism Capitol Hill cathedral

noun – system noun – place noun – place

Catholicism

noun – practice

celibacy

noun – practice

Christendom

noun – concept

church comedy communism composer concept conception convent covenant deity

noun – place noun – practice noun – system noun – actor noun – concept noun – concept noun – place noun – concept noun – actor

dialectics

noun – practice

dictator diplomat

noun – actor noun – actor

disciple

noun – actor

dissident

noun – actor

doctrine

noun – practice

drama

noun – practice

dynasty economist

noun – system noun – actor

empire

noun – system

alchemist aesthetics

noun – actor noun – concept

meaning

(anachronistic) a secretive user of chemistry for dramatic or magical purposes the philosophical inquiry into the reality and judgement of beauty words or titles which aren’t usually used anymore; something not fitting in its time a spirit who lives in heaven but can come to Earth to do God’s will a social scientist who studies human culture and origins a primary follower of Jesus, especially of the original twelve, who committed to spreading Jesus’ teachings a path taken to try to solve a problem; esp. in math and philosophy something made by humans in the attempt to provoke an emotional reaction, esp. a sense of wonder a scientist who studies the motions of the stars and other aspects of outer space a scientist who studies plants the governing system of Arabic Islamic monarchs—caliphs—who controlled large Muslim-majority empires, esp. c. 632-1258. economic system in which money can be traded and invested freely a reference to the Congress of the United States an exceptionally large, expensive, or important church traditional Christian church stemming from the Western Roman Empire with the Pope as the nominal head refraining from sexual intercourse for spiritual or religious reasons the unified culture of the Christian-majority states and territories of esp. medieval Europe a building or institution used to practice Christianity a fictional text designed to make the audience laugh economic system in which goods and labor are distributed among the citizens an artist who writes music key piece of information that, when combined with others, creates an argument a novel idea or view created by a thinker community of religious devotees, usually women, who live and study together a promise or compact given by a divine being to its followers a god, goddess, or other divine being interaction or struggle between competing ideas that ideally leads to a coherent result a leader of a state who has complete power to control policy a government official who coordinates state affairs with other countries a student of Jesus, especially of the original twelve, who heard the message first-hand one who breaks with tradition and advocates a competing message a set of beliefs or practices followed by a group of people, esp. in religion and philosophy a story with serious themes, often fictional, that examines human emotion and relationships continued reign through generations, usually patrilineal a social scientist who studies business and financial systems a territory, often relatively large, that has diverse cultural or political regions which are all subjects under an emperor 26

(Henshaw 2018)

word

PoS

epic

noun – practice

epistemology

noun – practice

era

noun – concept

ethics

noun – practice

evangelist

noun – actor

evolution

noun – system

faith figure

noun – practice noun – actor

folktale

noun – practice

founder Founding Father friar function Galilean general geometry

noun – actor noun – actor noun – actor noun – practice noun – actor noun – actor noun – system

globalization

noun – system

heresy

noun – concept

hero

noun – actor

idea ideal idealism ideology

noun – concept noun – concept noun – practice noun – system

induction

noun – practice

Islam

noun – practice

Judaism

noun – practice

jurist

noun – actor

khanate

noun – system

kingdom laissez-faire legend

noun – place noun – system noun – concept

liberalism

noun – practice

linguistics literature

noun – system noun – practice

marginalism

noun – system

martyr

noun – actor

empiricism

noun – system

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

meaning

gathering data that can be measured both qualitatively and quantitatively a great story, often told in a poetic or musical rhythm, about national or historical traditions the study of how people know what they know a length of time characterized by continuous rule of a political system, often dynastic the standards or codes that are agreed upon, implicitly or explicitly, by a group of people one who tries to convert others to their own (usually Christian) belief system; (capitalized) one of the four writers of the Gospels in the Bible, i.e. Matthew, Mark, Luke, John the changing of species over long periods of time due to adaptation to the environment following a belief system without being able to prove its truth empirically in art. the human body, often carefully studied; other. a prominent person a story, usually with multiple versions, that has circulated around a culture for a long time one who establishes a new tradition, school, or system a man who helped establish the laws and customs for the early United States a teacher or scholar who is a member of a Catholic religious order a resident of Galilee, an ancient city in modern-day Israel a high-ranking military leader mathematics of physical objects; lit. ‘measuring of the earth’ process of facilitating the movement of goods, capital, and people across national borders belief or system that goes against standard practices, esp. with regard to the nature of God a protagonist whose actions are worthy of recalling for their bravery, tragedy, or otherwise exceptional nature a piece of mental information that can be communicated to others a vision of a perfected way of behavior or practice focus on the intangible; not materialism set of values and views on how systems should function gathering and sorting evidence collected over a period of time in order to draw conclusions about likely causes and effects a monotheistic religion whose followers are called Muslims and whose supreme prophet is Muhammad a monotheistic religion whose followers are called Jews and whose supreme prophet is Moses one who studies or practices law; a lawyer the governing system of Mongol or Turkic monarchs—khans—who controlled large pluralistic empires, esp. c. 1206-1857 a state of mostly culturally related peoples governed by a monarch hands-off approach to government regulating economy; “letting go” a story, often partially true, that describes great events in a culture’s past the insistence that people’s individual rights must be respected, often leading to arguments about the balance between freedom to do and freedom from being done to the study of language writings such as novels, poems, or essays meant for public consumption economic theory that describes price increases because of perceived (i.e. marginal) value rather than value of utility one who is killed while defending or refusing to change their religious beliefs

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

word

PoS

metaphysics

noun – practice

method missionary model monarch monastery

noun – practice noun – actor noun – system noun – actor noun – place

monk

noun – actor

monotheism movement MP

noun – system noun – practice noun – actor

mythology

noun – concept

narrative natural philosopher naturalist notion novel

noun – concept

nun

noun – actor

ontology (religious) order

noun – practice noun – practice

palace

noun – place

pantheon

noun – system

party

noun – system

pastoral

noun – practice

patriarch

noun – actor

patriot pedagogy pejorative period perspective pharaoh phenomenology philosopher

noun – actor noun – system adjective noun – concept noun – concept noun – actor noun – practice noun – actor

psychiatrist

noun – actor

psychoanalyst

noun – actor

physician physicist physiologist

noun – actor noun – actor noun – actor

poet

noun – actor

polymath

noun – actor

preacher

noun – actor

matrix mechanics

(Henshaw 2018)

noun – practice noun – system

noun – actor noun – actor noun – concept noun – practice

meaning

spatial, rectangular arrangement of quantities on which operations are applied a mathematical or otherwise systematic explanation of how a system operates the investigation (usually non-empirical) of what exists and how it exists through time guidelines and procedures that help to accomplish a goal one who travels to foreign lands to convert people to their religion a working set of guidelines to allow the accomplishment of a certain goal the supreme leader of a kingdom or state a place where monks live and work a person, usually a man, who lives a simple, often reclusive life in order to study and be closer to God religious belief in one all-powerful God group of people united in belief about how to change or develop a system Member of Parliament, esp. the lower house of a bicameral system beliefs that are flexible and changeable, but help to create a common culture by teaching morality and thought experiments the framing and organizing of a series of events in a story (anachronistic) a proto-scientist; a thinker whose field includes questions about Truth and is often supported by experimental observation or mathematics a life scientist, esp. with an interest in zoology or botany a thinker’s version of understanding of a phenomenon a fictional story that describes characters’ minds and motivations a person, usually a woman, who lives a simple, often reclusive life in order to study and be closer to God a major branch of metaphysics which explores the meaning of ‘being’ a formally organized group adhering to a specific interpretation of their religion an exceptionally large and extravagant residence for a monarch or other powerful political ruler a polytheistic system of deities a group of ideologically like-minded political actors who support each other in running for office together, and governing as partners literary form, often poetic, that draws lessons from simple country life a founding figure; a man who is credited with starting or leading a major social or political movement or era one who deeply loves their country and is likely to fight to defend it the study and theory of education used to attack or criticize a length of time with notable beginning and concluding events a thinker’s subjective point of view on a topic the supreme leader of ancient Egypt philosophy whose first principles lie in human perception a thinker who uses language to help understand and solve intellectual mysteries a mental health doctor whose practice involves talk therapy or behavior-altering medication a mental health doctor who uses talk therapy to discover patients’ unconscious motivations and problems a medical doctor who treats the human body a scientist who studies motion and interaction among non-living objects a scientist or doctor who focuses on systems of the body and how they function a writer of poems; a person whose writing flows in an artistic or rhythmical manner and is often emotional someone who does many things very well; a thinker, actor, or experimenter who is proficient at many things a religious leader whose main job is public speaking and education on religious affairs 28

word

PoS

priest

noun – actor

principle process prophet

noun – concept noun – system noun – actor

Protestantism

noun – practice

psychologist

noun – actor

purgatory

noun – concept

qualitative quantitative

noun – concept noun – concept

rebel

noun – actor

regime

noun – system

religion

noun – practice

Renaissance

noun – concept

revolutionary

noun – actor

ritual rule

noun – practice noun – system

science

noun – practice

secular

adjective

Semitic

adjective

senator

noun – actor

sense

noun – concept

shah

noun – actor

shogunate

noun – system

sonnet statesman statistician style

noun – practice noun – actor noun – actor noun – concept

sultanate

noun – system

task temperament temple terms text Titan theologian

noun – practice noun – emotion noun – place noun – concept noun – concept noun – actor noun – actor

theater / theatre

noun – place

theory thought times

noun – concept noun – concept noun – concept

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

meaning

a religious leader who has authority to perform specific duties such as communication with the divine a fundamental piece of knowledge upon which systems can be built a step-by-step approach taken to achieve a goal one who has heard God’s voice and spreads the message to other people branch of Christianity following the traditions of Luther, Calvin, et al. who broke from the Catholic Church in the Reformation of the 1500s a doctor who helps to understand and solve people’s emotional motivations waiting place after death but before heaven where souls must purge themselves of sin measuring data for its physical or mental properties measuring data numerically, especially with statistics and other maths a fighter against the status quo, esp. against a perceived illegitimate government (often pejorative) a governing system with a perceived lack of freedom an organized set of spiritual practices which require faith and are usually practiced by communities via tradition or ritual period in Western Europe when classical Greek and Roman arts, science, and philosophy experienced a re-birth, thus inducing radical news ideas a political figure who tries to end the current government and replace it with an ideologically different one a pre-defined set of steps to be done periodically for religious purposes period of reign, or control, over a people or place a discipline that attempts to expand human knowledge of nature, often by employing technology, using methods which can be reproduced and challenged by other scientists not connected with religion of the language and culture of peoples historically connected to the Levant; roughly synonymous with the ethnicity Jewish a member of the upper, or more powerful, chamber of lawmakers of a government the point of view or interpretation of a person or school of thought the monarch of an Iranian/Persian-influenced empire spanning a great many years, areas and cultures, c. 550 BC – 1979 AD the governing system of the military rulers—the shoguns—who controlled feudal Japan, esp. c. 1185-1867 a 14-line poem, originally Italian, with rules about rhyme and rhythm a respected person who represents their country or nation a mathematician specializing in analyzing and presenting numerical data a mathematician specializing in analyzing and presenting numerical data the governing system of Turkic Islamic monarchs—sultans—who controlled large Muslim-majority empires, esp. c. 632-1258 a job or assignment, often difficult one’s ability to remain calm and collected a religious place of worship, esp. in Hinduism and Buddhism phrase or vocabulary used by a thinker in a particular way a body of language, written or spoken, that can be examined early gods of Mount Olympus a philosopher whose work is centered around religious teachings a platform, usually including a stage and a live audience, where artistic actors and actresses perform, esp. a tragedy, comedy, or opera well-developed intellectual structure that has predictive and descriptive power a thinker’s system of beliefs that form a coherent argument an epoch or length of years defined by a unifying characteristic

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

word

PoS

Wall Street

noun – place

Whitehall White House

noun – place noun – place

tradition tragedy view

noun – system noun – practice noun – system

meaning

a system of beliefs that have been passed down through generations a literary genre full of sadness which is meant to instruct the audience position from which a thinker analyzes a phenomenon a reference to the financial industries of the U.S., esp. the stock market and large banks a reference to the functions of the central government of the U.K. a reference to the executive branch (the presidency) of the U.S.

top | KWIC | data | glossary | appendix

30

(Henshaw 2018)

How the list was created These words had not previously been compiled into a corpus-based frequency list. Each eponymous adjective was identified and then searched for frequency on four corpora, yielding a mean frequency which was converted to a ‘usage factor’. Discovering all the eponyms involved Wikipedia, BYU’s COCA (e.g. search term /*an/), Google searches, browsing others’ lists, and a lot of extensive reading. See sources. Table 3. Summary of corpora whose frequency data were used to compile list corpus

dates

words

% usage

used

(mn)

factor

1988-

Ngram Viewer (NgV)

2008 c. 2014?-

iWeb

2018

Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), minus spoken

19902009

British National Corpus

c. 1983-

(BNC), minus spoken

c. 1994

biased towards 4

biased against

psychology,

224,000

32%

math, philosophy

14,000

25%

math, religion

philosophy, art

320

23%

miscellaneous,

math, dynastic

psychology

history

90

20%

dynastic history, politics/econ.

politics/econ.

religion, math

Percentages of representation of usage factor were assigned heuristically and were largely correlated with corpus size. Although NgV has various drawbacks and is not a favored tool of many professional corpus linguists, it was deemed the most valuable instrument for the purposes of this project and so was allocated the largest share of the usage factor (just under one-third). It is true, for example, that NgV’s lack of transparency with KWIC data was disconcerting, but top ten dependency data (see below) was repeatedly found to align with the professionally organized and vetted COCA and BNC. On the other hand, BNC was given least representation firstly because of its limited size and secondly because of its old age. The ‘Planck length’ of BNC is a normalized frequency of 1.1x10-6 because that is the figure for a single hit on the corpus. That means the lowest ranked entry on the list, Chekhovian, with a frequency of 4.5x10-6 , can expect only 4 or 5 hits from BNC (in fact it is 3). Thus, BNC cannot be trusted to be sensitive enough to detect words around and under this frequency. Conversely, certain words (like Minoan with 290 hits) can become unjustifiably overrepresented because of sampling bias. Because of the sheer size of NgV and iWeb, it much less likely for them to have either such oversights or overrepresentations; therefore, they were given more weight. Following are examples of how NgV was used to gather information on eponymous adjectives. The other corpora were also consulted in detail, but are not as visually appealing so I’ll let NgV do the storytelling from here:

4

Biases were calculated from proportion of representation of 4-corpora normalized average. For example, among

math entries, the mean proportion made up by COCA and BNC was 11.0% and 22.0%, respectively, where 25% would be parity. This means BNC is only slightly biased against math, but in comparison to, say, BNC’s 40.5% contribution to the dynastic history pie, math is lagging behind. nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

fig. 1

Ngram Viewer shows word frequencies from a Google Books corpus, which, at over 20 million texts (Finke and McClure 2015), is “one out of every six books published since Gutenberg invented the printing press” (Orwant 2015). This includes nonfiction, fiction, text books, scientific journals, graduate theses, popular magazines and more. It does not include newspapers or audio-visual media. Figure 1 shows trends of 4 high-ranking adjectives over a 42-year period. NgV is popularly used diachronically, demonstrating changes in use over time, but the focus of this study is mostly synchronic, studying the mean usage between 1988 and 2008. fig. 2

The most recently available 21-year period, representing the educational atmosphere of Millennials and young Generation Xers, was analyzed. Fig. 2 shows differences in capitalization and parts of speech. The adjective martial is the dominant form of this homonym, while the adjective Martial is not used enough (>20%) to be included. Noun forms were ignored.

32

(Henshaw 2018)

fig. 3

Both Virgil (alternately spelled Vergil) and Ovid were famous poets in Augustan Rome. Since Vergil is a common given name, data on names isn’t reliable for this study. Name-derived adjectives, however, provide clearer meaning. fig. 4

The operator *=> displays top 10 dependency terms, here meaning nouns described by the adjective, plus the be-verb. The collocation data in fig. 4 demonstrate that Platonic and platonic are different lexemes, each used for separate areas of discourse. Additionally, both show a tight distribution of dependency frequency, an indication of high ‘genetic diversity’, a metric of how flexibly the adjective may be employed.

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

fig. 5

The distribution of nouns modified by plutonic shows that the adjective is largely synonymous with a type of rock. This widely dispersed distribution contributes to plutonic having a low genetic diversity. In principle, words with worse genetic diversity than plutonic (i.e. >1.05) were classified as noun adjuncts (a.k.a. attributive nouns, or one-half of a compound noun) and are not included on the official list.

top | KWIC | data | glossary | appendix

34

(Henshaw 2018)

Mission Statement This is a pedagogical document. It can fill your mind full of ideas that have never touched your gray matter before. Can you honestly say that you knew about all of the entries within your category of training? Even if you can, how far could you branch out into related fields? Go ahead, test youself. In the days of the Alexandrian Library or the great Translation Movement, scholars would have given a castle for access to so much knowledge; I don’t say this to brag, but to state how fortunate we are to live in times of open access to global knowledge—provided it is available in a comprehensible language. The Eponymous Adjective Word List (EAWL) shows ideas that English language authors and publishers believe are the most significant to write about. So even if your field isn’t directly concerned with the content of some categories, you can now quickly do a sociological assessment of what English-lanuage researchers are talking to each other about. Alas! As a document to characterize the biggest ideas of global intellectual culture? It is incomplete, but it does a wonderful job of exploring the historical progression of ideas from the Judeo-Greco-Roman-Italic-FrancoGermanic-Anglo tradition. Figure 6 shows that 77% of eponymous adjectives on the official EAWL 335 come from the seven aforementioned groups. Figure 6. Number of entries on the Eponymous Adjectives Word List by geolinguistic region

ENTRIES ON EAWL BY GEOLINGUISITIC REGION Dutch Hispanic Russian Arabic

7 with 3

4 with 2 8 with 1

Greek

Iranian

Br English

US English Jewish Italian Germanophone Roman Francophone

notes: Br English includes Scotland, Wales and Ireland, as well as old Britsh; Germanophone includes Austrian, German-Swiss, German-Czech, plus old Germanic and Frankish; Francophone includes French-Swiss. Regions with 3 entries: Czech, Indian, Levantine, Libyan, multi-ethnic, Syrian, Turkish; 2 entries: Chinese, Egyptian, Japanese, Mongolian; 1 entry: Ethiopian, Hungarian, Irish, Norwegian, Polish, Slavic, Sudanese, Swedish

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

(Henshaw 2018)

ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

In addition to gaps in representation of cultural regions, there are time periods that have produced few eponyms. Table 4 shows a bias towards recent and classical histories, with relatively few entries from 326-1789 AD, particularly during the Golden Ages of South Asia and the Islamic World. The classical world is dominated by GrecoRoman influences while the modern world is heavily populated by an Anlgo-Germanic tradition. Let this be a treasure map pointing English speakers towards the gaps, ready for exploration, calling to us, “Look! Dig here! There’s so much you haven’t noticed!” Table 4. Distribution of Usage Factor by entries by era # rank era title era dates 5 years entries pre-750 8 Ancient History 1250 29 B.C. 749 B.C.3 Axial Age 349 26 400 B.C. Classical 399 B.C.5 724 55 Antiquity 325 A.D. Golden Ages of 10 South Asia and 326-1215 889 34 the Islamic World High and Late 9 1216-1453 237 16 Middle Ages European 6 1454-1659 205 30 Renaissance Age of 7 1660-1789 129 14 Enlightenment

UF sum

UF / years

653

0.522

685

1.96

1020

1.41

172

0.193

81.7

0.345

170

0.829

71.4

0.553

2

Romantic period

1790-1859

69

36

164

2.38

1

Near-Modern

1860-1945

85

53

445

5.24

4

Modern

1946present day

72

42

109

1.51

top 3 geolinguistic groups Greek (20), Jewish (3), Levantine (3) Greek (14), Roman (6), Iranian (2) Greek (17), Roman (16), Jewish (13) Arabic (7), Germanophone/Frankish (5), Roman/Italian & British (4) Italian (5), Br English (3), Francophone (2) Br English (7), Italian (7), Franco& Germanophone (4) Br English (9), Germanophone (3), Francophone & Swedish (1) Francophone (10), Br English (9), Germanophone (7) Germanophone (17), Br English (10), Russian (6) Br English & Germanophone (9), US English (8), Francophone (7)

This is an opening salvo of a movement towards globally relevant and accessible knowledge. It is a call to action to assemble a superlist composed of the most frequently mentioned ideas across many languages. It is possible that a list produced in the languages of the Judeo-Greco-Roman-Italic-Franco-Germanic-Anglo tradition would be similar. But if the list were augmented by Chinese, Hindi, Arabic, Swahili, Spanish, Turkish, or other languages whose speakers are under-represented, we could work towards a single database that would quickly provide access to the figures and ideas that most inspire the civilizations of the world. I want to know more about the intellectual history of other traditions, but I need a guide—what are the general foundations of scholarship? I want to know the ideas that inform the zeitgeist of my colleagues from, say, the subcontinent. I could ask them directly, it is true. And I have done with my veterinarian friends and students. So they speak of their interests, but not of the intellectual pursuits of other South Asians who studied the humanities, for example. I want all information together, side-by-side, organized by a fair and normalized metric. Then we might each better judge the big events of our own cultural heritage in the global scope of things. We would finally have a Rosetta Stone to calibrate and translate the ideas of intellectual history. Is Augustus Caesar more significant than Qin Shi Huang Di in the eyes of global academics, as scholarship in West would have?

5

By year of death or period of flourishing; e.g. Kant died in 1804, so Kantian is part of the Romantic period.

(Henshaw 2018)

36

Figure 7. Number of entries on the Eponymous Adjectives Word List from each category per era

Entries on EAWL by Category Across Eras 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

math

science / engin.

psych. / behav.

philosophy

politics / econ.

dynastic history

arts

religion

miscellany

2 per. Mov. Avg. (science / engin.)

If figure 7 is indeed representative of English language scholarly pursuits, we have to ask ourselves why we have a near absence of data for over one thousand years of science, psychology and philosophy. It is clearly not for lack of interest in the past, for we have plenty of data in all categories from the classical world. Were dynastic history and religion the only two interesting fields of the long medieval period? Certainly not, any Arabic or Persian speaker would tell you. Interestingy, the only category with healthy distribution across all eras is the arts. Despite its flaws, my life has been enriched by studying the ideas emanating from this list. Prior to undertaking this study, I was familiar with perhaps half of the entries. Now I know a fair deal about all of them, which has greatly expanded my web of knowledge into a variety of academic fields. Are we modern humans truly at a moment where we are speaking to each other across all divides? As researchers speak of multidisciplinarity, are divisions between math, science, psychology, philosophy actually breaking down and integrating? Are we citizens of country A attempting to better understand the people of countries B-Z? The world’s carrying capacity is seriously being tested. We must understand that we are all on the same team. We must come to understand each other’s intellectual cultures, and eponymous adjectives (or a viable correlary—Japanese language doesn’t quite allow for eponymous adjectives, but it still has epoyms) are a useful starting point for creating a universally relevant study guide that might be called: The Great Ideas of Global Intellectual Culture.

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Will you join me? If you are fluent in a language other than English that has sizeable corpus resources, will you contribute to this project? I will advise, guide, encourage, or provide whatever I can to create a global table of contents so we can advance the course of worldwide knowledge. Sincerely, Michael Henshaw Specially Appointed Lecturer of English as a Foreign Language Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University [email protected] YouTube: Taoist Bacon

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Sources, References, Contextual Endnotes Lists / Commentaries on Eponyms 1. Alpha Dictionary.com, entry: eponyms. link. approx. 400-word list of eponyms including definition. Mostly lower-case, colloquial. Several simple definitions have been imitated for adjectives such as tawdry, titanic 2. Artfully Eponymous Adjectives by hernesheir on Wordnik.com. (252 words) link 3. Beolens et al. (2011) The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. JHU Press, p. xi. “Vernacular names of animals often contain a person’s name (such names are called “eponyms”).” The writing is ambiguous: does ‘such names’ refer to ‘vernacular names’ or ‘a person’s name’? I interpret them to mean ‘vernacular names of animals that contain a person’s name’, which is roughly aligned with the working definition of this project. However, Merriam-Webster Online (accessed May 10, 2018) defines eponym in the opposite way: “one for whom or which something is or is believed to be named: ‘Joseph Banks was surely the eponym of eponyms. From Alaska to Indonesia, from Tierra del Fuego to Tasmania, there are capes, islands, straits, mountains, bays, points, channels, peninsulas, counties and towns named after him.’ —Pat Rogers, Times Literary Supplement, 3–9 June 1988” 4. Bragina, N. & Lubensky, S. (2002) Eponyms as Cultural Key Words and Their Lexicographic

Description in English and Russian. Bilingual Lexicography: Euralex 2002 Proceedings 5. Can you pick the eponymous adjectives given their definitions? (2012) by Guide on Sporcle.com. link. Covers wide-ranging frequencies: high Platonic, Keynesian, to low McCarthyist, which is not the dominant variant on EAWL. This is one reason why a systematic approach is needed. 6. Chew, J. (2010) Kafkaesque - and the next chapter could be gripping: A battle rages over the master

writer's long-hidden unpublished papers which could be hiding another 'The Trial' or 'The Castle' Top Stories: The Business Times Singapore, July 24, 2010. “Neither these papers nor groundbreaking literary works such as The Metamorphosis and The Castle would have seen the light of day if Kafka's will that his works 'should be burned unread and without remnant' after his death had been complied with. And if Brod hadn't published the likes of The Trial posthumously, the world would have been bereft of the tale of Joseph K - who raged (futilely, of course) against unknown bureaucratic charges that gave us the author's eponymous adjective, thus sealing his immortality in the literary pantheon.” Evidence of the perception that having one’s own adjective is important: this author says it seals immortality. 7. Collins Dictionary (accessed 2018.10) entry: eponym (in British) 1. a name, esp a place name, derived from the name of a real or mythical person, as for example Constantinople from Constantine I; 2. the name of the person from which such a name is derived: ‘in the Middle

Ages, "Brutus" was thought to be the eponym of "Britain."’ entry: eponym (in American) 1. a real or mythical person from whose name the name of a nation, institution, etc. is derived

‘William Penn is the eponym of Pennsylvania.’ 2. a person whose name has become identified with some period, movement, theory, etc. link. Here the dispute about the meaning of eponym is described well. This project follows Br E definition 1 and Am E definition 2. nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

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8. Duque-Parra et al. (2006) Reflections on Eponyms in Neuroscience Terminology. The Anatomical Record 289B 9. eponym / eponymous, forum on WordWizard. link 10. Garavaso et al. (1982) Review: Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature. Comparative Literature 97(5), pp. 1186-1205. Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: 10.2307/2905984 “Name-dropping by any other name is sweeter…. Schools of thought, power groups, and mutual desire nevertheless choose to be called by eponyms—Marxists, Christians, Freudians, Nietzcheans [sic]—and critics continue to rely on eponymous adjectives for stylistic shorthand: Barbussean, Chaplinesque, Brechtian, Balzacian, Bernanosian, Lorcan, Proustian and quasi-Proustian, Kafkaesque, Kafkian, Joycean, Montherlantian, Pirandellian, and Maeterlinckian are a few forms in the new dictionary. (We need a dictionary to tell us what some of these words mean.)” Here the authors were being coy about the problematic use of proper nouns in place of an alternative, clearer explanation. They subsequently lamented how difficult it was (in 1982) to gather reliable information on a person after learning only a portion of their name. In today’s Internet age we have an inverted problem—there is an abundance of information, but it is often poorly organized. The EAWL attempts to clearly define heady academic words without being pretentious while giving instructors the ability, via the Word version, to organize the content to specifically fit their needs. 11. Gooden, P. (2006) Name Dropping: A No-Nonsense Guide to the Use of Names in Everyday

Language. Bloomsbury. Rather large collection of eponyms, but not systematic. It includes extremely low frequency words such as Rachmanite, Reithian, Rembrandtesque, Profumo-like, Poirot-esque, and Attleean, several of which don’t occur in the four corpora. Most sample sentences come from UK newspapers such as the Guardian, Daily Telegraph, and Observer. It seems more geared towards art and politics, and light on math and science. Comical “Pretentiousness Index” factor is given for each entry, but there is no indication it is empirically founded. 12. Hannan, M. (2012) Harvey Wallbangers and Tam O'Shanters: A Book of Eponyms "I will not differentiate, as some grammarians do, between so called 'true' and 'pseudo' eponyms. The former is usually seen as a word in which the original 'name' has been replaced by an understanding that has a life of its own - 'boycott' or 'hooliganism', for example. 'Psuedoeponyms' are usually taken to be names applied to objects or ideas, such as Reaganomics or Thatcherism, or to scientific and medical terms such as Parkinson's Disease. These eponyms are just as deserving of consideration as the 'true' eponym, and the main difference appears to be whether lexicologists give an eponym an initial letter that is upper or lower case - a form of snobbery..." Sure, the author is being cheeky, but there are several problems here. The easiest to point out is that capitalization is not correlated to obscure, pedantic references. More importantly in terms of showing the lack of discipline, the first entry of the book is Alexandrine, but it doesn’t mention Alexandrian, despite the latter being 9 times more frequent on NgV. Granted, the EAWL considers Alexandrian a toponym, but Hannan implies the goal of the book is to be inclusive. 13. “List of eponymous adjectives in English.” (accessed 2015.08-2018.10) Wikipedia link. This list was the basis for roughly the first 150 entries. Wikipedia is a wonderful way to begin and stimulate an investigation! 40

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14. O'Connell, M. (2013) review of Chocks away for a flight of fancy. The Observer (England): Observer Review Books, May 26, 2013. “It's probably about time we agreed to give Colum McCann his own eponymous adjective. It would make sense, at any rate, to refer to a particular kind of audacious fictional gesture as "McCannian". In his last book, the hugely successful Let the Great World Spin, a cluster of fictions were tied together by the sublime spectacle of Philippe Petit's 1974 tightrope walk between the towers of the World Trade Centre. TransAtlantic opens in similarly McCannian fashion, with another airborne overture of grand historical significance. The recklessly affirmative act with which this book begins is the first nonstop flight across the Atlantic, from Newfoundland to Galway, by British pilots Alcock and Brown in 1919. It's the sort of expertly constructed set-piece McCann is particularly good at, and his imagistically lucid prose nicely captures the excitement of the moment.” The quote demonstrates how complimentary the reviewer believes it is to have an eponymous adjective. 15. Opriţ- Maftei, C. (2009) Eponyms in the Financial Vocabulary. Translational Studies: Proceedings of the 5th Conference 16. Nunberg, G. (2009) Going Nucular: Language, Politics, and Culture in Confrontational Times. Public Affairs. “On George Orwell's centenary – he was born on June, 1903 – the most telling sign of his influence is the words he left us with: not just thought police, doublethink, and

unperson, but also Orwellian itself, the most widely used adjective derived from the name of a modern writer. In the press and on the Internet, it’s more common than Kafkaesque,

Hemingwayesque, and Dickensian put together. It even noses out the rival political reproach Machiavellian, which had a 500-year head start. Eponyms are always the narrowest sort of tribute, though. Orwellian doesn’t have anything to do with Orwell as a socialist thinker, or for that matter, as a human being. People are always talking about Orwell’s decency, but “Orwellian decency” would be an odd phrase indeed. And Orwellian commemorates Orwell the writer only for three of his best known works” the novels Animal Farm and 1984 and the essay “Politics and the English Language.” The adjective reduces Orwell’s palette to a single shade of noir. It brings to mind only sordid regimes of surveillance and thought control and the distortions of language that make them possible.” I followed the author’s endnotes yet did not find a reference for his claim about the frequency for Orwellian. Furthermore, he mischaracterizes eponyms in saying they are a narrow tribute; his opinion may be reflected in the narrowest sort of selection process he made in his examples. 17. Segura, J. & Rodriguez Braun, C. (ed.) (2004) An Eponymous Dictionary of Economics: A Guide to

Laws and Theorems Named after Economists 18. The Sociology of Science (1 of 3) (2017) SisyphusRedeemed on YouTube: link “Merton says the basic currency in science is not money, but recognition.” Eponyms are a major way to give recognition. 19. Todea, L. (2013) Eponyms and the language of technology. Proceedings of ICONN 2 20. Trahair, R. C. S. (1994) From Aristotelian to Reaganomics: A Dictionary of Eponyms with

Biographies in the Social Sciences. Greenwood Press, Greenwood Publishing Group. 21. “Who Named It? A Dictionary of Medical Eponyms” (accessed 2017) link 22. “A word for the person after whom someone or something is named” on English Language & Usage: nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

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StackExchange (accessed 2016) link Problems with Eponyms 23. Clark, M. (ed.) (2000) Revenge of the Aesthetic: The Place of Literature in Theory Today. University of California Press, p. 1. “Post-structuralism emerged from a Hegelian-Heideggerian tradition that was quite distinct from (and almost incomprehensible within) the Kantian lineage of most Anglo-American criticism at the time.” This intriguingly titled book challenges the reader with three eponymous adjectives on page 1. Do authors and professors expect their students to have a firm philosophical background spanning two centuries of debate before they can begin a book? I remember as an undergrad getting my copy of Wretched of the Earth by Franz Fanon and being quite excited. Here was an intellectual who had been repeatedly prasised by my professors, and it was my chance to really understand their point of view. But in trying to read the introduction by Sartre I was lost before I finished page 2. I went back to the book several times, but, as happens with young people, I gave up before I even got into Fanon’s own words. I felt so stupid and intimidated. I suppose I still haven’t forgiven Sartre. One goal of this project is to demystify these huge adjectives that can pop up even in the introductory pages. 24. de Acosta, S. & Alberto, J. (2014) La formacion de los adjetivos deonomasticos de persona o

antroponicios. University of Puerto Rico. The authors highlight the difficulty in naming, in Spanish, the class of words called eponymous adjectives on this document and propose a novel term. I’m sympathetic. I prefer to call these words adjectival eponyms, but I don’t suspect that will catch on. 25. Fitzsimons, T. Orwell's final chapter. from unknown source on Lexis Nexis: Features; Arts, p. 2. (retrieved 2016) “GEORGE ORWELL still has serious currency. His satirical novels Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm are assigned texts in English classrooms everywhere. His every diary jotting is being reproduced online in a project by British academics. And his eponymous adjective, Orwellian, is (a little too) admired by lovers of freedom around the world.” This author is calling for the judicious use of eponymous adjectives. 26. Narayan, J. (2009) Current use of medical eponyms – a need for global uniformity in scientific

publications. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 27. Macintyre, B. (2011) The Last Word: Tales from the Tip of the Mother Tongue. chap: “An author in search of an adjective.” Bloomsbury. “Few writers earn the distinction of morphing into an adjective, and Pinter is the only modern playwright to have done so during his own lifetime”… “Political names that evolve into adjectives almost invariably end in ‘-ite’: Blairite, Thatcherite, Reaganite… Eponymous political adjectives imply a specific set of beliefs, a degree of partisanship, but on very rare occasions a politician rises above politics in the public mind, and is accorded a grander ending to his adjective. I can think of only two examples of this in modern times: Kennedyesque and Churchillian.” This is another example of a writer boldly professing their knowledge of eponymous adjectives without having a strong basis in evidence. It’s interesting that this author reads that much into the {-ite} ending, and misses so many of 42

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the 20th century political figures on the EAWL: Stalinist, Leninist, Maoist, Gaulist, Francoist, Peronist, Kemalist, Zapatistia, Hitlerian, Wilsonian, Gandhian. In fact there is only one {-ite}-dominant lexeme on the list other than those mentioned: McCarthyite. The suffix {-ite} occurs 11(3.3%) times on the EAWL, and while indeed 5 are political, 3 are religious, and then philosophy, dynastic history, and arts each have one, so politics certainly has no monopoly on this suffix. Basically, suffixes aren’t correlated with any categories. The exceptions are {-ine} where 5 of 7 (71%) were religious and {-ist} where 13 of 18 (72%) were political. The author missed the main political suffix! 28. Monty Python’s Flying Circus (1969) Literary Football Discussion. Season 1, Episode 11. text: link. [interviewer] “[W]e witnessed the resuscitation of a great footballing tradition, when Jarrow United came of age, in a European sense, with an almost Proustian display of modern existentialist football, virtually annihilating by midfield moral argument the now surely obsolescent catenaccio defensive philosophy of Signor Alberto Fanffino. Bologna indeed were a side intellectually out-argued by a Jarrow team thrusting and bursting with aggressive Kantian positivism…” [Buzzard, footballer] “I hit the ball first time and there it was in the back of the net.” Monty Python were great at mocking intellectual stuffiness. 29. Seok, B. (2017) interview aired June 15, 2017 about Moral Psychology of Confucian Shame: Shame

of Shamelessness, Rowman and Littlefield 2017. New Books Network: Philosophy podcast. Dr. Seok explains how the Western word Confucian is misleading and isn’t used in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam (they use the word ru, or perhaps ruism; Japanese uses jukyou). East Asian cultures are more likely to attribute this system to a group of thinkers, or a tradition of thinkers, rather than just the one. This is similar to the problem of misattribution in the medical eponym debate. 30. “Should Eponyms be abandoned?” (2007) Head to Head: BMJ 335. Yes: Woywodt, A. & Matteson, E.;

No: Whitworth, J. Very interesting debate about the value of eponyms, many of which are not included in the parameters of this study. 31. Stigler, S. M. (2002) “Stigler’s Law of Eponymy,” title of Chapter 14 from Statistics on the Table: The

History of Statistical Concepts and Methods. Harvard UP, p. 277. “No reader of Robert K. Merton's work on the reward system of science could fail to be struck by his insightful and engaging discussions of the role of eponymy in the social structure of science. The uninitiated should read (and reread) his 1957 address, “Priorities in Scientific Discovery,” but for present purposes I must at least repeat his definition of eponymy, as “the practice of affixing the name of the scientist to all or part of what he has found, as with the Copernican system, Hooke’s law, Planck’s constant, or Halley’s comet.” Merton went on to discuss three levels of a hierarchic order of eponymous practice: at the top there are a few men for whom an entire epoch is named, then comes a larger number of scientists designated as “father” of a particular science, and, finally, “thousands of eponymous laws, theories, theorems, hypotheses, instruments, constants, and distributions” (Merton, 1973, pp. 298-299)”… “For ‘Stigler’s Law of Eponymy’ in its simplest form is this: ‘No scientific discovery is named after nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

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its original discoverer.’” Generations earlier was said this: “Everything of importance has been said before by somebody who did not discover it” - Alfred North Whitehead Corpora and Corpus Linguistics 32. Boholm, M. (2016) The use and meaning of nano in American English: Towards a systematic description. Ampersand 3: Elsevier. Explains methods of using COCA to create a wordlist and examine word-formation. 33. BNC: British National Corpus (1994) (accessed 2016.09-2018.10) University of Oxford. web interface BYU: Provo link 34. Davies, M. & Gardner D. (2013) The Academic Vocabulary List. BYU: Provo link. In the early stages of the project, I had matched each entry with an AVL adjective of similar frequency in order to calibrate it, to see how common the eponym is used. It was an interesting, but ultimately abandoned path. 35. Davies, M. & Gardner D. (2010-) COCA: Corpus of Contemporary American English. (accessed 2016.09-2018.10) BYU: Provo link 36. Davies, M. (2018-) iWeb: The 14 Billion Word Web Corpus (accessed 2018.05-2018.10) BYU: Provo link 37. Durrant, P. (2009) Investigating the viability of a collocation list for students of English for

academic purposes. English for Specific Purposes 28 157-169: Elsevier. 38. Durrant, P. (2016) To what extent is the Academic Vocabulary List relevant to university student

writing? English for Specific Purposes 43 49-61: Elsevier. 39. Finke, R. & McClure, J. M. (2015) Reviewing Millions of Books: Charting Cultural and Religious

Trends with Google’s Ngram Viewer. Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture, Boston, MA, March 21, 2015. “Prior to 1800, Michel and his colleagues (2011a) note that the number of books is too small to reliably quantify and after 2000 the method for collecting books moves beyond libraries, with publishers now submitting books for inclusion.” link This partially explains the abundance of Routledge, Springer, and Manchester U publishers. 40. Friginal et al. (2014) Exploring mega-corpora: Google Ngram Viewer and the Corpus of Historical

American English. EuroAmerican Journal of Applied Linguistics and Languages 1(1). 41. Garside et al. (eds.) The Computational Analysis of English: A Corpus-Based Approach (1987) University of Lancaster and University of Leeds. Reviewed by Lesk, M. London: Longman, xii+ 196 pp. This is an early publication about the capabilities of PoS tagging. 42. “Google’s Ngram Viewer Goes Wild,” The Atlantic, Oct 17, 2013 link “I expect that one salutary effect of the new wildcard searches will be to encourage more nuanced searching, instead of simply running the numbers on individual words and phrases devoid of context. Some of the scholarly work in the burgeoning field of "culturomics" has relied on Ngram data without bothering to dig much deeper than relative frequencies of single words. For instance, an article appearing earlier this year in the journal Psychological Science purported to demonstrate that "individualistic and materialistic values" are on the rise simply by looking at the changing fortunes of word pairs like give vs. get. While get has become more frequent relative to give, does that mean we're becoming more selfish? As Mark Liberman suggested 44

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on Language Log, the rise in get usage could be due to phrasal patterns that have nothing to do with acquiring material possessions, since get can be used with adjectives (get sick) or passive verbs (get acquainted). And sure enough, with wildcard searching we can quickly see increases in "get + adjective" (like get better, get ready, and get drunk) and "get + verb" (like get married, get involved, and get started).” 43. Gries, S. (c. 2009) Useful statistics for corpus linguistics. UC Santa Barbara. I couldn’t understand the majority of this, but it gave me some discipline. 44. “How accurate is the part-of-speech tagging?” (accessed 2015.09) from About Ngram Viewer. “The part-of-speech tags and dependency relations are predicted automatically. Assessing the accuracy of these predictions is difficult, but for modern English we expect the accuracy of the part-of-speech tags to be around 95% and the accuracy of dependency relations around 85%. On older English text and for other languages the accuracies are lower, but likely above 90% for part-of-speech tags and above 75% for dependencies. This implies a significant number of errors, which should be taken into account when drawing conclusions.” Automatic PoS taggers have extra trouble with eponymous adjectives and capitalized words in general. Surprisingly, NgV’s PoS info was demonstrably more accurate than COCA’s or BNC’s in most cases. An exception was with {-ed} and {-ing} suffixes, which NgV seemed to seriously overrepresent as verbs or nouns. 45. Michel et al. (2011) Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books. Science. Original Google Books Ngram Viewer paper 46. Miller, D. & Biber D. (2015) Evaluating reliability in quantitative vocabulary studies: The influence of corpus design and composition. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 20:1. John Benjamins Publishing. Google Books generally doesn’t conform to standards set by other corpora. One might hypothesize, therefore, that data produced from NgV wouldn’t be reliable compared with COCA and BNC. However, at least for this study, NgV holds up well. All the same, we must be very cautious while drawing conclusions about frequencies across academic fields. NgV and iWeb both have much higher religious and mathematical representation than either COCA or BNC. Intra-category analyses are more reliable. 47. Orwant, J. (2015) on Quora.com: “At last count Google had scanned one out of every six books published since Gutenberg invented the printing press.” link 48. “The Pitfalls of Using Google Ngram to Study Language.” Wired, Oct 12, 2015 link. “Overabundance of Scientific Literature: The corpus gets skewed in less visible ways, and these are more insidious. Google Book’s English language corpus is a mishmash of fiction, nonfiction, reports, proceedings, and, as Dodds’ paper seems to show, a whole lot of scientific literature. “It’s just too globbed together,” he says. His study tracks the frequency of words common in academia, such as the capitalized “Figure,” likely to appear in the caption of a paper, versus the lowercase “figure,” which has many more common uses. But the tricky part here is more subtle. If scientific publications are taking up more and more of the corpus, certain non-scientific terms may appear to fall in relative popularity. For example, are writers less interested in writing about “autumn” or are there just simply more scientific papers totally unrelated to “autumn” crowding the corpus?” Indeed, the highly academic nature of NgV is a drawback for certain types of research. But the EAWL is scientific and bookish in its register— other communities don’t bandy about words like these. Therefore, the Google Books corpus is nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

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complimentary to finding instances of the majority of words on the EAWL. On the other hand, it is true that NgV underrepresents familiar, colloquial words. Among the top 25 most underrepresented adjectives are, in descending order of frequency: diesel, Tudor, Bahai/Baha’I, ritzy, thespian, bowdlerized/bowdlerised, Ruthian, jumbo, vandalized, robotic, titanic, zany, cretinous, {pasteurized}. 49. Watson Todd, R. (2017) An opaque engineering word list: Which words should a teacher focus on? English for Specific Purposes 45: Elsevier. 50. Xiao, R. (2013) “Making statistic claims” by PowerPoint presentation. Corpus Linguistics: Lancaster University Other Linguistic Methodologies 51. Bobaljik, J. (2013) interview aired May 6, 2013 about Universals of Comparative Morphology:

Suppletion, Superlatives, and the Structure of Words, MIT Press 2012. New Books Network: Linguistics podcast. link 52. Loewen, S. & Plonsky, L. (2015) An A–Z of Applied Linguistics Research Methods. Palgrave Macmillan, p. 180. “Standard deviations should always be reported along with mean scores when reporting descriptive results: (a) so that readers can interpret the data for themselves, and (b) because they are necessary for synthetic analyses such as meta-analysis.” 53. Handke, J. (2012) MOR101 - The Analysis of Words by The Virtual Linguistics Campus link. Show boundaries/divisions of morphs with hashtags | # |; show free morphs (those which can stand on their own) with braces | {} |; show bound morphs with braces plus hyphen | {-ian}, {pre-} |. 54. Risi, Stephan. “Google Ngrams: From Relative Frequencies to Absolute Counts”. link (accessed 2017) On Dictionaries and Reference Works 55. American Heritage Dictionary (accessed 2015.09) entry: anxious. usage note: “After a four-hour bus

ride, the children were anxious to get outside (acceptable to 69 percent of the Panel in 1999 and 78 percent in 2014). Although resistance to the use of anxious to mean eager is waning, writers should be aware that there are still those who frown upon using the word in situations where no anxiety is present.” Based on this and other reference guides, I used 20% of proportion of lexeme as a cut off for variant spellings to be included. 56. Bayetto, A. et al. (2010) Oxford Wordlist. Oxford University Press. link 57. Fronk, A. K. (2014) Determining Dictionary and Usage Guide Agreement with Real-World Usage: A

Diachronic Corpus Study of American English Corpus Research, p 11. Provo: Brigham Young University. link 58. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. (accessed 2015.09-2018.10) link 59. Newman, A. (2006) Wordsmiths: They Also Serve Who Only Vote on ‘Ain’t’. The New York Times. link. ‘A usage panel “is not an idea we have thought of pursuing,” said Stephen Perrault, the Merriam-Webster lexicographer with the enviable title of director of defining. He and 46

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Merriam-Webster’s other gatekeepers — like those at other dictionary publishers, including American Heritage — gauge shifts in definition and usage by aggregating recently published (and broadcast) material in a database called a corpus. “We’re focusing more on what they do as writers than what they may say about the use of a particular word,” Mr. Perrault said of the panelists, whose writing often pops up in his database. He is inclined to report word fights, but not to have a dog in them. “We want to acknowledge that there are people who will think less of you if you use ‘impact’ in a certain way, but probably most people would perceive the way we do it as less prescriptive than saying 80 percent of the panel says you shouldn’t do it.”’ 60. Pronunciation of Mathematicians’ Names. link 61. What's the word? Head of dictionary panel knows. (1992) Stanford University News Service: news release. link On intellectual history 62. Brenzel, J. (2012) The Essential Value of a Classic Education. Big Think on YouTube. “Marks of a Classic: 1. Addresses permanent & universal human concerns, 2. Game-changer, 3. Influences other great works, 4. Respected by experts, 5. Challenging yet rewarding”. This talk emphasizes that our time to read is limited so we must be discerning in our pursuits. The problem with this definition is that is allows us to exclude those works of other great civilizations that haven’t long been translated. Things can be game changers only within the context of the historical process of which they are a part. Al-Kindi noticed this problem and tried to remedy it in the 800s by talking about India, but his example is rare. Most Islamic scholars were not interested in non-believers’ views. Schopenhauer spoke of Eastern religion in early Romantic Germany, but his Hegelian peers preferred to spend their time analyzing the influence of Western history. If we are to see English as a truly global language, it’s time to use language that reflects that. 63. Historyhour (extra) (October 2016) interview with Jenni Murray. Referencing Carlyle (1841): “The history of the world is but the biography of great men.” –On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and The

Heroic in History, Murray adds “…and great women!” Murray is author of A History of Britain in 21 Women (2016, One World). The idea of the Great Individual is still popular, apparently. Major figures covered in Carlyle’s book are Odin, Muhammad, Dante, Shakespeare, Luther, Knox, Johnson, Rousseau, Burns, Cromwell, Napoleon. Two generations later, Nietzsche would write in Untimely Meditations (1876) “…the goal of humanity lies in its highest specimens.” 64. Hirsch et al. (2002) The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. “No one in the English-speaking world can be considered literate without a basic knowledge of the Bible. Literate people in India, whose religious traditions are not based on the Bible but whose common language is English, must know about the Bible in order to understand English within their own country…. The Bible is also essential for understanding many of the moral and spiritual values of our culture, whatever our nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

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religious beliefs…. No person in the modern world can be considered educated without a basic knowledge of all the great religions of the world—Islam, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and Christianity. But our knowledge of Judaism and Christianity needs to be more detailed than that of other great religions, if only because the Bible is embedded in our thought and language” (p. 1). “It isn’t clear whether the myth of George Washington and the Cherry Tree belongs in a course on history or one on mythology, but from the standpoint of literacy it doesn’t matter. For purposes of communication and solidarity in a culture, myths are just as important as history…. The myths that are shared by literate Americans are worldwide in their origins and embrace both ancient and modern cultures…. Our traditional myths are no more true or false, wise or foolish, than those of other cultures. But being ours, they are uniquely valuable to us” (p. 27). These passages bleed cultural pride masked in humility. There is first a pretense to care about other cultures yet then a reason to elevate Christianity and Judaism. I also disagree with the assertion that American myths are worldwide in orgins. While the Judeo-Greco-Roman-Italic-German-Franco-Anglo-American culture is wide-ranging, it is not worldwide. Yet, it’s true that these topics influence the native English-speaking American. Thus, to be highly educated in an American English environment is to know many of these things. A paradox for the English teacher. 65. “Purgatory” (2017) In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg. BBC Radio 4, May 25, 2017, bonus time. link. Melvyn, during the bonus time of the podcast, expresses his frustration with the lack of evidence for Purgatory, or at least the lack of compelling evidence that should have led so many to believe in it. His interlocutors express their feelings about the type of evidence needed in faith-based arguments, or theology in general. These are signs of differing methodologies of religion and politics/philosophy, highlighting the need for facilitation during cross-discipline dialogue: MELVYN: It’s difficult to get a serious grip on, with the evidence base, isn’t it? GUEST 1: What in particular? … The idea of purgatory itself, or where it comes from? MELVYN: The idea, yes, as an idea it’s wonderful, the way it’s worked out… but, the evidence that is brought to bear is tenuous. GUEST 1: It’s tricky. I mean one of the things we see is… MELVYN: I mean would you call it evidence? Truly? Visions, and intimations, and … GUEST 2: It’s not that kind of phenomenon, is it? GUEST 1: … I was going to say, yeah, it’s not like that. MELVYN: Yeah, but does that mean it doesn’t have to follow the rules of evidence? GUEST 1: Yes, because it’s faith. MELVYN: Alright, so we abandon all of that, I see. Fair enough. GUEST 3: I think that medieval Christians would have, in the West, seen evidence as a different kind of thing. I mean tradition is a different kind of thing… GUEST 1: … that’s what I was going to say! Yeah, it’s still a kind of evidence and it’s kind of working things out, this sort of rational and logical argument is really important. Actually, people do this now, as academics—if you have a thing, and you talk about it, and you think about it, you also make logical and rational arguments from whatever it is. And so one of the 48

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things people think about is, for example, how penance works, or how sin works, you have to work from that; there’s all sorts of stuff that the Bible doesn’t tell us, so people are always having to take one passage of the Bible and kind of work something from it. And one of the things that’s interesting, in terms of the evidence, is this discussion of fire in Corinthians initially seems to be applied to the purging of souls at the Last Judgement, not in purgatory, so it’s something that’s kind of delayed until the end of time. And as people work through the concept of prayer for the dead, and what it does, that’s when they start to apply it to the interim, and say, okay, so actually this is something that’s affecting souls immediately, and not being held off until the end of time. 66. Raia. C. (2009) The Patristic Period. History 2D: Science, Magic, and Religion, Lecture 3, UCLA Courses, 5:35. link “If we tried to understand modernity by just staying within modern society, we would not really get a very profound understanding of the … cultural DNA; all these cultural forces that are at work and contributing to who we are—their roots are in antiquity.” I agree! However, I feel she then says this is how to understand the uniqueness and exceptionalism of the West and its commitment to secularism. Has she truly studied the traditions of other civilizations to be able to make such a confident statement about Western uniqueness? 67. “The Renaissance” (2000) Peter Burke on In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg, BBC Radio 4, 11:20. [Bragg] “And you, Peter Burke, that’s one of the points you make. Our idea of the Renaissance ignores the fact that printing was invented in China, and Korea. Machiavelli was a great thinker, but there was a great thinker in 14th century North Africa. And so it goes on. Are you saying that the whole thing is an over-estimate of the European place in world culture?...” [Burke] “If … you mean the rhetoric of the Renaissance as one commonly reads in the history books, absolutely. I want to search for a way of talking about this period in the history of European culture which will not implicitly knock the achievements of the Muslim world, or China, or Japan, or whatever. It’s perfectly possible to do this because there are so many different ways to achieve. What we have to escape is the rhetoric of the human spirit being reborn, and so on…. We simply have to find a different rhetoric which is not saying this is a crucial part of the triumphant rise of Western civilization.” Amen brother Burke! 68. Schlesinger, Jr., A. (1992) The Disuniting of America: Reflections On A Multicultural Society. W. W. Norton & Company. “It may be too bad that dead white European males have played so a large role in shaping our culture… but that’s the way it is.” Is the eminent historian correct? Or is he suffering from sampling bias? 69. Yu, A. Z., et al. (2016). Pantheon 1.0, a manually verified dataset of globally famous biographies. Scientific Data 2 This list is awesome! It is based on page views across all languages on Wikipedia, fulfilling part of my Mission Statement of creating a globally relevant database for education. On specific entries 70. Dobson, M. & Watson, N. (2003) "Elizabeth's Legacy", in Doran, Susan, Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum, London: Chatto and Windus, ISBN 978-0-7011-7476-7. (pg nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

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ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY

257, accessed via Wikipedia). 71. Landon, B. (2013) Building Great Sentences: How to Write the Kinds of Sentences You Love to Read. Penguin, quoting Carl Klaus artistic “Baconian” 72. Too many to list. See bibliography for general idea.

top | KWIC | data | glossary | appendix Bibliography principle resources In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg. Life-changing show. Nothing compares in terms of opening my eyes. Wikipedia. It’s cliché, but it’s great. It really is the place to begin an investigation. Wikimedia Commons. Amazing collection of images and digitized media. Internet Archive. Gargantuan. Books, movies, software, websites, and more. Online Etymology Dictionary. Created by a single, single-minded, dedicated wonderful person. Google Books / Ngram Viewer. Search through books by clicking at the bottom of NgV. Just try it. Go ahead. BYU Corpora. Amazing resource, largely curated and created by Mark Davies. Merriam-Webster Online. I’m not a big fan, actually, but pronunciation conventions are useful for English learners. Coursera. My favorite online education website. Future Learn. I took an amazing course from Lancaster on corpus linguistics. History of Philosophy Without any Gaps. Amazingly ambitious project to highlight all major philosophers. Librivox. Free public domain audio books read by volunteers. This is democracy at its best. Gutenberg Project. Print analogue to Librivox. Wonderful for searching. Perseus Digital Library. Better organized than Gutenberg, but with a narrower focus on classical antiquity. Bible Gateway. Easily searchable multiple versions of the Good Book. podcasts Partially Examined Life

YouTube

History Extra

Sisyphus Redeemed

New Books Network

Numberphile

Rex Factor

Yale Courses

A History of the World in 100 Objects

Ryan Reeves

HistoryPod

3Blue1Brown

Discovery: BBC World Service

Courtenay Raia History 2D lectures

LSE: Public Lectures & Events

Vsauce

History of Science, Ottoman or Otherwise

School of Life

Thru the Bible

Richard Bulliet – History of the World

Reasons to Believe

Little Art Talks

Classical Music Discoveries 50

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various media Homer The Economist The Great Ideas of Philosophy by Daniel Robinson many art books Science, Nature, Cell, other scientific journals muses David Bowie Pink Floyd Talking Heads Traditional Music Channel Brit Brigade (Mega Man 2 suite) William Blake John William Waterhouse Joan Baez Game of Thrones my students of veterinary medicine equipment Microsoft Word, Excel & PowerPoint TechSmith Snagit & Camtasia Studio video camera, microphone acknowledgements and gratitude John Osman, Steven Conway, Richard Watson Todd, Keisuke Aoshima, Mark Henshaw, Gary Henshaw, Tim Blankley, Tomoyuki Yamaguchi, Motohiro Horiuchi

nine categories POLITICS / ECONOMICS

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ART PSYCHOLOGY / BEHAV.

DYNASTIC HISTORY RELIGION

MATHEMATICS SCIENCE / ENGINERING

PHILOSOPHY MISCELLANY