Aliphatic Amines

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Contents Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 Alcohols................................................................................................................. 2 Aliphatic Acid Halides ....................................................................................... 4 Aliphatic Aldehydes............................................................................................ 5 Aliphatic Alkynes ................................................................................................ 7 Aliphatic Amides ................................................................................................. 9 Aliphatic Amines ............................................................................................... 11 Aliphatic Amino Acids...................................................................................... 13 Aliphatic Anhydrides ........................................................................................ 15 Aliphatic Esters.................................................................................................. 16 Aliphatic Ethers.................................................................................................. 18 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ................................................................................... 19 Aliphatic Ketones .............................................................................................. 22 Aliphatic Nitriles ............................................................................................... 24 Aliphatic Nitro Compounds ............................................................................. 26 Aliphatic Phosphorous Compounds............................................................... 27 Aliphatic Quinones............................................................................................ 29 Aliphatic SO Compounds ................................................................................. 30 Aliphatic Thiols/Mercaptans .......................................................................... 32 Amine Salts......................................................................................................... 34 Aromatic Acid Halides ..................................................................................... 35 Aromatic Anhydrides ........................................................................................ 36 Aromatic Benzaldehydes ................................................................................. 37 Aromatic Benzamides....................................................................................... 38 Aromatic Esters.................................................................................................. 40

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Infrared Spectral Interpretation

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Contents

Aromatic Ethers ..................................................................................................42 Aromatic Halide Carboxylic Acid Salts.........................................................43 Aromatic Hydrocarbons ....................................................................................44 Aromatic Mercaptans........................................................................................47 Aromatic Nitriles................................................................................................48 Aromatic Nitro Compounds..............................................................................50 Aromatic Phenones............................................................................................51 Aromatic SO Compounds ..................................................................................53 Benzoic Carboxylic Acids ................................................................................55 Carboxylic Acids ................................................................................................56 Carboxylic Acid Salts........................................................................................58 Halides..................................................................................................................60 Heterocyclics......................................................................................................62 Inorganic Carbonate ..........................................................................................64 Inorganic Nitrates ..............................................................................................65 Inorganic Nitrites ...............................................................................................66 Inorganic Phosphates........................................................................................67 Inorganic Sulfates..............................................................................................68 Kaolin Clays / Alumino Silicates.....................................................................69 Mono Substituted Anilines...............................................................................70 Olefins...................................................................................................................71 Perfluorinated Alkanes .....................................................................................74 Silicon Organics.................................................................................................75 Trifluoromethane Sulfonates ...........................................................................77

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Introduction This document provides a list of compounds that may be present in mixtures analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. For each compound, we provide descriptions of the functional groups that might be present and the approximate locations and intensities of their absorption bands. The knowledge base can help you determine functional group types in complex mixtures.

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1

Alcohols

Alcohols General section for:

Alcohol Chemical Properties

Aliphatic Alcohols Aliphatic Diol Alcohols Phenols Polyethylenes Poly(1-Alkenes) Polypropylenes Secondary Alcohol Hindered Tertiary Alcohol Hindered Tertiary Aliphatic Alcohols

Alcohols are compounds which contain the hydroxyl (-OH) group. These compounds are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the number of other carbon atoms attached to the oxygen bound carbon.

Alcohols contain the very polar -OH group. This allows hydrogen bonding between molecules in the condensed phase. Due to this hydrogen bonding the boiling points of alcohols are much higher than the corresponding alkane with the same number of carbon atoms.

-C-O stretching and -OH deformation vibrations

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Primary alcohols

1050 cm-1

Secondary alcohols

1100 cm-1

Tertiary alcohols

1150 cm-1

Phenols

1200 cm-1

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Alcohols

-OH stretching frequencies Free -OH form

Phenol Chemical Properties

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Primary alcohols

3643 - 3630 cm-1

Secondary alcohols

3635 - 3620 cm-1

Tertiary alcohols

3620 - 3600 cm-1

Phenols

3612 - 3593 cm-1

Phenols are a class of aromatic compounds in which one or more hydroxy groups are directly attached to the benzene ring. In addition to phenol, there are several important phenol families including the cresols and xylenols.


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Aliphatic Acid Halides

Aliphatic Acid Halides Chemical Properties

Acid chlorides are prepared from the corresponding acids by reaction with thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride or potassium pentachloride. Because of their reactivity in nucleophilic substitution, acid chlorides are commonly used as intermediates in the synthesis of many organic compounds.

Spectral Interpretation

The attachment of a halide to a carbonyl carbon atom results in a shift of the carbonyl absorption to higher frequencies. For example, the compound acetyl chloride absorbs at 1802 cm-1 while acetyl bromide absorbs at 1812 cm-1. Conjugation of the acid halide with an alpha/beta double bond or aromatic ring will lower this frequency by about 30 cm-1.

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Aliphatic Aldehydes

Aliphatic Aldehydes General section for:

Chemical Properties

Aliphatic Acrolein Aldehydes Aliphatic Acroleins Aliphatic Aldehydes

The common names for aldehydes are derived from the names of the corresponding carboxylic acids by replacing the -ic with -aldehyde. The IUPAC naming is similar to other hydrocarbons with the longest chain carrying the -C(O)H group considered as the parent structure.

Chain is 5 carbons IUPAC name = 3-Methylpentanal Because of their ability to form hydrogen bonds the lower molecular weight aldehydes are appreciably soluble in water.

Spectral Interpretation

The normal range expected for the carbonyl absorption in alkyl aldehydes is 1740-1730 cm-1. As is generally the case for ketones, the vapor phase spectra are shifted to higher frequencies (typically about 10-15 cm-1). Unsaturated aldehydes with the double bond positioned in the alpha-beta position absorb around 1705-1685 cm-1. Aldehydes conjugated with aromatic rings absorb in the 1710-1690 cm-1 region. Halogens adjacent to the aldehyde carbon show the same shift to higher frequencies found for ketones.

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Aliphatic Aldehydes

The aliphatic C-H stretching vibrations are highly characteristic and occur between 2900 and 2700 cm-1.

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Aliphatic Alkynes

Aliphatic Alkynes General section for:

Chemical Properties

1-Alkynes Alkynes Disubstituted Alkynes, Internal Alkynes Monosubstituted Aromatic Alkynes – Terminal Position Internal Alkynes Terminal Alkynes

Alkynes have the general formula CnH