major areas of agricultural engineering were developed . ... Relevant books and
other publications have been provided for most courses. These are however ...
PUBLICATION NO. ICAR/ED(A)/PUB-19/1-2002
CURRICULA AND SYLLABI FOR MASTER'S DEGREE PROGRAMS IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING FARM POWER AND MACHINERY SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING POST HARVEST PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING
ACCREDITATION BOARD SECRETARIAT EDUCATION DIVISION INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH KRISHI ANUSANDHAN BHAVAN-II, PUSA, NEW DELHI-110 012
CURRICULA AND SYLLABI FOR MASTER'S DEGREE PROGRAMS IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING FARM POWER MACHINERY SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING POST HARVEST PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING
ACCREDITATION BOARD SECRETARIAT EDUCATION DIVISION INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH KRISHI ANUSANDHAN BHAVAN-II, PUSA, NEW DELHI-110 012 i
PUBLICATION NO. ICAR/ED(A)/PUB-19/1-2002 PRINTED : APRIL, 2002
Director (DIPA) Chief Production Officer Technical Officer
: : :
A. CHAKRAVARTY VIRENDER KUMAR BHARTI KUL BHUSHAN GUPTA
Published by Shri A. Chakravarty, Director (DIPA), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, lasertypeset by M/s Vee Kay Printers, 37-A, Kundan Nagar, Near Bank Enclave, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi 110 092 and printed at M/s Shagun Offset Press, 92-B, Street No. 4, Krishna Nagar, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110 029. ii
PREFACE The agriculture scenario in the post Green Revolution era has changed Indian agriculture from the subsistence farming to a commercial enterprise. Signing of World Trade agreement by India has exposed Indian farmers to the global competition. This demands rapid modernization of Indian agriculture so that our farm produce meets not only national but international quality standards, is produced at internationally competitive price and is sustainable. This, therefore calls for developing appropriate technology and imparting proper training to the farmers, which is possible only if the graduates and post-graduates produced by the universities are themselves properly educated in the advances in engineering and technology as applicable to agriculture. This becomes more important at the Post-graduate level where they have not only to learn the recent advances in their subject but have also to be trained in the modern and latest techniques in their disciplines so that they can participate and contribute in the development and advancement in their chosen fields. Keeping this in view, the ICAR which is vested with the responsibilities of guiding and coordinating agricultural education in the country, took several steps to ensure quality education to meet the ever changing national and global scenario in agriculture and allied sciences. One of these steps was to set up an Accreditation Board, which among other things is required to periodically assess the curricula of various educational programs offered by the National Agricultural Education system and suggest modifications. The second step in this connection was the constitution of Broad Subject Matter Area (BSMA) Committees for modification of P.G. Curricula and related issues. The BSMA Committee on Agricultural Education and Technology was constituted through ICAR Office Order No.1-3/98-Acdn/Edn dated 30.11.1998 to examine the present PG curricula, and to revise the same. The BSMA Committee was constituted with Dr. Pratap Singh, MPUAT, Udaipur; Dr. B.S. Panesar, PAU, Ludhiana; Dr. Maharaj Narain Gupta, GBPUAT, Pantnagar; Dr. H.S. Chauhan, GBPUAT, Pantnagar; Dr. S. Sreenarayana, TNAU, Coimbatore; and Dr. S.D. Khepar, PAU, Ludhiana as members; and Dr. J.S. Panwar, IARI, New Delhi as Coordinator. The meeting of the BSMA Committee was held on 13th October, 1999 which was followed by a workshop on 14th-15th October, 1999. In the meeting, the present curricula of leading universities in India and abroad were discussed and broad based curricula in three major areas of agricultural engineering were developed . The recommendations of the meeting were presented in the workshop, where detailed discussion was held, not only about curricula but also course contents. The workshop also identified experts to fine-tune the course outlines. They were Dr. G. Singh, CIAE, Bhopal for Farm Power and Machinery, Dr. A.K. Bhattacharya , IARI for Soil and Water Engineering and Dr.Maharaj Narain Gupta for Postharvest Processing and Food Engineering. These experts went critically through the course contents developed during the workshop and finalized the same. The curricula and syllabi after finalization, were critically edited before printing. The revised curricula has a set of core courses, amounting to 19 credit-hours, out of which 9 credits are to be taken by students, based on their field of specialization. Optional
iii
courses of 15 credit-hours are to be taken from major area, for which a large number of courses have been provided. Students are also required to take 10 credit of supporting courses from out side their major area of specialization. The revised curricula gives greater emphasis on Engineering Instrumentation, Simulation and Modeling, Computer Methods, System Engineering and CAD/CAM under common core courses. In the area of Farm Power and Machinery, emphasis is on Machinery Testing and Management, Mechanization of Horticultural Crops, Energy Management and Planning, Manufacturing Technology. Specialization in Soil and Water Engineering gives emphasis on Land Development, Watershed Management, Command Area Development, Water Resources, Pollution and Control. Post-harvest Processing and Food Engineering emphasizes Management of Agricultural Waste and By-products, Handling and Packaging of Agricultural Produce, Product Processing, Quality Management in Food Industry and Bio-environmental Engineering. In all the disciplines, the courses have been modified to bring uniformity in course contents. Relevant books and other publications have been provided for most courses. These are however, those which came to the knowledge of the members of the BSMA Committee. It is hoped that the Professors at SAUs and agricultural institutions will add many more books/ publications/teaching materials to those already listed to develop a successful teaching program. We gratefully acknowledge the guidance and encouragement received from Dr. R.S. Paroda, former Secretary, (DARE) and DG, ICAR, and Dr. S.L. Mehta and Dr. Tej Varma, both former DDG(Edn), in restructuring the P.G. Curricula. Thanks are also due to Dr. Panjab Singh, the then, Director, IARI, and now Secretary, (DARE) and DG, ICAR and Dr. J.C. Katyal, DDG(Edn) for their support and encouragement in completing the exercise and bringing the restructured curricula to the present shape. We thank Dr. G. Singh, Dr. A.K. Bhattacharya and Dr. Maharaj Narain Gupta for refining the course contents. We are grateful to all BSMA Committee members and all participants of the workshop, for their keen interest and efforts in revising the curricula and syllabi. Thanks are also due to Deans and Head of Departments of Agricultural Engineering Colleges who provided critical input at initial stages including existing syllabi of their Universities, which formed the basis for this exercise. We hope that this document will serve as a guide and help in achieving uniformly high standards of Post-graduate Education in the concerned disciplines. The Accreditation Board Secretariat will appreciate comments and suggestions for improving and updating this publication in future. J.S. Panwar Pitam Chandra N.L. Maurya
March,2002 New Delhi
iv
CONTENTS
Preface
iii
Farm Power and Machinery
1
Soil and Water Engineering
22
Post Harvest Processing and Food Engineering
40
Annexures I.
List of Participants in the BSMA Committee Meeting
56
II. List of Participants in the BSMA Workshop
57
III. Common Academic Regulations for Post-Graduate Education in SAUs, DUs and CAU
58
v
FARM POWER AND MACHINERY A. Major A.1 Core Courses (9 credits by choice) 1. Engineering instrumentation 2. Stimulation and modeling 3. Computer Methods in Engineering 4. Special Topics 5. Higher Mathematics 6. Systems Engineering 7. CAD/CAM Seminar (1 Credit)
2 3 0 0 3 3 1 0
+ + + + + + + +
1 0 3 1 0 0 2 1
A.2 Optional Course ( 15 credits by choice) 1. Soil Dynamics in Tillage and Traction 2. Farm Machinery Management 3. Tractors and Prime Movers 4. Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Equipment 5. Energy Management in Agriculture 6. Dynamics of Machinery Systems 7. Vibrations in Agricultural Equipment 8. Horticulture and Forestry Equipment 9. Advances in Land Development Machinery 10. Design of Agricultural Machinery 11. Theory of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Circuits 12. Energy Management and Planning 13. Renewable Sources of Energy 14. Ergonomics in Agro Systems 15. Advanced Manufacturing Technology
2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B.
Supporting Courses (10 Credits) 1. Statistical Methods 3 + 2. Computer Aided Systems Design and Analysis 0+ 3. Advanced Calculus for Engineers 3 + 4. Methods of Numerical analysis 2 + 5. Computer Languages for Engineering Applications 1 + 6. Agri-busines Management 3 + Any other courses as recommended by student advisory committee Total 35 Credits
1
0 2 0 1 1 1
A.1 CORE COURSES
1.
Engineering Instrumentation
2+1
Introduction to functional elements of an instrument, active and passive transducers, analog and digital modes, null and deflection methods, performance characteristics of instruments including static and dynamic characteristics. Measuring devices for force, torque and shaft power, strain gauge type devices and their design and application in two and three dimensional force measurement. Design and analysis of strain gauge type tillage tool dynamometers. Devices for measurement of temperature, pressure, sound, vibration, flow etc. Measuring instruments for calorific values of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Measurement of gas composition using GLC. Recording devices and their type. Data storage systems and their application. Practical Calibration of instruments, measturement of strain, making of thermocomples and their testing, flow measurement in a pipe, humidity measurement, data analysis and interpretation, signal conditioning circuits, testing of pressure transducers. Suggested Readings 1.
Doeblin, E.O. (1966). Measurement Systems - Application and Design. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
2.
Ambrosius, E.E. (1966). Mechanical measurement and Instrumentation. The Ronald Press Company, New York.
3.
Oliver, F.J. (1971). Practical Instrumentation Transducers. Hayden Book Company Inc., New York.
4.
Perry, C.C. and Lissner, H.R. (1962). The Strain Gauge Primer, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
5.
Nachtigal, C.L. (1990). Instrumentation and Control: Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley and Sons.
2.
Simulation and Modeling
3+0
Concept, advantages and limitations of dimensional analysis, dimensions and units, fundamental and derived units, systems of units, conversion of units of measurement, conversion of dimensional constants, conversion of equations in different units, complete set of dimensionless products and their formulation methods - the Rayleigh's methods, Buckingham's p theorom 2
method and some other methods. Models - features of models, model types, theory of models, model laws, scales; true models; distorted models, different types of distortion in structural models; study of liquid flow models - open channels, weirs, orifices, partially and submerged ship propellers; models of rivers and spillways. Dissimilar models - analogies between two dissimilar systems. Curve fitting method of least squares, estimation of coefficients of simple determination and simple correlation, properties of least square residuals. Computer simulation of agricultural engineering systems. Suggested Readings 1.
Langhaar, H.L. (1951). Dimensional Analysis and Theory of Models. John Willey and Sons.
2.
Murphy, J. (1950). Similitude in Engineering. The Roland Press Company, New York.
3.
Singh, R.P. (2000). Computer Application in Food Technology. Academic Press.
4.
Buckingham, E. (1914). On Physically Similar Systems. Physical Reviews. 4: 345.
5.
Simpson, O.J. (2000). Basic Statistics. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
6.
Wilks, S. S. (1962). Mathematical Statistics. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
7.
Goudriaan, J. and Van Laar, H.H. (1994). Modeling Potential Crop Growth Process. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
3.
Computer Methods in Engineering
0+3
Introduction to computer hardware and operations, operating system, introduction to programming and numerical techniques, spreadsheet based application, simulation, modeling and optimization, data base management, graphics application, computer based instrumentation for data acquisition and control. Suggested Readings 1.
Norton, C. (200). Introduction to Computers. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
2.
Appleby, A. (2000). Programming Languages: Paradigm and Practice. Tata McGrawHill, New Delhi.
3.
Chapra, C. (2000). Numerical Methods for Engineers. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
4.
Gilster, H. K. (2001). PC Hardware: A Beginner's Guide. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
5.
Everest, T. (2001). Database Management: Objectives, System Functions & Administration. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
6.
Milenkovic, S. (2000). Operating Systems: Concepts and Design. Tata McGraw-Hill, 3
New Delhi. 7.
Krishnamurty, H. (2001). Introduction to Computer Graphics. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
8.
Martin, T. (2000). Introduction to Languages and Theory of Computation. Tata McGrawHill, New Delhi.
9.
Subramanian, E. (2000). Introduction to Computers: Fundamentals of Systems Analysis and Basic Programming. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
10.
Zacker, A. (2000). PC Hardware: The Complete Reference. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
4.
Special Topics 0+1 (Any one of the following or other as suggested by the Student Advisory Committee)
Standardization, Patents, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), WTO, Machine acts, Human engineering, Information systems, Databases in agricultural engineering, Electronic information systems. Suggested Readings 1.
Mayes, T. and Mortimore, S. (Eds.) (2000). Making the most of HACCP. Woodhead Publishing Limited, UK.
2.
Datta, S.K. (2000). Implications of WTO Agreements for Indian Agriculture. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
3.
Ebeling, D. (2000). An Introduction to Reliability and Maintainability Engineering. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
4.
Bose, T. (2000). Neural Network Fundamentals with Graphs, Algorithms and Applications. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
5.
Ganguli, T. K. (2001). Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing the Knowledge Economy. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
6.
Maclean, J. (2000). Documenting Quality for ISO 9000 and Other Industry Standards. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
5.
Higher Mathematics
3+0
Review of Calculus - differential and integral; Vectors: basic operations, unit vector and direction cosines, vector products and identities; Differential calculus of functions of several variables: functions, domains and regions, limits and continuity, partial derivative, total differ4
ential, implicit functions - inverse function and Jacobians directional derivatives. The Laplacians in polar, cylindrical and spherical coordinates; Vector differential calculus; vector and scalar fields, gradients, divergence and curl of a vector; integral calculus of function of several variables; numerical evaluation of definite and indefinite integral, improper integral; Two dimensional theory: limits and integral in plane, line integral as integral of vectors, Green's theorem, independence of path; Fourier Series: trigonometric and Fourier series convergence, generalization, Fourier cosine and sine series, Uniqueness theorem Suggested Readings 1.
Scarborough, G. (2000). Numerical Mathematical Analysis. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
2.
Sokolnikoff, I. S. and Redheffer, R. M. (1966). Mathematics of Physics and Modern Engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York.
3.
Kreyszig, E. (1971). Advanced Engineering Mathematics. Wiley Eastern Private Limited.
4.
Snedden, I. N. (1957). Elements of Practical Differential Equation. McGraw-Hill, New York.
5.
Churchill, R. V. (1960). Complex Variables and Applications. McGraw-Hill, New York.
6.
Kaplan, W. (1959). Advanced Calculus. Addison-Wesley.
7.
Chatterjee, K. (2000). Integral Calculus and Differential Equations. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
8.
Coddington, D. (2000). Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
6.
Systems Engineering
3+0
System definition and concept, System engineering functions, Management problems, classification of system analysis models, Economic analysis techniques: Interest and its estimation, evaluation of single and multi alternatives, break-even analysis, mathematical modeling and analysis. Application of linear programming, network theory, CPM and PERT, queuing theory and its application, assignment and transportation models, job scheduling/allocations in agricultural machine systems. Dynamic programming, Markov chains, applications of forecasting in agricultural engineering systems and products. Computer use in solving problems of optimization, writing of algorithms for problem solutions and decision-making. Suggested Readings 1.
Gillett, G. (2001). Introduction to Operations Research. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
5
2.
Puttaswamaiah, K. (2001). Cost Benefit Analysis. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
3.
Danovan, S. S. (2000). Systems Programming. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
4.
Loomba, D. (2000). Linear Programming. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
5.
Grawham, W.J. and Vincent, T.L. (1993). Modern Control Systems Analysis and Design. John Wiley and Sons.
6.
Lewis, F.L. and Syrmos, V.L. (1995). Optimal Control. 2/e. John Wiley and Sons.
7.
CAD/CAM
1+2
Introduction to computer-aided design, Geometric modeling and interactive graphics, Computer-aided analysis and synthesis of common mechanical components. Application of numerical methods and optimal techniques to machine design problems. Computer-aided selection of standard mechanical components. Introduction to FEM. Practicals Preparation of engineering drawings of machine/implement components, design of plough share/ fumow openers/plough discs, and other components of farm machinery, preparation of bill of materials and costing. Suggested Readings 1.
Ramamurty, T. (2001). Computer Aided Mechanical Design and Analysis. Tata McgrawHill, New Delhi.
2.
Mukhopadhyay, M. (2000). Matrix, Finite Element, Computer and Structural Analysis. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
3.
Krishnamoorty, G. (2001). Finite Element Analysis: Theory and Programming. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
4.
Kundra, C. V. (2000). Numerical Control and Computer Aided Manufacturing. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
5.
Zeid, K. (2000). CAD/CAM Theory and Practice. Tata McGraw-Hill.
6
A2 OPTIONAL COURSES 1.
Soil Dynamics in Tillage and Traction
2+1
Major soils of India and their composition~ dynamic properties of soil and their measurement, rheological properties of soil, stress-strain relationships, theories of soil failure; mechanics of tillage tools and geometry of soil tool system, design parameters and performance of tillage tools; soil compaction by agricultural machines and vehicles, soil bin design and instrumentation. Introduction to traction devices, tyres -function and size, their selection; mechanics of traction devices. Deflection between traction devices and soil, slippage and sinkage of wheels, evaluation and prediction of traction performance, design of traction and transport devices. Dimensional analysis of different variables related to soil-tyre system; soil vehicle models; mechanics of steering of a farm tractor; special problems of wet land traction and float action. Soil vehicle models, finite element approach and prediction of performance. Practical Mechanical properties of soil, soil bin studies on tillage tools and traction devices, Measurement of unit draft, power and energy requirements, measurement of slip, modeling of soil-tool interactions, design of tools. Suggested Readings 1.
Sineokov, G. N. (1965). Design of Soil Tillage Machines. Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, Hillside Road, New Delhi.
2.
Gill, W.R. and Vanden, Berg G E. (1967). Soil Dynamics in Tillage and Traction. USDA publication..
3.
Terzaghi, K. and Peck, Ralph B. (1967). Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practices. John Wiley & Sons, New York; Chichester; Brisbane. Toranto.
2.
Farm Machinery Management
2+1
Farm holdings, cost of production, selection of farm machinery, Cost analysis of farm machinery use and operations, Systems approach in farm machinery management and application of programming techniques to problems of farm power and machinery selection, maintenance and scheduling of operations. Equipment replacement and inventory control of spare parts. Work design in agriculture. Selection of optimum mechanization systems by modeling. Manmachine-task system in farm operations, planning of work systems in agriculture & organization of labour.
7
Practical Field studies on farm operations and their analysis in terms of time and motion studies and resources scheduling. Individual projects on system analysis of farms at different levels of mechanization, Inventory control, maintenance schedules. Suggested Readings 1.
Hunt, D. (1977). Farm Power and Machinery Management Laboratory Manual and Workbook. Iowa State University Press.
2.
Culpin, C and Claude, S. (1950). Farm Mechanization: Costs and Methods. McGrawHill, New York.
3.
Carville, L.A. (1980). Selecting Farm Machinery. Luisiana Cooperative Extn. ServicePublication.
4.
Watters, W.K. (1980). Farm Machinery Management Guide. Pennsylvania Agric. Extn. Service Spl. Circular No. 192.
5.
FAO (1984). Agricultural Engineering in Development: Selection of Mechanization Inputs. FAO, Agricultural Service Bulletin.
3.
Tractors and Prime Movers
2+1
Design specifications of tractors available in India, Modern trends in tractor design and development, special design features of tractors in relation to Indian Agriculture. Parameters affecting design of tractor engine and their selection. Design of vital engine components and tractor systems like clutches and brakes, transmission, steering, front suspension, hydraulic system and hitching, chassis, drivers seat, controls etc. Mechanics of tractor. Tyre selection, computer aided design and its application in agricultural tractors i. e. CAD for single and double tie rod, mechanical and power steering systems etc. Practical Performance testing of tractor engines, tractors test procedure as per ISO codes. Design of tractor transmission, clutches and driver's seat, CAD applications. Suggested Readings 1.
Liljedahl, JB; Turnquist, PK; Smith, DW; and Hoki,M. (1989). Tractor and its Power Units.Van Nostrand Reinhold.
2.
Kuo, K.K. (1986). Principles of Combustion. John Willey.
3.
Gulvin, H.E. (1953). Farm Engines and Tractors. McGraw-Hill, New York.
4.
Gray, R.B. (1975). The Agricultural Tractor, 1855-1950. ASAE Publication. 8
4.
Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Equipment
2+1
Testing types, procedures and various codes for agricultural machines; National and international test codes, Testing equipment usage and limitations. Tractor testing performance evaluation and interpretation, Review and interpretation of test reports. Case studies and integrated systems approach to machinery evaluation. Practical Design, fabrication and testing of strain sensitive transducers, laboratory and field testing of selected farm equipment and interpretation of test results as per relevant BIS codes, Design of test facilities. Suggested Readings 1.
Mehta, M.L., Mishra, S.K. Verma, S.R. and Sharma, V.K. ( ). Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machines. National Agricultural Technical Information Center.
2.
OECD (1991). Standard code for the official testing of Agricultural and Forestry Tractors. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.
3.
Inns, F.M. (1986). Selection, Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machines and Equipment. FAO Service Bulletin No. 115.
4.
Smith D. W.; Sims B. G. and O' Neill D. H. (1994). Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment (Principle and Practices). FAO Fiat Paris Rome 1994. 110.
5
Energy Management in Agriculture
2+0
Energy sources in agriculture-conventional and renewable, Energy requirements of different operations in agriculture production systems viz. crop, livestock and aquaculture; Energy conservation technologies; planning and management of agricultural production systems for energy conservation. Suggested Readings 1.
Ravindranath, N.H. and Hall, D.D. (1995). Biomass, Energy and Environment: A Developing Country Perspective from India. Oxford University Press, New York.
2.
TERI (1982). Cookstove Handbook. Tata Energy Documentation and Information Center, Mumbai.
3.
El Mahgary, Y. and Biswas, A.K. eds. (1985). Integrated Rural Energy Planning. Butterworths, London.
4.
OECD/IEA (1991). Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Renewable Energy Tech-
9
nology and its Applications. International Energy Agency, France. 5.
Kovach, E.G. (1974). Technology for Efficient Energy Utilization. Pergamon Press.
6.
Pimentel, D. (1980). Handbook of Energy Utilization in Agriculture. CRC Press, Boca Ralon, Florida, USA.
6
Dynamics of Machinery Systems
3+0
Farm machinery system, its characteristics and evaluation. Identification of dynamic characteristics of related components of agricultural machines. Mechanism of dynamic elements, and analysis of forces, displacement and their equilibrium in farm machines. Analysis of forces in tractor-implement system under two and three dimensional conditions. Vibrations, transmissibility and effect of damping on various agricultural machinery systems. Application of various analysis methods including simulation. Suggested Readings 1.
Bevan, T. (1962). The theory of Machines. Longmans Greene, London.
2.
Mabie, H.H. and Ocrirk, F.W. (1987). Mechanisms and Dynamics of Machinery, John Willey and Sons, New York.
3.
Shigley, J.E. and Uicker (jr.), J.J. (1980). Theory of Machinery and Mechanisms. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York.
4.
Kepner, R.A., Bainer, R. and Barger, E.L. (1972). Principles of Farm Machinery. AVI Publishing CO.
5.
Close, C.M., Fredrick, D.K. and Newwell, I.C. (2001). Modeling and Analysis of Dynamic Syatems. 3/e. John Wiley and Sons.
6.
Franklin, G.F. and Powell, J.D. (1980). Digital Control of Dynamic Systems. Addison Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, UK.
7
Vibrations in Agricultural Equipment
2+1
Noise and vibration theory -definition, units and parameters of measurement and their importance. Types of vibrations -free and forced, undamped and damped analysis of one, two and multiple degree of freedom systems and their solution using Newton's motion, energy method, longitudinal, transverse and torsional vibrations, Raleigh , s method, Lagrange equation, Introduction of transient vibrations in systems, vibrations of continuous media. Balancing of single rotating weight and number of weights in same plane and different planes. Complete balancing of reciprocating parts of an engine.
10
Practical Study of vibration measurement and analysis equipment, study of different vibration measurement and evaluation, Measurement and analysis of vibration on different components of thresher, combine, reaper, power tiller and tractor. Determination of modulli of elasticity. rigidity and MI by free vibration test. Evaluation of logarithmic decrement and damping factor. Whirling of shafts. Beat motion in two-pendulum system. Detailed analysis of multi-degree of freedom system. Suggested Readings 1.
Meirovitch, L (1986). Elements of Vibration Analysis. 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill
2.
Kelly, SG (2000) Fundamentals of Mechanical Vibrations. 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill
3.
Harris, C.M. and Crede, C.E. (1976). Shock and Vibration Handbook. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York.
4.
ISO Standard Handbook of Mechanical Vibration and Shock.
5.
Steidel (1986). Introduction to Mechanical Vibrations, 2/e., Revised Printing. Wiley International & ELBS Editions.
8
Horticulture and Forestry Equipment
2+1
Mechanization of plantation crops, forestry operations, forestry machines and equipment. Machines for posthole digging, seeding, planting, plant protection, circular saw, shearing blades, slashers, winches beams, ripper, bunchers, tree felling. Forest cleaning and reclamation, logging, stump blasting and puddling, Fire control, Fire line and their maintenance, Development of resources, ditching and dewatering of ponds, Use of dozers, wheel loaders, motor graders, scrappers, knock down beams and ripper, Forest transport machinery. (Cost estimation offorestry operations, management techniques to minimize cost of operation). Fundamentals of horticulture and horticultural operations -land preparation, sowing, planting, transplanting, plant propagation, plant propagation, harvesting, packing and grading, transport and handling and post harvest processing. Fundamentals of machines, tools and equipment used for land preparation, nursery bed preparation, bat making/digging, sowing of seeds of fruits, vegetables and flowers, raising of nursery, planting / transplanting of seedling, plant propagation - prunning, budding, graffing, cutting etc., plant protection, harvesting, packaging, grading, transport and processing. Practical Study and practice of different, hand tools, machines and equipment for horticulture and forestry. Study of metallurgy of different components and their wear rates with the use. Identification of operations in forestry and horticulture for which new tools need to be designed and developed, Field testing of equipments. 11
Suggested Readings 1.
Hopfen, H.J. (1955). Small Farm Implements. FAO Agricultural Development Paper No. 32.
2.
Lovergrove, H.T. (1971). Crop Production Equipment. Hutchinson Educational Ltd., London.
3.
Robertson, J. (1974). Mechanizing Vegetable Production. Ipswich Farming Press.
4.
Hawker, M.F.J. (1977). Horticultural Machinery. 2/e. Longman, London.
9
Advances in Land Development Machinery
2+1
Engineering fundamentals related to earth moving machinery: Swelling, shrinkage and compaction measurements. Land grading, Tractors and crawlers. Grade resistance and gradability, land cleaning reclamation and grading land leveling equipment. Power shovels, drag lines, clamshells, rubber tyres for earth moving machinery .Trenching machinery and wagons (Economic analysis of land development machinery. Application of PERT and CPM to the problems related to land development). Practical Study the mechanism of power shovels, drag lines, earth diggers, clamshells etc., Earthwork estimation, unit cost of operation, work scheduling, machinery maintenance, entrepreneurship. Suggested Readings 1.
Dutta, S.K. (1987). Soil Conservation and Land management. International Distributors, Dehradun.
2.
Sigh, G. et al. (1991). Manual of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Oxford and IBH, Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
3.
Nichols, HL; Day DA; and Day, DH.(1998). Moving the Earth: The Workbook of Excavation. McGraw Hill
10
Design of Agricultural Machinery
2+1
Modern trends, principles, procedures, and economic considerations for design and development of farm equipment. Various types of designs encountered and their application in typical machine. Reliability criteria in design and its application, finite element analysis in design, Analysis of linkages in farm machinery and its application in selected equipment. Design of selected farm equipment-tillage, seeding, planting, interculture, plant protection, threshing and harvesting. Design of rotary, vibrating and oscillating machines. Safety devices for agricultural equipment. Statement and formulation of design problems, development of prototypes in 12
farm machinery .Selection of machines for various farming operations. Practical Familiarization with Indian/International standards of farm machinery. Problems on resistance to cutting, cutting angle and knife segment. Kinematics of drive mechanisms, design of plough, planter, intercultural and harvesting machinery. Suggested Readings 1.
Agricultural Machinery Design and Data Hand Book (Seeders and Planters). (1991). RNAM Project Oct..
2.
Wilkinson, Robert H. and Braunbeck, Oscar A. (1997). Elements of Agricultural Machinery (Vo. 1). FAO Rome. 12.
3.
Crossley, P. & Kilgour, J. (1983). Small Farm Mechanization for Developing Countries. John Wiley & Sons, New York; Chichester; Brisbane. Toranto
4.
Krutz, G.; Thompson, L. and Claar P. (1984). Design of Agricultural Machinery. John Wiley & Sons, New York; Chichester; Brisbane. Toranto
5.
Klenin, N. I.; Popov I. F. and Sakun V. A. (1985). Agricultural Machines. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
6.
Bainer,R., Kepner,R.A. and Barger, E.L. (1978). Principles of farm machinery. John Wiley and Sons.NY
11
Theory of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Circuits
2+1
Fluid power -its advantages -properties of hydraulic fluids -viscosity -bulk modulus - density -concepts of energy of hydraulic systems -laws of fluid flow -Distribution system pressure rating of tubing and hoses couplings -Basics of hydraulic flow and hydraulic circuit analysis pumps -types and theory of operation -pressure intensifiers -fluid power actuators - hydraulic rams, hydraulic motors, piston motors and their performance characteristics -electro hydraulic motors and hydro transmissions -control components, directional, safety and servo valves hydraulic circuit design, pump unloading, pressure intensifier circuits control of hydraulic motors -mechanical hydraulic systems for tractors -Logic elements in fluidics -sensing and logic circuits. Pneumatic circuits -properties of Air, -Compressor elements, Design of pneumatic circuits -Electrical control for fluid power circuits (maintenance of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits and devices -Trouble shooting). Practical Study of tractor hydraulic systems, Design of hydraulic and pneumatic systems for agricultural equipment, Performance characteristics of hydraulic components, circuit analysis and simulation, fluid properties, analogies. 13
Suggested Readings 1.
Analyzing Hydraulic Systems (1976). Bulletin No. 0222-B1, Parker Hannifin Corporation, Cleveland,Ohio.
2.
Fluid Power Design Engineers Handbook (1981). Parker Hannifin Corporation, Cleveland,Ohio.
3.
Merritt, H.E. (1991). Hydraulic Control Systems. John Willey and Sons Inc., New York.
4.
Mobile Hydraulics Manual (1967). M2990A, Sperry Vickers, Troy Michigan.
5.
Krutz, G. (1984). Design of Agricultural Machines. John Willey and Sons Inc., New York.
12
Energy Management and Planning
2+1
Energy equivalents - Human, animal, mechanical sources - fuels : solid, liquid, gaseous - crop production energy - energy - plantation - rainfed, irrigated, tractor owned, bullock farms crop rotation and energy needs - agro climatic energy needs - agro industries / processing and energy needs, animal raising, domestic purpose - energy requirements, energy use patterns different categories of farmers - resource use patterns - input / output ratio - energy inflow in village ecosystem - self sufficiency in energy, system planning for energy conservation - Questionnaire and contact procedures for survey - field survey - Yardstick for energy resource analysis and conservation efficiency, reliability and availability - Economics, study on energy needs for household, energy budgeting for crop production, energy in-flow, out-flow in a typical village - Energy audit in agro-processing industries like rice mill, oil mill, poultry, dairy etc. Practical Preparation of energy census schedule - visit to sample farm and data collection on energetics - Estimation of Energy equivalents for inflow - outflow analysis. Integrated energy planning exercise for farm - visit to oil mill for energy use pattern data collection visit to rice mill for energy use pattern data collection, visit to sugar mill, village Gur Industry for energy pattern data collection in Agro industries, Energy analysis for household sector - Energy planning for village Eco-system, Estimation and energy planning for mixed and integrated farming system, case study of energy conservation in a typical agro industry. Suggested Readings 1.
Turner, W.C. (1997). Energy management handbook. Fairmaont Press.
2.
Brookfield,V.T. (1996). Energy environment and the economy :Asian perspectives. Edward Elgar Publishing.
3.
Grubb, M and Walker, J. (1992). Emerging energy technologies :Impact and policy im14
plications. Dartmouth Pub. 4.
Fowler, J.H. (1975). Energy and the environment. McGraw Hill.
5.
Capehart, B,L,, Turner W.C., Kennedy, W.J. (1997). Guide to energy management. Fairmont Press.
6.
Sorenson, H.A. (1983). Energy Conservation Systems. John Willey.
7.
Goldemberg, J., Johansson, T.B., Reddy, A.K.N. and Williams, R.H. (1987). Energy for a Sustainable World. World Resource Institute, USA.
8.
Mittal, K.M. (1997). Non-conventional Energy Systems: Principles, Programmes and Prospects. Wheeler Publishing .
9.
Rao, K.S., Kishore, V.V.N., Vaja, D. (eds. (1991). Solar Pond. GEDA, Baroda.
13
Renewable Sources of Energy
2+1
Solar energy: solar radiation, radiation exchange process, solar collection, thermosyphon effect; Solar applications: direct and indirect heating, cooling, refrigeration, drying, dehydration, sterilization, pasteurization, cooking, power generation, biological conversion of solar energy, greenhouse agriculture, performance evaluation; economics of solar energy systems. Energy from biomass and wastes: production, distribution; sources: plant, human, animal and municipal waste; properties, composition, treatments, recycling; anaerobic digestion: crop residues and animal waste digestion, biogas, producer gas engines; liquid fuels: Ethanol, methanol, anaerobic and aerobic fennentation; Wind energy: velocity and power duration curves, wind mill parameters, power-torque characteristics; design and perfonnance of rotors; wind mill structure design. Practical Calorific value estimation of biogas and producer gas, design and benefit analysis of community biogas plant~ measurement of heat balance over a flat plate collector~ solar powered refrigeration system, natural convection, and forced convection solar dryers, conduction, convection, radiation efficiency measurement~ simulated anaerobic studies, solid state fermentation, study of ethanol and methanol plants. Suggested Readings 1. Culp, A.W. (1991). Principles of energy conversion. McGraw Hill Pub. Co., Inc. 2.
Odum, H.T. and Odum, E.C. (1976). Energy basis for man and nature. McGraw Hill Pub. Co., Inc.
3.
Garg, H.P. and Prakash, J. (1997). Solar energy - Fundamentals and applications. TatMcGraw Hill Pub. Co., Inc.
15
4.
Sukhatme,S.P. (1997). Solar energy-Principles of thermal collection and storage. 2/e. tat-McGrraw Hill.
5.
Duffie, J.A. and Beckman, W.A. (1991). Solar engineering of thermal processes. John Wiley, New York
14
Ergonomics in Agro Systems
2+1
Ergonomics: Definition, scope, concepts, aims, and its application in agriculture, Various agro systems and man as a system component, Brief information on human anatomy and physiology, Physiological cost, effect of work on physiological cost and comfort, parameters for assessment of physiological cost and comfort/stress of the worker. Anthropometry in equipment design, Biomechanics principles and applications, Thermal environment and its effect on human performance, Effect of illumination, noise, vibration and dust on work performance and health of workers, Work psychology, basic concepts, Subjective rating scales, Ergonomics in design of farm equipment, Accidents in agriculture, ways to minimize accidents, Safety aspect of agricultural machinery , Occupational health hazards of agricultural workers, Statistical techniques in ergonomics experimentation. Practical Collection and analysis of anthropometric and strength data, Measurement of heart rate and Oxygen consumption range of workers in laboratory and field conditions during rest and work, Calculation of energy expenditure, Assessment of discomfort using subjective rating scales, Noise measurement, data analysis and interpretation, Vibration measurement, data analysis and interpretation, Dust measurement, data analysis and interpretation, Measurement of thermal environmental condition and calculation of effective temperature, Use of check list to identify ergonomical problems in a machine or in an activity, Ergonomics in design of a tool/ equipment, Ergonomic design of a work place. Suggested Readings 1.
Grandjean, E. (1988). Fitting the Task to the Man. A Text Book of Occupational Ergonomics. Taylor & Francis.
2.
Sanders, M.S., McCornik, E.J. (1993). Human factor in Engineering and Design. 7th Ed. McGraw Hill Book Company.
3.
Fraser, T.M. (1980). Ergonomic Principles in Design of Hand Tools. ILO Occupational and Health Series No. 44.
4.
Purcell, W.F.H. (1980). Human Factors in Farm and Industrial Equipment Design. ASAE Lecture Series on Tractor Design No. 6.
5.
Wilson, J.R. and Corlett, E.N. eds. (1992). Evaluation of Human Work: A Practical Ergonomics Methodology. Taylor and Francis, London. 16
15
Advanced Manufacturing Technology
2+1
Construction of material and their characteristics; The structure of material, properties of material, equilibrium diagram, time temperature transformation curves, heat treatment, ferrous metals and alloys, Non-ferrous metals and alloys, non-metallic material: plastic, elastomers, ceramics and composites, material selection, surface treatment and finishing. Measurement and quality assurance: Measurement and inspection, non-destructive inspection and testing, process capability and quality control, tolerances-limits and clearances. Casting Processes: Fundamentals of casting, patterns and sand molds, continuous casting, shell molding, lost wax or investment casting, plaster molds, centrifugal casting, permanent mold casting, die casting, electro forming, the Shaw process and powder metallurgy. Forming processes: The fundamentals of metal forming, mechanism of hot and cold working, Hot rolling of metals, forging processes, extrusion, cold rolling, cold forging, cold drawing, forming of plastic ceramic and composites, dies, shearing and blanking and dies: bending and drawing. Material removal processes: Machining process, cutting tools for matching, turning and boring and related processes, drilling and related hole making processes, milling, broaching-sawingfiling, abrasive machining processes, work holding devices, machining centres, thread, manufacture, gear manufacturing and non-traditional machining processes (FCM, EDH, LBM, AJM, Wire EDM). Joining processes: Gas flame processes: welding, cutting and straightening, Arc processes, welding and cutting, resistance welding, brazing and soldering, adhesive, bonding and mechanical fasteners, manufacturing concerns in welding and joining. Numerical control: Command system, codes, programme, cutter position X and Y incremental movements, linear contouring, Z movement and commands. Processes and Techniques related to manufacturing: Manufacturing system and automation, production systems and Integrated Manufacturing Production system. Practical Study of physical and mechanical properties of material tensile test, hardness, impact, material fatigue and endurance limit, study of metalographic structures of metals, determination of carbon and sulphur content, carburizing and hardening of plain and medium carbon steel by heating and annealing. Study and use of measuring and inspection tools, study of limits, tolerances and geometric dimensioning, study and use of optical comparator, vision system measurement, co-ordinate measuring machine, surface roughness measurement, non-destructive inspection and testing and statistical process control. Study of pattern and sand moulding techniques, preparation of small moulds and carry out sand casting, study of different casting processes. Design and development of simple tooling for shearing, bending and deep drawing and use them in workshop, study of different hot and cold working processes.
17
Practice on different machines like lathe, drill press, milling machine, slotting machine, shaper planers and grinders. Study of non-traditional machining processes. Study the tool geometry and their angles for different chip machining processes. Study and practice on gas, arc, resistance, Mic and Tig welding, soldering, brazing and braze welding processes. Study and design of different types of joints for welding. Welding of different materials ferrous, cast iron, non-ferrous and stainless steel. Developing a programme for CNC machines (turning and milling) and practice on operation of turning and milling centres. Study of surface finishing methods, cleaning, coaling and paint application. Carry out the practice on powder coating and painting by different methods. Suggested Readings 1.
Polukhin, P.; Gringerg B.; Kantenik, S.; Zhadan V. and Vasilyen, D. Metal Process Engineering, MIR Publishers, Moscow.
2.
Fundamentals of Tool Design. American Society of Tool and Manufacturer Engineers.
3.
Gupta, R B. Production Technology.
4.
Jain, R. K. (1994). Production Technology: A Textbook for Engineering Students. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
5.
Myron; Begeman, L. and Amstead , B. H.. Manufacturing Processes.
6.
Chapman, (Part III). Workshop Technology.
18
B. SUPPORTING COURSES 1.
Statistical Methods
3+0
Classical and recently developed statistical procedures, basic principles of statistical inference and the rationale underlying the choice of these procedures. Problems of estimation, hypothesis testing, large sample theory, probability, regression Suggested Readings 1.
Kapur, K. (2000). Elements of Practical Statistics. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
2.
Simpson, O.J. (2000). Basic Statistics. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
3.
Milton, JS and Arnold, JC (1995). Introduction to Probability and Statistics: Principles andApplications for Engineering and Computing Sciences. McGraw Hill
2.
Computer Aided Systems Design and Analysis
0+2
Applications from different disciplines of agricultural engineering such as infiltration, heat transfer, design of trusses, drying, etc. Suggested Readings 1.
Danovan, S. S. (2000). Systems Programming. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
2.
Condoor, S (2002). Mechanical Design Modeling Using Pro/Engineer. McGraw Hill
3.
Logue, LJ (1997). Computer Aided Design Using Microstation. 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill
4.
Hillier, HS. (1995). Introduction to Mathematical Programming. McGraw Hill
5.
Gottfried, BS. (2000). Spreadsheet Tools for Engineers. McGraw Hill
3.
Advanced Calculus for Engineers
3+0
Plane analytic geometry, differential and integral calculus and applications, Transcendantal functions, techniques of integration and multiple integrals, vector calculus, analytic geometryin space, partial differentiation applications. Suggested Readings 1.
Stein, S and Barcellos, A. (1992). Calculus and Analytical Geometry. McGraw Hill
2.
Hildebrand, F. (1976). Advanced Calculus for Applications. 2nd Ed. Prantice Hall
3.
Anton, H. (1995). Calculus and Analytical Geometry. 5th Ed. John Wiley 19
4.
Methods of Numerical Analysis
2+1
Numerical methods for systems of linear equations, eigen values, interpolation, differentiation, least squares. Numerical solution of differential equations and non-linear equations in several variables. Practical Practice on matrix manipulation, Exercises on solution of the systems of linear and non-linear equations, solution of differential equations. Suggested Readings 1.
Scarborough, G. (2000). Numerical Mathematical Analysis. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
2.
Chapra, C. (2000). Numerical Methods for Engineers. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
3.
Atkinson,K (1993). Elementary Numerical Analysis. 2nd Ed. John Wiley
4.
Epperson, JF. (2002). An Introduction to Numerical Methods and Analysis. John Wiley
5.
Computer Languages for Engineering Applications
1+1
Pogramming concepts, Introduction to FORTRAN / C / BASIC/other modern languages for engineers and elementary. Practical Laboratory problems using FORTRAN / C / BASIC/ other modern languages for engineers Suggested Readings 1. Balagurusamy, E. (1999). Programming in BASIC. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. 2. Balagurusamy, E. (1997). FORTRAN for Beginners. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. 3. Tan A. (1999) C Programming for Engineers and Computer Science. McGraw Hill 4. Chapman, SJ. (1998). FORTRAN 90/95 for Scientists and Engineers. McGraw Hill
6.
Agri-business Management
3+1
Information systems and technology, knowledge management, organizational behavior, human resource management, agri-inputs marketing, agri-exports marketing, rural advertising and communication, participatory extension, quantitative techniques for agri-business, rural credit, agri-finance, micro-finance, WTO, cost and financial analysis, agri-insurance, custom hiring and agro- service centers, cooperative and contract farming, agricultural policy, business sta20
tistics, farm business organizations, labour management, business policy analysis- concepts and methods, leadership, motivation, planning and development. Practical Case studies on management of food processing and other agro industries, project appraisal, rural information systems, marketing of farm produce, procurement management, financial analysis of projects. Suggested Readings 1.
Walter J. Wills. An introduction to agri- business management.
2.
Megginson, L.C., Byrd. M.J. and Megginson, W.L. 2003. Small business management: An Entrepreneur's guide book. McGraw- Hill.
3.
Ramakrishnan, R. and Gehrke, J., 2002. Database Management systems. McGraw- Hill.
4.
Post, G.V. and Anderson, D.L., 2002. Management Information system. McGraw- Hill.
5.
Hodgetts, R. M., Kuratko, D.F., 2001. Effective small business management. John Wiley & Sons.
6.
Truett, L.J. and Truett, D.B., 2001. Managerial Economics. John Wiley & Sons.
7.
Schermerhorn, J.R. 1996. Management and organizational behavior essentials. John Wiley & Sons
8.
Kaplan, J.M. 2001. Getting started in Entrepreneurship. John Wiley & Sons.
21
SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING A. Major A.1 Core Courses (9 credits by choice) 1. Engineering instrumentation 2. Stimulation and modeling 3. Computer Methods in Engineering 4. Special Topics 5. Higher Mathematics 6. Systems Engineering 7. CAD/CAM Seminar (1 credit)
2 3 0 0 3 3 1 0
+ + + + + + + +
1 0 3 1 0 0 2 1
A.2 Optional Course ( 15 credits by choice) 1. Watershed Management 2. Flow through Porous Media 3. Water Conveyance and Distribution 4. Design of Surface Irrigation Systems 5. Design of Agricultural Drainage Systems 6. Ground Water Hydrology 7. Soil Erosion, transportation and Sedimentation 8. Engineering for Land Development 9. Design of Irrigation and Drainage Equipment 10. Aquaculture Engineering 11. Water Resources System Analysis 12. Soil-Plant-Water Relationship 13. Plant Growth Modeling and Stimulation 14. GIS and Remote Sensing for Resource Management 15. Command Area Development 16. Minor Irrigation 17. Irrigation Management 18. Water Resource Pollution and Control 19. Hydrology of Small Water Shed 20. Advanced Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 21. Design of Micro and Sprinkler Irrigation
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
B.
Supporting Courses (10 Credits) 1. Statistical Methods 3 + 2. Computer Aided Systems Design and Analysis 0+ 3. Advanced Calculus for Engineers 3 + 4. Methods of Numerical analysis 2 + 5. Computer Languages for Engineering Applications 1 + 6. Agri-business Management 3 + Any other courses as recommended by student advisory committee Total 35 Credits 22
0 2 0 1 1 1
A.1 CORE COURSES Details are given in the section on Farm Power and Machinery.
A.2 OPTIONAL COURSES 1.
Watershed Management
2+1
Watershed definition - need for integrated approach. Role of hydrology in agricultural productivity, Rainfall distribution, Soil erosion - its measurement and control, Universal soil loss equation and other soil erosion models, Degradation od soil productivity due to soil erosion, Rainfall simulators and scope of their use in soil erosion studies, Sedimentation of reservoirs, Catchment area treatment in river valley and irrigation projects, Artificial groundwater recharge, Water harvesting - various methods and structures, Morphologic description of watershed, Use of GIS and remote sensing tools in watershed management, Watershed based water management, Economics of water management, Participatory mode of water management. Practical Watershed delineation; Watershed discretisation; Assessment of inflow and outflow; Measurement, calculation and interpretation of geomorphologic parameters; Design of soil and water conservation structures; Land and water use planning of watershed. Suggested Readings 1.
Tideman, E.M. (1999). Watershed Management (Guidelines for Indian Conditions), Omega Scientific Publishers, New Delhi.
2.
Dhruvanarayana, V.V., Sastry, G., Patnaik, U.S. Watershed Management. Publ. And Inf. Div., ICAR, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, New Delhi.
3.
Singh, Rajvir. (2000). Watershed Planning and Management. Yash Publishing House, Bikaner.
4.
Lal, R. (1996). Methods and Guidelines for Assessing Sustainable Use of Soil and Water Resources in the Tropics. Jagmander Book Agency, Karol Bagh, New Delhi.
5.
Dhaliwal, G.S., Hansra, B.S. and Ladhar, S.S. (1993). Wetlands, their Conservation and Management. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
6.
USDA. (1969). A manual on Conservation of Soil and Water. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
23
2.
Flow through Porous Media
2+1
Aquifer and fluid properties, Forces holding water in soils, Hydrodynamics in porous media and the limitations of the governing laws, Initial and boundary conditions, Dupuit and Boussinesque approximations and linearization techniques, stream and potential functions, Flow net and its use for subsurface flow quantification, Solutions of confined and unconfined flow problems, Unsaturated flow theory and simulation of soil moisture dynamics, Analysis of seepage from canals, Groundwater flow modelling, Saline water-fresh water interface and interactions, Solute transport, Analysis and solution of groundwater flow problems. Practical Problems on leaky and non-leaky aquifers, Estimation of aquifer characteristics, Problems on artificial recharge and canal seepage, Calculation of capillary rise in different soils, Calculation of water balance, Application of conformal mapping and hodograph transformation. Suggested Readings 1.
Muskat, M. and Wyckoff, R.D. (1946). The Flow of Homogeneous Fluids through Porous Media. J.W. Edwards Inc. USA.
2.
Polubarinova-Kochina, P.Ya. (1962). Theory of Ground Water Movement. Princeton University Press. USA.
3.
Harr, Milton E. (1962). Groundwater and Seepage. Mc-Graw Hill Book Co. USA.
4.
Remson I., Hornberger, G.M. and Molz Fred, J. (1971). Numerical Methods in Subsurface Hydrology. Wiley-Interscience.
5.
Beer, Jacob. (1972). Dynamics of Fluid Flow in Porous Media. American Elsevier, Amsterdam
3.
Water Conveyance and Distribution
2+1
Channel characteristics, Prismatic and non-prisnatic channels, Steady, unsteady, uniform and non-uniform flow, Dimension-less representative parameters of flow behaviour, Energy and momentum in open channel flow, Critical, uniform, gradually varied, rapidly varied and spatially varied flows and their computations, Energy dissipation, Flow control structures, Flow measurement, Theories and methods of open channel design, Practical Computation and use of geometrical and hydraulic elements of open channel, Use of flow measuring devices and methods and their limitations, Examination of velocity distribution and calculation of energy and momentum coefficients, Solution of channel design problems, Appraisal of flow control and distribution structures, Analysis and computation of flow profiles. 24
Suggested Readings 1.
Chaudhry M.H. (1993). Open Channel Flow. Prentice-Hall, NJ.
2.
Chow, Ven T. Open Channel Hydraulics. Mc-Graw Hill Book Co. New York.
3.
Kinori, B.Z. (1970). Manual of Surface Drainage Engineering. Elsevier Publ. Co. Amsterdam.
4.
Henderson, F,M, (1966). Open Channel Flow. Macmillan Co. New York.
5.
USBR. (1997). Water Measurement Manual. United States Bureau of Reclamation..
4.
Design of Surface Irrigation System
2+1
Historical evidence of development and progress of farm irrigation systems, Land irrigability, Theory of Infiltration and its measrement, Methods of irrigation - their suitability and limitations, Water advance and recession in surface irrigation, Design of surface irrigation systems, Surge irrigation and its design, Irrigation water quality, Leaching requirement of salt affected soils, Use of saline water for irrigation, Irrigation scheduling and equity in water distribution, Optimal layout of conveyance network- shortest route and minimum spanning tree options, Lsectioning of water conveyance network, Channel lining to control seepage loss and its economics, Environmental impact of irrigation projects, Case studies. Practical Infiltration test and mathematical representation of the test result, Estimation of required irrigation depth based on soil moisture analysis, Calculation of irrigation efficiencies, Design and evaluation of irrigation methods, Developing irrigation plan for a project, Measurement of seepage loss, preparation of irrigation water distribution rosters for beneficiaries under different methods of water distribution. Suggested Readings 1.
Michael, A.M. Irrigation Theory and Practice. Vikas Publ. New Delhi.
2.
Jensen, M.E. (Editor). (1983). Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation Systems. ASAE Monograph No. 3. USA.
3.
Walker, W.R. and G.V. Skogerboe. (1987). Surface Irrigation: Theory and Practice. Prentice-Hall Inc. New Jersey, USA.
4.
James, L.G. (1988). Principles of Farm Irrigation System Design. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
5.
Withers, Bruce and Vipond, Stanley. (1974). Irrigation: Design and Practice. B.T. Batsford Ltd., London.
25
5.
Design of Agricultural Drainage System
2+1
Introduction to the natural drainage system and need for artificial drainage, Definition of waterlogging, Soil physical and chemical properties and their spatial variability in relation to drainage, Drainage coefficient, Theories of surface and subsurface drainage, Hydrologic and hydraulic design of drainage system, Study of application of various theories in drainage design, Concepts of vertical and bio-drainage, Water table control, salt balance and leaching requirements, Drainage methods and layout, Physical and conceptual models for drainage studies, Drainage materials, machinery and structures, Performance evaluation of drainage system, Alternatives to conventional drainage, Economic implication of drainage, Case studies of drainage systems. Practical Packing arrangements of soil particles and resulting porosity calculation, Granulometric analysis of soil to investigate drainability and filter design, Laboratory and in-situ measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity, Determination of drainable pore space, Probability analysis of rainfall and runoff data, Estimation of drainage coefficient by various approaches, Practical problems on drainage design and layout, Calculation for sump well dimension for subsurface drainage water collection, Calculation of pumping requirement for drainage of surface accumulated runoff, Analysis of drainage system performance data. Suggested Readings 1.
Ritzema, H.M. (Editor in Chief). (1994). Drainage Principles and Applications (2nd edition), International Instt. of Land Reclamation and Improvement, Post Box-45, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
2.
Smedema, L.K. and Rycroft, D.W. (1988). Land Drainage (Planning and design of agricultural drainage systems). B.T. Batsford Ltd., London.
3.
Schilfgaarde, Jan Van. (Editor). (1974). Drainage for Agriculture. Agronomy Monograph No. 17. American Society of Agronomy, USA.
4.
Luthin, James N, (Edotor). (1957). Drainage of Agricultural Lands. Agronomy Monograph No. 7. American Society of Agronomy, USA.
5.
Rao, K.V.G.K., Agarwal, M.C., Singh, O.P. and Osterbaan, R.J. (Editors). (1995). Reclamation and Management of Waterlogged Saline Soils (National Seminar Proc.), CSSRI, Karnal and HAU, Hissar.
6.
Ground Water Hydrology
2+1
Occurrence of groundwater, Temporal and spatial variability of groundwater vis-à-vis surface water, Potential concept of groundwater, Theories of groundwater flow, Confined, unconfined and leaky aquifers, initial and boundary conditions and solution of flow equations, Math26
ematical representations of saturated and unsaturated flow, Physical and simulation modelling in groundwater studies, Numerical methods in groundwater studies, Methods for groundwater exploration, Groundwater quality, Groundwater recharge. Practical Estimation of groundwater potential and safely extractable water, Estimation of flow boundaries, Use of observation well and piezometer for ground water table establishment, Estimation of flow direction and quantity, groundwater quality measurement, Construction and analysis of flownet and estimation of seepage flow, Familiarizing with groundwater models, Use of physical and simulation models for flow characterization. Suggested Readings 1.
Todd, D.K. (1959). Ground Water Hydrology. John Wiley.
2.
Beer, J. (1979). Hydraulics of Groundwater. McGraw Hill. New York.
3.
Beer, J. and Verruijt. (1987). Modelling Groundwater Flow and Pollution. D.Reidel Publ. Co., Dodrecht, The Netherlands.
4.
Karanth, K.R. (1987). Groundwater Assessment, Development and Management. TataMcGraw Hill. New Delhi.
5.
Michael, A.M. and Khepar, S.D. (1989). Water Well and Pump Engineering. TataMcGraw Hill Publ. Co. New Delhi.
6.
Walton, W.C. (1976). Groundwater Resource Evaluation. McGraw Hill. New York.
7.
Davis, S.N. and Roger J.M. Deweist. (1969). Hydrogeology. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
8.
Remson I., Hornberger, G.M. and Molz Fred, J. (1971). Numerical Methods in Subsurface Hydrology. Wiley-Interscience.
7.
Soil Erosion, Transportation and Sedimentation
2+1
The processes, factors responsible for and consequences of soil erosion, Kinetic energy of rainfall, Overland flow process and sediment transport, Sediment transport in streamflow, Sediment deposition process and reduction in live storage of reservoirs, Universal soil loss equation, its applicability and its refinements, Instantaneous unit sediment graph, its development and use, Measurement of sediment flow and sediment deposition, Rainfall simulators in erosion study, Erosion control and silt detention structures and their design, Watershed management and catchment area treatment for controlling soil erosion, Influence of watershed geomorphologic characteristics on soil erosion, Conceptual, physical process based and empirical models for quantifying sedimentation, Use of Geographical Information System for modelling erosion and sedimentation. 27
Practical Computation of soil erosion index and estimation of soil erodibility factors, Water sampling in natural streams or in hydraulic flumes for finding sediment concentration, Analysis of recorded information on runoff and sediment flow and developing relation between them, Analysis of watershed map for calculation of hypsometric integral and other geomorphological parameters for assessing the watershed erosion status and watershed prioritising for soil conservation treatment. Suggested Readings 1.
Morgan, R.P.C. (Ed. D.A. Davidson). Soil Erosion and Conservation. ELBS-Longman. UK.
2.
Dhruvanarayana, V.V. et al. Soil Conservation Research in India. Publ. And Inf. Div., ICAR, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, New Delhi.
3.
Garde, R.J. and Ranga Raju, K.G. (1977). Mechanics of Sediment Transportation and Alluvial Stream Problems. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
4.
Hudson, Norman, (1985). Soil Conservation (2nd. Edition). Cornell University Press, Ithaka, New York. USA.
5.
USDA. (1969). A manual on Conservation of Soil and Water. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
6.
Zachar, Dusan. (1982). Soil Erosion. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
7.
Schwab, G.O., Fangeir, D.D., Elliot, W.S. and Frevert, R.K. (1993). Soil and Water Conservation Engineering (4th edition). John Wiley and Sons. New York.
8.
Engineering for Land Development
1+1
Land as the primary resource base for agriculture, Basic engineering considerations for planning and development of land for efficient water resource management, Methods of land development and their sustainability, Importance of land development for sustainable agriculture, Land development criteria and methods, Macro-level and micro-level land development, Land development in plains and in hills, Land levelling and grading, Machinery for land development, Estimation of earth work, Land development costs and benefits. Practical Survey for land levelling and grading calculations, Land levelling index calculation, Calculation of irrigation efficiencies in lands with varying land levelling index, Bunding and terracing computations, Selection of topograhic map scale for land development planning, Interpretation of topographic maps, Use of remote sensing imagery for identification of land features, 28
Use of GIS for planning land development, Surveys and preparation of integrated land development plans, Earth work and cost estimation. Suggested Readings 1.
Murty, V.V.N. (1998). Land and Water Management Engineering. Kalyani Publisher, Ludhiana.
2.
Murty, V.V.N. and Takeuchi, D.K. (1997). Land and Water Development for Agriculture in Asia-Pacific Region. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
3. 4.
Schwab, G.O., Frevert, R.K., Edminister, T.W. and Barns, K.K. (1981). Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Wiley and Sons, New York. SCS. (1959). National Engineering Handbook, Chapter 12. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington DC, USA.
5. Mal, B.C. (1995). Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.
9.
Design of Irrigation and Drainage Equipment
2+1
Design principles of the common types of pumps and water lifts, Influence of design parameters on the pump performance, Matching of pumps with prime movers, Matching of pumps and prime movers with water source, Non-conventional energy sources for pumping, Assessment of wind energy and design of wind mill, Assessment of solar insolation and selection of photovoltaic pump, Hydraulic ram and its design, Energy loss in pressurised conveyance of pumped water, Design principles of flow measuring devices, Design principles of small drainage machinery, Principles of laser controlled earth moving machinery, Design of pumping plant for irigation and drainage. Practical Performance evaluation of pumps and prime movers, Selection of suitable pump and prime mover with appropriate technical specifications to satisfy irrigation and drainage requirement of a given area, Estimating irrigation command for wind mill and solar photovoltaic pump for a known water source, Calculation of volume, time and cost of earthwork for construction of open drains/channels using different machines and its comparison with manual execution. Suggested Readings 1.
Church, A.H. and Jagdish Lal. (1973). Centrifugal Pumps and Blowers. Metropolitan Book Co. Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
2.
Bansal, R.K. (1990). A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines. Laxmi Publications, New Delhi.
3.
Luthin, J.N. (1966). Drainage Engineering, Wiley and Sons. New York. USA. 29
4.
FAO. (1973). Drainage Machinery. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 15. Food and Agricultural Organisation, Rome.
5.
ISO. (1979). UPVC Pipes and Fittings for use in Subsoil Drainage - Specifications. Publication No. ISO/TC 138 WG1N431. ISO Din Deutsches Institut fur Normung C.V. Berlin 30.
6.
Michael, A.M. and Khepar, S.D. (1989). Water Wells and Pump Engineering. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi.
7.
Tuzson, John, (2000). Centrifugal Pump Design. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
10. Aquaculture Engineering
2+1
Aquacultural project layout and planning, Types of pond and their design, Determination of earthwork volume, Source of water and pumping devices, Surface and subsurface flow schemes for water supply, Design of channels, Design of drainage system for aquacultural farms, Design of monk and their construction precedure, Formulation of mathematical models for different aquacultural operations, Desin of earthen and cemented fish raceways with and without water recirculatory system, Functional design of biological and mechanical filters, Design of fish ladders and fish lifts, Design of aeration equipment for aquacultural ponds. Practical Biochemical analysis of pond water, performance testing of acquacultural machinery, design of fish tanks for specific conditions includisng the earth work & costing, studies on effect of microclimatic parameters on fish and the analysis of data, development of decision support systems for different acquacultural production systems, storage and packaging of fish and fish products. Suggested Readings 1.
Yoo, K.H. and Boyd, C.E. (1993). Hydrology and Water Supply for Pond Aquaculture. Chapman and Hall. New York, USA.
2.
Wheaton, F.W. (1977). Aquacultural Engineering. John Wiley and Sons.
3.
Lawson, Thomas, B. Fundamentals of Aquacultural Engineering. CBS Publishing and Distributors, 4596/1A, 11-Daryaganj, New Delhi.
4.
Bose, A.N., Ghosh, S.N., Yang, C.T. and Mitra, A. (1991). Coastal Aquacultural Engineering. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
11. Water Resources Systems Analysis
2+1
Water resources of India and competitive demands for water, Use and requirement of water 30
for agriculture, Water resources systems, Decision variables, state variables, policy space, system parameters, Objective function, Deterministic and stochastic models, Optimization techniques, commensurate and non-commensurate objectives, Project evaluation, net present worth, benefit:cost analysis, internal rate of return, Production function, Practical Assessment of water resources, Problems related to water allocation in agriculture under single and multiple cropping system, Use of computer softwares for linear and dynamic programming, Introduction to the use of other programming methods, Sensitivity analysis of different alternatives of water resource development and allocation, Analysis of water demand and supply, Analysis of competetive demands for water by various sectors of development, Benefits and costs of water resource development. Suggested Readings 1.
Loucks, D.P. et al. (1981). Water Resources System Planning and Analysis. PrenticeHall Inc. NJ.
2.
Helweg, O.J. (1985). Water Resources Planning and Management. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
3.
Chaturvedi, M.C. (1987). Water Resources System Planning and Management. TataMcGraw Hill, New Delhi.
4.
Linsley, R.K. and Franzini, J.B. (1964). Water Resources Engineering. Mc-Graw Hill Book Co. USA.
5.
Rao, S.S. (1978). Optimization-Theory and applications. Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
6.
El-Swaify, S.A. (1998). Multiple Objective Decision Making for Land, Water and Environmental Management. Jagmander Book Agency, Karol Bagh, New Delhi.
7.
Major David, C. and Lenton Roberto, R. (1979). Applied Water Resources System Planning. Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey.
12. Soil-Plant-Water Relationship
2+1
Aerial and edaphic environment for plant growth, Energy and Mass transfer in and above crop canopies, Plant response to environmental stresses, Evapo-transpiration models, Instrumentation techniques for monitoring plant environment, Processes and aspects of growth and development, Soil root interface, Root sink functions, Water movement in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, Artificial environment and plant behaviour, Design and operation of controlled environment facilities and their instrumentation. Practical 31
Measurement and interpretation of environmental parameters relevant to crop growth, Establishment of soil moisture characteristic curves and their interpretation, Design of polyhouse and other controlled environment chambers, Estimation of evapotranspiration by different methods and their comparison, Estimation of crop water requirement, Estimation of irigation requirement. Suggested Readings 1. Ghildyal, B.P. and Tripathy, R.P. (1987). Fundamentals of Soil Physics. Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi. 2.
Slatyer, O.P. (1967). Plant-Water Relationship. Academic Press. London.
3.
Hillel, Daniel. (1982). Introduction to Soil Physics. Academic Press. San Diego, CA, USA.
4.
.Kozlowski, T.T. (Editor). 1968. Water Deficits and Plant Growth. Vols I and II. Academic Press. London.
6.
Wild, Alan (Editor). (1988). Russell's Soil Condition and Plant Growth. Longman Group. UK.
13. Plant Growth Modelling and Simulation
2+1
Introduction to plant growth modelling, Simulation and simulation language, Types of models and modelling approaches, Relational diagram of principle processes, Structure of a generalized agricultural simulator, Input environment and techniques for monitoring plant environment, Processes and aspects of growth and development, Input yield models, Quantitative analysis of photosynthesis, respiration, growth, water and nutrient uptake, Yield functions. Practical Identification of growth parameters, familiarisation and use of different instruments used for investigation of various plant and crop parameters and their uses in respective measurements, Usefulness of modelling and simulation studies, Field variability of growth influencing factors, Controlled environment experiments and their use, Understanding of the functioning of DSSAT, CERES, CROPWAT, SWACROP or other models, Model testing, calibration and validation. Suggested Readings 1.
Nobel, P.S. (1991). Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology. Academic Press Inc. San Diego, CA, USA.
2.
Goudriaan, J and Van Laar, H.H. (1994). Modelling Potential Crop Growth Process. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
3.
Levitt, J. (1972). Responses of Plants to Environmenal Stress. Academic Press, New York, USA. 32
4.
Evans, L.T. (1963). Environmental Control of Plant Growth. Academic Press. New York, USA.
5.
Charls-Edwards, D.A. (1981). The Mathematics of Photosysnthesis and Productivity. Academic Press, London.
6.
Thorwey, J.H.M. and Johnson, I.R. (1990). Plant and Crop Modelling: A Mathematical Approach to Plant and Crop Physiology. Clarendon Pres, Oxford.
7.
Jones, J.W. and Ritchie, J.T. (1990). Crop Growth Models. In: ASAE Monograph on Management of Farm Irrigation Systems, Editted by: G.J. Hoffman, T.A. Howell and K.H. Solomon. ASAE, St. Joseph, Michigan, USA.
14. GIS and Remote Sensing for Resource Management
2+1
Basic principles of remote sensing and sensors, Elements of photogrametry, Electromagnetic spectrum, Energy interaction with surface features, Aereal photo and satellite imagery, Photo and image interpretation, Principles of Geographical Information System tools, their varieties and capabilities, Advantages of GIS over conventional methods, Importance of ground truth establishment, GIS and remote sensing for land and water resource data collection, analysis and interpretation, Application of GIS in water and land resource development and management. Practical Familiarization with remore sensing and GIS hardware and their principle of working, Methods of establishing ground truth, Comparison between ground truth and remotely sensed data, Application of GIS packages. Suggested Readings 1.
Sabins, J.R. (1987). Remote Sensing Principles and Interpretations. W.H. Freeman & Co.
2.
Burrough, P.A. (1986). Principles of GIS for Land Resource Assessment
3.
Heywood, Ian., Cornelius Sarah and Carver Steve. (1999). An Introduction to Geographuc Information Syatems. Addison-Wesley-Longman.
4.
Chrisman Nicholas. (1997). Exploring Geographic Information Systems. John Wiley and Sons.
5.
Shultz, G.A. and Engman, E.T. (2000). Remote Sensing in Hydrology and Water Management. Springer, New York.
33
15. Command Area Development
2+1
Concept of command area development as an integrated approach, Command area project formulation, Major, medium amd minor projects,Various clearances involved for project approval, Command areas in India, Command area activities and their prioritization, Source of budget for CAD works, Structure of command area development organisation, Legal aspects of natural resource development, Partnership among developers, managers and users of natural resources in a command area, Diagnostic analysis and performan appraisal of command area projects. Practical Study of canal, tank and tubewell in a command area, Study of design and operational parameters of a command area, Study of water balance in a command, Study the impact of command area project on crop yield and environment, Conflict resolution through PRA exercises, Diagnostic analysis of the problems of command area through PRA and field observations, Analysis of equity in water distribution, Considerations for preparation of rostering schedules, Study of the functioning of irrigation cooperatives/water user's associations, Preparation of command area development plan. Suggested Readings 1.
Kumar, P. (1977). Economics of Water Management. Heritage Publishers, New Delhi.
2.
Garg, S.K. (1987). Hydraology and water resources engineering, Khanna Publishers, Delhi.
3.
Michael, A.M. (1977). Irrigation theory and practice. Vikas Publications, New Delhi.
4.
Sharma, R.K. (1987). Hydrology and water resources engineering, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
5.
Subramanya, K. (1993). Engineering hydrology, Tata McGraw-Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
16. Minor Irrigation
2+1
Definition, scope, hystorical background and progress in minor irrigation works in India, Assessment of surface water resource, Design and operation of surface water storage structures, Evaporation and seepage control, Groundwater exploration methods and their scope, Groundwater extraction devices and methods, Aquifer characteristics and their evaluation, Wells in alluvial and rocky aquifers, Well interference, spacing and multiple well point system for controlled groundwater pumping, Safe yield from wells, Augmentation of well yield through pumping and recovery time management, Well design, drilling and construction, Tube well strainers, gravel packing and resistance to flow, Pumps and prime movers for groundwater lifting, Diagnosis of sick and failed wells and tubewells and their remediation, Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, Legislation for groundwater development and management. 34
Practical Measurement of seepage loss from reservoirs, Estimation of inflow to surface reservoir, Measurement of evaporation loss from surface reservoirs, Pumping test and determination of aquifer parameters, Establishment of draw down - discharge characteristics, Well log analysis and deciding on length and placement of strainers, Computation of well interference and deciding on well spacing, Estimation of irrigation potential for given discharge from well, Estimating pumping cost for irrigation, Analysis of groundwater quality, Problems on well design. Suggested Readings 1.
Garg, S.K. (1987). Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures. Khanna Publishers, Delhi.
2.
Garg, S.K. (1987). Hydraology and water resources engineering, Khanna Publishers, Delhi.
3.
Michael, A.M. (1977). Irrigation theory and practice. Vikas Publications, New Delhi.
4.
Sharma, R.K. (1987). Hydrology and water resources engineering, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
5.
Subramanya, K. (1993). Engineering hydrology, Tata McGraw-Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
17. Irrigation Management
3+0
Principles of resource management, Land and water as capital resources for agriculture, Land and water as limited and degradable resources, Water supply and demand for agriculture, Water production function, Modelling for optimal water use, Optimising water use for maximising production, Influence of other inputs and their relation with water, Operational parameters and constraints of canal system, Losses of irrigation water and their minimization, Canal water distribution system and water pricing, Parameters and indices for evaluation of canal system performance, On-farm irrigation management, Small scale vs. regional scale modelling of irrigation management, Importance of land management for better irrigation management. Suggested Readings 1.
Chambers, R. (1988). Managing Canal Irrigation. Oxford and IBH Publishing co. New Delhi.
2.
Sagardoy, J.A., Bottral, A. and Uittenbogaard, G.O. (1982). Organization, Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation Schemes. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 40. FAO, Rome.
3.
Buras, Nathan. (1972). Scientific Allocation of Water Resources. American Elsevier Environmental Science Series. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
35
4.
Kuester, J.L. and Mize, J.H. (1973). Optimization Techniques with Fortran. McGrawHill, New York, USA.
5.
Smith, M. (1991). CROPWAT: A Computer Program for Irrigation Planning and Management. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 46. FAO, Rome.
6.
USDI. (1997). Water Measurement Manual 3rd. edition). US Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. USA.
18. Water Resource Pollution and Control
2+1
Impurities in water, Physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis of water, Indices of water quality for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses, Water quality standards, Monitoring of water quality, Sources of water pollution and their control measures, Modelling studies in water pollution, Pollution control laws and their enforcement mechanism, Unit operations and waste water treatment kinetics, Pollutant uptake by plants. Practical Determination of dissolved and suspended impurities, Bacteriological test of water, Testing for fitness in irrigation of the water source, Estimation of consequent changes in soil quality due to irrigation by varying water quality, Estimation of leaching requirement of cropped land, Physical filtration of impure water in pressurised irrigation system, Analysis of industrial effluent water quality and interpreting suitability for its use in irrigation. Suggested Readings 1.
Eckenfelder, W. Wesley (Jr.). (1970). Water Quality Engineering for Practicing Engineers. Barnes & Noble Inc., New York.
2.
Snoeyink Vernon, J. and Jenkins, David. (1980). Water Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
3.
Weber Walter, J (Jr.). (1972). Physico Chemical Processes for Water Quality Control. Wiley Interscience, New York.
4.
Pepper, I. L., Gerba, C.P. and Brusseau, M.L. (Eds.). (1996). Pollution Science. Academic Press, San Diego.
19. Hydrology of Small Watershed
2+1
Small watershed definition, Hydrologic cycle, Hydrologic properties of a watershed, Morphometric properties of a watershed, Delineation of watershed from topographic map, Watershed processes-rainfall, runoff, soil loss, evaporation and their mearurement methods, Spatial variation of rainfall and its averaging methods, Runoff estimation methods, Runoff hydrograph and its components, Hydrograph separation and use and interpretation of the various components, 36
Unit graph, instantaneous unit graph and S-curve, Flood routing, Estimation of watershed water yield, Planning for watershed development, Watershed process modelling, Water conservation measures. Practical Practice of use of topographic maps for watershed identification, Preparation and interpretation of landuse map, Runoff estimation from rainfall and watershed information, Markov chain and extension of data, Hydrgraph analysis, Development of unit graph and S-curve and their use, Measurement of stream flow and sediment flow, Fitting probability distribution to rainfall data, Use of statistical methods in hydrology, Planning for watershed development. Suggested Readings 1.
Washiullah, Gupta, S.K. and Dalal, S.S. Hydrological Measurement for Watershed Research. Jugal Kishore & Co. Dehradun.
2.
Bruce, J.P. and Clark, R.H. (1966). Introduction to Hydrometeorology. Pergamon Press. London.
3.
Chow, V.T. (Ed.). (1988). Handbook of Applied Hydrology. Mc-Graw Hill Book Co. USA.
4.
Chow V.T., Maidment, D.R. and Mays, W.L. (1988). Applied Hydrology. McGraw Hill.
5.
Haan, C.T. Johnson, H.P. and Brackensiek, D.L. (1982). Hydrologic Modelling of Small Watersheds. ASAE Monograph No. 5. St Joseph, Michigan, USA.
6.
Subramanya, K. (2000). Engineering Hydrology (2nd. Edition). Tata McGraw Hill. New Delhi.
7.
Murty, V.V.N. (1998). Land and Water Management Engineering (2nd Ed.). Kalyani Publishers. Ludhiana.
20. Advanced Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
2+1
Concepts of soil and water conservation, relevance of soil and water conservation in agriculture and in the river valley projects, productivity loss due to soil erosion, water stress and water excess, Types and mechanics of soil erosion, Theories of sediment transport, Control of runoff and sediment loss, Design of soil and water conservation structures - check dams, gully plugs, gabions, eatrth dams, silt detention dams, farm ponds, energy dissipation structures, etc., and the alternate use of the stored water for agriculture. Practical Assessment of erosive status of a watershed through field measurement or analysis of morphometric properties, Estimation of erosivity index of rainfall, Determination of soil physical 37
properties - texture, grain size distribution, Atterberg's limits, Various moisture percentages, Locating best possible sites of soil and water conservation structures on the basis of map features and erosivity status, Estimation of costs of soil and water conservation measures. Suggested Readings 1.
Suresh, R. (1993). Soil and Water Conservation Engineering.. Standard Publishers and Distributors, Delhi.
2.
Garg, S.K. (1987). Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structuires. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
3.
Kirkby, M.J. and Morgan, P.P.C. (Eds.). (1980). Soil Erosion. John Wiley and Sons. New York, USA.
4.
Thorn, R.B. (1966). River Engineering and Water Conservation Works. Butterworths, London.
5.
Hudson and Norman. (1985). Soil Conservation. (2nd edition). Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York.
21. Design of Micro and Sprinkler Irrigation
2+1
Different types of micro and sprinkler systems, components of different systems, filtration units, Head works, fertigation units, Distribution uniformity of water, Pressure distribution in the system, Pipe sizes and friction losses in fittings and fixtures, Layout and planning of pipe network, Appropriateness of different micro and sprinkler systems, Water savings and impact on yields under different systems, Cost economics of different systems, Maintenance needs and operational requirements of the systems. Practical Evaluation of various uniformities, Evaluation of pressure distribution, Efficiencies of filtration, Fertigation efficiency, Moisture distribution patterns, Pressure-discharge relationships for different water emitting devices, Design exercises Suggested Reading 1.
Sivanappan, R.K. (1987). Sprinkler Irrigation. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
2.
Finkel, H.J. (1983). Handbook of Irrigation Technology Vol. I. CRC Press, Florida, USA.
3.
Karmeli, D., Peri, G. and Todes, M. (1985). Irrigation Systems: Design and Operation. Oxford University Press, Cape Town.
4.
ICID. (1998). Sprinkler Irrigation in India. Indian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. New Delhi. 38
5.
Sivanappan, R.K., Padmakumari, O. and Kumar, V. (1987). Drip Irrigation. Keerthy Publishing House. Coimbatore.
6.
Keller, J. and Karmeli, D. (1975). Trickle Irrigation Design. Rainbird Sprinkler Manufacturing Corporation. Glendora, California, USA.
7.
Pillsbury, A.F. (1972). Sprinkler Irrigation. FAO Agricultural Development Paper No. 88. FAO, Rome.
B.
Supporting Courses Details as given in section on Farm Power and Machinery.
39
POST HARVEST PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING A. Major A.1 Core Courses (9 credits by choice) 1. Engineering instrumentation 2. Stimulation and modeling 3. Computer Methods in Engineering 4. Special Topics 5. Higher Mathematics 6. Systems Engineering 7. CAD/CAM Seminar (1 Credit)
2 3 0 0 3 3 1 0
A.2 Optional Courses (15 credits by choice) 1. Management of Agricultural Wastes and By-products 2. Heat and Mass Transfer 3. Unit Operations in Agricultural Process Engineering 4. Processing of Oilseeds, Cereals and Pulses 5. Drying and Dehydration 6. Storage Engineering 7. Handling and Packaging of Agricultural Products 8. Design of Food and Processing plants 9. Advanced Food and Dairy Engineering 10. Rheology of Food Products 11. Bio-Process Engineering 12. Food Processing Equipment Design 13. Meat Processing 14. Fruits and Vegetables Process Engineering 15. Farm Structures and Animal Housing 16. Quality Management in Food Industry 17. Bio Environmental Engineering 18. Renewable Source of Energy 19. Properties of Biological materials 20. Management of Post Harvest Systems
2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 +1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 3 + 0 2 + 1 2 + 1 3 + 0
B.
+ + + + + + + +
1 0 3 1 0 0 2 1
Supportive Courses (10 credits by choice) 1. Statistical Methods 3 + 0 2. Computer Aided Systems Design and Analysis 0+2 3. Advanced Calculus for Engineers 3 + 0 4. Methods of Numerical analysis 2 + 1 5. Computer Languages for Engineering Applications 1 + 1 6. Agri-business Management 3 + 1 Any other courses as recommended by student advisory committee Total 35 Credits 40
A.1 CORE COURSES Details as given in section on Farm Power and Machinery.
A.2 OPTIONAL COURSES 1.
Management of Agricultural Wastes and By-products
2+1
Agricultural wastes and byproducts - their sources and availability; characteristics and pollution potential, collection and handling; modes of utilization as fuel alcohol production, pulp and paper, particle and other boards, cattle and poultry feed; efficiency of utilization; potential for value addition and better utilization; technologies and systems - densification, pelletization and briquetting combustion and gassification, extraction, aerobic and anaerobic digestion, fermentation, pyrolysis, ensilaging, chemical treatment, their limitations and scope for improvement; newer modes of utilization and value addition; design of relevant processing technologies and systems. Practical Measurement of combustion characteristics and calorific value of various agricultural wastes and rice husk, Performance evaluation of various types of furnaces on agricultural wastes, Performance evaluation of gasifier on agricultural wastes, Ammonification of wheat and paddy straw for feed value addition, Pyrolysis of rice husk and measurement of resultant products, Briquetting characteristics of agricultural wastes, Alcohol production from agricultural wastes. Suggested Readings 1.
ASAE Standards (1984). Manure Production and Characteristics. 1/e.
2.
Markel, I.A. (1981). Managing Livestock Waste. AVI Publishing.
3.
USDA (1992). Agricultural Waste Management Field Handbook. USDA, Washington DC.
4.
Huang, R.T. Compost Engineering: Principles and Practices. Ann Arbour Sciences, MI.
2.
Heat and Mass Transfer
2+1
Steady and unsteady state heat conduction, analytical and numerical solution of unsteady state heat conduction equations, use of Gurnie- Lurie and Heisler Charts in solving heat conduction problems, applications in food processing including freezing and thawing of foods. Convective heat transfer in food processing systems involving laminar and turbulent flow, 41
heat transfer in boiling liquids, heat transfer between fluids and solid foods, functional design of heat exchangers (shell and tube, plate and scraped surface heat exchangers, Jacketed vessels). Radiation heat transfer and its governing laws, its applications in food processing. Molecular diffusion in gases, liquids and solids; molecular diffusion in biological solutions and suspensions molecular diffusion in solids, unsteady state mass transfer and mass transfer coefficients, molecular diffusion with convection and chemical reaction, diffusion of gases in porous solids and capillaries, mass transfer applications in food processing. Practical Measurement of heat transfer through a composite slab and composite cylinder under steady state conduction, Measurement of specific heat of selected food materials, Measurement of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of selected food materials, Measurement of fouling factor in tubular heat exchanger for selected liquid foods, Study of various types of heat exchangers, Measurement of convective heat transfer coefficient, Design of shell and tube and plate heat exchangers, Measurement of diffusion coefficient in gases and liquids, Experimental studies on vapour pressure of selected salt solutions, Measurement of moisture diffusion in solids of biological origin, Study of various mass transfer equipment. Suggested Readings 1.
Holman, J.P. (1992). Heat transfer, 7 ed. McGraw -Hill Book Company, Inc.
2.
Pitts and Sissom (1983). Heat Transfer. International edition, Schaum's outline series.
3.
Eckert, E.R.G. and Drake, R.M. (1972). Heat and Mass Transfer. McGraw -Hill Book Company, Inc.
4.
Treybal, R.E. (1981). Mass Transfer operations. International edition. McGraw -Hill Book Company, Inc.
5.
Sachdeva (1986). Fundamentals of Engineering heat transfer. Wiley Eastern Editions.
6.
Incropera, F.P. (2001). Introduction to Heat Transfer. 4/e. John Wiley & Sons.
7.
Bejan, A. (1994). Convective Heat Transfer. John Wiley.
8.
Sparrow, E.M. and Cess, R.D. (1978). Radiation Heat Transfer. Hemisphere Publishing Company, Washington, D.C.
3.
Unit Operations in Agricultural Process Engineering
2+1
Cleaning of raw food materials and related equipment, sorting and grading methods and equipment, size reduction and screening of solid food materials, mixing and emulsification, filtration and separation, centrifugation, extraction and leaching, heat processing (blanching, pasteurization and sterilization), evaporation and freezing- common methods and equipment, dry42
ing of food grains, handling and storage. Practical Measurement of contaminants in raw food materials, Studies on the performance of selected sorting and grading equipment, Studies on the determination of fineness modulus and energy requirements in size reduction of solid foods, Measurement of mixing index in solid-solid mixing, Measurement of separation efficiency of centrifugal separator, Measurement of regeneration rate and thermal efficiency in an HTST pasteurization system, Study of various types of evaporators, Visit to agricultural processing industries Reference Readings 1.
Henderson, S. and Perry, S.M. (1976). Agricultural Process Engineering. 5th ed. AVI Publishing Co. Inc.
2.
McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C. and Harriott, P. (1985). Unit operations of chemical engineering. 4th Ed. McGraw -Hill Book Company, Inc.
3.
Brennam,J.G., Butters J.R., Cowell N.D and Lilly, A.E.I. (1990). Food Engineeering operations. Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc.
4.
Earle, R.L. (1983). Unit operations in Food Processing. Pergamon Press.
5.
Farrel, A.W. (1963). Engineering for Dairy and food products. John Wiley and Sons, NY.
6.
Harpes,W.J. and Hall, C.W. (1981). Dairy technology and engineering. AVI Publishing.
7.
Heldman,D.R. and Singh, R.P. (1981). Food process engineering. AVI Publishing.
8.
Singh, R.P. (1991). Fundamentals of food process engineering. AVI Publishing.
9.
Sahay, K.M.and Singh, K.K. (1994). Unit operations of Agricultural Processng. 1st ed. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
10.
Charme, S.E. (1971). The Fundamentals of Food Engineering. AVI Publishing Co.
4.
Processing of Oilseeds, Cereals and Pulses
2+1
Objectives and requirements of processing; raw grain characteristics and quality; unit operations involved in primary and secondary processing; processing technologies, equipment and systems such as cleaning, grading, pretreatment, dehusking and milling; expeller and solvent extraction processing; roller flour milling; separation of milled products; assessment of processed product quality; packaging of processed products; utilization and management of byproducts; storage of milled products; BIS standards for various processed products; layout and design of processing systems.
43
Practical Determination of husk content of selected oilseeds, cereals and pulses, Estimation of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and fiber content of selected oilseeds, cereals and pulses, Milling characteristics of selected cereals and pulses as influenced by machine and grain parameters, Studies on performance of oil expeller system on selected oilseeds, Effect of various pre-treatments on oil recovery in expeller milling, Visits to rice mills, roller flour mills, dhal mills and solvent extraction plants. Suggested Readings 1.
Chakraverty, A. (1995). Post Harvest Technology of cereals, Pulses and oilseeds. 3rd ed. Oxford IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
2.
Greg, B.R., Law A.G., Virdi, S.S., Balis J.S. (1970). Seed Processing. Avion Printers, New Delhi.
3.
Asiedu, J.J. (1990). Processing tropical crops. ELBS/Macmillan.
4.
Godon, B., Williams, C.(Eds.). Primary cereal processing : A comprehensive source book.
5.
Drying and Dehydration
2+1
Mechanisms of moisture removal, drying theories and drying parameters, drying of low, medium and high moisture foods and as also liquid foods, mathematical modeling and simulation of drying processes such as single kernel drying and deep bed drying, drying of liquid foods, application of mathematical models to drying of foods, various types of dryers and their applications, selection criteria and selection of dryers, heat requirement and thermal efficiency of drying systems, design of drying equipment and systems, effect of drying and dehydration on food quality. Practical Drying characteristics of granular food materials in thin beds, Drying characteristics of granular food materials in deep beds, Simulation and modelling of deep bed drying systems, Drying behaviour of selected food materials in fluidized bed, Tray drying characteristics of a high moisture food, Spray drying behaviour of liquid foods, Study of various types of drying systems, Design exercises on various types of drying systems, Field visit to drying installations. Suggested Readings 1.
Marijana Caric, Y.H.Hui(ed.). (1994). Concentrated and dried dairy products. VCH Publishers, Inc.
2.
Aguilera, J.M. and Stanley, D.E. (1999). Microstructural principals of food processing and engineering. Aspen Pub. Inc., Maryland, U.S.A. 44
3.
C.V.Barbosa -canovas and H. Vega - Mercado. (1996). Dehydration of foods . Chapman and Hall.
4.
Chandra, P. K., Singh R.P. (1995). Applied numerical methods for food and agricultural engineers.
6.
Storage Engineering
2+1
Storage environment and its interaction with stored product; factors/parameters influencing the shelflife of the stored product; climatograph and deterioration index, modelling of metabolic activities and prediction of storage life; quality deterioration mechanisms and their control; storage practices (including fumigation) and structures (traditional and modern) for food grains; design of bulk storage and aeration system; analysis of heat, moisture and gas transfer in bulk storage structures; quality analysis of stored produce; bag storage structures, their design and management; storage of perishables - ventilated, refrigerated and controlled atmosphere storage systems and their design; BIS standards on practices, equipment and design of storage structures and systems for food grains and other commodities. Practical Identification and study of stored product insects and pests, Estimation of stored product quality, level of infestation and losses, Studies on product storage environment - moisture exchange by static method, Estimation of CO2, heat and moisture production in stored mass during storage, Study of various types of storage structures, Estimation of grain pressures in relation to depth of grain and diameter of the bin, Study of temperature and moisture profile in aerated storage bin, Study of effect of airflow on cooling rate of aerated stored mass, Design of various types of grain storage systems, Design of refrigerated and controlled atmosphere storage systems, Study visits to commercial bag and bulk storage systems and cold storages. Suggested Readings 1.
Hall, C.W. (1970). Handling and storage of food grains in tropical and suntropical areas. FAO Pub. Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., N. Delhi.
2.
Multon, J.L. (1989). Preservation and storage of grains, seeds and their by-products. CBS Publishers and distributors.
3.
Vijayaraghavan, S. (1993). Grain storage Engineering and Technology. Batra Book Service.
7.
Handling and Packaging of Agricultural Products
2+1
Handling requirements and equipment for agricultural products involved at various stages of total food chain; PFA, FPO, MFPO and Agmark requirements in respect of packaging for 45
transport of fresh, semiprocessed, processed and frozen agricultural produce; packaging materials, their structural qualities and performance including moisture and gas transmission; selection of packaging materials for various food products; methods and equipment for filling and packaging of liquid, semisolid and solid foods; design and testing of packages; newer concepts in packaging - edible film, modified/controlled atmosphere, aseptic, barrier film and retortable plastic packaging; package labeling tools and techniques. Practical Study of handling and packaging standards for domestic and expert market, Determination of vapour and gas permeability in various types of packaging materials, Study of various types of filling and packaging machines, Measurement of compressive and tensile strength of various packaging materials, Effect of modified/controlled atmosphere storage on shelf-life of fruits and vegetables, Establishment of critical stage of maturity for harvest of perishable agricultural produce. Suggested Readings 1.
Hall, C.W. (1970). Handling and storage of food grains in tropical and suntropical areas. FAO Pub. Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., N. Delhi.
2.
Multon, J.L. (1989). Preservation and storage of grains, seeds and their by-products. CBS Publishers and distributors.
3.
Mahadeviah, M. and R.V.Gowramma. (1996). Food packaging materials. Tata-McGraw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd.
4.
Pantastico, E.C.B. (1975). Postharvest physiology, handling and utilization of tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables. AVi Pub. Co.
5.
Henderson, S. and Perry, S.M. (1976). Agricultural process engineeering. 5th ed. AVI Publishing Co. Inc.
6.
Shewfelt, R.L. and Prussi., S.E. (1992). Post harvest handling-A systems approach. Academic Press, Inc.
8.
Design of Food and Processing Plants
2+1
Plant design concepts and general design considerations; plant location - location factors and their interaction with plant location, location theory models, computer aided selection of the location; feasibility analysis and preparation of feasibility report; plant size-factors affecting plant size and their interactions, estimation of break-even and economic plant size; product and process design, process selection; process flow charts, computer aided development of flow charts; equipment selection including economic analysis of equipment alternatives; plant layout including computer aided development and evaluation, layout symbols; planning and design of service facilities, human resource, product packaging and marketing system; hy46
gienic design aspects and workers' safety; functional design of plant building and selection of building materials; estimation of capital investment, analysis of plant costs and profitabilities; management techniques in plant design including applications of network analysis; preparation of project report and its appraisal. Practical Each individual student will be asked to select a food processing plant system and develop a plant design report which shall include product identification and selection, site selection, estimation of plant size, process and equipment selection, process flow-sheeting, plant layout, and its evaluation and profitability analysis Suggested Readings 1.
Henderson, S. and Perry, S.M. (1976). Agricultural process engineeering. 5th ed. AVI Publishing Co. Inc.
2.
Ahmed, T. (1997). Dairy plant Engineering and management. 4/e. Kitab Mahal.
3.
Graham, D.G. and Porter, (1989). Sanitary design of food plants and equipments. Chapman and Hall.
4.
Rao, T. (1986). Optimization : Theory and applications, 2nd ed. Wiley Eastern Editions.
5.
Johnson, A.J. (1986). Process Control Instrumentation Technology. 2/e. Wiley International & ELBS Editions.
9.
Advanced Food and Dairy Engineering
2+1
Concentration - membrane processing and freeze concentration, drying of liquid foods - roller and spray drying, advances in freezing - methods and equipment, freeze drying-principles and equipment, advances in thermal processing - aseptic processing, ohmic and microwave heating, extrusion processing, high pressure technology, super critical fluid extraction, aroma recovery, distillation, fermented dairy products and their processing, hygiene of dairy and food plants including cleaning-in-place, effluents and their treatment, design of piping and pumping system. Practical Study on heat penetration characteristics of conduction and convention heated food materials and computation of lethality of the process using heat penetration curve, Study on osmotic dehydration of selected fruits, Extrusion characteristics of cereal and legume blends, Performance evaluation of a membrane separation process , Freezing and thawing time calculations using various methods, Design of piping and pumping systems, Visits to processed food industries.
47
Suggested Readings 1.
Fellows,P. (1988). Food processing Technology: Principle and Practice. VCH Publishers.
2.
Ahmed, T. (1997). Dairy plant Engineering and management. 4/e. Kitab Mahal.
3.
Singh, R.P. and Heldman, D.R. (1993). Introduction to Food Engineeing. Academic Press Inc. 2/e.
4.
Khan, A.Q and Padmanabhan, P.N. (1991). The Technology of milk processing. Sri Lakshmi Pub. Chennai.
5.
Brennam,J.G., Butters J.R., Cowell N.D and Lilly, A.E.I. (1990). Food Engineeering operations. Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc.
6.
Heldman,D.R. and Singh, R.P. (1981). Food process engineering. AVI Publishing. 1981.
10. Rheolgoy of Food Products
2+1
Concept of rheology- definition of ideal bodies, rheological models, viscoelastic characterization; creep relaxation dynamics; methods of introducing of non-linearity in models; complex modulus; rheological characterization and modelling for various liquid foods, flow curves; dynamic behaviour of viscoelastic bodies, frequency response; viscometric; back extrusion visometry and mixer viscometry; interaction between human organ responses and machine measurements in food product quality characterization; rheological responses and equipment design. Practical Laboratory exercises on evaluation of basic rheological parameters of food materials, Creep and stress relaxation tests on selected food materials, Measurement of vicosity of liquid foods using various devices at various temperatures and solid concentrations, Measurements on food texture using INSTRON machine, Measurement of load-deformation characteristics of food materials using INSTRON machine, Analysis of available data on rheological properties. Suggested Readings 1.
Steffe J.F. (1996). Rheological methods in food process engineering . 2/e. Freeman Press.
2.
Prentice, J.H.(ed.). (1984). Measurement in rheology of foodstuffs. Elsevier Applied Science Pub. Co., Inc.
3.
Rao, M.A. and Steffe J.F. (1992). Viscoelastic properties of foods. Elsevier Applied Science Pub. Co., Inc.
48
11. Bio-process Engineering
2+1
Introduction to bio-processing of foods; industrial fermentations in food processing: basic principles and operations, fermentation systems including solid state fermentation; design analysis of bioreactors of various types; product recovery operations, equipment and systems; on line and off line bio-process instrumentation and sensors; modelling, simulation and scale-up of bio-processes, equipment and systems; control of bio-processes, process economics. Practical Preparation and inoculation of PDA medium and harvesting, Preparation and inoculation of YPSS medium and harvesting, Preparation and inoculation of wheat bran medium, Harvesting, recovery and purification of enzymes, Characterization and measurement of enzyme activity, Enzyme treatment of oilseeds and its effect on oil yield, Studies on the performance of batch and microprocessor controlled fermenters. Suggested Readings 1.
Aartz R. et al.(1993). Bioprocess design and control. Springer-verlag.
2.
Shules, M. and Karg, K. (1992). Bioprocess engineering : Basic concepts. Prentice Hall.
3.
Moses, A. (1988). Bioprocess technology: Kinetic& reactor. Springer-verlag.
12. Food Processing Equipment Design
2+1
Applications of design engineering to food processing equipment; design parameters and codes, materials selection; design of storage and pressure vessels, material handling equipment - belt, bucket, screw, apron, chain and pneumatic conveyors, heat exchanger- shell and tube and plate heat exchangers, seed processing equipment - air screen and rotary cleaners, grading equipment and seed treaters; design, optimization in respect of process efficiency, energy and cost. Practical Study of various design codes, Design of materials handling equipment such as belt, screw, apron and chain, pneumatic conveyors and bucket elevator, Design of shell and tube and plate heat exchanger, Design of pressure vessels, Design of seed cleaning and grading equipment. Suggested Readings 1.
Lewis, M.J. (1987). Physical Properties of foods and food processing systems. VCH Publishers.
2.
Harper, W.J. and Hall, C.W. (1976). Dairy technology and engineering. AVI Publishing, Westport, CT 49
3.
Treybal, RE. (1980). Mass Transfer Operations. 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill
4.
Luyben.WL. (1990) Process Modeling Simulation and Control for Chemical Engineers. 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill
13. Meat Processing
2+1
Status of meat, poultry and fish processing industry in India; slaughter and dressing of animals, poultry; inspection, grading and quality standards; abattoir management; preservation of meat and fish by low temperature; freeze drying; irradiation; curing and smoking; inert gases and canning; slaughter house byproducts and their utilization; design of meat product line. Practical Design and economical analysis of meat and fish processing plants; heat transfer, drying and freeze drying characteristics of meat and meat products; design and economic analysis of effluent treatment plant. Suggested Readings 1.
Kinsman, D.M., Koluta, A.W. and Breidenstein, B.C. (1994). Muscle foods -Meat, Poultry and seafood technology. Chapman and Hall.
2.
Epley, R.J. and Addis, P.B. (1990). Processing Meat in the Home. University of Minnesota Extn. Bulletin, FS-0972-90.
3.
Sams, A.R. eds.(2001). Poultry Meat Processing. Culiniary and Hospitality Industry Publication Service, USA.
14. Fruits and Vegetable Process Engineering
2+1
Post harvest handling and transportation; grading and sorting methods and equipment; quality standards; suitability for processing; micro-organisms in relation to processing; washing, blanching, peeling and other preparatory operations; minimal processing concept; modified atmosphere packaging of fresh produce; methods and equipment for juice and pulp extraction; methods and equipment for thermal processing and canning; aseptic processing; drying and dehydration including osmotic and freeze drying; concentration - evaporation, membrane and freeze concentration; chilling; irradiation; processing methods and equipment for fruit and vegetable products; design of processing plants and systems. Practical Determination of mechanical damage during handling and transport of fresh fruits and vegetables, Effect of blanching on enzyme inactivation in vegetables, Canning studies on fruits and vegetables, Heat penetration characteristics of fruits and vegetables and determination of 50
lethality of the process, Identification and establishment of critical control points in thermal processing of fruits and vegetables, Production of various fruit products on laboratory scale, Design and layout of a fruit and vegetable processing plant, Visits to commercial fruit and vegetable processing plants Suggested Readings 1.
Arthey, D. and Ashurst, P.R. (1996). Fruit processing. Chapman and Hall.
2.
Pantastico, E.C.B. (1975). Postharvest physiology, handling and utilization of tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables. AVi Pub. Co.
3.
Pandey, P.H. (1997). Postharvest Technology of fruits and vegetables (Principles and practices). Saroj Prakashan, 1/e.
4.
Asiedu, J.J. (1990). Processing tropical crops. ELBS/Macmillan.
15. Farm Structures and Animal Housing
2+1
Types of farm structures and animal housing, design of farm structures, environmental control in farms, livestock building, and storage structures, greenhouse, silos for ensilage operation, selection of material and equipment, project feasibility and development, farmstead planning principles and their applications, time-motion-energy study in farmstead operations, linear programming applications, planning and layout of livestock farms, crop farms and mixed farms, cost estimation, scheduling and project appraisal. Practical Study of various types of farm structures and animal houses and related standards, Planning and layout of farmstead and livestock farms, Design of livestock housing, Design of polyhouses and greenhouses, Design of on-farm storage structures, Design of various types of silos for ensilage operations. Suggested Readings 1.
Hellickson, M.L. and Walker, J.N. (Eds.).(1983). Ventilation of Agricultural Structures, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI, USA
2.
Bengtsson, L.P. and (ed.). (1980). Farm Structures in tropical climates. FAO.
3.
Whitaker, J.H. (1979). Agricultural buildings and structures. National Food & Energy Council. Reston Publishing. Reston, V.A
4.
Phillips, R.E. (1981). Farm buildings: From planning to completion.., Doane Information Services. St. Louis, MO, USA
5.
Boyd, J.S. (1979). Practical farm buildings: A textbook & Handbook. 2/e.: Interstate Publishers., Danville, IL, USA 51
16. Quality Management in Food Industry
2+1
Importance of quality, quality parameters for raw and processed foods, estimation of quality parameters, quality management terminology, quality and business environment, quality system and standards (ISO 9000/BIS 14000, PFA, AGMARK x etc.), quality system components and their requirements, documentation and installation of quality system, quality costs and related models, quality system audit, quality control concepts and techniques, hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP), total quality management (TQM), quality improvement tools and techniques. Practical Measurement of sensory quality attributes, Measurement and analysis of food components, Writing quality manual/documents as per ISO 9000 or BIS 14000 quality system, Case studies on total quality management, Development of HACCP plan for selected food industries, Visit to food processing industries for on the spot assessment of quality management systems. Suggested Readings 1.
Mortimore, S. and C.Wallace. (1994). HACCP- A pracitcal approach . Chapman and Hall. 1994.
2.
Marriott,N.G. (1994). Principles of food sanitation. 3/e. Chapman and Hall. 1994.
3.
Cassens, R.G. (1994). Preventing losses and assuring safety. Food and Nutrition Press, inc. 1994.
4.
Bollon, A. (1996). Quality management systems-BS EN IS 9001/2 standards : A practical approach. Chapman and Hall.
17. Bio Environmental Engineering
3+0
Description of aerial environment near earth's surface, transport processes in soil, environmental interactions of biological systems and their physical surroundings: emphasizing biological response of animals and plants, design of efficient environmental control systems and machines to enhance productivity and health: Shade design, heat and mass transfer from biological systems, control of temperature and humidity, methods of odour and dust control. Suggested Readings 1.
Albright, L.D. (1990). Environmental control for animals and plants.ASAE Textbooks.
2.
Moore, F.F. (1994). Environmental control systems :Heating, cooling, lighting . Chapman and Hall.
3.
Gaudy A.F, Gaudy, E.T. (1988). Elements of bioenvironmental engineering . Engineering Press, San Jose EA. 52
4.
Gaudy F.A., Gaudy, E.T. (1994). Microbiology for environmental engineers. McGrawHill Publishing Co., Inc.
5.
Goto, E., Kurata, K., Hayashi, M. and Sase, S. (eds.). (1997). Plant Production in closed Ecosystems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
6.
Esmay, M.L. and Dixon, J.E. (1986). Environmental Control for Agricultural Buildings. The AVI Corporation, Westport, Connecticut.
7.
Clark, J.A. (1981). Environmental Aspects of Housing for Animal Production. Butterworths, London.
8.
Nobel, P.S. 1974. Introduction to Biophysical Plant Physiology. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Fransisco, USA.
9.
Threlkeld, J.L. (1970). Thermal Environmental Engineering. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
10.
Mastelerz, J.A. (1977). The Greehouse Environment. Jon Wiley and Sons. New York, USA.
11.
Clark, J.A. (1981). Environmental Aspects of Housing for Animal Production. Butterworths, London.
18. Renewable Sources of Energy
2+1
Solar energy: solar radiation, radiation exchange process, solar collection, thermosyphon effect; Solar applications: direct and indirect heating, cooling, refrigeration, drying, dehydration, sterilization, pasteurization, cooking, power generation, biological conversion of solar energy, greenhouse agriculture, performance evaluation; economics of solar energy systems. Energy from biomass and wastes: production, distribution; sources: plant, human, animal and municipal waste; properties, composition, treatments, recycling; anaerobic digestion: crop residues and animal waste digestion, biogas, producer gas engines; liquid fuels: Ethanol, methanol, anaerobic and aerobic fermentation; Wind energy: velocity and power duration curves, wind mill parameters, power-torque characteristics; design and performance of rotors; wind mill structure design. Practical Calorific value estimation of biogas and producer gas, design and benefit analysis of community biogas plant; measurement of heat balance over a flat plate collector; solar powered refrigeration system, natural convection, and forced convection solar dryers, conduction, convection, radiation efficiency measurement; simulated anaerobic studies, solid state fermentation, study of ethanol and methanol plants.
53
Suggested Readings 1.
Culp, A.W. (1991). Principles of energy conversion. McGraw Hill Pub. Co., Inc.
2.
Odum, H.T. and Odum, E.C. (1976). Energy basis for man and nature. McGraw Hill Pub. Co., Inc.
3.
Garg, H.P. and Prakash, J. (1997). Solar energy - Fundamentals and applications. TatMcGraw Hill Pub. Co., Inc.
4.
Sukhatme,S.P. (1997). Solar energy-Principles of thermal collection and storage. 2/e. tat-McGrraw Hill.
5.
Duffie, J.A. and Beckman, W.A. (1991). Solar engineering of thermal processes. John Wiley, New York
19. Properties of Biological Materials
2+1
Importance of properties of biological materials in design and operation of machines and equipment involved in food processing; physical properties, their characterization and measurement; gravimetric properties and their measurement; hygroscopic properties including water activity and equilibrium moisture content, their measurement and isotherm equations; frictional properties, their measurement and flow of bulk granular materials; aerodynamic and hydrodynamic properties; thermal properties and their dependence on temperature and food composition; dielectric and optical properties; rheological behaviour of solid and liquid foods: classification of foods based on flow and deformation characteristics; load deformation characteristics of solid foods; rheological models; viscometry; specific applications in design of food processing equipment and systems. Practical Measurement and analysis of shape and size of various food materials at different moisture content, Measurement of gravimetric properties of food materials, Measurement of moisture content of food materials by various methods and their comparison, Measurement of equilibrium moisture content and water activity for food materials and fitting of isotherm equations, Measurement of frictional properties of granular foods, Measurement of thermal properties of selected food materials, Load-deformation characteristics of selected biological materials, Study of viscometry devices, determination of electrical properties of agricultural materials Suggested Readings 1.
Hallstrom,B., Meffert, H.F.Th., Speiss,W.E.L. and G.Vos (1983). .Physical properties of food. Elsevier Science Pub. Co. Inc.
2.
Jowitt, R, Escher, F., Kent, M., Mckenna, B. and M.Roqueas. (1987). Physical properties of foods -2. Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc. 54
3.
Rao, M.A.and S.H. Rizvi. (1995). Engineering properties of Foods. Marcel Dekker Inc.
4.
Mohsenin, N.N. (1986). Physical properties of plant and animal materials. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York
5.
Sitkei, G. (1988). Mechanics of agricultural materials. Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc.
6.
Lewis, M.J. (1987). Physical Properties of foods and food processing systems. VCH Publishers.
7.
Mohsenin, Nuri N. (1980). Thermal Properties of Food and Agricultural Materials. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
20. Management of Post Harvest Systems
3+0
Post-harvest operations, technologies and plant systems; management concepts and their application to management of post harvest systems such as collection/procurement, transportation and handling, primary, secondary and tertiary processing, packaging and distribution; process planning and control, inventory management; product planning and management, network analysis in project/system management; optimization techniques in system management; industrial and business laws. Suggested Readings 1.
Shewfelt, R. L. and Prussi, S.E. (1992). Post harvest handling - A Systems approach. Academic Press, Inc.
2.
Weichmann, J. (1987). Postharvest physiology of vegetables. Marcel and dekker Verlag.
3.
Pantastico, E.C.B. (1975). Postharvest physiology, handling and utilization of tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables. AVI Pub. Co.
B. SUPPORTING COURSES Details as given in section on Farm Power and Machinery.
55
Appendix - I List of Participants in the meeting of Broad Subject Matter Area Committee on Agricultural Engineering held on 13th October, 1999, at IARI, New Delhi 1.
Dr. S.L. Mehta DDG(Edn), ICAR
2.
Dr. N.L. Maurya ADG(Acdn), ICAR
3.
Dr. J.S. Panwar Head of Division of Agril. Engg.,IARI
4.
Dr. B.S. Panesar Director, School of Energy Studies, PAU, Ludhiana
5.
Dr. H.S. Chauhan Professor Emeritus, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
6.
Dr. S.D. Khepar ICAR National Professor, PAU, Ludhian.
7.
Dr. Maharaj Narain Gupta Professor, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
8.
Dr. G.Singh Director, CIAE, Bhopal
9.
Dr. N.N. Sirothia Dean, Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad
10.
Dr. N.B. Narvani Director of Instructions, CAE, Raichuur
11.
Adarsh Kumar Scientist, Division of Agril.Engg., IARI,
56
Appendix - II List of Participants in the Workshop for Restructuring of Master’s Degree Programs in Agricultural Engineering , held on 14th - 15th October, 1999 at IARI, New Delhi 1.
Dr. N. L. Maurya ICAR, New Delhi
12. Dr. D.P. Kataria CCS HAU, Hisar
2.
Dr. J.S. Panwar Head of Division of Agril. Engg.,IARI
13. Dr. C.P. Singh Allahabad Agricultural Institute (DU), Allahabad
3.
Dr. B.S. Panesar Director, School of Energy Studies, PAU, Ludhiana
4.
Dr. H.S. Chauhan Professor Emeritus, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
5.
Dr. S.D. Khepar National Professor, ICAR PAU, Ludhiana
14. Dr. V.N. Madansure MPKV, Rahuri 15. Dr. P.B. Kale PDKV, Akola 16. Dr. Virender Kumar MPUAT, Udaipur 17. Dr. N.C. Srivastava JNKVV, Jabalpur
6.
Dr. Maharaj Narain Gupta Professor, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
7.
Dr. G.Singh Director, CIAE, Bhopal
8.
Dr. N.N. Sirothia Allahabad Agricultural Institute (DU), Allahabad
20. Dr. A.P. Srivastava IARI, New Delhi
Dr. N.B. Narvani CIAE, (UAS, Dharwad), Raichur
21. Abhijit Kar IARI, New Delhi
9.
18. Dr. Pitam Chandra IARI, New Delhi 19. Dr. T.B.S.Rajput IARI, New Delhi
22. Adarsh Kumar IARI, New Delhi
10. R.P. Kachru IARI, New Delhi 11. Dr. A.K. Bhattacharya IARI, New Delhi
57
Appendix -III Common Academic Regulations for Post Graduate Education in SAUs, DUs and CAU S.No. (1)
Particulars (2)
1.
System of Education
Semester
Semester
2.
Semester duration
110 working days including examination days
110 working days including examination days
3.
Duration of the program (1) Minimum
4 Semesters (2 Academic Years)
6 Semesters (3 Academic Years)
(2) Maximum
8 Semesters (4 Academic Years)
12 Semesters (6 Academic Years)
Eligibility for admission
(1) Bachelor's degree in respective/related subjects
(1) Master's degree in respective/related subjects
(2) 7.0/10 or equivalent OGPA /equivalent percentage of marks at Bachelor's degree
(2) 7.0/10 or equivalent OGPA /equivalent percentage of marks at Master's degree
Mode of Admission
Entrance -cum-Academic performance
Entrance -cum-Academic performance
Weightage
(i) Entrance (ii) Undergraduate (iii) 12th standard (iv) 10 standard
(i) Entrance - 60% (ii) Master’s degree - 30% (iii) Bachelor's degree - 10%
4.
5.
6.
Doctoral Degree (4)
-
60% 20% 10% 10%
Minimum credit requirement (1) Course work Major* Supporting (outside discipline) Sub Total (2) Thesis Total
*
Master's Degree (3)
20-25 Credits 10-15 Credits
10-15 Credits 10-15 Credits
35 Credits
25 Credits
15 Credits
45 Credits
50 Credits
70 Credits
Core courses to the extent of 9-12 credits for Master’s and 3-5 credits for Doctoral Programs have to be taken-up out of major courses.
58
S.No. (1)
Particulars (2)
Master's Degree (3)
Doctoral Degree (4)
7.
Permissible work load
15 Credits/Semester
15 Credits/Semester
8.
Attendance requirement
80%
80%
9.
Advisory Committee
3 Members (Minimum) (2 from major area including Chairman and one from supporting areas)
4 Members (Minimum) (3 from major area including Chairman and one from Supporting areas)
10.
Examination (1) Course Work (i) Core courses Final theory (ii) Remaining
External
External
Internal
Internal
Written
Written
External Internal Internal
External Internal External
External - 1 Examiner Internal - Advisory Committee
External - 2 Examiners External - Advisory Committee with one External Examiner
10 Points 6.00 Points
10 Points 6.00 Points
6.50 Points
6.50 Points
(2) Comprehensive qualifying examination (after completion of 75% of Major and Supporting Courses separately) (i) Question paper setting (ii) Evaluation (iii) Viva-voce (3) Research and Thesis ** (i) Evaluation (ii) Viva-voce
11.
**
Grading (1) Scale (2) Minimum Passing Grade in a course (3) Minimum OGPA to obtain degree
1. To be graded as Satisfactory (S) or Unsatisfactory (US) 2. Ph.D. students should write and submit two research papers on their research work in reputed journals before submitting the thesis.
59
