An Annotated Bibliography of German Language ...

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GERMAN LANGUAGE SOURCES ON THE MARIANA ISLANDS

An Annotated Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands

DIRK H. R. SPENNEMANN

Division of Historic Preservation Saipan, CNMI 2004

© Dirk H. R. Spennemann, 2004

Cataloguing-in-Publication data: An Annotated Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands. / by Dirk H. R. Spennemann Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands : Division of Historic Preservation, 2004. 1 v., ill. ; index ISBN LCC

1-878453-71-8 Z4741.S* 2004

1. Bibliographies—Mariana Islands I. Spennemann, Dirk Heinrich Rudolph (1958—). II. Title. III. Series.

This publication received support from the U. S. National Park Service. The views expressed in this volume, however, do not necessarily reflect those of the U. S. National Park Service or the U. S. Department of the Interior. The Division of Historic Preservation receives federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title 6 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the rehabilitation Act of 1973, the U. S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, age, national origin, or handicap in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to the Office for Equal Opportunity, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. 20249.

PREFACE THIS PROJECT FOUND ITS GENESIS IN A REQUEST by the Historic Preservation Office of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands to create a compendium of German colonial literature on the Mariana Islands. It was envisaged that as many articles and books on the German colonial period as possible would be copied, indexed and furnished with a summary in English. In that regard the project was similar to a project previously carried out for the Republic of the Marshall Islands in 1998. In total, the compendium contains 1588 entries with copied material exceeding 11,400 pages. Its bibliography, together with additions and deletions, forms the foundation for the present publication. The material has been reorganised here into major categories. The bibliography has been generated using ProCite 5.0 for Macintosh. The material for the compendium was collected in December 2001 and January 2002. The project was made possible through the cooperation of a number of persons who made their resources or their expertise available: Ms. Jutta Billig (Librarian, Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin); Mr. Lon Bulgrin (CNMI Historic Preservation Office, Saipan); Mr. Alfred Estermann (Librarian, Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, Frankfurt am Main); Ms. Anne Heimboldt (Librarian, Museum für Völkerkunde, Hamburg); Peter Junge (Scientific Assistant, Überseemuseum, Bremen); Dr. Antje Kelm (Section Head Oceania, Museum für Völkerkunde, Hamburg); Mr. Karl-Heinz and Ms. Gudrun Möller (Frankfurt); Prof. Dr. Joachim G. Piepke (Director, Anthropos Institut, Sankt Augustin); Ms. Elisabeth Quenstedt (Librarian, Museum für Völkerkunde, Hamburg); Brother Ephrem Rapp (Missionsprokur, Kapuziner Mönche, Münster); Mr. Scott Russell (CNMI Historic Preservation Office, later CNMI Humanities Council, Saipan); Prof. Dr. Schindelbeck (Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin); Ms. Eleonore Schmitt (Librarian, Frobenius Institute, Frankfurt); Ms. Marianne Striedter (Librarian, Frobenius Institute, Frankfurt); Ms. Andrea Steffen (Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt); Ms. Angelika Strügel (Librarian, Steyler Missionswissenschaftliches

Institut, Sankt Augustin); Dr. Irmtraud Wolke-Renk (Koloniales Bildarchiv, Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, Frankfurt am Main). Jane Downing (Albury) commented on an earlier draft of the publication and provided editorial assistance, which is gratefully acknowledged. Genevieve Cabrera (CNMI Historic Preservation Office, Saipan) saw the volume through the production process in Saipan Dirk HR Spennemann Albury, NSW September 2004

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CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ iii Contents ....................................................................................... v Introduction.................................................................................. 1 Literature Covered................................................................... 3 Conventions........................................................................... 4

Bibliographies.............................................................................. 5 Colonial Germany...................................................................... 11 Colonial Germany................................................................. 12 German Colonial Life ............................................................ 16 Emigration to the Colonies..................................................... 19 Germany in the Pacific........................................................... 24

German Colonial Administration............................................... 32 General Colonial Administration.............................................. 33 Legislation........................................................................... 45 Legal System ....................................................................... 93 Administrative Structure........................................................103 Education ...........................................................................106 Infrastructure Development.....................................................112 Scientific Research ...............................................................113

History ..................................................................................... 117 Pre-German Period (-1886).....................................................117 German Colonial Period (1886–1914) ......................................124 Post-German Period (1914–) ..................................................131

Health and Demography.......................................................... 138 Public Health ......................................................................138 Specific Diseases and Conditions............................................143 Food and Nutrition...............................................................146 Demography........................................................................146

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Natural History........................................................................ 152 General Natural History.........................................................153 Geography ..........................................................................154 Geology & Geomorphology...................................................166 Oceanography......................................................................170 Climatology........................................................................170 Fauna.................................................................................177 Flora..................................................................................179

Anthropology............................................................................ 186 Anthropology in General .......................................................186 Physical Anthropology..........................................................187 Social Anthropology.............................................................189 Material Culture...................................................................190 Linguistics and Oral Traditions...............................................190

Economy................................................................................... 195 General Economy.................................................................196 Commerce ..........................................................................209 Companies..........................................................................216 Companies–Jaluit Gesellschaft................................................217 Labour Relations..................................................................228 Tropical Agriculture and Produce ............................................228 Communications & Shipping.................................................230 Philately.............................................................................263

Missions................................................................................... 275 Missions General .................................................................275 Religious Texts ...................................................................281 Mission History...................................................................283

Appendix Other publications by and about Georg Fritz.......................................................................................... 291 Author Index............................................................................. 299 Subject Index ............................................................................ 307

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INTRODUCTION O NCE THE U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA HAD annexed Guam during the Spanish-American war of 1898 and taken the Philippines, the end of the Spanish era in the Pacific was imminent. Germany approached Spain with the proposition to acquire the rest of the Spanish holdings in Micronesia which Spain might retain after the peace settlement with the USA. With the date of 12 February 1899, Germany bought for the sum of 25 million pesetas (then US $4.2 million) the Marianas, with the exception of Guam; the Palau Islands; and the Carolines including the Polynesian atolls of Kapingamarangi and Nukuoro; as well as Enewetok and Ujelang of the Marshalls. On 17 November 1899 at four in the afternoon, the Spanish government formally handed the reigns of administration to the German Governor General of New Guinea, Rudolf von Bennigsen, in a public ceremony at Garapan. The day-to-day management of the Marianas District was placed in the hands of a district administrator, who at the beginning was aided by a chief of police and a medical aide, and initially supported by twelve Indonesian police troops. Over time the number of administrative staff grew, but at no time was the size of the German administration a large one. At the time of the Japanese occupation of Saipan in October 1914, the complement of staff merely comprised a station chief, a deputy station chief, an administrative assistant, a government physician and two German government teachers. Of the German administrators on Saipan, Georg Fritz was the most influential, partly because he was the first and also the longest serving, and partly because he took a personal interest in the islands and its people. In retrospect he was almost solely responsible for shaping the future of the colony. The glow of the newly bought expanse of the Caroline, Palau and Mariana Islands warmed the heart of a nationalistic German public and that of the emperor in particular. Small they might be, these islands of the Inselgebiet (Islands Territory), but the German sphere of influence now covered a large area of the Pacific Ocean.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands

Map of the Mariana Islands

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Introduction

The first decade of the 20th century saw the publication of many textbooks on the German colonies. The Marianas were included, but only barely. Despite centuries of Spanish occupation, the Marianas were scientifically ‘terra incognita.’ The early explorers had made some collections and the ruins and latte sites had attracted attention, however many other aspects including the economic side and the natural environment had attracted little research. Elsewhere in German Micronesia, government physicians acted as ‘extension agents’ for meteorological research institutions and as ‘local collectors’ for zoological museums. In the Marianas no government doctor existed until 1909. When he arrived, Dr. Paul Schnee, with previous experience in Micronesia, was scientifically inclined and published a series of papers on medical phenomena. Fritz, when administrator from 1894–1907, conducted the most extensive ethnographic research carried out to that date. He collected artefacts, noted and photographed latte sites, and speculated about the former use of the monuments. Much of the detail known today about Chamorro culture is a result of Fritz’ work. In some of his work Fritz was doubtlessly too quick to define and t o categorize. His grammar and dictionary of the Chamorro language was criticised, mainly by the son of a settler Hermann Costenoble who was critical of all aspects of his work. Fritz’ main work ‘Die Chamorro’ (The Chamorro) was also critisised, as in it Fritz mingled his own observations with those gleaned from the Spanish sources, which leads to confusion. However, Georg Fritz took up many challenges with enthusiasm. For example, he repeatedly collected specimens for the Zoological Museum in Berlin, and while he is mainly known for his work on the Chamorro, he also managed to compile a dictionary and grammar of the Central Carolinian language. In judging his work we need to remember that Fritz was driven by interest, but that he had no formal training in the matter: he was a gifted enthusiast. Beyond the work by Fritz and Schnee little was done.

Literature Covered The literature covered in this bibliography encompasses German language sources published before, during and after the period that the Mariana Islands were a German possession. The literature of the pre-German period encompasses early missionary account translations of British voyages, as well as an 1848 call t o establish a German colony in Oceania, albeit on New Caledonia. The literature of the immediate pre-German period is very limited, unlike the situation in the Marshall Islands, for example.

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German interests in Micronesia had been concentrated on the Marshalls, and after the partition of Micronesia between Spain and Germany in 1885, German interest in western Micronesia had waned, largely because German trading interests had to withdraw at that time. The purchase of Spanish Micronesia in 1899 led to a flurry of publications, mainly written by Georg Fritz. Literature dealing with the relations with Guam is conspicuously absent, with the exception of items on its economy which were furnished by the German consul in Manila. The loss of the colonies as a result of World War I curtailed the publications on Micronesia. The Marianas were particularly affected insofar as no substantial ethnographic work had been carried out there. The famous German South Seas Expedition to Micronesia (1909–1910), the results of which were published throughout the 1920s and 1930s, had specifically excluded the Marianas because the Chamorro culture was perceived as too acculturated by Spanish influences. In the 1930s the reawakening of German nationalism and the concomitant interest in its former colonies brought about a few publications on the Japanese League of Nations Mandate of Micronesia.

Conventions To make the resources more accessible, the German titles of the publications have been translated into English and added into the citation in angular brackets. The titles have been translated as literally as possible. Where required, Anglicised versions of names have been used. For the Chinese place names, modern spelling has been substituted: ‘Jiazhou’ for ‘Kiautschou’ and ‘Qingdao’ for ‘Tsingtau.’

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BIBLIOGRAPHIES NO SYSTEMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHIES EXIST. HOWEVER as part of the national fervour over the acquisition of colonies in the late 1890s and early 1900s, the colonial journals provided annual bibliographies [cf 6, 10] which were compiled into small separate publications [cf 4, 19]. Publishers, such as Wilhelm Süsserott, commenced colonial series, and book sellers issued special catalogues on colonial literature [cf 21]. The resurgence of German nationalism and the increased clamour for a restitution of colonies to Germany in the mid 1930s led to the compilation of select bibliographies [cf 1, 29] some of which were compiled by the Nazi Ministry of Propaganda [3]. 1. Anon. 1938. Die deutschen Kolonien. Ein Bücherverzeichnis. [The German colonies. A list of publications]. Leipzig: Institut für Leser- und Schrifttumskunde. Roneographed publication listing key publications dealing with the German colonies. The section on the South Seas is limited.

2. Anon. 1938. Kolonialkunde und Kolonialpolitik. Ein Führer durch das KolonialSchrifttum der Ernst-Abbe-Bücherei und Lesehalle zu Jena. [Colonial knowledge and colonial politics. A guide to the colonial literature held by the Ernst-Abbe-Library and reading room in Jena]. Jena: Ernst-Abbe-Bücherei und Lesehalle zu Jena. Annotated, but selective bibliography listing key publications dealing with the German colonies. The section on the South Seas is limited.

3. Anon. 1940. Kolonial-Schrifttum. [Colonial Publications]. München: Werbe und Beratungsamt für das deutsche Schrifttum. Bibliography of selected publications relating to the German colonies, compiled by the Nazi Ministry for Propaganda.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 4. Brose, Maximilian. 1897. Die deutsche Kolonialitteratur von 1885–1895. [The German colonial literature for 1884 to 1895]. Berlin: Otto Elsner. Bibliography of publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to foreign colonies.

5. Brose, Maximilian. 1897. “Die deutsche Koloniallitteratur im Jahre 1896.” [The German colonial literature for 1884 to 1895]. Koloniales Jahrbuch 10, pp. 253–305. Annual bibliography of publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to foreign colonies.

6. Brose, Maximilian. 1898. “Die deutsche Koloniallitteratur im Jahre 1897.” [The German colonial literature for 1897]. Koloniales Jahrbuch 11, pp. 1–28. Annual bibliography of publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to foreign colonies.

7. Brose, Maximilian. 1898. “Die deutsche Koloniallitteratur im Jahre 1898.” [The German colonial literature for 1898]. Koloniales Jahrbuch 12, pp. 1–37. Annual bibliography of publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to foreign colonies.

8. Brose, Maximilian. 1899. “Literaturverzeichnis über die Karolinen, Palau und Marianen Inseln.” [List of literature pertaining to the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, nº 26, pp. 234–235. Background document compiling accessible literature on the newly acquired colonies. The entries are listed, but not annotated.

9. Brose, Maximilian. 1899. “Literaturverzeichnis über die Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Literature list on the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, nº 27, pp. 259–260. Background document compiling accessible literature on the newly acquired colonies.

10. Brose, Maximilian. 1899. “Literaturverzeichnis über die Karolinen-, Palau- und Marianen-Inseln.” [Register of literature on the Caroline-, Palau- and Mariana Islands]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, nº 27, pp. 241–242. Bibliography of selected publications relating to the recently acquired German Micronesia.

11. Brose, Maximilian. 1900. “Die deutsche Koloniallitteratur im Jahre 1898.” [The German colonial literature for 1898]. Beiträge zur Kolonialpolitik und Kolonialwirtschaft Sonderheft, pp. 1–56. Annual bibliography of publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to foreign colonies.

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Bibliographies 12. Brose, Maximilian. 1900. “Neue koloniale Bücher und Aufsätze.” [New books and articles on the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, nº 41, p. 475. Bibliography of selected publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to foreign colonies.




16. Brose, Maximilian. 1905. “Die deutsche Koloniallitteratur im Jahre 1903.” [The German colonial literature for 1903]. Beiträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft Sonderheft, pp. 1–84. Annual bibliography of publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to foreign colonies.

17. Brose, Maximilian. 1905. “Verzeichnis der von der Deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft in den Jahren 1884 bis 1904 herausgegebenen Schriften und Karten.” [Register of the publications and maps published by the German Colonial Society 1884 to 1904]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 7, pp. 296–300. Bibliography of publications by the Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft (German Colonial Society).


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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 19. Brose, Maximilian. 1907. “Die deutsche Koloniallitteratur im Jahre 1905.” [The German colonial literature for 1905]. Beiträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft Sonderheft, pp. 1–86. Annual bibliography of publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to foreign colonies.


21. Halem, G. A. von. 1907. Deutscher Kolonialkatalog. Ein Verzeichnis neuerer und älterer Schriften über die deutschen Schutzgebiete. [German Colonial Catalogue. A catalogue of recent and older publications about the German protectorates]. Bremen: Exportbuchhandlung G. A. v. Halem. A catalogue of a bookseller specialising in exporting books to German possessions overseas and in disseminating in Germany and Europe those publications printed in the German colonies. This catalogue gives a good insight into which publications were deemed worth reading.

22. Henoch, Hubert. 1909. “Die deutsche Koloniallitteratur im Jahre 1907.” [The German colonial literature for 1907]. Beiträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft Sonderheft, pp. 1–104. Bibliography of publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to foreign colonies.

23. Henoch, Hubert. 1910. “Die deutsche Koloniallitteratur im Jahre 1908.” [The German colonial literature for 1908]. Beiträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft Sonderheft, pp. 1–96. Bibliography of publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to foreign colonies.

24. Henoch, Hubert. 1910. Die deutsche Koloniallitteratur im Jahre 1909. [The German colonial literature for 1909]. Berlin: Deutsche Kolonial-Gesellschaft. Bibliography of publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to foreign colonies.


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Bibliographies 26. Henoch, Hubert. 1912. Die deutsche Koloniallitteratur im Jahre 1911. [The German colonial literature for 1911]. Berlin: Deutsche Kolonial-Gesellschaft. Bibliography of publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to foreign colonies.



29. Mai, Richard. 1936. Auslanddeutsche Quellenkunde 1924–1933. [Bibliography of Germans Overseas 1924–1933]. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. Bibliography of publications relating to the German colonies as well as selected publications relating to Germans living in South America and foreign colonies. The bulk of the references deal with post-World War II items (such as the German settlements in Southwest Africa, now Namibia) and have little relevance to Micronesia. Some items listed deal with the Japanese occupation of the former German Islands Territory. The references to Germans living overseas give insight into the development of post-World War I German emigration.

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COLONIAL GERMANY T HERE IS A SUBSTANTIAL BODY of literature on the nature of the German colonial ambitions and their manifestations in the individual colonies. Much of the reflective literature on German colonialism was published from the 1970s onwards and is outside the scope of this bibliography. Included here are sources dating from the turn of the 20th century extolling the value of the colonies for Germany [cf. 36, 45]. There is a large body of overviews of the German colonial empire, written for the general public [cf 40, 41, 46, 51, 59] as well as for schools [cf 57]. German Micronesia and the Marianas in particular, usually feature only marginally, with most of the emphasis placed on the possessions in Africa. The outbreak of World War I and the loss of the colonies was widely chronicled [cf 116, 119, 122]. Obituaries of key colonial staff are also included [cf 106, 107, 109, 147]. The literature of the 1930s discusses the loss of the colonies during World War I [cf 49, 50, 135] and the need to regain the colonies mainly because of their economic importance [cf 55, 132, 133, 139, 143, 152]. Other authors commented on the inadvisability of regaining colonies [33, 35] and the German South Seas colonies in particular. Some of these date from as early as 1915 [137]. There is a body of publications promoting emigration into the colonies, particularly statistics on actual immigration inquiries [cf 77, 84, 105], but also works discussing the opportunities for settlers and trades people [32, 43]. There are only a few sources that detail the actual life of administrators and settlers in the German Pacific colonies, and none for the Marianas. Included here are reminiscences of administrators and priests [cf 70, 72]. German women were in short supply in most of the Pacific colonies [71]. So, not surprisingly, there are only few accounts of their lives and tribulations. There are accounts from the Marshall Islands [62, 64], and New Guinea [75], as well as examples of cook books written by women in Micronesia for colonial women [63, 65, 67].

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Colonial Germany 30. Anon. 1910. “Max Prager †.” [Max Prager † (Obituary)]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 4, p. 60. Died 2 January 1910, had been assistant of the Deutsche Seewarte (German Hydrographic Office) and other of relevant publications.

31. Buchhorn, Josef. 1910. “Die deutschen Kolonien.” [The German colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 49, pp. 815–816. Book review.

32. Deeken, Richard. 1908. Die Auswanderung nach den deutschen Kolonien unter Berücksichtigung der wirtschaftlichen und klimatischen Verhältnisse. [The emigration to the German colonies with respect to the economic and climatic conditions]. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. Discussion of the economic potential of the colonies. The South Sea colonies are described as climatically and economically extremely suitable (in particular Samoa where the author has personal experiences). A costing for the establishment of a plantation is included, as well as passage costs to the various colonies.

33. Fritz, Georg. 1925. Romantische und nüchterne Kolonialpolitik. [Romanticised and realistic politics for the Colonies]. Berlin: Alldeutscher Verband. In this treatise Fritz reviews the history of various approaches to colonial policy. He discusses the rationale for having colonies and argues that only African colonies would be suitable for German settlement. In view of the naval situation, the maintenance of African colonies would require either the development of a substantial fleet capable of opposing England, or a treaty with England which would provide security for the German colonies in the absence of a German navy. Fritz comments on Eastern Europe as a colonial area for the German People, drawing on historic precedents. Comments on the relative position of the ‘Slavic race’ are included. [Included here because of Fritz’ prior involvement in the Marianas].

34. Fritz, Georg. 1926. Romantische und nüchterne Kolonialpolitik. [Romanticised and realistic politics for the Colonies]. 2nd ed. Berlin: Alldeutscher Verband. Reprint of the previous item.

35. Fritz, Georg. 1934. Kolonien? Das koloniale Schicksal der deutschen Volkes–geschichtlich als Lehre—politisch als Aufgabe. [Colonies? The colonial fate of the German people—historically a lesson—politically a mandate]. Berlin: Zentral-Verlag. Review of Germany’s involvement in colonies. Reviews the Germanic history of colonisation since the beginning of time, with detailed discussion of the colonisation of the east. The overseas colonialism is criticised, arguing that Germans are primarily an agrarian people.

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Colonial Germany Argues that there is little room for a new push for colonies, as this would be detrimental to the development of the German nation. Any colonisation and expansion should occur in eastern Europe. Heavily steeped in Nazi ideology. [Included here because of Fritz’ prior involvement in the Marianas].

36. Gayl, Freiherr von. 1913. “Ein Vierteljahrhundert deutscher Kolonialgeschichte.” [A quarter century of German colonial history]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 24, pp. 395–398. Historical retrospective on 25 years of German colonial policy, commenting on the peaceful acquisition of the colonial possessions (ie not through war from other European powers). The paper stresses the economic orientation of the colonial movement and the value of the colonies for the German economy. The increasing settlement of Germans in the colonies as well as the role of the German schools in shaping the future of the colonies is stressed.

37. Helfferich, D. 1907. “Am Scheidewege der Weltpolitik.” [At the crossroads of world politics]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, nº 1, pp. 35–40. Discussion paper providing a justification for the maintenance of colonies by outlining the economic value of the colonies for Germany and the need to maintain an active colonial policy. Written in response to a growing crisis in German political circles on whether colonies should be maintained.

38. Hoffmann, Edler von. 1909. “Kolonial- und Überseepolitik, Heer und Flotte.” [Colonial and overseas policy, army and navy]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 44, pp. 727–728. A discussion on the role of the German army and navy in the protection of the German colonies against enemies both outside and within. Discusses the financial implications of maintaining a fleet and the political implications of not having one.

39. Karstedt-Steglitz, Dr. 1914. “Der Krieg und die deutschen Kolonien.” [The war and German Colonies, compiled on request of the German Colonial Society]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, nº 33, pp. 555–570. Review of the first three months of World War I with respect to the outcomes in the German colonies. Provides a brief overview on the Australian capture of German New Guinea (and the limited state of information, most of which was gleaned from British and Japanese sources). The account of the New Guinea campaign extols German efforts, which are incorrectly assessed. The capture of Nauru through British/Australian forces is mentioned. It is assumed that Palau is also occupied by British forces, whereas information on the nature of the occupation of Yap is reported as conflicting. Japan occupied all other islands of Micronesia by October 1914. Reputedly Japan had sent a Governor and 80 staff to the Marianas. 500 Japanese settlers were also on the way. The item also quotes a claim made in a German newspaper that the Sokeh’s rebellion on Pohnpei was facilitated by illegal weapon sales b y Japanese traders.

40. Krüger, Karl A. 1906. Die deutschen Kolonien. Erdkundliche Umrisse und Characterbilder von unseren überseeischen Schutzgebieten. [The German colonies. Geographical outlines and character sketches of our overseas protectorates]. Danzig: A. W. Kasemann. Brief physical and economic geography of the Marianas.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 41. Leutz, Heinrich. 1900. Die Kolonien Deutschlands, ihre Erwerbung, Bevölkerung, Bodenbeschaffenheit und Erzeugnisse. [The German colonies, their acquisition, population, geology and products]. Karlsruhe: Karl Scherer. Extremely cursory treatment of the Marianas, indicative of the low profile the German Micronesian colonies enjoyed compared to the colonies in Africa.

42. Liebert, E. von. 1906. Die deutschen Kolonien und ihre Zukunft. [The German colonies and their future]. Berlin: Vossische Buchhandlung. Very cursory mention of the German Micronesian colonies, because they were deemed t o provide little room for economic development. The treatment is reflective of much of the public debate after the euphoria of acquisition had died down.

43. Lignitz, von. 1908. Produktion, Handel und Besiedelungsfähigkeit der Deutschen Kolonien. Ein Hand- und Nachschlagebuch. [Production, Commerce and Suitability for Settlement of the German Colonies. A Handbook and Encyclopedia]. Berlin: Vossische Buchhandlung. Brief overview of the economy of the Marianas, with trade statistics and comments on the nature of trade.

44. Lion, Dr. 1908. “Imperialismus und Kolonialpartikularismus.” [Imperialism and colonial particularism]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, nº 9, pp. 105–106. Item on the treatment of Indians in British South Africa. Implications on neighbouring colonies are mentioned.

45. Mackay, Freiherr von. 1912. “Kolonialpolitik und Weltmachtsfragen.” [Colonial policy and world power issues]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 21, pp. 345–347. Paper on the need to maintain colonies for the national economy and Germany’s right to own and expand its colonies.

46. Meyer, Hans. 1910. Das Deutsche Kolonialreich. Eine Länderkunde der deutschen Schutzgebiete. [The German colonial empire. A geography of the German protectorates]. Leipzig & Wien: Bibliographisches Institut. General discussion of the German protectorates, covering aspects of physical geography, demography, climate, flora and fauna. The key islands are all described in brief detail.

47. Quessel, Ludwig. 1916. “Ideale deutscher Kolonialpolitik.” [The ideal German colonial policy]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 33, nº 4, pp. 56–59. Written at a time when almost all German colonies had been lost, the paper justifies the German colonial expansion and the educative role played by Germany as a colonial power.

48. Radlauer, Ernst. 1910. Finanzielle Selbstverwaltung und Kommunalverwaltung der Schutzgebiete auf rechtsvergleichender Grundlage dargestellt. [Financial self determination and communal administration of the protectorates, discussed on the basis of legal comparisons]. Breslau: M. &H. Marcus. Treatise discussing the legal parameters governing the local administration of the protectorates and the provisions to make financially autonomous decisions.

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Colonial Germany 49. Reichskolonialbund. 1936. Das Buch der deutschen Kolonien. [The book of the German colonies]. Berlin: Reimar Hobbing. Nationalistic book on Germany’s achievements in the former colonies. Very superficial treatment of the history of Micronesia.

50. Ritter, Paul. [no date]. Unvergessenes deutsches Land. [Not forgotten German land]. Berlin: Zeitgeschichte Verlagsgesellschaft. Cursory item on the lost German colonies.

51. Sander, L. [1906]. Die deutschen Kolonien in Wort und Bild. [The German colonies in text and pictures]. Leipzig: Verlag für Allgemeines Wissen. Description of the Marianas, heavily extracted from Costenoble’s ‘Von den Marianen’ (nº 799), with shorter extracts from Hans Seidel, and Franz Lenz.

52. Schnee, Heinrich. 1908. “Unsere Kolonien.” [Our colonies]. Wissenschaft und Bildung. Einzeldarstellungen aus allen Gebieten des Wissens 57. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. A book on the German Colonies, contains a section on the island territory of the Carolines, Palau, Mariana and Marshall Islands. Provides a geographic background to each of the major island groups, briefly touches on the threats derived from typhoons and mentions the phosphate production on Nauru and Angaur. A summary of the population trends (declining) and the influences of the missionaries is given including the trade statistics.

53. Schnee, Heinrich. 1926. German Colonisation, past and future: the truth about the German colonies. London: Allen & Unwin. 54. Schnee, Heinrich. 1926. German Colonisation, past and future: the truth about the German colonies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 55. Schnee, Heinrich. 1935. Die deutschen Kolonien vor, in und nach dem Weltkrieg. [The German colonies before, during and after the World War]. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Review of the German colonial empire by one of its administrators. Written at a time of nationalistic reawakening of the colonial dream.

56. Warnack, Dr. 1914. “30 Jahre deutscher Kolonialpolitik, zum 24. April 1914.” [Thirty years of German colonial policy, on occasion of 24 April 1914]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, nº 17, pp. 277–278. Overview article celebrating thirty years of colonial achievement (on the occasion of the anniversary of Bismarck’s order to notify the British consul in Cape Town that part of Southwest Africa was now a German protectorate). Much of the paper provides generalised statistics and focuses on the developments in Africa.

57. Wende, Gustav. 1900. Deutschlands Kolonien für Schule und Volk bearbeitet. [Germany’s colonies treated for schools and people]. Hannover & Berlin: Carl Meyer. General text on the German colonies. The section on the Marianas draws mainly on Kirchhoff 1886. The author opines that the Spanish colonisation has resulted in the fact that ‘the island group is occupied by lazeabaouts and is without any economic importance’.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 58. Woltmann, Dr. 1897. “Die Ziele und Erfolge der deutschen Kolonialpolitik und Bestrebungen der deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft.” [The aims and success of German colonial politics and the efforts of the German colonial company]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 14, Beilage zur Nummer XV, pp. 61–64. Review of the German colonial empire to date, mainly focussing on the African colonies, with minor reference to the Pacific possessions. A good overview of the perception of German colonial futures prior to the acquisition of the Marianas and Carolines.

59. Zimmermann, Emil. 1912. Unsere Kolonien. [Our colonies]. Berlin: Ullstein & Co. General overview of the nature and state of the German colonies with a brief section on German Micronesia.

German Colonial Life 60. Anon. 1904. “Die in den deutschen Kolonien erscheinenden Zeitungen nebst Angabe der Bezugsbedingungen und Anzeigenpreise.” [The newspapers published in the German colonies with the conditions for subscription and prices for placing advertisements]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, p. 176. Brief description of six German-language newspapers published in German Southwest Africa, German East Africa, Qingdao and Samoa.

61. Anon. 1912. “Zeitungsbezug in den Kolonien.” [Newspaper subscriptions in the colonies]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, p. 916. Brief item mentioning that changes to the postal regulations now allows indviduals to order annual subscriptions at the post offices (instead of quarterly as had been the case so far).

62. Brandeis, Antonie. 1898. “Von den Marshall Inseln.” [On the Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, pp. 248–249. Narrative by the wife of the German administrator of the Marshall Islands, describing her life on Jaluit.

63. Brandeis, Antonie. 1907. Kochbuch für die Tropen. Nach langjährigen Erfahrungen in den Tropen und Subtropen zusammengestellt. [Cookbook for the Tropics. Compiled based on extensive experience in the tropics and subtropics]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen). A cook book for an expatriate colonial audience written by Antonie Brandeis, the wife of Eugen Brandeis, German Landeshauptmann of the Marshall Islands. The introduction discusses the tribulations of running a European-style kitchen in the tropics and being able t o host dinner parties. Hints on how to manage kitchen hands and other personnel are also included. A chapter deals with the setting up of a workable and ‘sensible kitchen’ with a number of tips and hints at overcoming insect infestations, ants and the like. A list of bare essentials as kitchen utensils is given for those young wives who set out on a short posting with their husbands. Another chapter discusses the set up of a food store room and pantry.

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Colonial Germany 64. Brandeis, Antonie. 1908. “Südsee-Erinnerungen.” [South Sea Reminiscences]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, nº 2, pp. 20–22. Article by the wife of the German administrator of the Marshall Islands, describing the establishment of her household on Jaluit. Comments on the Samoan chief Mataafa, then i n exile in the Marshalls and his return to Samoa. Contains photographs of Jabor, women weaving Pandanus thatch for a house, the European police station, and a tattooed woman.

65. Brandeis, Antonie. 1913. Kochbuch für die Tropen. Nach langjähriger Erfahrung in den Tropen und Subtropen zusammengestellt. Zweite durch über 200 Rezepte vermehrte Auflage. [Cookbook for the Tropics. Compiled based on extensive experience in the tropics and subtropics. Second revised edition with an additional 200 recipes]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen). A cook book for an expatriate colonial audience written by Antonie Brandeis, the wife of the German Landeshauptmann Eugen Brandeis.

66. Brandeis, Antonie. 1925. “Südseebilder.” [South Sea Impressions]. In: Zache, Hans (ed.), Das deutsche Kolonialbuch. Berlin-Schmargendorf & Leipzig: Wilhelm Andermann Verlag. Pp. 486–490. Reprint of sections of her 1908 articles in the Deutsche Kolonialzeitung for a volume commemorating the former colonial empire.

67. Brandeis, Antonie. 1930. Kochbuch für die Tropen. Nach langjähriger Erfahrung in den Tropen und Subtropen zusammengestellt. Dritte durch 99 Rezepte vermehrte Auflage. [Cookbook for the Tropics. Compiled based on extensive experience in the tropics and subtropics. Third revised edition with an additional 99 recipes]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen). A cook book for an expatriate colonial audience written by Antonie Brandeis, the wife of the German Landeshauptmann Eugen Brandeis.

68. Brandeis, Antonie. 1939. Kochbuch für die Tropen. Nach langjähriger Erfahrung in den Tropen und Subtropen zusammengestellt. Vierte durch 42 Rezepte vermehrte Auflage. [Cookbook for the Tropics. Compiled based on extensive experience in the tropics and subtropics. Fourth revised edition with an additional 42 recipes]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer/ Andrews & Steiner. A cook book for an expatriate colonial audience written by Antonie Brandeis, the wife of the German Landeshauptmann Eugen Brandeis.

69. Deeken, Richard. 1902. Rauschende Palmen. Bunte Erzählungen und Novellen aus der Südsee. [Rustling palms, colourful tales and novels from the South Seas]. Berlin/ Oldenburg/Leipzig: Gerhard Stalling. Travelogue of a voyage through the German South Pacific. His Jaluit narrative reprints part of Chamisso’s account of Wotje by way of introduction. Describes a walk through Jabor, Jaluit with emphasis on language and buildings.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 70. Irmer, Georg. 1895. “Über eine Weihnachtsfeier auf den Marshall-Inseln.” [On Christmas celebrations in the Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 6, pp. 226–227. Narrative of Christmas 1894 as een through the eyes of the German administrator of the Marshall Islands. Provides a nice vignette of colonial life.

71. Külz, L. 1913. “Zur Frauenfrage in den deutschen Kolonien.” [The question of women in the German colonies]. Kolonial Monatsblätter. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 15, pp. 61–67. An assessment of the status of women in the colonies, with statistics of the percentage of women in all colonies. Argues that colonialisation will rely on women to support men in the domestic sphere and that more women need to emigrate if mixed marriages are to be avoided.

72. Olkiewicz, Erich. 12. “Kaisersgeburtstag in einer deutschen Kolonie der Südsee.” [Emperors’ birthday in a German colony in the South Seas]. Süsserott’s Illustrierter Kolonial-Kalender 1912. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. Pp. 74–79. Narrative of the events surrounding the Emperor’s birthday celebrations on 27 January 1909 on Koror, Palau. The festivities comprised of a military parade of the police troops, presentations by the pupils of the Catholic school including several songs in German language, a canoe regatta, and a banquet, accompanied by Palauan dances. (Item included as an example of formal festivities).

73. Rikisch, Emil. 1901. “Zeitungsverkehr mit den deutschen Kolonien.” [Newspaper traffic with the German colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, nº 48, p. 479. Item on the extension of the domestic postage rates for newspaper sent to the colonies and the potential this represents for the colonial officers and public.

74. Sembritzki, Kurt. 1925. Deutsche Kolonialklänge und Grenzmarkengesänge. [German colonial tunes and songs of the border areas]. Berlin: Kolonial-Verlag Sachers & Kuschel. Some lyrics for tunes set in Samoa are the sole contribution for the South Seas in this compilation of colonial tunes and lyrics.

75. Wenzel, Getrud. 1939. “Ein Tag der deutschen Frau in der Südsee.” [A day [in the life of] of a German woman in the South Seas]. In: Reichskolonialbund (ed.), Deutsche JugendDeutsche Kolonien. Was unsere Jugend wissen muss über deutsche Arbeit in unseren Kolonien. 91. bis 140. Tausend ed. Aachen: Buch-und Zeitschriftenverlag Gustav Rehnisch. Pp. 117–120. Generalised narrative on the living conditions in the German Pacific (example from New Guinea) and role German women played in the colonisation process.

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Colonial Germany

Emigration to the Colonies 76. Anon. 1904. “Die Tätigkeit der Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer im 1. Quartal 1904.” [The activities of the Central Information Bureau for Emigrants in the first quarter of 1904]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 16, p. 157. Statistics of the German emigration office for the first quarter 1904: 912 inquiries,which is an increase over the previous quarter.

77. Anon. 1904. “Geschäftsbericht der Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Annual report of the Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 2, pp. 9–11. Annual report for the period 1 October 1902 to 20 September 1903. The paper summarises the work of the bureau and mentions that many inquiries were driven by dreams of a tropical paradise, fantastic ideas of development opportunities and places with easy riches to be had. The bureau saw its role as providing accurate information about the economic prospects in the colonies, even if that discouraged many settlers.

78. Anon. 1904. “Die Tätigkeit der Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer im 2. Quartal 1904.” [The activities of the Central Information Bureau for Emigrants in the second quarter of 1904]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 29, p. 283. Statistics of the German emigration office for the second quarter 1904: 739 inquiries.

79. Anon. 1905. “Statistik der von der Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer (Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft) vom 1. Oktober 1903 bis 30. September 1904 erteilten Auskünfte.” [Statistics of advice given by the Central Information Bureau for Emigrants for the period 1 October 1903 to 30 September 1904]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, nº 3, p. 26. In total 3308 inquiries for the whole year, 2348 for German colonies, for Samoa 77, for Marianas 46, for German New Guinea 17, for Carolines 6. [The high number of inquiries for the Marianas reflects the interest generated by the Costenoble articles (nº 799, Ed].

80. Anon. 1908. “Die Tätigkeit der Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [The activities of the Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, nº 29, p. 518. Annual report for the first quarter 1908, total inquiries 2882, for Samoa 121, for New Guinea 75, for Carolines etc 66.

81. Anon. 1908. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, nº 29, p. 518. Statistics of the German emigration office for the second quarter 1908, total inquiries 4023, for Samoa 81, for German New Guinea 47, for Carolines etc 40.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 82. Anon. 1908. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, nº 41, p. 728. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period third quarter 1908, total 3702, for Samoa 67, for German New Guinea 42, for Carolines etc 30.

83. Anon. 1909. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 30, p. 502. Statistical summary of the inquiries made by Germans residents in Germany on opportunities for emigration to the German colonies: for the second quarter 1909: total inquiries 5430, for Samoa 69, for German New Guinea 50, for Carolines etc 23.

84. Anon. 1909. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 42, pp. 695–696. Third quarter 1909, 4223 inquiries in total, for Samoa 59, for German New Guinea 59, for Carolines etc 10.

85. Anon. 1910. “Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 4, pp. 58–59. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period forth quarter 1909, total inquiries 4455, for Samoa 69, for New Guinea 51, for Carolines and Micronesia 39.

86. Anon. 1910. “Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 28, p. 473. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period first quarter 1910, total inquiries 4039, for Samoa 54, for German New Guinea 29, for Carolines etc 13.

87. Anon. 1911. “Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, p. 269. Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for the first quarter 1911. Total inquiries 7698, for Samoa 83, for German New Guinea 57, for Carolines etc 24.

88. Anon. 1911. “Die Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer in Berlin W. 35.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants in Berlin W35]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, nº 42, p. 705. Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for third quarter of 1911. Total inquiries 4277, for Samoa 54, for German New Guinea 27, for Carolines etc 8.

89. Anon. 1912. “Von der Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [From the Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 35, pp. 604–606. Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies. The article contains figures for total inquiries since the commencement of the office.

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Colonial Germany 90. Anon. 1912. “Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 16, p. 261. Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for first quarter of 1912, no specific breakdown for the Pacific colonies.

91. Anon. 1912. “Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 16, p. 506. Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for second quarter of 1912, no specific breakdown for the Pacific colonies.

92. Anon. 1912. “Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 16, p. 714. Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for third quarter of 1912, no specific breakdown for the Pacific colonies.

93. Anon. 1912. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 4, p. 180. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 October to 1 December 1911. Of a total of 6464 inquiries, 6 were for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, 50 for New Guinea, 68 for Samoa and none for the Marshalls.

94. Anon. 1912. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 15, pp. 733–734. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 April to 30 June 1912. Of 6580 inquiries, 93 were for Samoa, 67 for German New Guinea and 9 for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.

95. Anon. 1912. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 9, p. 418. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 January to 31 March 1912. Of 7850 inquiries, 116 were for Samoa, 56 for German New Guinea and 15 for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.

96. Anon. 1912. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 21, p. 1060. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 July to 30 September 1912. Of 6679 inquiries, 70 were for Samoa, 42 for German New Guinea and 14 for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.

97. Anon. 1913. “Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 29, pp. 485–486. Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for second quarter of 1913, no specific breakdown for the Pacific colonies.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 98. Anon. 1913. “Zentral-Auskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 37, p. 611. Statistics of inquiries about emigration to colonies for the year 1912/1913, no specific breakdown for the Pacific colonies.

99. Anon. 1913. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 3, p. 122. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 October to 31 December 1912. Of 8173 inquiries, 89 were for Samoa, 71 for German New Guinea and 0[?] for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.

100. Anon. 1913. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 9, p. 418. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 January to 31 March 1913. Of 9869 inquiries, 132 were for Samoa, 66 for German New Guinea and 0[?] for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.

101. Anon. 1913. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 14, p. 643. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 April to 30 June 1913. Of 8305 inquiries, 84 were for Samoa, 54 for German New Guinea and 0[?] for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.

102. Anon. 1913. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 14, p. 917. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 July to 30 September 1913. Of 9321 inquiries, 76 were for Samoa, 46 for German New Guinea and 0[?] for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.

103. Anon. 1914. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 2, p. 73. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 October to 31 December 1913. Of 8762 inquiries, 84 were for Samoa, 63 for German New Guinea and 0[?] for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.

104. Anon. 1914. “Zentralauskunftsstelle für Auswanderer.” [Central Information Bureau for Emigrants]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 9, p. 421. Statistics of the German emigration office for the period 1 January to 31 March 1914. Of 9649 inquiries, 124 were for Samoa, 100 for German New Guinea and 0[?] for the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.

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Colonial Germany 105. Flemke, Hugo. 1937. “Auswandererberatung über die deutschen Kolonien.” [Advice to emigrants about the German colonies]. Archiv für Wanderungswesen und Auslandskunde 9, nº 1/2, pp. 57–58. The paper provides overall statistics on the inquiries made by prospective emigrants about conditions in the former German colonies between 1919/20 and 1935/36. The data show that the former colonies in Africa were more popular with the public.

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Germany in the Pacific 106. Anon. 1907. “Vize Gouverneur Berg †.” [Vice-Governor Berg †]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, nº 27, p. 275. Brief Obituary for Victor Berg, Berzirksamtmann (district administrator) of Pohnpei and ViceGovernour of the Islands Territory.

107. Anon. 1909. “Regierungsrat Arno Senfft †.” [Administrator Arno Senfft †]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 8, p. 134. Brief obituary. Senfft is praised as one of the best administrators, being able to keep peace with the indigenous population.

108. Anon. 1911. “Regierungsrat Boeder †.” [Administrator Boeder †]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, nº 3, p. 42. Brief obituary of Gustav Boeder, killed at the beginning of the Sokeh’s rebellion in Pohnpei.

109. Anon. 1912. “Gouverneur a. D. von Bennigsen †.” [former Governor von Bennigsen †]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 19, p. 309. Obituary for the first Governor of New Guinea (1899–1902).

110. Anon. 1912. “Gouverneur a. D. von Bennigsen †.” [former Governor von Bennigsen †]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 13, p. 308. Obituary for the first Governor of New Guinea (1899–1902).

111. Anon. 1914. “Die deutsche Südsee als Reiseziel.” [The German South Seas as a travel destination]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, pp. 148–149. Item describing the German South Seas colonies as a destination for tourists. One of the few German language examples on the topic.

112. Anon. 1914. “Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Die Ereignisse der ersten drei Monate.” [The war in the German Protectorates. The events of the first three months]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 23, pp. 848–865. Upon news of the outbreak of war, the station chief on Nauru sent news to Pohnpei and Jaluit by steamer. On 12 August the British ships Minotaur and Hampshire appeared off Yap, cut the cable and destroyed the radio communications station. The station on Nauru was destroyed later. The Japanese landed on Jaluit on 3 October. The American press, referring to Japanese newspaper reports, mentioned that on 9 September the Kenkon Maru was sent to Jaluit with a number of Japanese settlers.

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Colonial Germany Reports from the Marianas (based on second hand information from Japan) indicated that b y December 1914 some 80 Japanese officials and some 2000 settlers had been moved to Saipan and Palau (for Marianas see p. 864).

113. Anon. 1914. “Der Krieg in Übersee. Zeittafel der Kämpfe unserer Marine und der Schutztruppe. I. 1. August bis 15. Oktober.” [The war overseas. Chronology of the fights of our navy and protectorate forces. I. 1 August to 15 October]. Koloniale Rundschau 3, nº 8–10, pp. 532–537. Chronology of military action in the German colonies during World War I. The developments in Micronesia are mentioned.

114. Anon. 1914. “Der Krieg in Übersee. Zeittafel der Kämpfe unserer Marine und der Schutztruppe. II. 14. Oktober bis 15. November.” [The war overseas. Chronology of the fights of our navy and protectorate forces. II. 14 October to 15 November]. Koloniale Rundschau 3, nº 11–12, pp. 643–649. Chronology of military action in the German colonies during World War I. The developments in Micronesia are not mentioned.

115. Anon. 1915. “Deutsch-Neuguinea. Rückkehr von deutschen Beamten mit Angehörigen aus Neuguinea.” [German New Guinea. Return of colonial officers and their dependents from New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, p. 201. Listing of former German administrators of New Guinea who had returned to Germany under the conditions of surrender.

116. Anon. 1915. “Deutsch-Neuguinea. Rückkehr von deutschen Beamten mit Angehörigen aus Neuguinea.” [German New Guinea. Return of colonial officers and their dependents from New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, pp. 252–253. Listing of former German administrators of New Guinea who had returned to Germany.

117. Anon. 1915. “Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet.” [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, p. 130–152. Detailed account of the Australian occupation of German New Guinea as well as accounts of the status of the other German possessions in the Pacific. Gives a detailed breakdown of the fate of the German residents on the islands, most of whom were removed by the Japanese.

118. Anon. 1915. “Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet.” [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, nº 1, pp. 250–251. Gives a detailed breakdown of the developments on the islands, based on information gleaned from the Japanese press as well as letters from the few Germans remaining. Some accounts of the occupation of Palau as well as Saipan are included, based on eye-witness accounts b y returned civilians. On 14 October 1914 the Japanese cruiser Canton appeared off Saipan and landed 10 boats with about 350 marines. The Japanese seemed to be very well informed about

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands the hydrographic conditions off Saipan. The German acting administrator Böhme went out t o the cruiser while the government physician Dr. Salecker restrained the Chamorro police troops from resisting the occupation. The occupation seems to have gone without too many problems, apart from a few thefts of chicken etc, and ‘unpleasantness’ by the Japanese trader Tanabe who had been appointed Deputy Governor.

119. Anon. 1915. “Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet.” [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, nº 1, pp. 338–339. Update on the conditions in the former German colonies in the Pacific, with emphasis on New Guinea. There was nothing new to report on the developments in the Japanese occupied Islands Territory.

120. Anon. 1915. “Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet.” [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, nº 1, pp. 417–418. Update on the conditions in the former German colonies in the Pacific, with emphasis on New Guinea. There was nothing new to report on the developments in the Japanese occupied Islands Territory with the exception of a reputed trip of island leaders to Japan.

121. Anon. 1915. “Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet.” [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, nº 2, pp. 37–38. Limited news of the Islands Territory are reproduced. The only Germans left are missionaries. The islands are reputedly cut off from external trade and on some islands food shortages have occurred. Rota and Saipan have been severely damaged by typhoons, with most trees destroyed on Rota. There the food shortages were the most severe. The US administration and the American Red Cross reputedly assisted from Guam.

122. Anon. 1915. “Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Dritte Mitteilung.” [The war in the German Protectorates. Third Communication]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 26, nº 5, pp. 98–159. An official summative communique on the state of war in the German colonies. Pp. 147–152 deal with the ‘Inselgebiet’ of Micronesia. The article summarises the destruction of the telecommunications station on Yap by a British naval detachment (HMS Minotaur) and later occupation by the Japanese (IJN Satsuma) on 7 October 1914. Most Europeans were deported on 2 November on the Kamakua Maru to Nagasaki. No details on the Marianas. On Palau the radio station was destroyed by RAN Sydney. A note was sent ashore annexing the area o n behalf of the UK (this was ignored by the subsequent Japanese occupation). Following the Japanese occupation in October, the phosphate operations at first continued as normal. On 1 6 November most of the European civilians were deported. Pohnpei was annexed by the Japanese on 7 October, Chuuk on 12 October. On 18 November several of the German residents of Jaluit were deported by the Japanese while some were permitted to remain on island until further notice.

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Colonial Germany Mentions that on occasion (Yap, Chuuk and Jaluit) private property was looted by Japanese soldiers.

123. Anon. 1915. “Der Krieg in Übersee. Zeittafel der Kämpfe unserer Marine, der Schutztruppen und des Islam. III. 14. November bis 31. Dezember.” [The war overseas. Chronology of the fights of our navy, protectorate forces and the Islam III. 14 November to 3 December]. Koloniale Rundschau 4, nº 1, pp. 47–53. Chronology of military action in the German colonies during World War I.

124. Anon. 1916. “Erste Verlustliste aus dem Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea.” [First casualty list from the protectorate of German New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 27, nº 1, p. 20. List of persons who had died while in internment or who were now known to have been interned (in Australia).

125. Anon. 1916. “Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Siebte Mitteilung. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet.” [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 27, pp. 51–53. Update on the conditions in the former German colonies in the Pacific, with emphasis on New Guinea. Includes a list of people recently interned in Australia. Nothing new was reported o n the Islands Territory.

126. Anon. 1917. “Der Krieg in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Achte Mitteilung. Besitzungen in der Südsee. 1. Deutsch Neuguinea, Inselgebiet.” [The war in the German Protectorates. Possessions in the South Seas, German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 28, nº 5, p. 87–89. Update on the conditions in the former German colonies in the Pacific, with emphasis on New Guinea. There was nothing new to report on the developments in the Japanese occupied Islands Territory.

127. Anon. 1917. “Liste der von Deutsch-Neuguinea nach Australien geschafften und dort internierten Personen.” [List of persons deported from German New Guinea to Australia and interned there]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 28, p. 236. A brief list of internees, giving their names and ages.

128. Anon. 1917. “Neustes ergänztes Verzeichnis der internierten Deutschen aus den SüdseeBesetzungen.” [Latest, most complete list of German internees from the South Seas possessions]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 28, pp. 35–36. A listing of German and Austrian colonials interned in New Zealand. Even though most internees came from Samoa, one, the botanist Rudolf, came from German New Guinea.

129. Anon. 1918. “Kriegschronik der Schutzgebiete. I. Südsee.” [Chronology of the War in the Protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 29, p. 265. The chronological sequence of the Australian and Japanese occupation of the protectorate of German New Guinea is given.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 130. Deeken, Richard. 1922. “Die deutschen Kolonien in der Südsee.” [The German colonies in the South Seas]. In: Leutwein, Paul (ed.), Dreissig Jahre Deutsche Kolonialpolitik mit weltpolitschen Vergleichen und Ausblicken. Berlin: Gersbach & Sohn. Pp. 207–288. General overview over all former German possessions in the South Seas, summarising the German economic achievements in the region. The Carolines and Marianas are discussed i n terms of a colonial investment with a low, if any, economic return to the German Empire.

131. Friederichsen, Ludwig. 1912. “Johann Cesar Godeffroy †.” [Johann Cesar Godeffroy †]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 46, p. 775. Short obituary of the founder of the famous Godeffroy trading company and ethnographic museum.

132. Grapow, Admiral von. 1915. “Ein Wort über die Bedeutung unserer Kolonien im Stillen Ozean.” [A word on the significance of our colonies in the Pacific]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 32, nº 11, pp. 188–189. The author takes issue with voices in the popular press, among them Dr. Georg Irmer, former administrator of the Marshall Islands, who in his book ‘Völkerdämmerung im Stillen Ozean’ (nº 137) argued that Germany should attempt to regain its colonies after the war but withdraw from its South Pacific colonies as there was no strategic sense in regaining the Pacific colonies. Grapow argues that the Pacific colonies are of considerable economic importance and should be regained after the war.

133. Haber, E. 1918. “Südseegedanken.” [Thoughts on the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 35, nº 8, pp. 120–121. Paper arguing for the benefit of German South Seas possessions stating that most had been developed by individuals. Their property had to be safe-guarded in any negotiations.

134. Hahl, Albert. 1918. “Der deutsche Besitz in der Südsee.” [The German presence in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 35, nº 12, pp. 178–179. A brief historical overview on the development of German New Guinea.

135. Hahl, Albert. 1937. “Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in der Südsee.” [Germany’s Protectorates in the South Seas]. In: Vahl, Karl Julius (ed.), Das Buch der deutschen Kolonien. Leipzig: Wilhelm Goldmann. Summary of the history of the German involvement in the Pacific with an emphasis on German New Guinea. Consists of a collation of material drawn from various sources, including information on natural history and geography.

136. Heng, Hans. 1937. “Zehn Jahre in unseren ehemaligen Südseekolonien.” [Ten years in our former South Seas colonies]. Rheinhessische Volksblätter (Mainz). 1937. P. 19–20. Newspaper item on Georg Fritz and his period in Micronesia, illustrated with photos from Fritz’ collection.

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Colonial Germany 137. Irmer, Georg. 1915. Völkerdämmerung im Stillen Ozean. [Twilight of the peoples in the Pacific]. Leipzig: S. Hirzel. Treatise by the former administrator of the German Marshall Islands, discussing Germany’s future role in the Pacific after the loss of its South Seas colonies to Japan, Australia and New Zealand in the early days of the war. The author advocates abandoning any claims on Pacific colonies and concentrating on Africa and Europe.

138. Jacobi, E. 1902. “Ostasien und die Südsee; ein neuer Schauplatz der Weltgeschichte.” [East Asia and the South Seas; a new arena of world history]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, nº 50, pp. 514–516; nº 51, pp. 518–519. Item on the new realities of geopolitics, with the ascendancy of the East Asian region. Comments on the new Japanese expansion and the realities posed by Japan’s decisive victory over China in 1895. Warns of the implications of Japanese studying in Germany and Europe and building of a knowledge and skill base. Sees China as a prize for the taking, with Japan, Russia and France (from Indochina) being the main players and beneficiaries. Argues that Germany should use its South Seas possessions to claim part of the share, but be wary of Japanese expansion into the region.

139. Jöhlinger, Otto. 1915. “Was steht auf dem Spiele?” [What is at stake?]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 32, nº 6, pp. 86–88. Review of the economic value of the German colonies to Germany and the demand that the colonies be returned to Germany after the war and that due compensation be paid for the lost earnings and the destruction and/or mismanagement of infrastructure.

140. Laile, Raymund. 1908. “Kaisersgeburtstagsfeier auf Palau.” [Celebrations of the Emperor’s Birthday on Palau]. Bericht über die Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln. Jahresbericht 1908. Limburg: Limburger Vereinsdruckerei. Pp. 32–35. Narrative of the festivities on the occasion of the celebrations of Emperor Wilhelm II’s birthday on 27 January 1907.

141. Lang, John D. 1848. Eine deutsche Kolonie im Stillen Ocean. Addresse an die ehrenw[erten] Mitglieder des deutschen Parlamentes in Frankfurt. [A German colony in the Pacific Ocean. Address to the honourable members of the German parliament in Frankfurt]. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz. Treatise by the Australian John D Lang on the desirability of establishing a German colony i n the Pacific Ocean, proposing New Caledonia as the ideal venue. Example of an early work o n German colonial enterprise. The author draws on his Australian experiences in his suggestion for administrative structure and the like.

142. Levy, Berthold. 1905. “Die deutschen Südsee-Kolonien.” [The German South Seas Colonies]. Deutsche Japan-Post 4, nº 1, pp. 9–15. General description of German Micronesia, based on a trip aboard the Oceana and sailing vessels made between July and October 1903. The voyage was marred by two tropical storms/ typhoons, which resulted in the loss of some of the livestock being brought to the islands. The narrative covers stays on Yap, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Mokil, Pingelap, Kosrae, and Saipan. While the copra production potential of Yap is highlighted, the author concludes that overall

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands German Micronesia has only little economic value and provided only a very small market. While layout is cheap, the quality of work provided was deemed low.

143. Scharoth, Marie M. 1916. Südseewelten vor dem großen Krieg. [The worlds of the South Seas before the Great War]. Bern: Franke. Overview of Germany’s Pacific colonies and their value to the economy.

144. Seidel, Heinrich. 1909. “Kleinere Besitzungen im Stillen Ozean.” [Smaller possessions in the Pacific Ocean]. In: Hutter, Hauptmann a. d., Büttner, R., Dove, Kurt, Seidel, A., Beck, C. von, Seidel, H., Reinecke, Dr. and Deimling, Kapitänleutnant (eds), Das überseeische Deutschland. Stuttgart: Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft. Pp. 569–600. Summary chapter on the German possessions in the Pacific, published after 1901. A general overview is given, summarising the history of discovery for European eyes, the establishment of trading stations and the annexation of the atolls by the German government. A brief description of Jaluit is given including the appearance of the German settlement. Photos: Sokehs (Pohnpei), Nan Douwas, Nan Madol (Pohnpei), Stone money (Yap), Administration building Garapan (Saipan); Lagoonal view, (Jaluit); Traditional house and sitting dance scene (Marshalls); Iroojs Kabua and family (Marshalls).

145. Seidel, Heinrich. 1911. “Kleinere Besitzungen im Stillen Ozean.” [Smaller possessions in the Pacific Ocean]. In: Hutter, Hauptmann a. d., Büttner, R., Dove, Kurt, Seidel, A., Beck, C. von, Seidel, H., Reinecke, Dr. and Deimling, Kapitänleutnant (eds), Das überseeische Deutschland. Second ed. Stuttgart: Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft. Pp. 249–253. Summary chapter on the German possessions in the Pacific, published after 1901. A general overview is given, summarising the history of discovery for European eyes, the geography, the commencement of the mission in the German Marianas, and an overview of production and demography. Photos: Sokehs (Pohnpei), Nan Douwas, Nan Madol (Pohnpei), Stone money (Yap), Administration building Garapan (Saipan); Lagoonal view, (Jaluit); Traditional house and sitting dance scene (Marshalls); Iroojs Kabua and family (Marshalls).

146. Sievers, Wilhelm. 1895. Australien und Ozeanien. Eine allgemeine Landeskunde. [Australia and Oceania. A general geography]. Leipzig und Wien: Bibliographisches Institut. General overview of the physical geography, very briefly discussing the Marianas under the heading ‘the Spanish colonies in Oceania’ (pp. 446–447).

147. Solf, Wilhelm. 1912. “Nachruf Gouverneur a. D. von Bennigsen †.” [Obituary of former Governor von Bennigsen]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 10, pp. 432–433. Obituary for the first Governor of New Guinea (1899–1902).

148. Solf, Wilhelm. 1914. “Dr. Arthur Osswald † [Nachruf].” [Dr. Arthur Osswald † (obituary)]. Deutsche Kolonialblatt 25, nº 22, pp. 835–836. Dr. Osswald had served in German East Africa, German Southwest Africa (involved in the suppression of the Herrero uprising) and as Governor in New Guinea. In the latter capacity he was actively involved in the suppression of the Sokeh’s rebellion and the punishment meted

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Colonial Germany out to the Sokeh’s people. Osswald died at the western front in the early days of the war i n 1914.

149. Supan, A. 1886. “Australien und Inseln des Großen Ozeans–Kleinere Inseln.” [Australia and islands of the Pacific–Smaller Islands]. Dr. A Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt 32, p. 218. Note on the Anglo-German Treaty of 17 June 1885 defining the German and British spheres of influence in the Pacific with a detailed discussion of the partition of the Solomon Islands. Included here because it outlines the British interests.

150. Volz, Berthold. 1891. Unsere Kolonien: Land und Leute. [Our colonies: land and people]. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus. Overview of the German colonies, with a brief description of the Marshalls. Provides o n overview of the period before the Marianas became German.

151. Wegener, Georg. 1903. Deutschland im Stillen Ozean. [Germany in the Pacific Ocean]. Bielefeld & Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing. General overview of the geography and ethnography of the Marianas drawing heavily of Spanish and other early observations. More recent developments are extracted from Fritz’ official reports. A good example of the still limited state of knowledge three years after Germany took over the administration.

152. Weyhmann, Horst. 1917. Unsere Südsee. Ein unentbehrlicher Bestandteil der deutschen Volkswirtschaft. [Our South Seas. An indispensable part of the German economy]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Well illustrated monograph making an economic and political case to regain the German South Seas colonies after the war. Includes a historic overview as well as an economic assessment.

153. Wiedemann, M. 1905. “Aus unseren Südseekolonien.” [From our South Seas colonies]. Deutsches Handelsmuseum 2, pp. 1–15 (reprint). Article discussing the desirability of attracting farmers of German extraction living i n Queensland to take up plantations in German New Guinea. An example of cross-development. The author then deplores the state of shipping in the German Pacific and argues that a cohesive shipping policy had been lacking from the start, and that expensive and inappropriate vessels had been used.

154. Winkler, C. 1913. “Zehn Jahre Gouverneur von Neuguinea (hierzu ein Bild).” [Ten years as Governor of New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 28, pp. 467–468. The tenth anniversary of Hahl’s service (1902–1912).

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GERMAN COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION T HIS SECTION DEALS WITH THE LITERATURE regarding the actual administration of the German Marianas and publications that have a bearing on the issue. A large number of items included here are brief articles published without attribution in the two major colonial journals, the official Deutsches Kolonialblatt and the Deutsche Kolonialzeitung published by the German Colonial Society. A large segment deals with the annual colonial budgets and reports [cf 159, 163, 195, 206] and public summaries and reviews of these in the colonial journals [cf 161, 168, 172]. In addition there is a range of annual statistical summaries for the colonies [cf 181, 185, 191], guides to careers in the colonial service [cf 177, 524, 526] and reports on colonial organisations [cf 157, 180]. The bulk of entries in this section deal with the colonial legislation. Because of the distances involved and unreliability of communications in the early days of administration in German Micronesia, the district administrations had authority to pass legislation and regulations specifically for their district. This led to a plethora of local regulations being promulgated and published [cf 309, 310, 318, 321, 325] which subsequently had to be repealed and consolidated [cf 242, 343, 347]. In addition, there are the enabling acts promulgated by the colonial section (later colonial office) in Berlin [cf 225, 231, 197] as well as by the Governor of the Islands Territory on the occasion of the take-over from the Spanish authorities [cf 255, 256] and a range of news items discussing the new regulations [cf 227, 228, 249, 250]. Although not specifically written for the Marianas or German Micronesia, some items have been included here as they illustrate the level of German administrative regulation [cf 241, 275]. Annual compilations of acts exist [cf 334, 397, 440], but not a consolidated codex. A few comparative studies of legislation [cf 406, 425, 479, 497, 525] and legislative powers [cf 480, 481, 483, 485, 504] have been produced, often as PhD theses. A major point of debate was the legality or desirability of mixed marriages [cf 474, 475, 487].

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German Colonial Administration

The literature on the legal system in the Marianas comprises annual statistics [cf 450, 451, 456, 470, 489] as well as news items on structural changes [cf 443, 486, 523] or law enforcement [cf 446], including corporal punishment [cf 476, 477]. Some research had been carried out on indigenous concepts of law and its enforcement [cf 444, 483, 484, 485, 500] but most of the work focussed on other parts of the colonies. A number of sources describe the arrest and deportation of Samoan chiefs to Saipan [cf 462, 463, 464, 465, 468, 501, 502]. The administrative structure of the Marianas and German Micronesia in general are discussed in major treatises [cf 523, 529] and reported in news items in the colonial papers [cf 505] as are personnel items [cf 506, 508, 513]. There are articles on the German schools on Saipan [cf 533, 535, 545, 556, 562] and Rota [cf 557] which can be contrasted with German schools in other South Seas colonies [cf 532, 539, 543, 551] and the advanced school in Jiazhou [cf 533, 536, 538]. A number of school books are included in this segment t o illustrate the coverage of German Micronesia and the Marianas in mainstream high school texts [cf 547, 549, 559]. A small number of publications deal with public infrastructure, mainly guide books and practical hints [cf 573, 574]. The German colonial administration was not only tasked with the management of the respective colony but also with fostering and carrying out scientific research—mainly collecting specimens for the Imperial museums [cf 578, 579, 583, 588] and experimentation with plants and animals for acclimatisation in the colonies [cf 585, 587].

General Colonial Administration 155. Anon. 1888. “Die deutsche Schutzherrschaft.” [German protective sovereignty]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 5, pp. 255–256. Review of the nascent system of protectorates.

156. Anon. 1890. “Wiederspruch zwischen dem Karolinenvertrage und der deutschen Schutzerklärung über die Providence Inseln.” [Discrepancy between the Treaty on the Carolines and the declaration of a German Protectorate over the Providence Group]. Petermanns Mitteilungen 36, p. 304. Clarification note on the apparent discrepancy between the Treaty on the Carolines and the declaration of a German Protectorate over Enewetok, whereby under the treaty Enewetok and Ujelang should be Spanish.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 157. Anon. 1900. “Kolonialrath.” [The Colonial Advisory Board]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, pp. 862–869. Item on the deliberations of the Colonial Advisory Board. Useful item as it sets out the general attitudes toward the German colonies at the time of the take-over of Spanish Micronesia.

158. Anon. 1900. “Südsee.” [South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, p. 161. Brief news item, mentioning that the newly acquired colonies of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands would be administered from New Guinea, and that in all areas the acquisition of land by Europeans had been prohibited. The establishment of a shipping line by the Norddeutscher Lloyd connecting New Guinea and the Eastern Carolines with HongKong and by the Jaluit Gesellschaft throughout Micronesia are announced.

159. Anon. 1901. “Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds. (Beihülfe zur Förderung der auf die Erschliessung Zentralafrikas und anderer Länder gerichteten wissenschaftlichen Bestrebungen.) Berichtsjahr 1900/01.” [Memorandum on the use of the ‘Africa budget’ (contribution to the advancement of research of central Africa and other countries) for the year 1900/01]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 6 Beilage (supplement). Uncritical review of the report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research i n Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Carolines, Marianas and Marshall Islands.

160. Anon. 1902. “Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds.” [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 10. Legislatur-Periode II. Session 1900/1902. 5. Anlageband Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 31–51. Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Carolines, Marianas and Marshall Islands.

161. Anon. 1903. “Die Denkschriften über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete.” [Report on the development of the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, nº 6, pp. 51–52. Uncritical review of the government’s annual report for the administrative year 1901/1902.

162. Anon. 1903. “Vorträge.” [Lectures]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, nº 3, p. 27. Item on lectures given by members of the Colonial Society. Lists Arno Senfft (then o n furlough) as giving lectures on German Micronesia in Koblenz and Wiesbaden.

163. Anon. 1904. “Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds.” [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 11. Legislatur-Periode I. Session, Erster Sessionsabschnitt 1903/1904. 1. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 453–455. Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in Micronesia.

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German Colonial Administration 164. Anon. 1906. “Die Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete.” [Reports on the development in the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23, nº 8, pp. 49–50. Review of the annual report, mainly focussing on the achievements in Africa.

165. Anon. 1906. “Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds.” [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 11. Legislatur-Periode II. Session, Erster Sessionsabschnitt 1905/ 1906. 4. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 30–37. Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in German Micronesia.

166. Anon. 1906. “Die Etats der Schutzgebiete.” [The budgets for the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23, nº 50, pp. 490–491. Summary of the colonial budgets for 1906, focussing on the African colonies. The limited treatment of the South Pacific colonies demonstrates the low rank they occupied in the greater scheme of things.

167. Anon. 1906. “Übersicht über die seit der letzten Tagung vorgefallenen, die Schutzgebiete betreffenden wichtigeren Ereignisse.” [Overview of major events which occurred in the protectorates since the last meeting]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, p. 416. The effects of the typhoons in Micronesia are mentioned, as is the administrative reorganisation of the Marshall Islands, which now formed a district of the Islands Territory rather than a separate entity.

168. Anon. 1907. “Der Kolonialetat für 1908.” [The colonial budget for 1908]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, nº 47, pp. 473–475. Brief discussion of the German budget for the colonies for the financial year 1908. Most of the discussion focusses on the colonies in Africa.

169. Anon. 1908. “Einige Zahlen zum Kolonialetat 1909.” [A few figures relating to the 1909 colonial budget]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, pp. 872–873. Tabular summary of the 1909 colonial budget. Data are presented at a very general and abstract level.

170. Anon. 1909. “Die Denkschriften über die Südseekolonien.” [Report on the South Sea colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 5, pp. 82–83. Brief item summarising the development of the German colonies in the previous financial year. The paper deplores that the number of whites in Micronesia was decreasing.

171. Anon. 1909. “Japaner auf den Marshall Inseln.” [Japanese on the Marshall Islands]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23–2, nº 27, pp. 36–37. Report on the unauthorised Japanese feather collecting activities on Bokak Atoll. An example of the tensions between Japanese traders and businesses and the German colonial administration.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 172. Anon. 1910. “Ausbau und Verbreitung der Jahresberichte über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete.” [Improvement and amplification of the annual reports on development in the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, pp. 732–734. Comment on the nature, presentation and distribution of the annual reports on the development of the German colonies. Comments that the reports are a unique source of information, but also that they are very cumbersome and voluminous.

173. Anon. 1913. “Die nächsten Ziele der deutschen Kolonialpolitik.” [The next aims of German colonial policy]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 22, pp. 359–360. Discussion of the state of colonial policy, expressing dissatisfaction with Germany’s gains i n Africa, but highlighting that this was not sufficient reason for a war with other colonial powers.

174. Bismarck, Otto von and Malet, Edward. 1885. “Erklärung betreffend die Abgrenzung der Deutschen und englischen Machtsphären im Westlichen Stillen Ocean.” [Declaration relating to the demarcation of the German and British spheres of influence in the Western Pacific Ocean]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 6. Legislatur-Periode II. Session 1884/1885. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Vol. 6 Band. Anlagen zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages nr. 237 bis 315, nº 291, pp. 1570–1571. Text of the treaty dividing up the German and British interests in the Western Pacific. Germany gives the Solomon Islands with the exception of Bougainville to Great Britain, while Britain gives up all claims to the Central Pacific north of Kiribati. The spheres of interest over Tonga and Samoa are excluded.

175. Bismarck, Otto von and Malet, Edward. 1885. “Erklärung betreffend die gegenseitige Handels- und Vekehrsfreiheit in den deutschen und englischen Besitzungen und Schutzgebieten im Westlichen Stillen Ozean.” [Declaration relating to the reciprocal freedom of trade and commerce in the German and British possessions and protectorates in the Western Pacific]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 6. Legislatur-Periode II. Session 1884/1885. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Vol. 6 Band. Anlagen zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages nr. 237 bis 315, nº 291, pp. 1572–1573. Text of the treaty providing for free trade in the area.

176. Deeken, Richard. 1914. “Die Rassenmischung in Samoa.” [The mixing of races in Samoa]. Koloniale Monatsblätter 16, nº 5, pp. 122–135. Reviews the interracial marriages on Samoa in the light of the debate on such marriages through the German colonies. Deeken argues that the intellectual level of the Samoan women is below that of the expatriates, even though some ‘have been pulled up near to that level.’ Argues that while mixed marriages are undesirable, there are insufficient unmarried white women in Samoa (about 20), with about half above the ‘marriageable age of 30.’ The author criticised that even German administrators have married part-Samoan women.

177. Deutscher Flottenverein. 1902. “Der deutsche Kolonialdienst.” [The German colonial service]. Wegweiser zu den Laufbahnen in der Kriegs- und Handelsflotte, im Kolonial- und Konsulardienst. 3rd edition. Berlin: Deutscher Flottenverein. Pp. 123–125. Handbook entry on careers in the German colonial service, including levels of remuneration.

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German Colonial Administration 178. Girschner, Max. 1902. “Medizinalberichte.” [Medical Reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1900/1901. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages X. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session, 1900/1902. V. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 3097–3098. Annual medical report for Pohnpei and Saipan.

179. Girschner, Max. 1905. “Polizeitruppe in Ponape.” [Police force on Pohnpei]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 286. Report on a programme to employ Carolineans as part of the local police force. It was hoped that this would also lead to a gradual assimilation as well as a development of a trained group of translators.

180. Hahl, Louise. 1909. “Frauenbund.” [Women’s Organisation]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 1, nº 20, pp. 1–4. Report on the establishment of the Women’s Organisation of the German colonial society; includes membership statistics and lists as well as budgetary matters and organisational regulations.

181. Herfurth, Alfred. 1903. “Deutscher Kolonialkalender und Statistisches Handbuch für das Jahr 1904.” [German colonial calendar and statistical handbook for the year 1904]. Sechtzehnter Jahrgang. Berlin: Deutscher Kolonial-Verlag (G Meinecke). Handbook of the German colonies with entries on annual holidays, personnel in the colonial administration both in Berlin and in the colonies as well as associated agencies; and staff of the department of oriental languages (Berlin). The handbook also contains a list of lectures and educational units offered by that institute with an aim of preparing future colonial officers for their duties. A list of post offices in the colonies as well as a section on applicable postal rates is included. A section deals with a summary account of the German and other trading companies operating in the islands. Also provides a list of missions and the size of the congregations. A section on the regulations for admission to the German colonial service.

182. Hoffmann, Florian. 2001. “Georg Fritz: Die Übernahme der Marianen unter deutsche Oberhoheit (1899).” [Georg Fritz. The transfer of the Marianas to German control 1899]. Mitteilungsblatt. Traditionsverbad ehemaliger Schutz- und Überseetruppen-Freunde der früheren deutschen Schutzgebiete 45, nº 87, pp. 26–36. Introduction to the Narrative of the activities of the German take-over in 1899, as seen through the eyes of Georg Fritz. Some biographical details of Georg Fritz are presented.

183. König, B. von. 1911. “Der Kolonialetat für 1911.” [The colonial budget for 1911]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, nº 7, pp. 105–107. Review of the colonial budget for 1911, mainly focussing on the projected developments i n the German African colonies. New Guinea and the Islands Territory are dealt with as one entity. The lessened need for an Imperial subsidy is lauded.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 184. König, B. von. 1914. “Die Kolonialverwaltung der Europäischen Staaten.” [Colonial administration by the European states]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, nº 9, pp. 147–148. Brief discussion comparing the forms colonial administration have taken on in various European countries.

185. Meinecke, Gustav. 1896. “Koloniales Jahrbuch. Beträge und Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete der Kolonialwissenschaft und Kolonialpraxis, Das Jahr 1895.” [Colonial Yearbook. Contributions and Communications from the discipline of colonial sciences and colonial practice for the year 1895]. Achter Jahrgang. Berlin: Karl Heymann Verlag. Handbook of the German colonies with entries on annual holidays. A list of post offices in the colonies as well as a section on applicable postal rates is included. A section provides a summary account of the German and other trading companies operating in the islands. Also provides a list of missions and the size of the congregations. A section on the regulations for admission to the German colonial service. Also contains a section on the geography of the Marianas, Carolines, Palau and the Marshall Islands.

186. Meinecke, Gustav. 1899. “Deutscher Kolonialkalender und Statistisches Handbuch für das Jahr 1900.” [German colonial calendar and statistical handbook for the year 1904]. Zwölfter Jahrgang. Berlin: Deutscher Kolonial-Verlag (G Meinecke). Handbook of the German colonies with entries on annual holidays, personnel in the colonial administration both in Berlin and in the colonies as well as associated agencies; and staff of the department of oriental languages (Berlin). The handbook also contains a list of lectures and educational units offered by that institute with an aim of preparing future colonial officers for their duties. A list of post offices in the colonies as well as a section on applicable postal rates is included. A section deals with a summary account of the German and other trading companies operating in the islands. Also provides a list of missions and the size of the congregations. A section on the regulations for admission to the German colonial service. Also contains a section on the geography of the Marianas, Carolines, Palau and the Marshall Islands.

187. Meinecke, Gustav. 1902. “Deutscher Kolonialkalender und Statistisches Handbuch für das Jahr 1903.” [German colonial calendar and statistical handbook for the year 1904]. Fünfzehnter Jahrgang. Berlin: Deutscher Kolonial-Verlag (G Meinecke). Handbook of the German colonies with entries on annual holidays, personnel in the colonial administration both in Berlin and in the colonies as well as associated agencies; and staff of the department of oriental languages (Berlin). The handbook also contains a list of lectures and educational units offered by that institute with an aim of preparing future colonial officers for their duties. A list of post offices in the colonies as well as a section on applicable postal rates is included. A section deals with a summary account of the German and other trading companies operating in the islands. Also provides a list of missions and the size of the congregations. A section on the regulations for admission to the German colonial service.

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German Colonial Administration 188. Plehn, F. 1903. “Anlagen zum Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee in Jahre 1900/01.” [Appendices to the annual report on the development of the protectorates in Africa and the South Seas in the year 1900/01]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenheilkunde 7, nº 5, pp. 236–239. Review of the government report 1900/01.

189. Prager, Erich. 1899. “Unsere neuen Erwerbungen in der Südsee.” [Our new acquisitions in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, nº 27, pp. 240–241. Item on the new acquisitions, contains the text of the treaty of acquisition, and summarises some of the budget papers preliminary to the acquisition.

190. Ree. 1938. “Albert Hahl zum 70. Geburtstag 10. September.” [On occasion of Albert Hahl’s 70th birthday on 10 September]. Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung 50, nº 9, p. 301. Brief item summarising the achievements of Albert Hahl, Governor of German Guinea.

191. Reichsamt des Inneren. 1906. Handbuch für das deutsche Reich auf das Jahr 1905. Dreissigstes Jahr [Handbook for the German Empire for the year 1905. 30th Year]. Berlin: Carl Heymanns Verlag. Handbook listing the various government departments and the staff allocated to them, such as the colonial office and the officers posted to Micronesia as well as their rank and any decorations that they may have received.

192. Reichsamt des Inneren. 1906. Handbuch für das deutsche Reich auf das Jahr 1906. Einunddreissigstes Jahr. [Handbook for the German Empire for the year 1906. 31st Year]. Berlin: Carl Heymanns Verlag. Handbook listing the various government departments and the staff allocated to them, such as the colonial office and the officers posted to Micronesia as well as their rank and any decorations that they may have received.

193. Reichskolonialamt. 1901. “Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds. (Beihülfe zur Förderung der auf die Erschliessung Zentralafrikas und anderer Länder gerichteten wissenschaftlichen Bestrebungen.) Berichtsjahr 1900/01.” [Memorandum on the use of the ‘Africa budget’ (contribution to the advancement of research of central Africa and other countries) for the year 1900/01]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1900/01 Anlagen, pp. 329–352. Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Carolines, Marianas and Marshall Islands.

194. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1906/1907]. Teil FII Deutsch-Neuguinea, Inselgebiet. Beilage zum Deutschen Kolonialblatt Berlin: Ernst Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 1–59. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 195. Reichskolonialamt. 1911. Die deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10. [The German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1909/1910]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler. Annual report on the economy and state of administration of the Islands Territory. Census data and health overview data are given. The Mortlockese were returned in April 1910 to their home atolls as these atolls were deemed to be sufficiently recovered. Saipan sent a Berkshire boar to start a breeding program on Chuuk, but the boar died, as did animals brought from Sydney. The cattle herds on Kiti, Pohnpei were reduced because of tick infestations. The German government herd was largely tick free, but the treatment (weekly wash with a petroleum solution) was too cumbersome for the local population. Goats were doing well, but are not liked by the islanders because they ate sprouting coconuts. Sheep were not doing well at all. Turkeys and guinea fowl introduced from Saipan were thriving. On Saipan the state of health declined due to a rampant eye infection. The lack of cleanliness of the Mortlock Islanders is criticised, who also brought with them a dysentery epidemic. Only on Rota syphilis was seen as a major problem. Three men from Saipan were sent to Jiazhou for technical education. The health system saw a development of a quarantine station on Saipan. An attempt by a Spanish investor to commercially grow Manila hemp failed because the costs were too high. A soap manufacturing company was established on Saipan, which exported its products to Guam.

196. Reichskolonialamt. 1912. Die deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11. [The German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1910/11]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler. Annual report on the economy and state of administration of the Islands Territory. Census data and health overview data are given. The main body of the text deals with the Sokeh’s rebellion on Pohnpei.

197. Reichskolonialamt. 1912. Etat für das Schutzgebiet Neu Guinea einschliesslich der Inselbezirke der Südsee auf das Rechnungsjahr 1913. [Budget for the protectorate of New Guinea including the islands districts of the South Seas for the financial year 1913]. [Berlin]: [Reichskolonialamt]. Budget projection for the financial year 1913. Includes the salary levels of the officials. The background paper provides detailed information on the state of agricultural production, commerce and shipping.

198. Reichskolonialamt. 1913. Die deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12. [The German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1911/12]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler. Annual report on the economy and state of administration of the Islands Territory. Census data and health overview data are given. The report mentions that the fiscal administration of the Islands Territory was now fully integrated with German New Guinea proper (the ‘old protectorate’). The Sokehs people deported from Pohnpei had been resettled on Palau. During the financial year typhoons affected both Rota and Jaluit.

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German Colonial Administration 199. Reichskolonialamt. 1913. Etat für das Schutzgebiet Neu Guinea einschliesslich der Inselbezirke der Südsee auf das Rechnungsjahr 1914. [Budget for the protectorate of New Guinea including the islands districts of the South Seas for the financial year 1914]. [Berlin]: [Reichskolonialamt]. Budget projection for the financial year 1913. Includes the salary levels of the officials. The background paper provides detailed information on the state of agricultural production, commerce and shipping.

200. Reichskolonialamt. 1914. Die deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13. [The German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1912/13]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler. Annual report on the economy and state of administration of the Islands Territory. Census data and health overview data are given. A typhoid epidemic spread from Palau through much of the western Caroline district, causing a few deaths.

201. Reichstag. 1899. “Denkschrift betreffend die Verwendung des Afrikafonds. (Beihuelfe zur Förderung der auf Erschliessung Centralafrikas und anderer Länder gerichteten wissenschaftlichen Bestrebungen.).” [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa. (Financial support to further scientific endeavours directed at opening up central Africa and other countries)]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1898/99, pp. 190–200. Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Marshall Islands. The last report of this nature before Spanish Micronesia became part of the German empire.

202. Reichstag. 1899. “Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds.” [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 10. Legislatur-Periode I. Session 1898/1900. 2. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 271. Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Marshall Islands.

203. Reichstag. 1901. “Denkschrift über die Entwicklung des Schutzgebietes von Deutsch Neu Guinea, einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, und Marianen im Jahre 1899/1900.” [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas. Reporting Year 1901/1902]. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages X. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session, 1898/1900. 1. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 1002–1010. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

204. Reichstag. 1901. “Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds.” [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa]. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages. 10. Legislatur-Periode II. Session 1900/1902 2. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 1026–1028. Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Marshall Islands.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 205. Reichstag. 1901. “Denkschrift über die Verwendung des Afrikafonds. (Beihülfe zur Förderung der auf die Erschliessung Zentralafrikas und anderer Länder gerichteten wissenschaftlichen Bestrebungen). Berichtsjahr 1900/01.” [Report on the use of the special fund for Africa. (Financial support to further scientific endeavours directed at opening up central Africa and other countries). Report for the year 1900/01]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1900/01 Anlagen, pp. 329–352. Report on the use of a special fund set up for scientific research in Africa and other German colonies. Contains information on expenditure on projects in the Carolines, Marianas and Marshall Islands.

206. Reichstag. 1902. “Deutsch Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet.” [German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1900/1901. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages X. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session, 1900/1902. V. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 2948–2953. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

207. Reichstag. 1903. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee. Berichtsjahr 1901/1902. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas. Reporting Year 1901/1902]. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages X. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session, 1900/1903. VIII. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 5301–5311. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics. Provides information on a variety of plants introduced for agricultural development. In addition insects were introduced to combat the outbreak of coconut scale insects.

208. Reichstag. 1904. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1902–1903. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1902/1903]. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XI. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session, 1. Sessionsabschnitt, 1903/1904. I. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 131–134. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

209. Reichstag. 1905. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1903/1904. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1903/1904]. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XI. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session, 1903/1905. 5. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 2992–2999. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

210. Reichstag. 1906. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1904/1905. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1904/1905]. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages XI. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session, 1. Sessionsabschnitt, 1905/1906, IV. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 2705–2960. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

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German Colonial Administration 211. Reichstag. 1906. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1904/1905. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1904/1905]. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XI. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session, 1. Sessionsabschnitt, 1905/1906, IV. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 2641–2747. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

212. Reichstag. 1907. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1905/1906]. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 323–356. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

213. Reichstag. 1907. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1905/1906]. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 81–89. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

214. Reichstag. 1908. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/1907. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1906/1907]. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 245. Berlin: Ernst Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 4117–4126. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

215. Reichstag. 1908. “Teil FII. Deutsch Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet.” [German New Guinea, Islands Territory]. Denkschrift über die Entwickelung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee im Jahre 1906/07. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislatur-Periode I. Session. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Vol. 245, nº 567–663, pp. 4117–4158. Annual government report on the state of the protectorate. Includes data on demography, residences of European traders and planters, copra production (by island). Tables provide data in copra production, shipping, postal connections, copra tax returns and court cases.

216. Reichstag. 1909. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/1908. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1907/1908]. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 252. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 7065–7072. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 217. Reichstag. 1911. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/1909. [White paper on the development of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1908/1909]. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session vol. 271. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 925–933. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

218. Schnee, Heinrich. 1920. Deutsches Koloniallexikon. [German Colonial Encyclopedia]. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Three volume encyclopedia on the German Colonies, their economy, people and so forth. A number of individual articles have been indexed separately.

219. Seidel, Heinrich. 1904. “Die Marianen und ihre Bedeutung als Strafkolonie (mit 2 Abbildungen).” [The Marianas and their importance as a penal colony (with 2 illustrations)]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 10, pp. 93–95. Item critical of the Japanese stranglehold on the trade in the Marianas. Comments that Japanese ships had the mail contract until late 1903. Plans by the Japanese steamer line Nippon Yusen Kaisha to establish a Yokohama-Guam steamer service are criticised as this would give Japan a perpetual monopoly. The paper contains a brief description of Rota, including a latte set. Pagan and Sarigan are described, the latter island as the penal colony of the Marianas. Two wardens look after the prisoners who are obliged to do gardening and plantation work. Seidel argues that Sarigan could serve as a penal settlement for Micronesia and beyond. A use of the Marianas as a penal colony for criminals from continental Germany is suggested. The item contains two photographs, one showing the harbour on Pagan, the other the latte set at Mochong, Rota.

220. Singer, Hans. 1901. “Die deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee im Jahre 1900.” [The German Protectorates in the South Seas in the year 1900]. Globus 79, pp. 343–345. Review of the German Colonial Office Annual Report for 1900, describing the establishment of the German administration in the Marianas. Briefly reports on Fritz’s measures to improve copra output, as well as comments on the Tinian cattle herds and the population statistics. The account is overall favourable of the German administration.

221. Solf, Wilhelm. 1914. “Dr. Arthur Osswald †.” [Dr. Arthur Osswald † (Obituary). Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 22, pp. 835–836. Obituary for the desk officer of the New Guinea and Pacific desk, killed in the opening months of World War I on the western front.

222. Volkens, Georg. 1901. “Der Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung des Schutzgebietes von Deutsch-Neuguinea, einschliesslich des Inselgebiets der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen in Jahre 1899/1900.” [Annual report on the development of the New Guinea protectorate including the island territories of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas for the year 1899/1900]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, nº 12, p. 112. Review of the annual report. Volkens mentions that development in the Marianas is limited, given the short duration of colonial development. Agriculturally, small amounts of cacao and coffee are grown on Saipan and Rota, just sufficient to satisfy the local demand.

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German Colonial Administration 223. Volkens, Georg. 1901. “Karolinen, Palauinseln und Marianen.” [Carolines, Palau Islands and Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, nº 1, pp. 3–4. The author discusses the budget 1900/01 for the Islands Territory, mentions that RMk 286000 are planned. The main income source in the Marianas will remain as the head tax. While the cattle herds provide an income source, the export of live cattle will not be very successful as the Marianas cannot compete with China and Japan in that regard. The main value of the Tinian cattle are their hides for leather production. Comments that the single steamer projected for the Islands Territory will not be sufficient.

224. Wohltmann, F. 1908. “Die nationale und ethische Bedeutung unserer Kolonien.” [The national and ethical importance of our colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, pp. 137–138. Review of the Wohltmann book of the same title. Favourably comments on the developments in the German colonies and argues that Germany deserved colonies as it had done so much for the cultural development of the colonised peoples.

Legislation 225. Anon. 1900. “Erteilung von Ermächtigungen zur Beurkundung des Personenstandes im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Authorisation to document vital statistics in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 18, p. 704. The district administrators in Yap, Pohnpei and Saipan are authorised to perform civil marriages and to formally record and certify births and deaths.

226. Anon. 1900. “Neuguinea, Marianen, Samoa.” [New Guinea, Marianas and Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, nº 41, p. 474. News item summarising developments in the region. Mentioned are a series of regulations promulgated by Georg Fritz for Saipan, such as the tax on butchering animals, the head tax as well as the prohibition for the sale and ownership of firearms.

227. Anon. 1900. “Rundschau: Neuguinea, Marianen, Samoa.” [Review: New Guinea, Marianas, Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, nº 41, pp. 474–475. Item on Fritz’s orders for the Marianas, among them the slaughtering tax and the head tax as well as regulations on the ownership of weapons and the tapping of tuba.

228. Anon. 1900. “Rundschau: Neuguinea, Marianen, Samoa.” [Overview: New Guinea, Marianas, Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, nº 10, p. 107. Item mentioning that the acquisition of real estate by non indigenous peoples in the Islands Territory was declared illegal.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 229. Anon. 1900. “Rundschau: Neuguinea, Marianen, Samoa.” [Overview: New Guinea, Marianas, Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, nº 28, p. 319. Brief item on the regulation outlawing the sale of alcohol to the islanders in the Islands Territory.

230. Anon. 1900. “Verbot der Verabfolgung von Waffen, Munition, Sprengstoffen und alkoholhaltigen Getränken an Eingebore in dem Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 17 Oktober 1899.” [Ordinance banning weapons, munitions, explosives and alcoholic beverages being delivered to islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe, 1900, p. 485. It is illegal to sell weapons, ammunition and explosives to the natives and other ‘coloureds’ in the territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas. All stocks of spirits and weapons, which due to their quality are not suited for sale to Europeans, must be declared within four months to the local district administration. A penalty of three months or a fine of RMk 1000 can be levied. Further, the district administration may confiscate all weapons and spirits in excess of needs for private use.

231. Anon. 1900. “Verfügung betreffend die Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 24. Juli 1899.” [Regulation regarding the administration and legal status in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 18 July 1899]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe 1900, pp. 67–68. The administration of the Islands Territory is placed under the Governor of German New Guinea, establishing a Vice-Governor in Pohnpei and district administrators in Yap and Saipan. The administrators have the power of consular officers and have control over maritime laws in their areas.

232. Anon. 1901. “Erteilung von Ermächtigungen zur Beurkundung des Personenstandes in Deutsch-Neuguinea, einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Authorisation to document vital statistics in German New Guinea, inclusive the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 181–182. District administrators are empowered to perform civil marriages and records births, death and marriages.

233. Anon. 1901. “Geldrechnung und gesetzliche Zahlungsmittel im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Currency and legal tender in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe, 1901, p. 25. Reprint of the regulation stipulating that German Marks are legal tender in the Marianas and specifying that all bank notes and the following coins are allowed to circulate: twenty mark pieces, ten Mark pieces, one Taler pieces, five Mark pieces as well as 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1

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German Colonial Administration Pfennig pieces. The finance section of the administration was also directed to accept English pounds (in gold) at an exchange value of 20.30 Marks.

234. Anon. 1903. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Sixth Part 1901 to 1902]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Sixth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation applicable to the Mariana Islands.

235. Anon. 1903. “Grundsätze für die Namesgebung, Namesübersetzung, Schreib- und Sprechweise der geographischen Namen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Principles for the naming, translation of names, spelling and pronunciation of geographical names in the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 17, pp. 453–454. Regulation attempting to curb the tendency of local administrators to change geographic names. The documentation and continued use of local names is to be pursued diligently. Arbitrary change of historically established names is to be avoided, including the translation into German. Details on rules to develop recommended spellings are provided.

236. Anon. 1904. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Siebenter Teil 1903. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Seventh Part 1903]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Seventh volume of the compilation of colonial legislation applicable to the Marshall Islands.

237. Anon. 1905. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Achter Band 1904. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Eighth volume 1904]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. The eigth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation contains no legislation specifically applicable to the Mariana Islands.

238. Anon. 1906. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Neunter Band 1905. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Ninth volume 1905]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Ninth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation applicable to the Mariana Islands.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 239. Anon. 1906. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg.” [Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, p. 291. Review of the company’s annual report to its shareholders, highlighting the losses incurred as a result of the 1905 typhoons.

240. Anon. 1907. “Beförderung von Leichen auf den Seewege.” [Transportation of corpses via ships]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, nº 34, p. 346. Brief item announcing the new regulation on transporting corpses via normal shipping services. Where corpses originate from countries with known occurrences of Cholera, Plague, Smallpox or Yellow fever special medical certification was required.

241. Anon. 1907. “Vorschriften der Kolonialverwaltung über Lieferung, Verpackung und Versendung von amtlich bestellten Bedarfsgegenständen für die deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee, vom 1. April 1907.” [Regulations of the colonial administration regarding the supply, packaging and sending of officially required materials for the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, pp. 711–722. Set of regulations prescribing in great detail how items could be ordered from suppliers, which conditions suppliers had to fulfil to obtain government contracts, how payment would occur and how the items that were ordered had to be packaged and shipped. (Included t o demonstrate the level of administrative detail).

242. Anon. 1909. “Verbot der Einfuhr und des Vertriebs von getragenen Stoffen und Bekleidungsgegenständen im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und MarshallInseln.” [Prohibition of the import and sale of worn cloth and clothing in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe pp. 606–607. Housekeeping regulation, extending the applicability of the ‘Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the ban on the importation of and trade in used items of clothing, dated 27 September 1903’ to the Islands Territory.

243. Anon. 1911. “Einführung des deutschen Mass- und Gewichtssystem im Schutzgebiet Neuguinea, vom 20. Juli 1911.” [The introduction of the German systems of measurements and weights to the Protectorate of New Guinea, dated 20 July 1911]. Deutsches HandelsArchiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe. P. 1675. The metric system of measurements is declared the sole legal system. All scales must comply.

244. Anon. 1911. “Eingeborenenbesteuerung in Deutsch-Mikronesien.” [Taxation of indigenous peoples in German Micronesia]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, nº 1, p. 11. Item on the new head tax for the Islands Territory, effective 7 October 1910. Mentions taxation levels for persons living in German Micronesia, including the levying of public labour obligations.

245. Anon. 1911. “Die Regelung des Verkehrs in den Häfen des Schutzgebietes Neuguinea, einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln (Hafenordnung für Neuguinea), vom 23. Januar 1911.” [The regulation of shipping in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea, including the Islands Territory of the Carolines,

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German Colonial Administration Palau, Marianas and Marshalls (harbour regulations for New Guinea), dated 23 January 1911]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe pp. 627–628. Regulation determining the legal ports of entry (in the Islands Territory: Jaluit, Nauru, Saipan, Yap, Pohnpei, Angaur) and the obligations of vessels arriving in the protectorate. A housekeeping provision that repeals all previous regulations in force in the protectorate.

246. Anon. 1911. “Vorschriften für die Ernte von Kokosnüssen für den Bezirk der Westkarolinen, Marianen und Palau Inseln.” [Regulations for the district of the western Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands regarding the harvest of coconuts]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe. P. 1675. Coconuts must be dehusked on the land they come from and can only be moved if the husk i s left behind. Exempt are nuts removed for planting purposes and nuts destined for human and animal consumption.

247. Anon. 1911. “Zollfreiheit für Sendungen zum Zwecke wissenschaftlicher Forschung in Deutsch-Neuguinea.” [Exemption from customs levy for items used for scientific research in German New Guinea]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe. P. 1675. Samples and goods sent to and from the Department of Tropical Diseases and Tropical Hygiene of the Berlin Institute of Infectious Diseases or sent by the Hamburg Institute of Marine- and Tropical Diseases are exempt from customs levy.

248. Anon. 1912. “Bestimmungen für die Annahme von Tierärzten zum Dienst in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten.” [Guidelines for the licensing of veterinarians for duty in the African and South Seas protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 1, p. 5. Guidelines for the hiring of veterinarians for colonial service. Applicants must be licensed i n Germany, have three years prior work experience, must not be older than 33 years of age and preferably be unmarried.

249. Anon. 1912. “Erhöhung der Kopfsteuer in Neuguinea.” [The raising of head tax in New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 33, pp. 573–574. Brief notice on the increase of the capitation (head) tax in German New Guinea.

250. Anon. 1912. “Neuguinea gegen die Einwanderung Mittelloser.” [New Guinea opposes the immigration of indigents]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 16, pp. 264–265. Brief item outlining the implications of the German New Guinea legislation preventing the immigration of persons without adequate financial means.

251. Anon. 1912. “Quarantänevorschriften für die Seeschiffe in den Häfen des Schutzgebietes Neuiguinea, einschliesslich der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln, vom 7 März 1912.” [Quarantine regulations for sea going vessels in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea, including the Carolines, Palau, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands, dated 7 March 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 21, p. 1038. Notice for the new quarantine regulations.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 252. Anon. 1913. “Die Einfuhr von Tieren ins Schutzgebiet.” [The import of animals to the protectorate]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 5, nº 11, pp. 133–134. Overview paper setting out the rationale for legislation regulating the import of animals to the protectorate of German New Guinea.

253. Bartels, Ed. 1902. “Verlust der Reichs- und Staatsangehörigkeit durch zehnjährigen Aufenthalt im Ausland.” [Loss of Imperial citizenship after ten years’ residence abroad]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 50, pp. 506–507. The first German Colonial Congress proposed that the law governing German citizenship be amended. Until then a ten year absence abroad would automatically result in the loss of German citizenship. It is argued that this was an anachronistic rule no longer in keeping with the reality and the colonial ambitions of Germany.

254. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1900. “Verordnung betreffend das Verbot der Verabfolgung von Waffen, Munition, Sprengstoffen und alkoholhaltigen Getränken an Eingeborene in dem Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 17. Oktober 1899.” [Ordinance banning weapons, munitions, explosives and alcoholic beverages being delivered to islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 13, p. 496. It is illegal to sell weapons, ammunition and explosives to the natives and other ‘coloureds’ in the territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas. All stocks of spirits and weapons, which due to their quality are not suited for sale to Europeans, must be declared within four months to the local district administration. A penalty of three months or a fine of RMk 1000 can be levied. Further, the district administration may confiscate all weapons and spirits in excess of needs to private use.

255. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1900. “Verordnung des Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs von Deutsch Neuguinea, betreffend Geldrechnung und gesetzliche Zahlungsmittel im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palaus und Marianen, vom 20. September 1900.” [Regulations of the Imperial Governor of German New Guinea regarding money conversion and legal tender in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 20 September 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, p. 932. Regulation stipulating that German Marks are legal tender in the Marianas and specifying that all bank notes and that the following coins are allowed to circulate: twenty Mark pieces, ten Mark pieces, one Taler pieces, five Mark pieces as well as 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 Pfennig pieces. The finance section of the administration was also directed to accept English pounds (in gold) at an exchange value of 20.30 Marks.

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German Colonial Administration 256. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1900. “Verordnung des Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs von Deutsch Neu-Guinea betr[effend] die Aufhebung spanischer Bestimmungen für das Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Regulation by the Imperial Governor of New Guinea regarding the repeal of Spanish ordinances for the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas[. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 125. Housekeeping regulation dated Yap, 4 November 1899, repealing all Spanish regulations and ordinances regarding the administration of the Marianas, Carolines and Palau Islands.

257. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1901. “Nachtrag’s-Verordnung des kaiserlichen Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea zur Verordnung vom 10. August 1899, betreffend Erkrankungen und Einfuhr von Rindvieh.” [Additional regulation by the Imperial Governor of German New Guinea respective of the regulation 10 August 1899 regarding illness among cattle and the import of cattle]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 23, p. 855. Prohibits the introduction of livestock, as well as transfer of livestock from New Guinea to the Islands Territory, unless the animals have been washed down with a tar solution to rid the animals of ticks.

258. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1901. “Verordnung betreffend das Verbot der Verabfolgung von Waffen, Munition, Sprengstoffen und alkoholhaltigen Getränken an Eingeborene in dem Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 17. Oktober 1899.” [Ordinance banning weapons, munitions, explosives and alcoholic beverages being delivered to islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 7. It is illegal to sell weapons, ammunition and explosives to the natives and other ‘coloureds’ in the territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas. All stocks of spirits and weapons, which due to their quality are not suited for sale to Europeans, must be declared within four months to the local district administration. A penalty of three months or a fine of RMk 1000 can be levied. Further, the district administration may confiscate all weapons and spirits in excess of needs to private use.

259. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1901. “Verordnung des Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs von Deutsch Neuguinea, betreffend Geldrechnung und gesetzliche Zahlungsmittel im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palaus und Marianen, vom 20. September 1900.” [Regulations of the Imperial Governor of German New Guinea regarding money conversion and legal tender in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 20 September 1900]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 147. Regulation stipulating that German Marks are legal tender in the Marianas and specifying that all bank notes and that the following coins are allowed to circulate: twenty Mark pieces, ten

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Mark pieces, one Taler pieces, five Mark pieces as well as 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 Pfennig pieces. The finance section of the administration was also directed to accept English pounds (in gold) at an exchange value of 20.30 Marks.

260. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1903. “Auszug aus der Verordnung betreffend die Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Extract from the regulation regarding the structure of the administration and the legal situation in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 2 July 1899]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 221. The regulation establishes the structure of the administration in the Islands Territory subordinate to the Governor in New Guinea, determines the level of chief administrator appointments in Saipan, Yap (both district administrators) and Pohnpei (Vice-Governor), and sets out the powers of jurisdiction and jurisprudence held by the administrators.

261. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1903. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea betreffend den Handel fremder Schiffe im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Marianen und Palau vom 14. Oktober 1899.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the trade by foreign ships in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau dated 14 October 1899]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 226–227. All vessels that do not belong to a trading company with seat in German New Guinea, the Marshall Islands or the new Islands Territory have to report at a port of entry prior to trading in the territory. All weapons on board must be for self use and may not be traded. Weapons deemed in excess of need for self protection may be impounded. A schedule of fees i s included.

262. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1903. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea betreffend den Handel fremder Schiffe im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Marianen und Palau vom 14. August 1900.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the trade by foreign ships in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau dated 14 August 1900]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 251–252. All vessels that do not belong to a trading company with seat in German New Guinea, the Marshall Islands or the new Islands Territory have to report at a port of entry prior to trading in the territory. All weapons on board must be for self use and may not be traded. Weapons deemed in excess of need for self protection may be impounded. A schedule of fees i s included.

263. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1903. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, betreffend den Handel mit Kokosüssen im Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Neu-Guinea mit Ausschluß

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German Colonial Administration des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the trade in coconuts in the protectorate of German New Guinea excluding the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 221. The regulation prohibits anyone buying coconuts from local people unless the nuts are destined for human or animal consumption, or are to be used as seed nuts.

264. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1903. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guniea betreffend die Erhaltung der Disziplin unter farbigen Arbeitern.” [Regulation by the governer of German New Guinea rgarding upholding discipline among coloured workers]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 248. The regulation stipulates the level of corporal punishment that may be meted out to hired workers.

265. Berg, Victor. 1903. “Verordnung des Vizegouverneurs im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, betreffend die Einrichtung von Grundbuchbezirken, vom 14. Juli 1903.” [Ordinance of the Vice-Governor of the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas concerning the establishment of land registry districts, dated 14 July 1903]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 21, p. 577. The land registers established on 26 November 1899 in Saipan etc are regarded as formal registers as required under the new act.

266. Berg, Victor. 1904. “Verordnung des Vizegouverneurs im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, betreffend die Einrichtung von Grundbuchbezirken, vom 14. Juli 1903.” [Ordinance of the Vice-Governor of the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas concerning the establishment of land registry districts, dated 14 July 1903]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Siebenter Teil 1903. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 14. The land registers established on 26 November 1899 in Saipan etc are regarded as formal registers as required under the new act.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 267. Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von. 1907. “Verordnung des Reichskanzlers betreffend Abänderung der Vorschriften vom 31. Mai 1901, betreffend den Urlaub, die Stellvertretung, die Tagegelder, Fuhr- und Umzugskosten der Landesbeamten in den Schutzgebieten mit Ausnahme von Kiautschou, vom 11 Juli 1911.” [Order of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the alterations of the regulations of 31 May 1901 regarding leave, temporary replacement, per diem, travel expenses and moving expenses for officials in the protectorates with the exception of Jiazhou, dated 11 July 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 706. The regulation allows officers to have the duration of their voyages to and from the destination for vacation not deducted from their vacation period if they agree to serve that period in addition to the normal three–year stipulated contract period.

268. Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von. 1908. “Bekanntmachung des Reichskanzlers betreffend die Vorlegungsfristen für Auslandsschecks, vom 19. März 1908.” [Proclamation of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the waiting period for foreign cheques]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 20, p. 995. Regulation governing the permissible time within which cheques drawn on German banks, but issued overseas, have to be presented at the bank. For the German protectorates a period of three months was stipulated.

269. Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von. 1911. “Ausführungsbestimmungen zu dem Gesetz betreffend Tagegelder, Fuhr- und Umzugskosten der Kolonialbeamten vom 7. September 1911 für die Schutzgebieten mit Ausnahme von Kiautschou, vom 9 Oktober 1911.” [Byelaws to the law of 7 September 1911 regarding the per diem, travel expenses and moving expenses for colonial officers in the protectorates with the exception of Jiazhou, dated 9 October 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 21, pp. 783–786. Regulations determining the level of payments to administrators.

270. Bezirksamtmann Yap. 1912. “Zusatzbestimmungen zu der Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea betreffend die Regelung des Verkehrs in den Häfen des Schutzgebietes Neuguinea einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln (Hafenordnung für Neuguinea) vom 23 Januar 1911. von 13, März 1911 und 1. Februar 1912.” [Additional sections to the Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the regulation of shipping in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea, including the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshalls (harbour regulations for New Guinea), dated 23 January 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 18, p. 826. Minor amendment to the harbour regulations. A nice example of the convoluted language used in the titles of administrative acts.

271. Bornhak, Conrad. 1891. “Das Recht der Eingeborenen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [The rights of indigenous peoples in German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 8, nº 11, pp. 145–146. Overview on the legal status of the indigenous inhabitants of the German colonies, and the extent and validity of treaties made between German merchants and administrators on the one hand, and the local communities on the other. Considers the implications of the new colonial legislation.

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German Colonial Administration 272. Buchka, von. 1903. “Runderlass der Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes betreffend den Häuserbau in den Tropen vom 8. Mai 1899.” [Circular ordinance by the colonial section of the Foreign office regarding the construction of houses in the tropics, dated 8 May 1899]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 207–208. Regulation governing the placement, dimensions and methods of construction of houses of German civil servants in the tropics to reduce the impact of local communicable diseases.

273. Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1901. “Verfügung betreffend die Regelung des gerichtlichen Kostenwesens in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee.” [Ordinance regarding the regulation of court costs in the protectorates of Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 23, pp. 853–854. Regulates the costs allowed to be charged.

274. Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1901. “Verordnung wegen Abänderung und Ergänzung der Verordnung vom 9. August 1896, betreffend die Rechtsverhältnisse der Landesbeamten in den Schutzgebieten.” [Regulation regarding the amendment of the Regulation of 9 August 1896 regarding the legal status of the administrators in the protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 12, p. 425. The regulation sets out the employment conditions of the administrators including provisions for pensions, civil servant status and ongoing employment in the case of subsequent unfitness for tropical duty.

275. Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1901. “Vorschriften, betreffend den Urlaub, die Stellvertretung, die Tagegelder, Fuhr- und Umzugskosten der Landesbeamten in den Schutzgebieten mit Ausnahme von Kiautschou.” [Regulations regarding leave, temporary replacement, per diem, travel expenses and moving expenses for officials in the protectorates with the exception of Jiazhou]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 11, pp. 426–428. Paid home leave was earned after three years of service in the German South Seas (compared t o eighteen months in Cameroon). The maximum leave was four months, plus travel time. The ticket was paid, but all food expenses on board ship were deducted from the salary. Vacation within the protectorates could be authorised up to 45 days duration by the Governor.

276. Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1903. “Verfügung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend den Erwerb von Rechten an herrenlosem und Eingeborenenland im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 2. Juli 1901.” [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the acquisition of rights over unoccupied and indigenously owned land in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas, dated 2 July 1901]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 358–359. The acquisition of unoccupied and otherwise unused land is the prerogative of the German administration. All other regulations are herewith repealed.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 277. Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1903. “Verfügung zur Ausführung des Abschnittes IX der Kaiserlichen Verordnung über die Enteignung von Grundeigentum in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee.” [Ordinance to implement section IX of the Imperial decree on the expropriation of real estate in the protectorates of Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 22, pp. 605–606. Land owned by non-natives which is not used appropriately can be expropriated and handed to the native population.

278. Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1904. “Verfügung wegen Ergänzung der Vorschriften, betreffend den Urlaub, die Stellvertretung, die Tagegelder, Fuhr- und Umzugskosten der Landesbeamten in den Schutzgebieten mit Ausnahme von Kiautschou, vom, 31. May 1901.” [Directive regarding the amendment of the regulations concerning the holiday, temporary replacement, per diems, travel and removal costs of the administrators in the protectorates with the exception of Jiaozhou, dated 31 May 1901]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 226. Housekeeping regulation. Directs the administrators of German New Guinea (and b y implication German Micronesia) that the travel times between their posting and their holiday location in Australia, Polynesia or Indonesia will not be counted as part of the annual leave allocation. The actual passage costs will be borne by the administration subject to their inclusion in the annual budgets.

279. Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1904. “Vorschriften, betreffend den Urlaub, die Stellvertretung, die Tagegelder, Fuhr- und Umzugskosten der Landesbeamten in den Schutzgebieten mit Ausnahme von Kiautschou, vom 7. März 1904.” [Regulations regarding leave, temporary replacement, per diem, travel expenses and moving expenses for officials in the protectorates with the exception of Jiazhou, dated 7 March 1904]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, nº 8, p. 226. Prescribes the financial arrangements for vacational voyages from the German protectorates t o Australia, Polynesia or Java.

280. Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1905. “Verordnung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend das Geldwesen der Schutzgebiete außer Deutsch-Ostafrika und Kiautschou, vom 1. Februar 1905.” [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding currency in the protectorates with the exception of German East Africa and Jiaozhou, dated 1 February 1905]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 4, p. 103. German currency is legal tender throughout the protectorates. All coins have to be accepted, but copper only up to sums of RMk 5. 00. Worn gold and silver coins have to be accepted b y the district administration, but may not be reissued, but have to be sent to Berlin. The government offices are required to accept banknotes presented, but private citizens are not obliged to do so. Local authorities are empowered to set the limits of foreign currency that may be used, or prohibit the use of foreign currency altogether and can determine the local rate of exchange.

281. Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1908. “Verfügung des Reichskanzlers wegen Abänderung der Verfügung vom 20. November 1901 betreffend die Regelung des gerichtlichen Kostenwesens in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee.” [Order of the Imperial Chancellor concerning the modification of the order of 20 November 1901 regarding the

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German Colonial Administration regulation of the court costs in the protectorates of Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 19, pp. 933–934. Regulation setting the levels of court costs and other administrative costs at twice the level prescribed for consular cases.

282. Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1908. “Verfügung des Reichskanzlers betreffend die anderweitige Regelung der Verwaltung im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the alteration of the administration in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 120–121. Regulation ordering the downgrading of the district office of the Marianas into a station subordinate to Yap.

283. Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1909. “Bekanntmachung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend den Beitritt für die deutschen Schutzgebiete zu dem Internationalen Verbande zum Schutz von Werken der Literatur und Kunst, vom 14. November 1908.” [Proclamation of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the membership of the International union for the protection of literary and artistic works, dated 14 November 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 1, p. 2. The Berne convention is applicable to the German protectorates effective 15 November 1908.

284. Busse, W. 1920. “Jagd und Jagdrecht.” [Hunting and hunting laws]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 118–121. Encyclopedia entry on the nature of the German colonial hunt and the relevant hunting regulations in nature reserves.

285. Conze. 1907. “Verfügung des Reichskanzlers zur Ergänzung der Verfügung vom 7, Mai 1904, betreffend Reisen der Beamten des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea, vom 18 Juli 1907.” [Directive of the Imperial Chancellor to elaborate on the ordinance of 7 May 1904 regarding the travels of officials of the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 18 July 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 706. In addition to the previous regulation this addendum specifically extends the applicability t o cases where officers go to Japan to recover their health in Japan. This stipulation, effective 1 April 1907, is clearly directed at the administrator Georg Fritz.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 286. Conze. 1907. “Vorschriften, betreffend den Urlaub, die Stellvertretung, die Tagegelder, Fuhr- und Umzugskosten der Landesbeamten in den Schutzgebieten mit Ausnahme von Kiautschou, vom 18. Juli 1907.” [Regulations regarding leave, temporary replacement, per diem, travel expenses and moving expenses for officials in the protectorates with the exception of Jiazhou, dated 18 July 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 15, p. 706. The regulation allows officers to have the duration of their voyages to and from the destination for vacation not deducted from their vacation period if they agree to serve that period in addition to the normal three–year stipulated contract period.

287. Dernburg, Bernhard. 1907. “Verfügung des Auswärtigen Amts, Kolonial Abteilung, betr. Erteilung einer Sonderberechtigung auf Schürfen und Bergbau.” [Directive of the Foreign Office, Colonial Section, regarding the issuance of an exemption for prospecting and mining]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 706. Not infringing any prior rights of third parties the administration of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshall Islands is declared the sole authorised owner of all guano and phosphate deposits on Angaur, Fais, Maug, Assongson, Saipan, Rota, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae.

288. Dernburg, Bernhard. 1908. “Verfügung des Auswärtigen Amts, Kolonial-Abteilung, betreffend die Aufhebung des Bezirksgerichts in Saipan, vom 27. April 1907.” [Directive by the Foreign Office, Colonial Section, regarding the dissolution of the district court of Saipan, dated 27 April 1907]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 229. In keeping with the closure of the district office in Saipan, the district court was dissolved. The district court on Yap was now the relevant authority.

289. Dernburg, Bernhard. 1908. “Verfügung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend das Standesamtswesen im Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea vom 19. März 1908.” [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the duty of the registry offices in the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 19 March 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 8, p. 372. Housekeeping regulation to bring the existing legislation of New Guinea and the Islands Territory into line with uniform regulations for all German colonies.

290. Dernburg, Bernhard. 1908. “Verfügung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend die standesamtliche Zuständigkeit in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, vom 27. März 1908.” [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the jurisdiction of the registry offices in the protectorates of Afrika and the South Seas, dated 27 March 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 8, pp. 372–373. All imperial district judges and the station chiefs are permitted to document births, deaths and marriages. Administrative details are also prescribed.

291. Dernburg, Bernhard. 1908. “Verfügung des Reichskanzlers wegen der Änderung der Verfügung vom 25. December 1900, betreffend die Ausübung der Gerichtsbarkeit in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee.” [Order of the Imperial Chancellor concerning the

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German Colonial Administration modification of the order of 25 December 1900 regarding the exercise of jurisdiction in the protectorates of Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 14, pp. 659–660. Imperial judges are permitted to delegate the resolution of all cases which do not require the presence of assessors. Notary public may be recognised in each protectorate as required.

292. Dernburg, Bernhard. 1909. “Verfügung des Auswärtigen Amts, Kolonial Abteilung, betr. Erteilung einer Sonderberechtigung auf Schürfen und Bergbau.” [Directive of the Foreign Office, Colonial Section, regarding the issuance of an exemption for prospecting and mining]. In: Gerstmeyer and Köbner, Otto (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Dreizehnter Band 1909. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 488. Not infringing any prior rights of third parties the administration of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshall Islands is declared the sole authorised owner of all guano and phosphate deposits on Angaur, Fais, Maug, Assongson, Saipan, Rota, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae.

293. Dernburg, Bernhard. 1909. “Verfügung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend der Ermächtigung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea zur Neuschaffung, Verlegung und Aufhebung von Verwaltungsbehörden, vom 15. Mai 1909.” [Order of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the authority of the Governor of New Guinea to establish, relocate and remove administrative units, dated 15 May 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 11, p. 524. As long as the budget is authorised, or no additional funds are required, the Governor is at liberty to change the administrative structure in the protectorate as he deems fit.

294. Dernburg, Bernhard. 1910. “Verfügung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend die Ausübung der Gerichtsbarkeit im Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Neuguineas, vom 21. Dezember 1909.” [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding jurisprudence in the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 21 December 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, nº 2, p. 41. The regulation sets up the structure of the courts in the protectorate. Court of the first instance: district administrator Yap for the consular court in charge of Palau and the Marianas as well; district administrator Pohnpei in charge of Chuuk; and district administrator Jaluit i n charge of Nauru.

295. Doerr, Dr. 1910. “Der Entwurf eines Kolonialbeamtengesetzes.” [A bill for a law for colonial officials]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 18, pp. 285–286. Item discussing the bill for a law governing the rights, remuneration and conduct of German colonial officials. The new pension rules specify that all time served on overseas postings of at least six months duration was counted twice to take into account the physical strain and allied health matters.

296. Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1900. “Allerhöchste Ordre betreffend die einstweilige Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 18. Juli 1899.” [Imperial decree regarding the temporary regulation of the administration and legal status in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 18 July 1899]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 80. Imperial chancellor to execute the required administrative and legislative steps to incorporate the newly acquired territories into the German colonial world. The local administrators as consular officers are allowed to promulgate required laws as directed.

297. Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1900. “Allerhöchste Ordre betreffend die Erklärung des Schutzes über die Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 8. Juli 1899.” [Imperial decree regarding the declaration of protection over the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 18 July 1899]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 80. Declaration of the German protectorate of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas Islands.

298. Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1900. “Allerhöchste Ordre betreffend die Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 18. Juli 1899.” [Imperial decree regarding the legal status in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 18 July 1899]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 80–81. Declaration rooting the legal status and affairs in the Islands Territory in the relevant domestic German legislation.

299. Friedrich Wilhelm II., Emperor. 1900. “Gesetz über die Kolonialgerichtsbarkeit vom 7. April 1900.” [Law regarding consular jurisdiction in the colonies, dated 7. April 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 10, pp. 356–364. Legislation establishing consular courts in the German colonies. The jurisdiction of the courts covers Germans, foreigners (unless they possess diplomatic immunity), foreigners under the protection of the German Empire (protected peoples), and trading companies with seats in the German colonies. A consular court was to be comprised of a judge and two assessors. In criminal cases four assessors were required. The consular officers were to select four assessors and two deputy assessors from the ‘reputable inhabitants’ of the colony, and appoint them for the duration of one year. The Imperial German law was to be applied, as well as all regulations passed by the colonial office and its agencies.

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German Colonial Administration 300. Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1900. “Verordnung betreffend die einstweilige Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 18. Juli 1899.” [Decree regarding the temporary regulation of the administration and legal status in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 18 July 1899]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 3, p. 93. Imperial chancellor to execute the required administrative and legislative steps to incorporate the newly acquired territories into the German colonial world. The local administrators as consular officers are allowed to promulgate required laws as directed.

301. Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1903. “Kaiserliche Verordnung betreffend die Erstreckung der für Kauffahrteischiffe geltenden Vorschriften auf die Gouvernementfahrzeuge der Schutzgebiete, vom 5. Juli 1903.” [Imperial decree concerning the extension of regulations applicable to commercial shipping to the government vessels in the protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 15, p. 381. Decree to allow local station vessels to be run and staffed like merchant vessels rather than navy vessels.

302. Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1903. “Verordnung über die Enteignung von Grundeigentum in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee.” [Decree concerning expropriation of real estate in the African and South Seas protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 6, pp. 121–126. Law permitting the expropriation of land and the claiming of unused land by the German government. Regulates the process, the determination of compensation and so forth.

303. Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1904. “Kaiserliche Verordnung über die Enteignung von Grundeigentum in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, vom 14. Februar 1903.” [Imperial decree concerning expropriation of real estate in the African and South Seas protectorates]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Siebenter Teil 1903. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 39–45. Law permitting the expropriation of land and the claiming of unused land by the German government. Regulates the process, the determination of compensation and so forth.

304. Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1905. “Zwangsverfahren wegen Geldforderungen, zur Erwirkung der Herausgabe von Sachen und zur Erwirkung von Handlungen und Unterlassungen im Verwaltungswege.” [Administrative actions regarding the enforcement of debt payments, the confiscation of items and the enforcement of compliance with order to carry out or desist]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 18 Supplement, pp. 1–10. Imperial decree governing administration of various administrative actions to enforce the payment of fines and public and private debts and the ability to confiscate forfeited property to ensure that such debts are paid. This decree will be in force in the absence of a specific decree passed by the individual protectorates.

305. Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1908. “Verordnung betreffend die Einrichtung der Verwaltung und die Eingeborenen-Rechtspflege in den afrikanischen und Südsee-

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Schutzgebieten, vom 3. Juni 1908.” [Decree concerning the establishment of the administration and the indigenous forms of justice in the African and South Seas Protectorates, dated 3 June 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 13, pp. 617–618. The head of the colonial office is empowered to promulgate regulations regarding the administration and the indigenous forms of justice in the African and South Seas Protectorates. All existing regulations remain in force until repealed or amended.

306. Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1909. “Allerhöchster Erlass, betreffend die Genehmigung zur Erklärung des Beitritts für die deutschen Schutzgebiete zu dem Internationalen Verbande zum Schutz von Werken der Literatur und Kunst, vom 15. Oktober 1908.” [Imperial decree concerning permission for the German protectorates to declare the membership of the International union for the protection of literary and artistic works, dated 15 October 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 1, p. 2. The Berne convention is applicable to the German protectorates effective 15 November 1908.

307. Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1909. “Verordnung über den Schutz von Werken der Literatur und Kunst in den deutschen Schutzgebieten, vom 15. Oktober 1909.” [Decree on the protection of literary and artistic works in the German protectorates, dated 15 October 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 1, pp. 1–2. Housekeeping regulation extending the applicability of the Bern Convention (copyright act) to the German protectorates.

308. Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor. 1914. “Kaiserliche Verordnung über den Ausnahmeszustand in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, vom 1. August 1914.” [Imperial regulation regarding the state of emergency on the protectorates in Africa and the South Seas, dated 1 August 1914]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 17, pp. 767–768. Declaration empowering the Governors to declare a state of emergency if war was to be declared. This edict followed the general mobilisation of the German armed forces just before the start of World War I.

309. Fritz, Georg. 1900. “Bekanntmachung betreffend den Ausschank und die Bereitung geistiger Getränke im Inselgebiete der Marianen].” [Proclamation regarding the sale and preparation of alcoholic beverages in the Islands Territory of the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, pp. 745–746. All supplies of liquor had to be registered within eight days of the promulgation of the regulation or within eight days of purchase. The production of tuba for the purposes of sale or consumption as a drink is prohibited. Upon application, the head of each household (but not the descendants, even if they have their own plantations) may tap two coconut palms for the production of vinegar, sweeteners or for yeast. A fine of RMk 10 per palm tapped is levied if these rules are contravened. The power of enforcement of the rules was given to the mayors.

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German Colonial Administration 310. Fritz, Georg. 1900. “Bekanntmachung betreffend den Besitz und die Führung von Feuerwaffen im Inselgebiete der Marianen, vom 16. Januar 1900.” [Proclamation regarding ownership and use of firearms in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 16 January 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 19, pp. 744–745. All existing weapons and ammunition must be registered with the district administration within eight days of the promulgation of the regulation and all newly acquired weapons and ammunition within eight days of purchase. Possession of firearms without license i s prohibited. Annual firearms licenses for the purposes of hunting may be issued to those deemed reliable and competent in the handling of weapons for a fee of RMk 10 pa. The licenses can be cancelled if the holder is deemed unreliable. Exempt were district officers, the local police force and those entrusted with the maintenance of the cattle herd on Tinian. Mayors and overseers were to enforce the rules.

311. Fritz, Georg. 1900. “Bekanntmachung betreffend der kirchlichen Feiertage, vom 3. Oktober 1900.” [Proclamation regarding religious holidays, of 3 October 1900]. not found.

312. Fritz, Georg. 1900. “Bekanntmachung des Bezirksamtmanns von Saipan, betreffend die Erhebung einer Gemeindesteuer für männliche Hunde, vom 1. Juni 1900.” [Ordinance by the district administrator of Saipan regarding the levy of a community tax on male dogs, dated 1 June 1900]. not found.

313. Fritz, Georg. 1900. “Verordnung betreffend die Erhebung der Schlachtsteuer im Inselgebiete der Marianen, vom 7. Februar 1900.” [Regulation regarding the levying of a slaughtering tax in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 7 February 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 19, p. 745. The Spanish slaughtering tax was to continue. People desirous of slaughtering had to obtain written permission from the district administrator on Saipan, or on the outer islands from the mayor. Taxes levied were RMk 2 per head of cattle and 50Pfg per pig or goat. Live cattle imported from Tinian and slaughtered within three days of arrival were tax free.

314. Fritz, Georg. 1900. “Verordnung betreffend die Kopfsteuer und die Arbeitsleistung im Inselgebiet der Marianen, vom 17. Januar 1900.” [Regulation concerning head tax and required work in the island territory of the Marianas, dated 17 January 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 19, pp. 743–744. Introduction of the taxation system in the Marianas. Fritz decreed that the labour obligations established by the Spanish government would be continued and amended. Each male aged between 15 and 50, living in the Islands Territory for more than three months, had to pay a head tax of RMk 3 pa, payable in April of each year (the beginning of the German financial year) to the Ortsschulze (village head), who would pay the tax of his district to the district administrator at the end of April. Exempt from tax were those certifiably unable to work and fathers of more than eight children living in the Islands Territory. If the tax cannot be paid in cash, labour valued at 50Pfg/day may be substituted. In addition all males are obliged to provide communal labour, at the rate of 12 days pa for married and 20 days pa for unmarried men. Exempt from this rule were those certifiably unable

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands to work, clerics and some of the choral singers as well as fathers of more than five children living in the Islands Territory. In lieu of work a cash payment of 50Pfg per labour day could be substituted.

315. Fritz, Georg. 1901. “Bekanntmachung betreffend den Ausschank und die Bereitung geistiger Getränke im Inselgebiete der Marianen].” [Proclamation regarding the sale and preparation of alcoholic beverages in the Islands Territory of the Marianas]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 16–17. All supplies of liquor had to be registered within eight days of the promulgation of the regulation or within eight days of purchase. The production of tuba for the purposes of sale or consumption as a drink is prohibited. Upon application, the head of each household (but not the descendants, even if they have their own plantations) may tap two coconut palms for the production of vinegar, sweeteners or for yeast. A fine of RMk 10 per palm tapped is levied if these rules are contravened. The power of enforcement of the rules was given to the mayors.

316. Fritz, Georg. 1901. “Bekanntmachung betreffend den Besitz und die Führung von Feuerwaffen im Inselgebiete der Marianen, vom 16. Januar 1900.” [Proclamation regarding ownership and use of firearms in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 16 January 1900]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 17–18. All existing weapons and ammunition must be registered with the district administration within eight days of the promulgation of the regulation and all newly acquired weapons and ammunition within eight days of purchase. Possession of firearms without license i s prohibited. Annual firearms licenses for the purposes of hunting may be issued to those deemed reliable and competent in the handling of weapons for a fee of RMk 10 pa. The licenses can be cancelled if the holder is deemed unreliable. Exempt were district officers, the local police force and those entrusted with the maintenance of the cattle herd on Tinian. Mayors and overseers were to enforce the rules.

317. Fritz, Georg. 1901. “Verordnung betreffend die Kopfsteuer und die Arbeitsleistung im Inselgebiet der Marianen, vom 17. Januar 1900.” [Regulation concerning head tax and required work in the island territory of the Marianas, dated 17 January 1900]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 18-19. Introduction of the taxation system in the Marianas. Fritz decreed that the labour obligations established by the Spanish government would be continued and amended. Each male aged between 15 and 50, living in the Islands Territory for more than three months, had to pay a head tax of RMk 3 pa, payable in April of each year (the beginning of the German financial year) to the Ortsschulze (village head), who would pay the tax of his district to the district administrator at the end of April.

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German Colonial Administration Exempt from tax were those certifiably unable to work and fathers of more than eight children living in the Islands Territory. If the tax cannot be paid in cash, labour valued at 50Pfg/day may be substituted. In addition all males are obliged to provide communal labour, at the rate of 12 days pa for married and 20 days pa for unmarried men. Exempt from this rule were those certifiably unable to work, clerics and some of the choral singers as well as fathers of more than five children living in the Islands Territory. In lieu of work a cash payment of 50Pfg per labour day could be substituted.

318. Fritz, Georg. 1901. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns von Saipan betreffend den Umlauf des alten spanischen Silber- und Kupfergeldes und die Einfuhr fremder Münzen.” [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the circulation of old Spanish silver and copper coins and the importation of foreign coins]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 13–14. Effective 9 January 1900 the German administration no longer accepts Spanish coins as legal tender. Citizens of the German Marianas are warned against accepting such coins. The import of all coinage other than German, with the exception of Gold, is prohibited.

319. [Fritz, Georg. 1901. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns von Saipan betreffend die Erhebung der Schlachtsteuer im Inselgebiete der Marianen, vom 7. Februar 1900.” [Regulation by the district administrator of Saipan regarding the levying of a slaughtering tax in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 7 February 1900]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 22. The Spanish slaughtering tax was to continue. People desirous of slaughtering had to obtain written permission from the district administrator on Saipan, or on the outer islands from the mayor. Taxes levied were RMk 2 per head of cattle and 50Pfg per pig or goat. Live cattle imported from Tinian and slaughtered within three days of arrival were tax free.

320. Fritz, Georg. 1902. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmannes von Saipan, betreffend die Einführung einer Hundesteuer, vom 1. Februar 1902.” [Regulation by the district administrator of Saipan regarding the introduction of a dog tax, dated 1 February 1902]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 13, p. 455. Each dog older than three months and kept on Saipan must be registered; an annual dog tax of RMk 10. 00 is levied on female dogs. Dogs have to wear a collar and a numbered dog tag.

321. Fritz, Georg. 1903. “Bestellung der Privatgrundstücke im Amtsbezirke der Marianen.” [Cultivation of private property in the district of the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 10, pp. 239–240. Item discussing the regulations. Fritz provides an annotation and rationale for the legislation, saying that many Chamorro still own properties of 3–4 hectares handed to them during the Spanish period, and that he provided newly-weds with 1 ha homestead allotments. He deplores

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands that many locals do not continually farm their land, and often just plant coconuts. Tobacco production is reputedly on the rise, but food plants, such as sweet potatoes, bananas and maize are not. Too many people simply harvest the wild coconut palms for making copra in order to buy imported rice. During the Spanish times a law forced people to plant a certain amount of food crops; this law was terminated when the Germans took over.

322. Fritz, Georg. 1903. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmannes der Marianen, betreffend die Einführung einer Hundesteuer für den Amtsbezirk Saipan, vom 1. Februar 1902.” [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the introduction of a dog tax for the subdistrict of Saipan, dated 1 February 1902]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 450. Each dog older than three months and kept on Saipan must be registered; an annual dog tax of RMk 10. 00 is levied on female dogs. Dogs have to wear a collar and a numbered dog tag.

323. Fritz, Georg. 1903. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmannes zu Saipan, betreffend die Bestellung der Privatgrundstücke im Amtsgebiete der Marianen, vom 4. Februar 1903.” [Regulation by the district administrator in Saipan concerning the cultivation of private property in the district of the Marianas, dated 4 February 1903]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 10, p. 230. Effective 4 February, ever owner of a land allotment is required to plant by 1 December each year a contiguous area of at least 1/4 hectare of land (if the allotment is smaller than 0. 25 ha, the entire allotment) with food crops. Exempt are only those who are already exempt from paying head tax. If these provisions are not met, the person is required to work on the communal farms, whereby for every 125 square metres not planted one day of labour has to be paid. The produce of the community allotment is sold or auctioned, the proceeds to go to the district chest.

324. Fritz, Georg. 1903. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns von Saipan betreffend das Kreditgeben an Eingeborene und den Abschluß von Verträgen mit Eingeborenen über höhere Wertgegenstände, vom 25. Oktober 1900.” [Regulation by the district administrator of Saipan regarding the offering of credit and the execution of contracts with indigenous people regarding items of high value, dated 25 October 1900]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 261–262. Regulation prohibiting the offering of lines of credit to natives. All existing credit arrangements and debts must be recorded at the district offices no later than 31 March 1901. Credit may be offered, upon approval, to natives running businesses. Every contract regarding items over RMk 500 must be made in writing, with copies to both parties. Verbal contracts are illegal. Contracts must be approved by the Imperial Court in Pohnpei, which will also hold a copy of the agreement.

325. Fritz, Georg. 1903. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns zu Saipan betreffend den Waldschutz im Inselgebiet der Marianen vom 13. Juni 1900.” [Regulation by the district

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German Colonial Administration administrator of the Marianas regarding the protection of forests in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 13 June 1900]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 247–248. The regulation prohibits the burning of the grasslands as well as the felling of ifil (local tree species).

326. Fritz, Georg. 1903. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns zu Saipan betreffend die Anmeldung von Personenveränderungen im Inselgebiet der Marianen vom 5. Juli 1900.” [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the notification of a change of personal circumstances in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 5 July 1900]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 249–250. Regulation governing the notification and registration of births, deaths and marriages.

327. Fritz, Georg. 1903. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns zu Saipan betreffend die Anmeldung und Kennzeichnng von Rindvieh im Inselgebiet der Marianen vom 7. Juli 1900.” [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the registration and marking of cattle in the Islands Territory of the Marianas, dated 7 July 1900]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 250. All cattle older than one year must be registered with the German administration and brand marked. All changes in ownership must be notified. All cattle on Tinian, and all cattle o n Saipan that remain unmarked after 1 October 1900 will become the property of the German administration. The registration of Rota cattle will occur at a later date. For each marking the German government charges a fees of 25 Pfennig.

328. Fritz, Georg. 1903. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns zu Saipan betreffend die Jagd auf verwildertes Rindvieh in den Marianen, vom 26. Juni 1901.” [Regulation by the district administrator of Saipan regarding the hunt for feral cattle on the Marianas, dated 26 June 1901]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 355. Regulation stipulating that only the district administration or its designee are permitted t o hunt for feral cattle and deer.

329. Fritz, Georg. 1904. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmannes zu Saipan betreffend die Bestellung der Privatgrundstücke im Amtsgebiete der Marianen, vom 4. Februar 1903.” [Regulation by the district administrator in Saipan concerning the cultivation of private property in the district of the Marianas, dated 4 February 1903]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Siebenter Teil 1903. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 28. Effective 4 February 1903, every owner of a land allotment is required to plant by 1 December each year a contiguous area of least 1/4 hectare of land (if the allotment is smaller than 0.25 ha, the entire allotment) with food crops. Exempt are only those who are already exempt from paying head tax. If these provisions are not met, the person is required to work on the communal farms, whereby for every 125 square metres not planted one day of labour has to be paid. The produce of the community allotment is sold or auctioned, the proceeds to go to the district chest.

330. Fritz, Georg. 1906. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns zu Saipan betreffend den Handelsbetrieb auf den Marianen, vom 23. April 1905.” [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the conduct of commerce on the Marianas, dated 23 April 1905]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Neunter Band 1904. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 135–136. Regulation licensing trading companies. A series of licensing classes is defined and the licensing fees are set out.

331. Fritz, Georg. 1906. “Verordnung des Kaiserlichen Bezirksamtmannes von Saipan betreffend den Schildkrötenfang auf den Marianen vom 13. März 1906.” [Ordinance of the Imperial district administrator in Saipan regarding the catching of turtle in the Marianas, dated 13 March 1906]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 12, p. 391. Ordinance protecting turtles. Between 1 February and 31 May turtles may not be caught on the beach or within the reefs (RMk 200 fine). The collection or sale of turtle eggs is prohibited (RMk 100 fine). Commercial exploitation of turtles requires the permission of the district administration (RMk 500 fine).

332. Fritz, Georg. 1907. “Verordnung des Bezirksamtmanns zu Saipan betreffend den Handelsbetrieb auf den Marianen, vom 5. Januar 1906.” [Regulation by the district administrator of the Marianas regarding the conduct of commerce on the Marianas, dated 5 January 1906]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zehnter Band 1906. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 154. The regulation of 23 April 1905 is herewith repealed.

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German Colonial Administration 333. Fritz, Georg. 1907. “Verordnung des Kaiserlichen Bezirkamtmannes von Saipan betreffend den Schildkrötenfang auf den Marianen vom 13. März 1906.” [Ordinance of the Imperial district administrator in Saipan regarding the catching of turtle in the Marianas, dated 13 March 1906]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zehnter Band 1906. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 149. Ordinance protecting turtles. Between 1 February and 31 May turtles may not be caught on the beach of within the reefs (RMk 200 fine). The collection or sale of turtle eggs is prohibited (RMk 100 fine). Commercial exploitation of turtles requires the permission of the district administration (RMk 500 fine).

334. Gerstmeyer and Köbner, Otto. 1910. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Dreizehnter Band 1909. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Volume 13 1909]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Thirteenth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation applicable to the Mariana Islands.

335. Hahl, Albert. 1899. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die dem Auslandsverkehr geöffneten Häfen im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau, und Marianen, vom 12. Oktober 1899.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the harbours opened for foreign traffic in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, and Marianas, dated 12 October 1899]. 336. Hahl, Albert. 1901. “Verordnung betreffend das die An- und Abmeldung der in dem Inselgebiet der östlichen Karolinen ansässigen, daselbst zuziehenden und wegziehenden Fremden.” [Regulation regarding the registration and deregistration of foreigners living, moving to and leaving the Islands Territory of the Eastern Carolines]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 3, p. 67. Every non-native to the Eastern Carolines, intending to settle in the protectorate, has t o register his presence within eight days at the nearest government office. Non-natives desirous of staying for more than four weeks in the protectorate have to register their presence as well, including captain and crew of merchant vessels.

337. Hahl, Albert. 1901. “Verordnung betreffend das Kreditgeben an Eingeborene und den Abschluß von Verträgen mit Eingeborenen über höhere Wertgegenstände, vom 10 April 1900.” [Regulation regarding the offering of credit and the execution of contracts with indigenous people regarding items of high value, dated 10 April 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 3, pp. 66–67. Regulation passed by the Vice-Gouvernor on Pohnpei, prohibiting the offering of lines of credit to natives. All existing credit arrangements and debts must be recorded at the district offices no later than 31 December 1900. Credit may be offered, upon approval, to natives running businesses. Every contract regarding items over RMk 500 must be made in writing,

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands with copies to both parties. Verbal contracts are illegal. Contracts must be approved by the Imperial Court in Pohnpei, which will also hold a copy of the agreement.

338. Hahl, Albert. 1901. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die dem Auslandsverkehr geöffneten Häfen im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau, und Marianen, vom 12. Oktober 1899, abgeändert durch die Verordnung vom 30. November 1901.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the harbours opened for foreign traffic in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, and Marianas, dated 12 October 1899, amended by the regulation of 30 November 1901]. 339. Hahl, Albert. 1904. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend das Paßwesen.” [Regulation by the Governor of German Guinea regarding passports]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, nº 16, p. 471. Housekeeping regulation which authorises the district administrators to issue visa for a stay and to provide foreigners residing in the districts with a passport for a maximum duration of one year.

340. Hahl, Albert. 1908. “Ausführungsbestimmungen zu der Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908 für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea.” [Bye-laws to the customs regulations, of 10 June 1908, for the protectorate of German New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 18, pp. 892–895. Explanatory guidelines, customising the customs regulations to the local station levels. For the Islands Territory of Micronesia the station offices at Saipan, Chuuk, and Nauru and the district administration offices at Yap, Pohnpei and Jaluit were declared customs stations.

341. Hahl, Albert. 1908. “Bekanntmachung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea betreffend die Ausübung der Disziplin über die eingeborenen Arbeiter im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln, vom 28 Juni 1907.” [Notification by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the exercise of discipline over the indigenous workers in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshall Islands, dated 28 June 1907]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 276. Directs that administrators and private individuals in the Islands Territory are bound by the same regulations regarding disciplinary actions as people in German New Guinea.

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German Colonial Administration 342. Hahl, Albert. 1908. “Verfügung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea zur Ausführung der Allerhöchsten Ordre vom 4. Februar 1905 betreffend die gnadenweise Aussetzung oder Teilung der Strafvollstreckung, vom 11. October 1907.” [Directive by the Governor of German New Guinea relating to the implementation of the Imperial decree of 4 February 1905 regarding the suspension of reduction of sentences by clemency, dated 11 October 1907]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 398. The Imperial district judges in Yap, Pohnpei and Jaluit are authorised to exercise clemency i n excess of the six months maximum as applicable in Germany proper.

343. Hahl, Albert. 1908. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Einwanderung mittelloser nichteingeborener Personen in das Inselgebiet, vom 14. Oktober 1907.” [Order of the Governor of New Guinea regarding the immigration of destitute persons into the island territory, dated 14 October 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 2, p. 55. Housekeeping regulation, extending the applicability of the ‘Order of the Governor of New Guinea regarding the immigration of destitute persons’ dated 12 August 1905, to the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.

344. Hahl, Albert. 1908. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Einwanderung mittelloser nicht eingeborener Personen in das Inselgebiet, vom 14. Oktober 1907.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the immigration of non-indigenous people without funds to the Islands Territory, dated 14 October 1907]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 401–402. Regulation prohibiting people of insufficient means from immigrating to the Islands Territory.

345. Hahl, Albert. 1908. “Zollverordnung für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea, vom 10. Juni 1908.” [Customs regulations for the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 10 June 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 18, pp. 883–892. Detailed set of customs regulations covering customs tariffs and procedures. The import of opium, weapons, ammunition and explosives is prohibited, unless written permission has been obtained from the Governor General.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 346. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Ausführungsbestimmungen des Gouverneurs von DeutschNeuguinea zur Kaiserlichen Verordnung, betreffend Zwangs- und Strafbefugnisse der Verwaltungs behörden in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, vom 14. Juli 1908.” [Bye-laws of the Governor of German New Guinea for carrying out the Imperial decree concerning the rights of administrators in the protectorates in Africa and the South Sea to give force to administrative and civil actions, dated 14 July 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 1, pp. 8–15. Executing regulations regarding the Imperial decree governing administration of various administrative actions to enforce the payment of fines and public and private debts and the ability to confiscate forfeited property to ensure that such debts are paid. This decree will be in force in the absence of a specific decree passed by the individual protectorates.

347. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Erlass des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea an die Bezirksämter in Jap, Ponape, Jaluit, betreffend die Kopfsteuer für Nichteingeborene, vom 6. November 1908.” [Directive by the Governor of German New Guinea to the district administrations on Yap, Pohnpei and Jaluit regarding the head tax on non indigenous peoples, dated 6 November 1908]. In: Gerstmeyer and Köbner, Otto (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Dreizehnter Band 1909. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 488–489. Housekeeping regulation streamlining the head tax for non-indigenous people, directing that the tax be collected annually in one levy (not quarterly).

348. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend das Verbot der Einfuhr von und des Handels mit getragenen Kleidungsgegenständen, vom 16. Januar 1909.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the ban on the importation of and trade in used items of clothing, dated 16 January 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 7, p. 303. Housekeeping regulation, extending the applicability of the ‘Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the ban on the importation of and trade in used items of clothing, dated 27 September 1903’ to the Islands Territory.

349. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend das Verbot der Einfuhr und des Vertriebs von getragenen Stoffe und Bekleidungsgegenständen.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the prohibition of the import and sale of worn cloth and clothing]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zwölfter Band 1908. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 15. Housekeeping regulation, extending the applicability of the ‘Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the ban on the importation of and trade in used items of clothing, dated 27 September 1903’ to the Islands Territory.

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German Colonial Administration 350. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Einwanderung und Einführung nicht einheimischer Eingeborener in das Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea, vom 1. November 1908.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the immigration and introduction of foreign natives into the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 1 November 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 4, pp. 153–154. Import of workers is only possible at the main ports of arrival and requires the written permission of the Governor of German New Guinea. The administration has oversight of the quality of accommodation, provisioning,wages and medical care of the workers.

351. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Meldepflicht der Nichteingeborenen, vom 21. November 1908.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the registration of non-natives, dated 21 November 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 4, p. 201. Every non-native to the protectorate, intending to settle in the protectorate, has to register his presence within one week at the nearest government office. If a resident departs for three months or more he has to be (temporarily) deregistered. Heads of families have to register their wife and children. Non-natives desirous of staying for more than four weeks in the protectorate have to register their presence as well, including captain and crew of merchant vessels.

352. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Versteuerung der nichteingeborenen Bevölkerung im Gebiete der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln, vom 30. Juni 1908.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the taxation of the non-native population in the territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and the Marshall-Islands, dated 30 June 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 6, pp. 258–259. Key provisions: Tax levels are redefined and the taxation laws of the various districts in the territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and the Marshall Islands are brought into line. Each male older than 16 years has to pay an annual head tax of RMk 40 on April 1, of each year. All previous regulations are repealed as far as they refer to the head tax of non islanders.

353. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Veröffentlichung von Verordnungen, vom 15. Januar 1909.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea concerning the publication of regulations, dated 15 January 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 7, p. 302. All regulations must be published in the Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea (the Government Gazette).

354. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Anwerbung und Ausführung von Eingeborenen im Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Neuguinea, vom 4. März 1909.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the recruiting and relocation of islanders from the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 4 March 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 15, pp. 719–725. Very detailed regulations to control the hiring and transport of indigenous workers from one part of the protectorate to another. Taking indigenous workers from the protectorate to nonGerman territories is not authorised. The regulations detail the nature of accommodation, food

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands and medical support required on sea voyages to the point of work. Minimum supplies and wages are also stipulated. Proformas are appended.

355. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Abänderung des Tariffs zur Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908, vom 16. Februar 1909.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the amendment of the tariffs of the customs regulation of 10 June 1908, dated 16 February 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 9, pp. 435–436. Housekeeping regulation adding additional items subject to customs and excise tax and changing the tariff levels for other items.

356. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Abänderung des Tariffs zur Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908, vom 1. Februar 1909.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the amendment of the tariffs of the customs regulation of 10 June 1908, dated 1 February 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, p. 435. Housekeeping regulation adding additional items subject to customs and excise tax.

357. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Aufhebung der Regierungstation Simpsonhafen und die Verlegung des Bezirksamts Herbertshöhe.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding termination of the government office at Simpsonhafen and the moving of the district office at Herbertshöhe]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, p. 1036. The government station of Simpsonhafen (= Rabaul) is formally closed and the district administration Herbertshöhe (in charge of German New Guinea) is formally removed to the now vacated premises at Rabaul. The district administration was formally renamed the District Office ‘Rabaul.’

358. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea betreffend die Besteuerung der nichteingeborenen Bevölkerung im Gebiete der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln (30 Juni 1908).” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the taxation of the non-indigenous population in the territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and the Marshall Islands]. In: Gerstmeyer and Köbner, Otto (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Dreizehnter Band 1909. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 234. Tax levels are redefined and the taxation laws of the various districts in the territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and the Marshall Islands are brought into line.

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German Colonial Administration 359. Hahl, Albert. 1910. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend das Verbot der Verabfolgung von Schiessbedarf an Eingeborene, vom 1. Oktober 1909.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the ban of supply of weapons and ammunition to islanders, dated 1 October 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, nº 2, pp. 46–47. Islanders are not permitted to own weapons and ammunition. The sale or handing over of weapons to islanders is illegal, unless specifically authorised by the German administrators. If islanders are allowed to handle weapons, a licence fee is levied, ranging from RMk 25 for rifles and double-barrelled shot guns to RMk 10 for muzzle loaders. As part of housekeeping all other regulations governing the use of and trade in weapons in the protectorate are repealed.

360. Hahl, Albert. 1910. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend das Kreditgeben an Eingeborene und den Abschluss von Verträgen mit Eingeborenen, vom 14. Mai 1909.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding extending credit to and the making of contracts with islanders, dated 14 May 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, nº 7, pp. 264–265. Any extension of credit to islanders requires the prior authorisation of the German Administration. Copies of the agreement must be written in German and lodged with the relevant German administration office. For each contact a RMk 5 lodging fee is to be levied. Contraventions to this regulation entail a fine for non islanders of RMk 1000 or imprisonment of up to 3 months.

361. Hahl, Albert. 1910. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend der Verabfolgung von geistiger Getränke an Eingeborene, vom 1. Oktober 1909.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the ban of sale of alcoholic beverages to islanders, dated 1 October 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, nº 2, pp. 47–48. The sale of alcohol to islanders is illegal, unless specifically authorised by the administration. If a publican’s licence is approved, the annual license fee will be RMk 50. If islanders are allowed to purchase alcohol other than in a pub, the annual license fee will be RMk 20. A fine of RMk 1000 for contravention of this regulation is stipulated.

362. Hahl, Albert. 1910. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Abänderung des Tarifs zur Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908, vom 1. März 1910.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the amendment of the tariffs of the customs regulation of 10 June 1908, dated 1 March 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 423. Amendment of the tariff level.

363. Hahl, Albert. 1910. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend Zusatz zu der Verordnung das Kreditgeben an Eingeborene und den Abschluss von Verträgen mit Eingeborenen, vom 14. Mai 1909.” [Regulation regarding the amendment to the Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding extending credit to and the making of contracts with islanders, dated 14 May 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, nº 7, p. 265. The amendment created a clause for the use of intermediaries in establishing lines of credit t o indigenous peoples in the protectorates.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 364. Hahl, Albert. 1910. “Zusatzverordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea zu der Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908, vom 26. März 1910.” [Additional regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the customs regulation of 10 June 1908, dated 26 March 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, nº 11, p. 449. Housekeeping regulation to cover those items which had been en route to German New Guinea at the time of the last amendment of the customs tariff.

365. Hahl, Albert. 1911. “Ausführungsbestimmungen des Gouverneurs von DeutschNeuguinea zu der Verordnung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend die Errichtung und den Betrieb von Apotheken in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, mit der Ausnahme von Deutsch-Südwestafrika, vom 12 Januar 1911.” [Bye-laws of the Governor of German New Guinea to the order of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the establishment and operation of pharmacies in the protectorates of Africa and the South Sea, with the exception of German South-West Africa, dated 12 January 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 19, pp. 702–703. Contains a list of medications which can be sold without prescriptions.

366. Hahl, Albert. 1911. “Ausführungsbestimmungen zur Verordnung vom 7. Oktober 1910, betreffend die Besteuerung der Eingeborenen des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln, vom 11 April 1911.” [Bye-laws to the regulation dated 7 October 1910 regarding the taxation of islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshalls, dated 11 April 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 18, pp. 655–656. Housekeeping amendment to include the Marshalls in the taxation scheme. Details the level of copra tax to be levied for the atolls.

367. Hahl, Albert. 1911. “Verfügung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend das Verordnungsrecht der Bezirksamtmänner in Rabaul und Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen.” [Directive by the Governor of German Guinea regarding the powers of the district administrators in Rabaul und Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 19, p. 703. Example of an administrative document empowering district administrators to pass regulations pertaining to their districts and to ensure their enforcement.

368. Hahl, Albert. 1911. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Einführung des deutschen Mass- und Gewichtssystem im Schutzgebiet Neuguinea, dated 20. Juli 1911.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea on the introduction of the German systems of measurements and weights to the Protectorate of New Guinea, dated 20 July 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 20, p. 740. The metric system of measurements is declared the sole legal system. All scales must comply.

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German Colonial Administration 369. Hahl, Albert. 1911. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea betreffend Kokosnüsse, vom 14. Juni 1911.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding coconuts, dated 14 June 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 20, p. 739. Coconuts must be dehusked in the land and can only be moved if the husk is left behind. Exempt are nuts removed for planting purposes and nuts destined for human and animal consumption.

370. Hahl, Albert. 1912. “Ausführungsbestimmungen zu der Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea, betreffend die Erkrankung von Haustieren, vom 12. Mai 1912.” [Bye-laws to the Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding illnesses among domestic animals, dated 12 May 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 17, p. 797. The government is permitted to order the destruction without compensation of animals suffering from glanders (Rotz), cattle plague (Rinderpest), contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (Lungenseuche der Rindr) and rabies.

371. Hahl, Albert. 1912. “Ausführungsbestimmungen zur Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea, betreffend die Einfuhr von Tieren vom 20. Mai 1912.” [Bye-laws to the regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the importation of animals, dated 20 May 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 17, pp. 800–801. Quarantine regulations regarding the importation of all animals to the protectorate.

372. Hahl, Albert. 1912. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Einführung des deutschen Maß- und Gewichtssystems im Schutzgebiet DeutschNeuguinea.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea on the introduction of the German systems of measurements and weights to the Protectorate of New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 22, p. 1081. The German metric systems of weights and measures is now the sole legal means for all transactions.

373. Hahl, Albert. 1912. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea betreffend Abänderung der Verordnung vom 1. März 1912, betreffend den Verkehr mit Sprengstoffen vom 9. Juli 1912.” [Regulation by the Governor of New Guinea regarding the amendment of the regulation regarding the trade in explosives, dated 1 March 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 19, p. 939. Modification of regulation by Hahl.

374. Hahl, Albert. 1912. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea, betreffend die Einfuhr von Tieren, vom 20. Mai 1912.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the importation of animals, dated 20 May 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 17, pp. 797–800. Regulation governing the importation of all animals from ports outside the protectorate. Includes provisions for permits and quarantine.

375. Hahl, Albert. 1912. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea, betreffend die Einwanderung Mittelloser.” [Regulation by the Governor of New Guinea regarding the

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands immigration of people without funds]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, nº 3, p. 30. Regulation prohibiting people of insufficient means from immigrating to the protectorate of New Guinea.

376. Hahl, Albert. 1912. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea, betreffend die Erkrankung von Haustieren vom 12. Mai 1912.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding illnesses among domestic animals, dated 12 May 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 17, p. 797. The government is permitted to order the destruction without compensation of animals suffering from glanders, cattle-plague, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and rabies.

377. Hahl, Albert. 1912. “Wegeverordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, vom 25. August 1911.” [Road ordinance of the Governor of German New Guinea, dated 25 August 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 1, pp. 3–5. Regulation controlling the upkeep of roads and tracks. Owners must maintain all public lands. Private road with passage rights by others must be maintained jointly by the land holders and those with rights of trespass. Defines the powers of the local administration to declare roads and tracks as ‘public roads.’

378. Hahl, Albert. 1912. “Zusatzverordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend der Verabfolgung von geistiger Getränke an Eingeborene, vom 11. April 1912.” [Supplemental Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the ban of sale of alcoholic beverages to islanders, dated 11 April 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 13, p. 590. Amendment to the previous regulations, permitting a local administration to give permanent permission to issue alcohol to certain customers.

379. Hahl, Albert. 1912. “Zusatzverordnung zur Zollverordnung für das Schutzgebiet Neuguinea, vom 10. Juni 1908.” [Amendment to the customs regulations for the protectorate of New Guinea, dated 10 June 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 3, p. 72. Amendment to the customs regulations and tariffs. The Governor is empowered to establish private bond stores. Warships are deemed overseas territory, and items purchased by warships require export duty. Some items, sent by mail require a customs declaration (such as bird plumes and feathers).

380. Hahl, Albert. 1913. “Bekanntmachung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea betreffend das Verbot des Fischeschiessens.” [Notification by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the prohibition of dynamiting fish]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 13, p. 577. Previous permits for bomb fishing are revoked. Bombfishing is now outlawed in all parts of the German protectorate.

381. Hahl, Albert. 1913. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea betreffend Schlacht und Hundesteuer vom 22. Oktober 1912.” [Regulation by the Governor of German

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German Colonial Administration New Guinea regarding slaughtering and dog tax of 22 October 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 1, p. 3. Regulation specifying the slaughtering tax on cattle (RMk 2.00/head) and pigs or goats (RMk 0.50/head) for all animals slaughtered on Saipan and Rota. Feral pigs and goats are exempt if they are butchered on or before the third day of the hunt/capture. Each dog older than three months and kept on Saipan or Rota must be registered; an annual dog tax of RMk 5. 00 is levied. Dogs have to wear a collar and a numbered dog tag.

382. Hahl, Albert. 1914. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend Abänderung des Tarifs zur Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908, vom 4. October 1913.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the amendment of the tariffs of the customs regulation of 10 June 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 5, p. 173. Amendment of the customs tariffs, with new rates for the export of feathers and plumes, including the inclusion of new species.

383. Hahl, Albert. 1914. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Schaffung von Strandämtern und die Bestellung von Strandvögten, vom 12. Februar 1914.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the establishment of coastal offices and the nomination of beach wardens]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 9, p. 390. The district offices and stations have been declared in charge of the coastal zones of their jurisdiction, and an officer each is to be appointed beach warden.

384. Hahl, Albert and Norddeutscher Lloyd. 1909. “Vertrag über die Unterhaltung von Postdampfschiffsverbindungen mit dem Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Neuguinea, vom, 2./9. Juli 1909.” [Agreement regarding the maintenance of postal steam ship connections with the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 2/9 July 1909]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zwölfter Band 1908. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 359–361. The Norddeutscher Lloyd was given the mail steamer contracts to and from New Guinea. This included a four-weekly return service Sydney-Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen-Yap-HongKong; an eight-weekly service with the following route Rabaul-Finschhafen-Erimahafen/StephansortFriedrich Wilhelmshafen-Berlinhafen (Eitape)-Macassar-Singapore-Batavia-Macassar-AmbonBanda-Berlinhafen (Eitape)-Friedrich Wilhelmshafen-Erimahafen/Stephansort-FinschhafenRabaul; and a three-monthly service to smaller islands in the protectorate, with routes to be specified at a future date.

385. Hesse, Hermann. 1904. “Die Rassenfrage in den Schutzgebieten.” [Race relations in the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 12, p. 117. Item on the general undesireability of inter-racial marriages. Hesse argues that the law should be amended to limit such marriages. In cases of a marriage between a white male and an indigenous woman, that the woman not be afforded citizenship, and that all marriages between white women and indigenous men be annulled.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 386. Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu. 1899. “Entwurf eines Gesetzes betreffend die Feststellung eines zweiten Nachtrages zum Haushalts-Etat für die Schutgebiete auf das Rechnungsjahr 1899.” [Bill for an Act regarding the approval of a second amendment to the budgets for the protectorates for the financial year 1899]. Reichstag 10. Legislatur-Periode I. Session 1898/99 3675 nº 394. Berlin: #### p.### Budget proposal to allow for the establishment of the colonial administration in the recently acquired Spanish possessions in Micronesia.

387. Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu. 1899. “Entwurf eines Gesetzes betreffend die Feststellung eines zweiten Nachtrages zum Haushalts-Etat für die Schutgebiete auf das Rechnungsjahr 1899.” [Bill for an Act regarding the approval of a second amendment to the budgets for the protectorates for the financial year 1899]. Reichstag 10. Legislatur-Periode I. Session 1898/99 3675 nº 395. Berlin: #### p.### Second published draft of the budget proposal to allow for the establishment of the colonial administration in the recently acquired Spanish possessions in Micronesia.

388. Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu. 1900. “Verordnung betreffend den Erwerb von Grundeigentum Eingeborener im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 20. Januar 1900.” [Regulation regarding the acquisition of real estate from islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 20 January 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 3, p. 94. Until further notice this regulation prohibits the acquisition of indigenously owned land be i t through purchase, exchange, gift or any other legal construct. All contracts made in violation of the regulation are deemed illegal.

389. Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu. 1900. “Verordnung betreffend den Erwerb von Grundeigentum Eingeborener im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 20 Januar 1900.” [Regulation regarding the acquisition of real estate from islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 20 January 1900]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe. P. 68. Until further notice this regulation prohibits the acquisition of indigenously owned land be i t through purchase, exchange, gift or any other legal construct. All contracts made in violation of the regulation are deemed illegal.

390. Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu. 1900. “Verordnung des Reichskanzlers vom 20. Januar 1900 betreffend den Erwerb von Grundeigentum Eingeborener im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the acquisition of real estate from islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 20 January 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, p. 94. Until further notice this regulation prohibits the acquisition of indigenously owned land be i t through purchase, exchange, gift or any other legal construct. All contracts made in violation of the regulation are deemed illegal.

391. Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu. 1901. “Verordnung betreffend den Erwerb von Grundeigentum Eingeborener im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom

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German Colonial Administration 20. Januar 1900.” [Regulation regarding the acquisition of real estate from islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 20 January 1900]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 19. Until further notice this regulation prohibits the acquisition of indigenously owned land be i t through purchase, exchange, gift or any other legal construct. All contracts made in violation of the regulation are deemed illegal.

392. Kayser. 1903. “Runderlass der Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes betreffend Sammlungen der Forschungs-Expeditionen und Beamten vom 8. März 1892.” [Circular ordinance by the colonial section of the Foreign office regarding the collections made by research expeditions and civil servants, dated 8 March 1892]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 44. Civil servants are obliged to make their collections available to the Imperial Museums of Ethnography and Natural History. The collections may only be sold or donated to other parties if the museums agree. Scientific expeditions will be bound by specific contracts regarding the disposal of such collections.

393. Kersting. 1912. “Polizeiverordnung (für Nauru).” [Police regulation (for Nauru)]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, nº 6, p. 31. Police order regulating the use of tracks and paths on Nauru. The non-Nauruan workers were prohibited from going into the interior of the island and entering homes of Nauruans. Also, a curfew existed from 9 pm. Nauruans were prohibited from going into the barracks of the coloured workers and were also not permitted to sell or gift food to the coloured workers. [Included as an an example of lower order ordinances].

394. Kiderlen-Wächter, Alfred von. 1909. “Bekanntmachung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend einen Notenwechsel zwischen dem Auswärtigen Amte und der Botschaft der Französischen Republik in Berlin vom 13./14. November über den Beitritt der deutschen Schutzgebiete und der französischen Kolonien zu der deutsch-französischen Übereinkunft, betreffend den Schutz von Werken der Literatur und Kunst und an Photographen vom 8. April 1907 (Reichsgesetzblatt S. 419 ff.), dated 20 November 1908.” [Proclamation of the Imperial Chancellor concerning the exchange of notes between the Foreign Office and the Embassy of the French Republic in Berlin of 13 and 14 November 1908, regarding the membership of the German protectorates and the French colonies in a German-French agreement, concerning the protection of literary and artistic works and photographs of 8 April 1908 (Imperial Gazette p. 419 ff.), dated 20 November 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 1, pp. 2–4. The Berne convention is applicable to the German protectorates effective 15 November 1908.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 395. Knake. 1903. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, betreffend die Erlaubnis zur Ausübung einiger Gewerbebetriebe.” [Regulation for German New Guinea and the island territory regarding the exercise of a number of commercial activities]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 11, p. 256. Regulation for German New Guinea and the island territory regarding the exercise of a number of commercial activities, privately owned land, and the operation of hotels and public houses. The following required the written permission of the Governor: fishing for trepang, pearling, and pearl shelling, mining including minerals and gem stones, guano and phosphate, exploitation of coconuts and rubber trees not held in private hands, commercial coastal fishing, timber getting for commercial gain unless on privately owned land, and the operation of hotels and public houses.

396. Knake. 1904. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, betreffend die Erlaubnis zur Ausübung einiger Gewerbebetriebe.” [Regulation for German New Guinea and the island territory regarding the exercise of a number of commercial activities]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Siebenter Teil 1903. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 62–63. Regulation for German New Guinea and the island territory regarding the exercise of a number of commercial activities, privately owned land, and the operation of hotels and public houses. The following required the written permission of the Governor: fishing for trepang, pearling, and pearl shelling, mining including minerals and gem stones, guano and phosphate, exploitation of coconuts and rubber trees not held in private hands, commercial coastal fishing, timber getting for commercial gain unless on privately owned land, and the operation of hotels and public houses.

397. Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer. 1907. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zehnter Band 1906. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Volume 10 1906]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Tenth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation applicable to German Micronesia.

398. Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer. 1908. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Volume 11 1907]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Eleventh volume of the compilation of colonial legislation.

399. Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer. 1909. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zwölfter Band 1908. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and

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German Colonial Administration international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Volume 12 1908]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Twelfth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation.

400. Kolonial-Abteilung. 1903. “Anweisung der Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes zur regierungsärztlichen Berichterstattung über die deutschen Schutzgebiete (10. August 1901).” [Directive of the colonial section of the Foreign Office regarding the reports to be filed by the government physicians of the German protectorates]. In: Anon. (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902 [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Sixth Part 1901 to 1902]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Key provisions: reports must be filed quarterly, separate for Europeans and for indigenous populations.

401. König, B. von. 1906. “Vorschriften des Bundesrats für die Beförderung von Leichen auf dem Seewege.” [Regulations regarding the transportation of corpses by sea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 8, pp. 216–217. The Governors of the protectorates are empowered to issue passports for corpses to be sent back to Germany or other destinations. Details are given on the required embalming process and documentation.

402. König, B. von. 1906. “Vorschriften des Bundesrats für die Beförderung von Leichen auf dem Seewege.” [Regulations regarding the transportation of corpses by sea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 8, p. 215. The Governors of the protectorates are empowered to issue passports for corpses to be sent back to Germany or other destinations. Details are given on the required embalming process and documentation.

403. Kraetke, Reinhold. 1908. “Bekanntmachung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend die Erhebung von Wechsel- und Scheckprotesten durch Postbeamte, vom 5. August 1908.” [Proclamation of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the procedures for postal officials for handling protested bills and cheques, dated 5 August 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 20, p. 995. To enhance business activity, postal agencies were now authorised to handle protested bills and cheques (with exceptions).

404. Lindequist, Friedrich von. 1911. “Verfügung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend den Erwerb von Grundeigentum durch Kolonialbeamte, vom 29. Mai 1911.” [Order of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the acquisition of real estate by colonial officers, dated 29 May 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 12, p. 451. Colonial administrators are authorised to permit their subordinates to acquire parcels of land up to 1 ha for the purposes of building a homestead.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 405. Lindequist, Friedrich von. 1911. “Verordnung des Reichskanzlers, betreffend die Errichtung und den Betrieb von Apotheken in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, mit der Ausnahme von Deutsch-Südwestafrika, vom 12. Januar 1911.” [Order of the Imperial Chancellor regarding the establishment and operation of pharmacies in the protectorates of Africa and the South Sea, with the exception of German South-West Africa, dated 12 January 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 2, pp. 41–44. Pharmacies and drug stores can be established as commercial concerns upon written permission of the Governor. Details on the conditions for a licence are given.

406. Lüders, Ewald. 1913. Das Jagdrecht der deutschen Schutzgebiete. [The hunting law in the German protectorates]. Hamburg: L. Friederichsen. Systematic and comparative treatment of all provisions of the hunting laws across all German colonies. Includes a discussion of protective provisions for certain species as well as any licensing requirements that individual colonies may have developed.

407. Osswald, Arthur. 1911. “Ausführungsbestimmungen zur Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch Neuguinea betreffend die Besteuerung der Eingeborenen des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln, vom 7. Oktober 1910.” [Bye-laws to the Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the taxation of islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshalls, dated 7 October 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 1, p. 6. Gives a definition of local islanders (einheimische Eingeborene) that includes islanders from outside the protectorate who married into families from the protectorate. The regulation does not apply to the Marshalls.

408. Osswald, Arthur. 1911. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Besteuerung der Eingeborenen des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln, vom 7. Oktober 1910.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the taxation of islanders in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshalls, dated 7 October 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 1, pp. 4–6. Every male islander residing in the protectorate for more than 3 months is required to pay tax. Exempt are members of the police troops, fathers of five or more underaged children, non-local contract workers. District and station administrations can exempt individuals from their tax obligation. The head tax is set at RMk 20, but can be locally raised to a maximum of RMk 4 0 pa.

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German Colonial Administration 409. Osswald, Arthur. 1911. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Regelung des Verkehrs in den Häfen des Schutzgebietes Neuguinea, einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln (Hafenordnung für Neuguinea), vom 23. Januar 1911.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the regulation of shipping in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea, including the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshalls (harbour regulations for New Guinea), dated 23 January 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 9, pp. 336–339. Regulation determining the legal ports of entry (in the Islands Territory: Jaluit, Nauru, Saipan, Yap, Pohnpei, Angaur) and the obligations of vessels arriving in the protectorate. The housekeeping provision repeals all previous regulations in force in the protectorate.

410. Osswald, Arthur. 1911. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea, betreffend die Abänderung des Tarifes zur Zollverordnung vom 10. Juni 1908, vom 1. März 1911.” [Regulation by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the amendment of the tariffs of the customs regulation of 10 June 1908, dated 1 March 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 11, p. 423. Modification of the customs tariff.

411. Osswald, Arthur. 1911. “Verordnung des Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs von Neuguinea, betreffend die Regelung des Verkehrs in den Häfen des Schutzgebiets Neuguinea einschliesslich des Inselgebiets der Karolinen-, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln.” [Regulation by the Imperial Governor of New Guinea regarding the regulation of the traffic in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea, including the Islands Territory of the Caroline, Palau, Mariana and Marshall Islands]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 3, nº 3, pp. 10–13. Regulation covering aspects such as the requirement to make arrival known to the harbour master, observance of quarantine regulations, acquisition and discharge of ballast, lighting of vessels at night, behaviour of ships’ crews when ashore and the like.

412. Osswald, Arthur. 1912. “Ausführungsbestimmungen zur Verordnung betreffend die gesundheitspolizeiliche Kontrolle der Seeschiffe in den Häfen des Schutzgebietes Neuguinea einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln.” [Byelaws for the regulation regarding the quarantine control of ocean going ships in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea including the Islands Territory of the Caroline, Palau, Mariana and Marshall Islands]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, nº 6, p. 71. New, standardised quarantine laws repealing the individual district quarantine regulations hitherto in force. The approaches for the different communicable diseases are set out, including a form which had to be filed by every ship arriving in one of the harbours.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 413. Osswald, Arthur. 1912. “Ausführungsbestimmungen zur Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea betreffend den Verkehr mit Sprengstoffen vom 1. März 1912.” [Bye-laws to the Regulation by the Governor of New Guinea regarding the trade in explosives, dated 1 March 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 19, pp. 938–939. Guidelines for the regulations on the sale, storage and handling of explosives, including sample forms.

414. Osswald, Arthur. 1912. “Verordnung betreffend die gesundheitspolizeiliche Kontrolle der Seeschiffe in den Häfen des Schutzgebietes Neuguinea einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln.” [Regulation regarding the quarantine control of ocean going ships in the harbours of the protectorate of New Guinea including the Islands Territory of the Caroline, Palau, Mariana and Marshall Islands ]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, nº 6, p. 69–71. New, standardised quarantine laws repealing the individual district quarantine regulations hitherto in force.

415. Osswald, Arthur. 1912. “Verordnung des Gouverneurs von Neuguinea betreffend den Verkehr mit Sprengstoffen vom 1. März 1912.” [Regulation by the Governor of New Guinea regarding the trade in explosives, dated 1 March 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 19, p. 936. Regulations on the sale, storage and handling of explosives. Requires permits by the government. Those entitled to use and handle explosives have to keep a log of the amount stored and used. Any use of explosives requires supervision by a non-indigenous person.

416. Posadowsky, Artur Graf von. 1900. “Verfügung betreffend die einstweilige Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 24. Juli 1899.” [Regulation regarding the temporary regulation of the administration and legal status in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 24 July 1899]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 3, p. 94. The administration of the Islands Territory is placed under the Governor German New Guinea and establishing a Vice-Governor in Pohnpei and district administrators in Yap and Saipan. The administrators have the power of consular officers and have control over maritime laws i n their areas.

417. Posadowsky, Artur Graf von. 1900. “Verfügung betreffend die Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, vom 24. Juli 1899.” [Regulation regarding the administration and legal status in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 24 July 1899]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 83. The administration of the Islands Territory is placed under the Governor German New Guinea and establishing a Vice-Governor in Pohnpei and district administrators in Yap and Saipan. The administrators have the power of consular officers and have control over maritime laws i n their areas.

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German Colonial Administration 418. Posadowsky, Artur Graf von. 1900. “Verordnung betreffend die Regelung der Verwaltung und der Rechtsverhältnisse im Inselgebiete der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Regulation regarding the structure of the administration and the legal situation in the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas, dated 2 July 1899]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 3, p. 94. The regulation establishes the structure of the administration in the Islands Territory subordinate to the Governor in New Guinea, determines the level of chief administrator appointments in Saipan, Yap (both district administrators) and Pohnpei (Vice-Governor), and sets out the powers of jurisdiction and jurisprudence held by the administrators.

419. Radowitz, Joseph von and Silvela, Francisco. 1900. “Vertrag zwischen dem Reich und Spanien zur Bestätigung der am 12. Februar 1899 in Madrid unterzeichneneten Erklärung, betr[effend] die Inselgruppen der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Treaty between the German Empire and Spain regarding the declaration signed on 12 February 1899 in Madrid regarding the island groups of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. In: Zimmermann, Alfred (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 76–77. Treaty between Germany and Spain regarding the purchase of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas by Germany for the sum of 25 million Pesetas.

420. Reichs General Postamt. 1905. “Bekanntmachung des Kaiserlichen General Postamts, betreffend die Befreiung portopflichtiger Dienstbriefe von dem für unfrankierte Briefe zu erhebenden Zuschlagporto, vom 28 November 1871.” [Notification by the Imperial General Post Office regarding the exemption of official mail requiring postage from the payment of postage due on unfranked letters, dated 28 November 1871]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 9, p. 271. Explanation of the stipulations and procedures regarding the regulation ensuring that official domestic mail can be sent without stamps and that the recipients will not be charged for the lacking postage.

421. Reichskanzler and Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1903. “Vertrag zwischen dem Reichskanzler und der Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg über die Unterhaltung einer Postdampferverbindung zwischen Sydney, den Marshall Inseln, den Karolinen, HongKong und dem BismarckArchipel. (5/6 December 1901).” [Contract between the Imperial Chancellor and the Jaluit Gesellschaft in Hamburg regarding the provision of a mail steamer connection between Sydney, the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, HongKong and the Bismarck-Archipelago]. In: Anon. (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Sechster Teil 1901 bis 1902 [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Sixth Part 1901 to 1902]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Key provisions: the Jaluit Gesellschaft will acquire and maintain a mail steamer running three times a year the route Sydney, Jaluit, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap to HongKong and back from HongKong via Herbertshöhe, Matupit (if needed), Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae, Jaluit t o

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Sydney. The contractual requirements for the type and speed of vessel and for the processing of the mail service are detailed.

422. Reichskanzler and Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1903. “Vertrag zwischen dem Reichskanzler und der Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg über die Unterhaltung einer Postdampferverbindung zwischen Sydney, den Marshall Inseln, den Karolinen, HongKong und dem BismarckArchipel.” [Contract between the Imperial Chancellor and the Jaluit Gesellschaft in Hamburg regarding the provision of a mail steamer connection between Sydney, the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, HongKong and the Bismarck-Archipelago]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 13, nº 4, pp. 83–86. Key provisions: the Jaluit Gesellschaft will acquire and maintain a mail steamer running three times a year the route Sydney, Jaluit, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap to HongKong and back from HongKong via Herbertshöhe, Matupit (if needed), Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae, Jaluit t o Sydney. The contractual requirements for the type and speed of vessel and for the processing of the mail service are detailed.

423. Reichskanzler and Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1909. “Vertrag zwischen dem Reichskanzler und der Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg über die Unterhaltung einer Postdampferverbindung zwischen Sydney, den Marshall Inseln, den Karolinen, HongKong und dem BismarckArchipel.” [Contract between the Imperial Chancellor and the Jaluit Gesellschaft in Hamburg regarding the provision of a mail steamer connection between Sydney, the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, HongKong and the Bismarck-Archipelago]. In: Gerstmeyer and Köbner, Otto (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Dreizehnter Band 1909. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Pp. 291–292. Key provisions: the Jaluit Gesellschaft will acquire and maintain a mail steamer running three times a year the route Sydney, Jaluit, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap to HongKong and back from HongKong via Herbertshöhe, Matupit (if needed), Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae, Jaluit t o Sydney. The contractual requirements for the type and speed of vessel and for the processing of the mail service are detailed.

424. Riebow, G. 1898. Die Deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse und internationalen Vereinbarungen, mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Erster Theil bis zum Jahr 1892. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. First section until 1892]. Berlin: D. Reimer. Reprint of all legislation and regulations applicable to the German colonies. Contains a number of entries on the Mariana Islands. The series was continued by Zimmermann and other authors. This initial compilation was by far the bulkiest.

425. Schlimm, K. 1905. “Das Grundstücksrecht in den deutschen Kolonien.” [Real estate legislation in the German colonies]. Juristische Fakultät, Universität zu TübingenDissertation. Leipzig-Rednitz: August Hoffmann. In-depth discussion of the state of legislation governing the ownership of immoveable property in the German colonies. Details the history of the property legislation, and the

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German Colonial Administration various levels of ownership and sales. A major section deals with the concept of terra nullius / res nullius.

426. Schönstedt. 1904. “Allgemeine Verfügung des Preußischen Justizministers wegen des bei der Pfändung der Gehälter oder der Pension von Beamten der Schutzgebiete zu beobachtenden Verfahrens.” [General directive by the Prussian Minister for Justice regarding the procedures to be followed when seizing the income or pensions of civil servants in the protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, pp. 226–227. Housekeeping directive to ensure that any court orders for seizure or forfeiture will not take effect until actual delivery to the person in the protectorates rather than at the time of receipt by the colonial office. Included as an example of the administrative detail of German colonial regulations.

427. Senfft, Arno. 1907. “Bekanntmachung des Kaiserlichen Bezirksamtmanns in Jap, betreffend die Station Saipan, vom 29. Juni 1907.” [Proclamation of the Imperial district administrator on Yap regarding the Saipan station, dated 29 June 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 20, p. 981. Regulation governing the functioning of Saipan as a station of the western Carolines District. All administrative duties are transferred to the station chief, who will also preside over the court hearing cases against islanders in the Marianas.

428. Senfft, Arno. 1908. “Bekanntmachung des Kaiserlichen Bezirksamtmanns in Jap, betreffend die Station Saipan, vom 29. Juni 1907.” [Proclamation of the Imperial district administrator on Yap regarding the Saipan station, dated 29 June 1907]. In: Köbner, Otto and Gerstmeyer (eds), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Elfter Band 1907. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. 276. Regulation governing the functioning of Saipan as a station of the western Carolines District. All administrative duties are transferred to the station chief, who will also preside over the court hearing cases against islanders in the Marianas.

429. Senfft, Arno. 1909. “Verordnung des Bezirksamts von Yap, betreffend Bekämpfung der Schildlauskrankheit.” [Regulation by the district office Yap regarding the containment of the coconut scale insect]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 7, p. 303. Regulation to reduce the impact of the coconut scale insect. Landowners on Palau are required to destroy infected palm and vegetation, by burning.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 430. Solf, Wilhelm. 1909. “Ausführungsbestimmungen des Gouverneurs von DeutschSamoa zur Kaiserlichen Verordnung, betreffend Zwangs- und Strafbefugnisse der Verwaltungsbehörden in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, vom 14 Juli 1905.” [Bye-laws by the Governor of German Samoa for carrying out the Imperial decree concerning the rights of administrators in the protectorates in Africa and the South Sea to give force to administrative and civil actions, dated 14 July 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 1, pp. 8–15. Executing regulations regarding the Imperial decree governing administration of various administrative actions to enforce the payment of fines and public and private debts and the ability to confiscate forfeited property to ensure that such debts are paid. This decree will be in force in the absence of specific decree passed by the individual protectorates. (Included as an example how a different administrator phrased the same issue; see nº 431 for item applicable to the Marianas). ###

431. Solf, Wilhelm. 1914. “Verordnung des Reichskanzlers betreffend die Ausdehnung der Strafverordnung für die Eingeborenen von Neuguinea vom 21. Oktober 1888 auf das Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau, Marianen und Marshall-Inseln.” [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the extension of the applicability penal code for indigenous peoples in New Guinea dated 21 October 1888 to the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 15, p. 696. Housekeeping regulation to create a uniform penal code for the protectorate of German New Guinea.

432. Solf, Wilhelm. 1914. “Verordnung des Reichskanzlers betreffend die Ermächtigung der Gouverneure der afrikanischen und Südsee Schutzgebiete zur Neuschaffung, Verlegung und Aufhebung von Verwaltungsbehörden und zur Abänderung der Grenzen der Verwaltungsbezirke.” [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the authorisation of the Governors of the African and South Seas Protectorates to create, move and abolish administrative sections and to alter the boundaries of administrative districts]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 15, p. 696. Housekeeping regulation to bring into line across all colonies the powers of the Governors t o change the administrative boundaries in their areas.

433. Solf, Wilhelm. 1914. “Verordnung des Reichskanzlers über den Ausnahmeszustand der Eingeborenen in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee, vom 15. August 1914.” [Regulation by the Imperial Chancellor regarding the state of emergency with respect to indigenous peoples in the protectorates in Africa and the South Seas, dated 15 August 1914]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 17, pp. 768–769. Declaration empowering the Governors to declare a state of emergency in their territories. During such conditions shortened court proceedings are permissible against indigenous persons.

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German Colonial Administration 434. Stübel, Oskar. 1900. “Erteilung von Ermächtigungen zur Beurkundung des Personenstandes in Deutsch-Neuguinea, einschliesslich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Authorisation to document vital statistics in German New Guinea, inclusive the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 22, p. 861. District administrators are empowered to perform civil marriages and record births, death and marriages.

435. Stübel, Oskar. 1904. “Auszug aus dem Runderlass des Auswärtigen Amtes der Kolonial Abteilung, betreffend die ethnographischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Sammlungen der Beamten und Militärpersonen in den Schutzgebieten, vom 30. März 1903.” [Extracts from the circular ordinance by the colonial section of the Foreign office regarding the ethnographic and natural history collections made by civil servants and military personnel in the protectorates, dated 30 March 1902]. In: Anon (ed.), Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Siebenter Teil 1903. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. P. ### Civil servants and military personnel are obliged to make their collections available to the Imperial Museums of Ethnography and Natural History.

436. Stübel, Oskar. 1904. “Dienstanweisung betreffend die trigonometrischen Vermessungen und Berechnungen, vom 20. August 1904.” [Directive regarding trigonometric measurements and calculations, dated 20 August 1904]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, nº 18, pp. 553–556. Description of how to complete the required trigonometric compilations in a cost effective way.

437. Stübel, Oskar. 1905. “Bestimmungen über die Verhandlung der bei den amtlichen Kassen der Schutzgebiete, außer Deutsch-Ostafrika und Kiautschou, eingehenden nachgemachten, verfälschten oder nicht mehr umlauffähigen Reichsmünzen, Reichskassenscheine und Reichsbanknoten, vom 6. Februar 1905.” [Regulations regarding the treatment of forged, falsified and overly worn Imperial German coins and banknotes paid in at the official cashier’s offices of the protectorates, with the exception of German East Africa and Jiaozhou, dated 6 February 1905]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 4, pp. 104–105. The cashier’s offices of the German administrations have to hold all falsified or forged coins and banknotes and have to notify the local administration. Coins below weight but not actively modified have to be held and exchanged for new coins. The unusable coins and notes are to be sent back to Berlin.

438. Stübel, Oskar. 1905. “Verfügung der Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes, betreffend Verhandlung portopflichtiger Dienstsachen, vom 12. April 1905.” [Regulation by the Colonial Section of the Foreign Office regarding the handling of official mail requiring postage, dated 12 April 1905]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 9, p. 271. Regulation ensuring that official domestic mail can be sent without stamps and that the recipients will not be charged for the lacking postage.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 439. Zimmermann, Alfred. 1898. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Zweiter Theil 1893 bis 1897. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and a an index. Second Part 1893 to 1897]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Second volume of the compilation of colonial legislation containing items applicable to the Mariana Islands.

440. Zimmermann, Alfred. 1899. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Dritter Theil 1897 bis 1898. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Third Part 1897 to 1898]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Third volume of the compilation of colonial legislation containing items applicable to the Mariana Islands.

441. Zimmermann, Alfred. 1900. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Vierter Theil 1898 bis 1899. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Fourth Part 1898 to 1899]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Fourth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation containing items applicable to the Mariana Islands.

442. Zimmermann, Alfred. 1901. Die deutsche Kolonialgesetzgebung. Sammlung der auf die deutschen Schutzgebiete bezüglichen Gesetze, Verordnungen, Erlasse, und internationale Vereinbarungen mit Anmerkungen und Sachregister. Fünfter Theil 1899 bis 1900. [The German colonial code. Collection of laws, regulations, executing regulations and international treaties applicable to the German protectorates, including annotations and an index. Fifth Part 1899 to 1900]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. Fifth volume of the compilation of colonial legislation containing items applicable to the Mariana Islands.

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Legal System 443. Anon. 1889. “Vorbereitung zur Einrichtung des Schwurgerichtes und Gerichtes letzter Instanz.” [Preparations for the establishment of a court with a jury and a court of last resort]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 2, nº 36, p. 333. Brief note that the establishment of a court with a jury as well as of a court of last resort was well under way in Jaluit (Marshall Islands).

444. Anon. 1891. “Das Recht der Eingeborenen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [The rights of indigenes in German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 8, pp. 145–146. Brief item on the legal rights of indigenous peoples in the German protectorates. Distinguishes between the German national legislation and that applicable in the colonies.

445. Anon. 1903. “Personalien.” [Personalia]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 16, p. 418. Entry stating that the district administrator in Cameroon, Gustav Boeder, had been appointed district administrator in German East Africa. Boeder was to go on to Pohnpei, where he was killed during the Sokeh’s rebellion.

446. Anon. 1903. “Polizeitruppe in Saipan (Marianen).” [The police force on Saipan (Marianas)]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 9, p. 209. Brief item on the newly founded local police force. The troops are on annual contract, but may be required to assist subsequent to their employment if needed. The force consists of 25 men and 3–4 petty officers. Every 1 January and 1 July half the police force is changed over. Duties are from 6:00 to 8:30 am, being training in marching/drills, shooting, rowing (boats) and firefighting. Troops are paid RMk 4 /month, petty officers RMk 6. By January 1903, 9 4 Chamorros had served.

447. Anon. 1903. “Übersicht über die richterlichen Geschäfte des Bezirksgerichtes für die Marianen während des Kalenderjahres 1900.” [Summary of the judicial proceedings of the district court for the Marianas for the calendar year 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, p. 214. Statistical table giving an overview of the number of cases dealt with.

448. Anon. 1903. “Übersicht über die richterlichen Geschäfte des Bezirksgerichtes für die Marianen während des Kalenderjahres 1901.” [Summary of the judicial proceedings of the district court for the Marianas for the calendar year 1901]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 13, p. 277. Statistical table giving an overview of the number of cases dealt with.

449. Anon. 1903. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte des Bezirksgerichtes für die Marianen während des Kalenderjahres 1902.” [Summary of the proceedings of the district court for the Marianas for the calendar year 1902]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 16, p. 418. Statistical table giving an overview of the number of cases dealt with.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 450. Anon. 1905. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1904. 5. DeutschNeuguinea einschliesslich der Karolinen. VI. Gerichtsbarkeit des Bezirksgerichts Saipan.” [Overview of the business of the Imperial Courts in the African and South Seas Protectorates during the calendar year 1904. 5. German New Guinea, including the Carolines. VI. Jurisdiction of the district court of Saipan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 12, p. 371. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.

451. Anon. 1905. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1904. 7. MarshallInseln.” [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1904. 7. Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 12, p. 372. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.

452. Anon. 1905. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1904. 5. DeutschNeuguinea einschliesslich der Karolinen. I. Gerichtsbarkeit des Obergerichts.” [Overview of the business of the Imperial Courts in the African and South Seas Protectorates during the calendar year 1904. 5. German New Guinea, including the Carolines. VI. Jurisdiction of the high court]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 12, p. 369. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the high court (court of appeals).

453. Anon. 1906. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1905. 4. DeutschNeuguinea einschliesslich der Karolinen.” [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1905. 4. German New Guinea including the Carolines]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 22, pp. 741–743. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.

454. Anon. 1906. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1905. 6. Gerichtsbarkeit des Bezirksgerichts Saipan.” [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1905. 6. Jurisdiction of the district court at Saipan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 22, p. 742. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.

455. Anon. 1906. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1905. 7. MarshallInseln.” [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1905. 7. Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 22, p. 743. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.

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German Colonial Administration 456. Anon. 1906. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1905. 4. DeutschNeuguinea einschliesslich der Karolinen. 1. Obergericht.” [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1905. 4. German New Guinea including the Carolines 1. High court]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 22, p. 740. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the high court/court of appeal.

457. Anon. 1907. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1906. 1. Gerichtsbarkeit des Obergerichts.” [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1906. 6. Jurisdiction of the high court]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 994. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the high court/court of appeal.

458. Anon. 1907. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte des kaiserlichen Bezirksgerichtes Saipan während des Kalenderjahres 1906.” [Summary of the proceedings of the Imperial district court Saipan for the calendar year 1906]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 22, p. 1084. Statistical summary of the cases heard at Saipan.

459. Anon. 1908. “Ausübung der Gerichtsbarkeit in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Südsee.” [The exercise of jurisdiction in the protectorates of Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, nº 29, p. 518. Item on the new legislation, authorising imperial judges to delegate the resolution of all cases which do not require the presence of assessors. Notary publics may be recognised in each protectorate as required.

460. Anon. 1909. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1908. 7. Gerichtsbarkeit des Bezirksgerichts Jaluit.” [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1908. 7. Jurisdiction of the district court at Jaluit]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, pp. 1138–1139. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.

461. Anon. 1909. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1908. 1. Gerichtsbarkeit des Obergerichts.” [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1908. 7. Jurisdiction of the High Court]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, pp. 1138–1139. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the high court (court of appeals).

462. Anon. 1909. “Die Unruhen auf Samoa.” [The unrest on Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 21, p. 355. According to a telegram received from Apia, Lauati and his followers have been safely interned on Saipan.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 463. Anon. 1909. “Die Unruhen auf Samoa.” [The unrest on Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23–2, nº 27, p. 36. According to a report by the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, Lauati and his followers have been arrested

464. Anon. 1909. “Die verbannten Häuptlinge von Samoa.” [The exiled chiefs from Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 33, pp. 551–552. Item narrating the arrival of the exiled Samoan chiefs and their families on Saipan. The item mentions that the Samoans were allocated land to grow their own food, but would be provided with government rations until their crops were ready. The Samoan settlement was erected with Saipan prison labour, as the Samoans were political prisoners and thus could not be expected to work on such projects.

465. Anon. 1909. “Die Verschickung der Samoanischen Häuptlinge.” [The deportation of the Samoan chiefs]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 18, p. 304. Comments that the Samoans will be shipped to Saipan and warns that it might be inadvisable to keep them together, as they could stir up trouble there as well.

466. Anon. 1910. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1909. 6. Gerichtsbarkeit des Bezirksgerichts Jaluit.” [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1909. 6. Jurisdiction of the district court at Jaluit]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 981. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.

467. Anon. 1910. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1909. 1. Gerichtsbarkeit des Obergerichts.” [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1909. 1. Jurisdiction of the high court]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 978. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the high court/court of appeals.

468. Anon. 1910. “Die verbannten Häuptlinge von Samoa.” [The exiled chiefs from Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 7, p. 114. Item on the life of the exiled Samoans on Saipan. Describes the land handed to the Samoans for production as well as the newly built village.

469. Anon. 1911. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1910. 6. Gerichtsbarkeit des Bezirksgerichts Jaluit.” [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1910. 6. Jurisdiction of the district court at Jaluit]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 23, p. 887. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the district court.

470. Anon. 1911. “Übersicht über die Geschäfte der Kaiserlichen Gerichte in den afrikanischen und Südsee-Schutzgebieten während des Kalenderjahres 1910. 1. Obergericht.”

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German Colonial Administration [Summary of proceedings of the Imperial courts in the African and South Seas protectorates during the calendar year 1910. 1. High Court]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 23, p. 884. Statistical table summarising the court cases heard at the high court (court of appeals).

471. Anon. 1911. “Verzeichnis der Schutzgebietsgerichte mit Angabe ihrer Bezirke nach dem Stande vom 1. April 1911.” [Register of the court districts in the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 9, pp. 341–342. List of the court districts in the German protectorates. Lists the district court of Pohnpei as covering the Eastern Carolines including Chuuk, the Marshalls and Nauru; and the district court on Yap as covering the Western Carolines, covering Yap, Palau and the Marianas. The High Court (Appellate Court) is based in Rabaul.

472. Anon. 1912. “Bestimmungen betreffend Erkrankungen von Haustieren und Einfuhr von Tieren in Neuguinea.” [Order concerning the illness of domestic animals and the introduction of animals into New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 31, p. 539. Summary of the provisions of the legislation concerning the communicable animal diseases and the importation of animals. If communicable diseases are found in local animal herds, the government may order the culling of a herd. All vessels bringing in animals from outside the territory are subject to a quarantine inspection by a veterinarian.

473. Anon. 1912. “Die Frage der Mischehen.” [The question of mixed marriages]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 14, pp. 214–216. Article summarising the view of the Imperial German parliament on the nature, desirability and legality of mixed race marriages. In some colonies, such as German Southwest Africa, mixed marriages were illegal, while in others, such as German East Africa, they were subject t o approval by the Governor. The main problem was the legal status of any mixed marriage children. As mixed marriages were not deemed legally binding, a joint commission of the parliament recommended that such marriages be formally recognised and registered, that the legal status of any children derived from these marriages be clarified through legislation, and that funds be allocated to achieve this.

474. Anon. 1912. “Die Frage der Mischehen.” [The question of mixed marriages]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 6, p. 84. Item on the legality of formal marriages between white colonials and members of the local population. Future formal marriages are henceforth declared illegal. The precedent was a case in Samoa. The numbers of mixed marriages in the South Seas, particularly the Bismarcks, the Carolines and the Marshalls is deplored.

475. Anon. 1913. “Samoa und die Mischehenfrage.” [Samoa and the question of mixed marriages]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 12, p. 201. A report on the status of the mixed marriages in Samoa. Not only have such marriages been illegal for a while, but questions have been raised whether earlier marriages are legally valid. What legal status and protection (alimony) is to be afforded to children from de facto marriages? The Advisory Board for the Government of Samoa (Gouvernmentsrat) recommended that the old marriages be declared valid, that such future marriages not be permitted, and that the Governor have the discretion to extend legal protection to children derived from de facto marriages on a case by case basis.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 476. Gerstmeyer. 1920. “Prügelstrafe.” [Corporal punishment]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. III (P-Z), p. 111. Brief encyclopedia entry on the legality and practice of corporal punishment in the German colonies.

477. Hermann, Rudolf. 1908. “Die Prügelsrafe nach deutschen Kolonialrecht.” [Corporal punishment according to German colonial law]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 10, pp. 72–83. Treatise on the legal basis for corporal punishment, mainly focussing on the situation i n Africa and China. Statistics on the application of corporal punishment in the various colonies is given, with German East Africa by far the most frequent user.

478. Hesse, Hermann. 1901. “Die Rechtsverhältnisse der deutschen Schutzgebiete.” [The legal situation of the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, nº 14, pp. 133–135; nº 15, pp. 143–144. Item discussing the legal status of the German colonies.

479. Hesse, Hermann. 1903. “Die Rechte an Grundstücken in den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [The rights to real estate in the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, nº 13, pp. 124–125. Overview of the new code governing the ownership and acquisition of land. Sets out that land cannot be alienated unless approved by the German administration and that cadastral registers are required. The need for geodetic surveys and establishment of land records is highlighted.

480. Hoffmann, Edler von. 1905. “Kolonialregierung und Kolonialgesetzgebung.” [Colonial government and colonial legislation]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 7, pp. 362–373. The paper discusses the legal and administrative structure of the German colonial administration and the powers to pass laws with respect to the colonies. Addresses issues o n the role of parliament in shaping colonial legislation and how colonial law is actually developed.

481. Karlowa, Hans. 1911. Die Strafgerichtsbarkeit über die Eingeborenen in den deutschen Kolonien. [The criminal jurisdiction over the indigenous peoples in the German colonies]. Borna-Leipzig: Robert Noske. Review of the legal foundation of the execution of jurisdiction over the indigenous inhabitants of the German colonies.

482. Köbner, Otto. 1903. Die Organisation der Rechtspflege in den deutschen Kolonien. [The organisation of jurisprudence in the colonies]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Treatise on the structure of the judiciary in the German colonies. The section on the German South Seas colonies is very brief. At the time of writing the court system for the Marianas and Carolines had not been finalised.

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German Colonial Administration 483. Meyer, Felix. 1907. “Die Erforschung und Kodifikation des Eingeborenenrechts.” [Research and codification of indigenous law]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 9, nº 11, pp. 847–869. Treatise on the role of traditional law in the body of German colonial law. Reviews the development of French, Dutch and British colonial law in the early and mid-19th century. The German colonial office required all administrations to compile a review of the local traditional legal systems and concepts. Argues that while the research into such legal concepts i s enlightening, its codification could result in complications. The traditional legal concepts, derived from cultural bases, are often so different from the base of Roman law that common ground cannot be found.

484. Perels, Kurt. 1912. “Eingeborenenrecht in den deutschen Kolonien.” [Indigenous law in the German Colonies]. Die Grenzboten. Zeitschrift für Politik, Literatur und Kunst 1, pp. 1–8. The paper discusses the issues surrounding the collection and potential recognition of indigenous legal concepts in the German colonies. From 1907 the German administrations were under direction to collect information on the traditional legal systems, of concepts of law and order in the German colonies. The project was aimed at understanding the nature of traditional decisions making and how the colonial administration could utilise some of the processes and structures to enforce its own views. The German colonial legislation paved the way be decreeing that the German law as practiced and enforced in Europe does not necessarily apply in the colonies and that local norming of the judicial process has to occur. Yet the punishment meted out could not be more severe than in Germany itself, and unacceptable forms of punishment (such as hacking off a hand etc) could not be applied even though they might be sanctioned by traditional law. The paper argues that knowledge of traditional law i s essential for the appropriate running of a colony, but that this law should only be applied where opportune, and that it should never be codified.

485. Peters, Emil. 1906. Der Begriff sowie die staats- und völkerrechtliche Stellung der Eingeborenen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten nach dem deutschen Kolonialrechte. Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Hohen juristischen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität. [The concept and the national and international legal position of the natives of the German protectorates according to German colonial law]. Göttingen: Dieterich’sche Universitätsdruckerei. PhD thesis discussing the concept of natives according to historic foundations and the current national and international law, focussing on the nature of citizenship. A discussion covers the standing of the indigenous peoples of the German colonies by comparing naturalised indigenous individuals, non-naturalised peoples, the Chinese in Jiaozhou (Jiazhou) and the special position of the tribal and clan chiefs.

486. Prager, Erich. 1903. “Einrichtung von Grundbuchbezirken.” [Establishment of land registry districts]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, pp. 468–469. Brief item on the establishment of cadastral districts and registers in the Islands Territory. The formal cadastral survey of the protectorate was announced.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 487. Radlauer, Ernst. 1909. “Die kolonialrechtliche Lösung der Mischehenfrage.” [The solution of the question of mixed marriages based on colonial law]. Annalen des deutschen Reiches 11, pp. 853–861. Legal treatise on the status of mixed marriages. The author concludes that unless Imperial law or regulations or local tribal laws make mixed marriages illegal, such marriages have the same standing as marriages among Germans if they have been witnessed by consular officers or other officials authorised to conduct weddings. However, marriages based solely on local traditional laws are deemed invalid.

488. Reichskolonialamt. 1907. “Kriminalstatistik für das Berichtsjahr 1906/07.” [Court Statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 8, pp. 53–55. Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

489. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Kriminalstatistik für das Berichtsjahr 1906/07.” [Court Statitics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 7, pp. 53–56. Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


491. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Kriminalstatistik.” [Court Statistics]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 22–24. Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

492. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Kriminalstatistik.” [Court Statitics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 46–48. Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.


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German Colonial Administration 494. Reichskolonialamt. 1910. “Rechtspflege in den einzelnen Schutzgebieten 1910. NeuGuinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln.” [Jurisprudence in the individual protectorates 1910. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. A. I. 2, p. 28. Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

495. Reichskolonialamt. 1910. “Rechtspflege in den einzelnen Schutzgebieten 1911. NeuGuinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln.” [Jurisprudence in the individual protectorates 1912. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. A. I. 3, p. 50. Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

496. Reichstag. 1907. “Kriminalstatistik.” [Court Statistics]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 353–356. Statistical tables on the court cases in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

497. Schack, Friedrich. 1923. Das deutsche Kolonialrecht in seiner Entwicklung bis zum Weltkriege. [The development of the German colonial law until the World War]. Hamburg: L. Friederichsen. 434p. Detailed retrospective discussion of the development of German colonial law. The discussion on Micronesia focuses on the administrative arrangement for the Marshall Islands as a concession to the Jaluit Gesellschaft, and the development of a claim of German sovereignty over the islands. Because Spain had sovereignty over the Carolines, Palau and Marianas (after the Spanish-American war of 1898 with the exception of Guam), the purchase of these islands by Germany transferred the sovereignty to the German Empire. Thus all German colonial law found applicability without exception.

498. Schreiber. 1904. “Koloniales Kirchenrecht.” [Colonial church law]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, nº 12, pp. 871–884. Discussion of the role and status of the church in the German colonies and the role of the Church law. Provides an overview of the mission societies active in the German colonies and their legal and administrative structure.

499. Schreiber. 1904. “Die rechtliche Stellung der Bewohner der deutschen Schutzgebiete.” [The legal position of the inhabitants of the German protectorates]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 760–775. Discussion of the various German colonial laws as they pertain to the inhabitants of the various German protectorates. The paper reviews the legal structure of the various colonies and protectorates, and distinguishes between German citizens living in the German colonies, the naturalised foreigners or indigenous peoples, persons of foreign nationality and the

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands indigenous peoples in the colonies. For each group the legal status is discussed. Comments on the de facto duality of laws where the Europeans live according to German law and the indigenous people (largely) according to traditional law.

500. Schreiber. 1907. “Zur Kodifikation des Eingeborenen-Rechts.” [On the codification of indigenous law]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 9, nº 11, pp. 477–487. Discusses the potential implications of a codification of traditional laws. Stresses that the differences in legal concepts between the local communities and the German colonial masters (with their concepts of Roman law) have led to ongoing conflict and mistrust. Even though Germany is legally able to enforce German law in all its territories, including the German Colonies, this is deemed inappropriate. The author argues that it would be impossible t o codify all local legislation. Both the sheer volume and the large number of languages would make this impossible. Any attempt at codification would certainly have to remove all those legal concepts which are morally incompatible with modern civilisation.

501. Solf, Wilhelm. 1909. “Samoa. Die letzten Unruhen.” [Samoa, the latest disturbances]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 13, pp. 635–644. Account of the Mau resistance towards German policies regarding traditional political succession on Samoa, led by Lauati. The rebellion was suppressed and Lauati and nine other chiefs (with their families and retinue) were deported to Saipan aboard SMS Jaguar and SMS Arcona.

502. [Solf, Wilhelm. 1909. “Die Vorgänge auf Samoa.” [The occurrences on Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 26 Supplement, pp. 445–448. Summary of a report by the German Governor of Samoa, Wilhelm Solf, on the events that led t o the deportation of the Samoa chief Lauati and a number of his followers to Saipan.

503. Stengel, Karl Freiherr von. 1895. “Die deutschen Schutzgebiete, ihre rechtliche Stellung, Verfassung und Verwaltung.” [The German protectorates, their legal status, constitutions and administration]. Annalen des Deutschen Reiches pp. 493–782. Discussion of the legal structure of the German protectorates in Africa, New Guinea and the Marshall Islands, written at a time before the Marianas were acquired. The treatise addresses issues of sovereignty and the status of the protectorates in relation to Germany proper, the various administrative laws and structures including consular and fiscal legislation, and the legislative and jurisdictional powers entailed in the colonial regulations and directives

504. Stengel, Karl Freiherr von. 1901. Die Rechtsverhältnisse der deutschen Schutzgebiete. [The state of the legal system in the German protectorates]. Tübingen and Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr. In-depth comparative study of the legislation applicable to the German protectorates. The study addresses issues of sovereignty and the status of the protectorates in relation t o Germany proper, the various administrative laws and structures including consular and fiscal legislation, and the legislative and jurisdictional powers entailed in the colonial regulations and directives.

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Administrative Structure 505. Anon. 1890. “Bekanntmachung betreffend die Errichtung der Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes.” [Notification of the establishment of a colonial section in the Foreign Office]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 1, p. 119. A seperate colonial section was established in the Foreign Office to cater for the special needs of Germany’s nascent colonies.

506. Anon. 1902. “Dr. Hahl, Gouverneur für Neuguinea.” [Dr. Hahl, Governor for New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, nº 50, pp. 505–506. Biographical sketch of Albert Hahl on the occasion of his appointment as Governor General for German New Guinea.

507. Anon. 1903. “Aus der Südsee. Marianen.” [From the South Seas. Marianas]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 17, nº 25, p. 975. Item on the fact that the Malay police troops on Saipan have been replaced by Chamorro and Carolinian local police cadets. A brief overview of their training and conditions of employment is given.

508. Anon. 1905. “Personalien.” [Personal Items]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 12, p. 373. Both Georg Fritz and Victor Berg were promoted to ‘Kaiserlicher Regierungsrat’ for the duration of their employment in the colonial service.

509. Anon. 1905. “Personalien.” [Personal Items]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 12, p. 435. Item mentioning that Dr. Dwucet arrived on 13 March 1905 in Saipan.

510. Anon. 1906. “Personal-Nachrichten.” [Personalia]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 11, p. 341. Brief item notifying that Fritz had taken up the administration of the Yap district office for the duration of Senfft’s furlough.

511. Anon. 1906. “Personalien.” [Personal Items]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, p. 341. Item mentioning that Georg Fritz had moved to Yap.

512. Anon. 1908. “Die Auflösung des Kolonialrats.” [The dissolution of the colonial council]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, nº 12, pp. 194–196. Item discussing the future of the administration of the German colonies after the Colonial Advisory Council (Kolonialrat) had been abolished (established in 1890). The German Colonial Society deplored the loss of an avenue of valuable feedback from people living in the colonies.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 513. Anon. 1909. “Der neue Bezirksamtmann der Westkarolinen.” [The new district administrator for the Western Carolines]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 34, p. 567. Item mentioning that Gustav Boeder was scheduled to depart Berlin for Yap, where he was t o take up the position of district administrator, following Senfft’s death.

514. Anon. 1909. “Trennung von Verwaltung und Rechtsprechung in den Kolonien.” [Separation between administration and the judiciary in the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, p. 282. Reviews the current policies regarding the separation of powers between the judiciary and the administration of German colonies, with special reference to developments in Jiazhou.

515. Anon. 1910. “Aus Deutsch-Mikronesien.” [From German Micronesia]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 21, p. 343. Obituary for Karl Kirn, mentioning that he died en route home in Moscow, aged 35, due to an infection of the respiratory system. The item comments that with Kirn’s death three administrators and one settler had died unexpectedly in the Western Carolines (and Marianas) district since 1907.

516. Anon. 1910. “Deutsch-Neuguinea. Japanischer Konsul.” [German New Guinea, Japanese Consul]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 453. Item mentioning that Miki Saito, Japanese Consul General in Sydney, had been also appointed Japanese consul for the protectorate of New Guinea (including the Islands Territory).

517. Anon. 1910. “Deutsch-Neuguinea. Norwegischer Konsul.” [German New Guinea, Norwegian Consul]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 425. Item mentioning that Emil Timm of Matupi (New Guinea) had been appointed Norwegian consul for the protectorate of New Guinea (including the Islands Territory).

518. Anon. 1910. “Personalien. Deutsch-Neuguinea. “ [Personalia. German New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 425. Example of personnel notes included in later issues of the Deutsches Kolonialblatt. Mentions the arrival of Dr. Salecker as government physician on Saipan and the departure of Dr. Ludwig Born, the teacher Vogt as well as other staff.

519. Anon. 1910. “Stationsleiter Kirn †.” [Station chief Kirn †]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, nº 10, p. 416. Brief notice on the death of the Saipan station chief Karl Kirn who died of pneumonia on 2 9 April 1910 in Moscow en route to Germany on home leave.

520. Anon. 1911. “Tagegelder, Fuhrkosten und Umzugskosten der Kolonialbeamten.” [Per diem, moving and travel expenses for colonial officials]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, nº 23, p. 385. Description of the new rates of travel expenses for colonial staff travelling on business.

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German Colonial Administration 521. Anon. 1912. “[Personal Nachrichten].” Personal news. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 22, p. 1186. Note stating that Dr. Salecker arrived in Saipan on 3 May 1912.

522. Anon. 1920. “Georg Fritz.” [Georg Fritz]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. I (A-G), p. 666. Biographical entry on Georg Fritz.

523. Helfferich, D. 1905. Zur Reform der kolonialen Verwaltungs-Organisation. [On the reform of the colonial adminsitration and its organisation]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Position paper reviewing and discussing the state of the German colonial administration i n late 1904 with respect to the organisation of the central administration in Berlin and local administration in the individual colonies and the interplay between the two bodies. The paper stresses the hierarchical nature of administration but advocates the sense in establishing advisory bodies, made up of local economic interests. Also stresses the fact that autonomy can not be granted to the local colonial administration as the colonial government will always be the arm of the colonial power and has to do its bidding.

524. Hogrefe, L. 1913. “Die Laufbahn der deutschen Kolonialbeamten.” [The career path of German colonial officers]. Kolonial Monatsblätter. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 15, pp. 121–126. Paper describing the career structure and selection processes of German colonial officers. The normal tour of duty in the Pacific is three years. Unless specifically recruited, colonial officers are usually on secondment from their normal place of work. All candidates must already be approved civil servants (Beamte) before they can apply for colonial service. A table provides the breakdown of salaries for the various classes of civil servants. The processes described i n the paper reflect the status quo close to the end of the German colonial period.

525. Kucklentz, Karl. 1914. Das Zollwesen der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee. [The customs system of the German protectorates in Africa and the South Seas]. Berlin: Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht. Monographic treatment of the customs system in German New Guinea as well as the Islands Territory, discussing the development of the customs and the then applicable customs tariffs.

526. Tesch, Johannes. 1912. Die Laufbahn der Deutschen Kolonialbeamten, ihre Pflichten und Rechte. [The career path of German colonial officers, their duties and rights]. Berlin: Otto Salle. Monographic treatment of the nature and career structure of German colonial officers, as well as all applicable legislation. Includes a section on the administrative structure, the staffing levels and the payment structure of the various district and regional administrations.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 527. Thiel, Friedrich. 1899. “Unsere Bezirks- und Landeshauptleute auf den Karolinen.” [Our district and country administrators in the Carolines]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, nº 29, pp. 258–259. Paper detailing the biographies of the newly appointed district administrators Georg Fritz, Arno Senfft and Albert Hahl.

528. [Thiel, Friedrich]. 1899. “Unsere Bezirks- und Landeshauptleute auf den Karolinen.” [Our district and country administrators in the Carolines]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, nº 31, p. 281. Item detailing the biographies of the newly appointed district administrators Georg Fritz, Arno Senfft and Albert Hahl.

529. Weber, Friedrich. 1909. Die koloniale Finanzverwaltung. [The financial administration of the colonies]. Münster: Verlag der Universitätsbuchhandlung Franz Coppenrath. Treatise on the administrative mechanisms to ensure that each colony was fiscally responsible, with a discussion on the income sources of the colonies. For the Islands Territory these are discussed as direct and indirect income through taxation and licenses.

Education 530. Allgemeiner Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschtums im Auslande. 1906. [Handbook of the Germandom abroad together with an address book of German schools abroad]. Handbuch des Deutschtums im Auslande nebst einem Adreßbuch der deutschen Auslandsschulen. 2nd edition. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Discussion of the extent of German schools and education in the colonies and in other German settlement areas. For each of the colonies population and economic statistics are given. Incudes a discussion on the schools operated by the government and the missions.

531. Anon. 1898. “Übersicht der Schulen und Schüler der Boston-Mission in den MarshallInseln für 1897.” [Overview of the schools and pupils of the Boston Mission in the Marshall Islands for 1897]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 9, p. 246. Statistical tables of schools and school attendance in the Marshalls. An example of early denominational education.

532. Anon. 1901. “Die deutsche Schule in Apia.” [The German school at Apia]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 6, p. 190. Item on the school year 1899/1900, the last year before Samoa became a German colony. Included as an example of a school catering for the needs of German residents.

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German Colonial Administration 533. Anon. 1904. “Errichtung einer Regierungsschule auf den Marianen.” [The establishment of an imperial school in the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 39, p. 391. The council of the Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft had asked to establish a teacher’s position on Saipan. The Allgemeine Deutsche Schulverein has notified the Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft that a position has been advertised. The conditions are a three-year term, with a salary of RMk 4000 plus free housing.

534. Anon. 1904. “Kiautschou—Gouvernmentsschule.” [Jiaozhou—Gouvernement School]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 32, p. 390. Brief item on the first annual report of the German government high school in Jiaozhou. The use of the school was primarily for the male children of German citizens in Eastern Asia. Operational were the first three years of high school (Sexta, Quinta, Quarta), with other classes being opened up each year as the population of pupils migrates through the system.

535. Anon. 1905. “Deutsch Unterricht für Chamorros.” [German lessons for Chamorros]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, nº 28, p. 294. Item on the instruction of Chamorro in German. Fritz’s efforts are praised. The paper states that Fritz, ‘upon the request of several natives desirous of learning German,’ opened an evening school for adults, starting 1 February 1905, with one two-hour class per week. From 1 April 1905 the classes were taught on Sunday mornings. The about 30 students were given a work sheet that had been written and multiplied by Fritz himself.

536. Anon. 1913. “Abschlußprüfung and der Tsingtauer Hochschule.” [Final exams at the college of Qingdao]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 5, p. 71. Item on the first final exams of the Jiazhou college, with students graduating in law and agriculture.

537. Anon. 1913. “Deutsch-Chinesische Hochschule in Tsingtau.” [German-Chinese College in Qingdao]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 35, p. 581. Item on the plans to expand the school system in Jiazhou and to expand the local college to a university.

538. Anon. 1913. “Universität Tsingtau.” [Qingdao University]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, p. 353. Brief item discussing plans to establish a German university at Qingdao.

539. Anon. 1914. “Schulwesen in der deutschen Südsee.” [Educational matters in the German South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, nº 18, p. 299. Item on the state of education in the German South Seas. The school on Saipan was so much sought after that the number of places became insufficient. A number of pupils were sent to the Catholic School. The Saipan school is slated for a major budgetary increase in the 1916/18 budget [which never eventuated due to the war]. A government school is planned for Jaluit as well, as the existing Protestant schools do not sufficiently service the German interests.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 540. Barschdorff. 1912. “Von der Regierungsschule.” [From the government school]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, nº 20, pp. 213–215. Brief item on the operation of the German government school in Namalula, included t o provide contrast to the operation of the German school on Saipan.

541. Barschdorff. 1913. “Jahresbericht über die Tätigkeit der Regierungsschulen in Namalula. (1. April 1912 —31. März 1913).” [Annual report on the activities of the government schools at Namalula (1 April 1912 to 31 March 1913). Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 5, nº 8, pp. 69–73. The annual report on the school system contains a detailed presentation of the curriculum. It has been included here for comparative purposes to the government school at Saipan.

542. Barth, Christian B. 1911. “Über das Schulwesen unserer Schutzgebiete.” [On the school system of our protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, nº 2, pp. 25–26; nº 3, pp. 41–42. Item discussing the schooling in German East Africa, Kamerun, Togo (included for comparative purposes).

543. Damm, Otto. 1901. “Deutsche Schule Apia-Samoa.” [German School Apia-Samoa]. In: Müller, J. P (ed.), Deutsche Schulen und deutscher Unterricht im Auslande. Leipzig: Th. Thomas. Pp. 367–370. Description of the history and curriculum of the German school in Apia (founded 1891). Included as background information for the Saipan school.

544. Duffner, Venantius. 1912. “Schulbericht des Apostolischen Präfekten Venantius in Jap.” [Report by the apostolic prefect on the school in Yap]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, nº 1, p. 4–5. The annual report for 1911 provides statistics on number of pupils, the teaching of German, and the curriculum as a whole.

545. Dwucet, F. 1908. “Als Lehrer und Bienenzüchter auf Saipan.” [As teacher and apiarist on Saipan]. In: Wiese, J (ed.), Neu-Deutschland. Unsere Kolonien in Wort und Bild. Berlin: Meidinger’s Jugendschriften Verlag. Pp. 363–368. Description of the German school system on Saipan with details on curricula, teaching staff, the post-1905 erected school building. Written for young people.

546. Fritz, Georg. 1907. “Kurze Geschichte der Marianen.” [Brief history of the Marianas]. Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen 10, p. 218–228. The text and German transliteration and translation of a history schoolbook text in Chamorro written by Fritz to support his Chamorro education scheme.

547. Geyer, Albert. 1908. Die deutschen Kolonien in schulgemässer Behandlung nebst 30 Landschafts-,Städte- und Characterbildern. [The German colonies treated for use in school, together with 30 country, town and character sketches]. Berlin: Vossische Buchhandlung. School book on the German colonies. Contains teaching materials as well as curriculum content.

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German Colonial Administration 548. Gründl, F. 1904. Schulfibel für die Insel Nauru. Sydney: Finn Brothers. School book for Nauru, contains German language instruction.

549. Irmer, Georg. 1908. “Die Bedeutung der Karolinen, Marianen und Palauinseln.” [The importance of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands]. In: Geyer, Albert (ed.). Berlin: Vossische Buchhandlung. Pp. 120–125. Reader segment for a school book on the German colonies. Brief and superficial geography and ethnography of German Micronesia.

550. Jacobi, E. 1904. “Eine koloniale Schulrechtsfrage.” [A question of colonial education law]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 266–272. Reviews the legal standing of the schools in the German policies, and the powers of the colonial administrations to close non-German schools, as well as the powers to prescribe aspects of the curriculum such as the language of instruction. The author concludes that national German school legislation does not apply in the colonies and that therefore the administration has no legal handle to force privately run schools (such as mission schools) t o conform to German school laws.

551. König, B. von. 1912. “Die Eingeborenen-Schulen in den Deutschen Kolonien Afrikas und der Südsee.” [The indigenous schools in the German colonies in Africa and the South Seas]. Koloniale Rundschau 1, nº 5, pp. 257–268; nº 6, pp. 405–449; nº 7, pp. 529–543; nº 8, pp. 616–624; nº 12, pp. 721–732; vol. 2, nº 1, 1913, pp. 5–26. Detailed treatment of the German school system in the colonies including curricula and statistics of schools and school attendance. The colonial policy is evaluated with regard to the schools and the implications for the future of Germany’s colonies. Particular attention is given to the question of whether German should be the primary language of instruction.

552. Krauß, Emil. 1915. “Missions- und Schulwesen in den deutschen Kolonien.” [Missions and scholling in the German colonies]. Süddeutsche Monatshefte 12, nº 11, p. 759–762. Brief review of the German colonial school system after the loss of all colonies, with some statistics on the total funding for eduction (1910–1914).

553. Kreher, Hugo. 1901. “Havana. Deutsche Schule.” [Havana. German School]. In: Müller, J. P (ed.), Deutsche Schulen und deutscher Unterricht im Auslande. Leipzig: Th. Thomas. Pp. 350–351. Description of the German school in Havana. Included as background information on the Saipan teacher Dr. Dwucet who had come from Havana.

554. Krieger, M. 1905. “Das Alumnat der Gouvernmentsschule von Tsingtau.” [The alumni of the Government school at Qingdao]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, nº 28, p. 292. The nature and work of the Government school at Qingdao is discussed, including details of the cost of schooling and the size of enrolments.

555. Lehmann, Eusebius. 1909. Der erste Unterricht auf Jap. Eine Schulfiebel in DeutschJapisch. [The first lessons on Yap. A school book in German-Yapese]. Freiburg: Herder. School text for primary schools on Yap.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 556. Lenz, Gustav and Fritz, Georg. 1905. “Die deutsche Schule in Saipan (Marianen).” [The German school on Saipan (Marianas), with one photograph]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, pp. 427–428. Description of the operation of the German school on Saipan, based on a letter sent by Georg Fritz. Contains information on the sequence of classes as well as glimpses of the curriculum.

557. Madre, Corbinian. 1911. “Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Die Missionsschule auf Rota.” [Pictures from mission life. The mission school on Rota]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und PalauInseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the RhineWestphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 47–48. Discussion of the mission school on Rota, which became the sole education provider on the island after the German government school was closed down. The item contains statistical information as well as a narrative on the performance and abilities of the pupils.

558. Martens, Wilhelm. 1903. “Schullehrer für das Schutzgebiet.” [School teachers for the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, nº 5, p. 44. Notice indicating that the colonial office would offer positions for government teachers. Applicants must be between 24 and 30 years old, suitable for service in the tropics, and would be paid the voyage out and back, RMk 500 to set up their home, as well as an annual salary of RMk 4000 plus free accommodation. If teachers agree to a second term of duty, they will be granted 4 month paid home leave between the two appointments.

559. Meinecke, Carl. 1902. “Bodengestalt der Marianen.” [Geology of the Marianas]. In: Seidel, A (ed.), Deutschlands Kolonien. koloniales Lesebuch für Schule und Haus. Beschreibung der deutschen Schutzgebiete nebst einer Auswahl aus der kolonialen Litteratur. Berlin: Carl Heymanns Verlag. P. 274. Extract from Meinicke’s work on the Pacific as part of a colonial reader.

560. Mirbt, Karl. 1914. “Die Schulen für Eingeborene in den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [The schools for indigenous peoples in the German protectorates]. Koloniale Monatsblätter 16, nº 3, p. 218–238. Overview of the state of education in the German colonies. Laudes the efforts made by the various mission societies in the education of the local communities. Across the board, indigenous teachers outnumbered German and other expatriate teachers, indicating that the education system had succeeded in creating a group of well educated individuals. The picture, however, is patchy, with some colonies having better developed educational infrastructure than others. There is no uniform curriculum, with structures ranging from single grade schools to those with a six-grade system. The concentration of schools of competing denominations at the same localities is criticised as this does not support a broad band education effort.

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German Colonial Administration 561. Paulsen, Fr. 1904. Handbuch des Deutschtums im Auslande nebst einem Adreßbuch der deutschen Auslandsschulen. [Handbook of the Germandom abroad together with an address book of German schools abroad]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Discussion on the extent of German schools and education in the colonies and in other German settlement areas. For each of the colonies population and economic statistics are given. Includes a discussion of the schools operated by the government and the missions.

562. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Bericht der Regierungsschule zu Saipan.” [Report of the government school in Saipan]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 1, p. 36. Annual report of the German government school on Saipan, detailing the number of pupils and the general outline of the curriculum.

563. Reichskolonialamt. 1910. “Missions und Schulwesen 1910. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln.” [Missions and Education 1910. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. A. IV, p. 54. Statistical tables on the education system in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

564. Reichskolonialamt. 1912. “Schul- und Missionswesen 1911. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln.” [Missions and Education 1911. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. A. IV, p. 60. Statistical tables on the education system in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

565. Schanz, Moritz. 1909. “Deutsche Kolonialschule zu Witzenhausen.” [German colonial school at Witzenhausen]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 2, pp. 25–26. Brief description of the colonial school at Witzenhausen, designed to train future German administrators of the colonies.

566. Splett. 1904. “Inwiefern hat die Volksschule in ihrem Lehrplan auf die Weltmachtstellung Deutschlands Rücksicht zu nehmen?” [To what extent must the curriculum of the primary school take into account the world status of Germany?]. Jahrbuch des Katholischen Lehrerverbandes, Kempten 9, pp. 28–29. Eleven points regarding the status of Germany as a colonial power and the need to include education about the colonies in the primary schools.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 567. Splett. 1905. “Inwiefern hat die Volksschule in ihrem Lehrplan auf die Weltmachtstellung Deutschlands Rücksicht zu nehmen?” [To what extent must the curriculum of the primary school take into account the world status of Germany?]. Katholische Schulzeitung für Norddeutschsland 47. Ten points regarding the status of Germany as a colonial power and the need to include education about the colonies in the primary schools.

568. Splett. 1906. “Inwiefern hat die Volksschule in ihrem Lehrplan auf die Weltmachtstellung Deutschlands Rücksicht zu nehmen?” [To what extent must the curriculum of the primary school take into account the world status of Germany?]. Beiträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 1–6 (reprint). Discussion of the status of Germany as a colonial power and the need to include education about the colonies in the primary schools. Argues that more must be done in the primary school system to ensure national pride in the colonial endeavour. Detailed paper expanded from previous brief summaries.

569. Walther, A. 1910. “Lehrergehälter in unseren Kolonien.” [The salaries of teachers in our colonies]. Die deutsche Schule im Auslande. 9, pp. 560–561. Brief item on the salary levels of teachers in the German colonies.

570. Westermann, Diedrich. 24. “Mission und Schule.” [Missions and Schooling]. In: Koloniale Reicharbeitsgemeinschaft (ed.), 40 Jahre Deutsche Kolonialarbeit. Gedenkschrift zum 24. April 1924. Berlin: Agencia Duems. 32–35. An apologetic review of the role of missionaries as educators in the former German colonies casting the missionary efforts in a favourable light.

Infrastructure Development 571. Anon. 1908. “Erziehung zur Arbeit in der Südsee.” [Training to work in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, nº 27, pp. 485–486. Item summarising various initiatives of public infrastructure development, drawing on paid and unpaid labour in the German South Sea colonies. Head tax is commonly either paid i n copra (which increases the productivity of the area) or through the provision of labour for government projects.

572. Anon. 1914. “Wettbewerb für Entwürfe von Baulichkeiten in den deutschen Kolonien.” [Competitions for designs of buildings in the German colonies]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 6, p. 247. Item on the call for submission by architects for a design competition for a proposed hospital building in the German South Seas (first prize RMk 1, 000, 2nd prize RMk 500).

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German Colonial Administration 573. Grunwald, H. 1904. Deutscher Steinbau. Praktische Bauweise für Ansiedlerhäuser, Kolonien, landwirtschaftiche und gewerbliche Unternehmungen. [German stone construction. Practical building style for settler’s homes, colonies, agricultural an commercial enterprises]. Lorch: Karl Rohm. Manual on the construction of residential homes from brick, concrete and stone deemed suitable for the German colonies. Plans and elevations are included.

574. Pauli, Carl. 1904. “Der Kolonist der Tropen als Häuser-, Wege- und Brückenbauer.” [The colonist in the tropics as builder of houses, roads and bridges]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 684–713. Treatise on building techniques for domestic and official dwellings, for the construction of roads and the erection of bridges. Written by an engineer working in German New Guinea, the article is amply illustrated with plans and technical drawings.

575. Pauli, Carl. 1911. Der Kolonist in den Tropen las Häuser-, Wege- und Brückenbauer. [The colonist in the tropics as builder of houses, roads and bridges]. Second editon. Süsserott’s Kolonialbibliothek 9. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. Technical handbook detailing the planning and construction of dwellings, office buildings, bridges and roads. Written as a general text it provides a number of examples from New Guinea and other colonies. The author was based in German New Guinea when the text was written.

576. Rummel, Walter Freiherr von. 1910. “Häuser und Hütten in der deutschen Südsee.” [Houses and huts in the German South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 32, pp. 533–536. Discussion of the traditional architecture in the German South Seas colonies.

Scientific Research 577. Anon. 1900. “Georg Volkens.” [Georg Volkens]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, nº 44, p. 504. Review of the recent research carried out by Georg Volkens on behalf of the Imperial German government. The item mentions his visit to Micronesia on the occasion of the hand-over of the Caroline, Palau and Mariana Islands to German rule.

578. Anon. 1900. “Vom Königlich botanischen Museum.” [From the Royal Botanic Museum]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, pp. 645–648. Overview on the activities of the Royal Botanic Museum in Berlin regarding the collection of plants from the colonies and the distribution of seed and planting material to the colonies. Mentions the large botanic collections made by Georg Volkens on the occasion of the German annexation.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 579. Anon. 1905. “Deutsch-Neu-Guinea. Wissenschaftliche Sammlung.” [German New Guinea. Scientific collections]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 1, p. 13. Fritz sent a collection of 70 beetles, 3 Rhynchoate, 8 Orthoptera and 1 scorpion to the Zoological Museum in Berlin. Given the limited knowledge of the fauna of Saipan, this collection was much welcomed.

580. Anon. 1905. “Enthüllung eines Denkmals fur den Forschungsreisenden Kubary in Ponape.” [Unveiling of a memorial for the researcher Kubary on Pohnpei]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 675. Brief item on a memorial erected on Pohnpei to honour the ethnographic research by Johann Stanislau Kubary.

581. Anon. 1905. “Naturaliensammlung aus deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Natural history collection from the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, nº 28, p. 293. Item on a merchant in natural history items, desirous of purchasing specimens from the German protectorates. The Deutsche Kolonialzeitung comments that this might be a profitable sideline for many settlers.

582. Anon. 1906. “Bereicherung der Sammlungen des Zoologischen Museums in Berlin durch die Kaiserlichen Bezirksamtmänner Senfft und Fritz.” [Enrichment of the collections of the zoological museum in Berlin by the Imperial district administrators Senfft and Fritz]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 10, p. 291. Fritz made a donation of biological specimens to the Zoological Museum in Berlin comprising of 14 sets of antlers of axis deer, 4 mammal skulls, 10 lizards, 1 fish, 442 butterflies as well as some pupae, 150 coleoptera, 3 neuroptera, 9 rhynchotes, 1 wasp nest and the larvae, 2 myriapodes, 9 orthoptera, 8 diptera, 3 crabs and 3 snails. The item comments that the donations were very much welcome given the dearth of the collections from the Marianas and that the antlers would go on public display.

583. Anon. 1906. “Geschenke an das Zoologische Museum in Berlin.” [Gifts to the zoological museum of Berlin]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 21, p. 727. Both Senfft and Fritz collected for the Zoological Museum in Berlin. No details on the nature of the gifts are published.

584. Engler, A. 1903. “Bericht über die Tätigkeit des Botanischen Zentralstelle für die Kolonien am Botanischen Garten und Museum zu Berlin in Jahre 1902.” [Report on the activities of the botanical central office for the colonies of the Botanical Garden and Museum of Berlin in the year 1902]. Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und Museum zu Berlin, sow der botanischen Centralstelle für die deutschen Kolonien. III, nº 30, pp. 215–224. Report of activities for the year 1901/02. The central office for the colonies both collected and evaluated botanical samples sent from the colonies and sent out required seeds and cuttings to various colonies. From the German South Seas colonies, Berlin received samples from Yap (1), Saipan (1), Samoa (21), Pohnpei (8). The wife of Landeshauptmann Brandeis sent in material culture items from the Marshalls, while Georg Fritz sent arrowroot flour and chocolate from Saipan.

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German Colonial Administration Georg Fritz also supplied 70 pressed samples from Saipan for the Herbarium of Berlin.

585. Engler, A. 1904. “Übersicht über die Tätigkeit des Botanischen Zentralstelle für die Kolonien am Botanischen Garten und Museum zu Berlin.” [Overview on the activities of the botanical central office for the colonies of the Botanical Garden and Museum of Berlin]. Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und Museum zu Berlin, sow der botanischen Centralstelle für die deutschen Kolonien. 4, nº 33, pp. 99–106. Report of activities for the year 1902/03. The central office for the colonies both collected and evaluated botanical samples sent from the colonies and sent out required seeds and cuttings to various colonies. For example, 2260 living plants were received. The listing is summary and only on occasion are points of origin or destinations mentioned. It seems that Berlin sent ornamental plants to Jaluit, camphor seeds to Pohnpei and Saipan. Georg Fritz seems to have used his trip to Japan to collect material from the Bonin Islands. The report mentions that 9 1 pressed samples were supplied by him to the Herbarium.

586. Ewerlien, E. 1901. “Die Botanische Zentralstelle zu Berlin.” [The central botanical institute in Berlin]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, nº 16, p. 152. Item on the botanical central office tasked with assisting in the agricultural development of the German colonies. Describes the nature and extent of planting material and seed samples sent out to colonies.

587. Reichstag. 1907. “Jahresbericht des Botanischen Versuchsgartens zu Simpsonhafen.” [Annual report of the botanical experimental farm at Simpsonhafen]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 315–325. Detailed reviews of the performance of a number of plants at the botanical research garden at Rabaul.

588. Schkopp, Eberhard von. 1903. “Kaufleute im Dienst der Wissenschaft.” [Traders in the service of science]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, nº 35, pp. 354–355. The paper argues that merchants and traders could be of great service to science as they know the local community and tend to have their support and trust. Traders are seen as primarily sources for language/dialects, social customs and material culture. It is argued that the head offices of the European trading houses should be forced to abandon their policies which prohibit their traders from engaging in research and collection for museums and governments. Such research was also seen as beneficial to the traders whose boredom would otherwise find less desirable outlets.

589. Schmeltz, J. D. E. 1897. “Johann Stanislaus Kubary, der Erforscher der Südsee-Inseln, gest. im Oktober 1896 auf der Insel Ponape.” [Johann Stanislaus Kubary, the researcher of the South Sea Islands, who died in October 1896 on the island of Pohnpei]. Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie 10, pp. 132–136. Long obituary of Kubary.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 590. Schulte im Hofe, A. 1902. “Thätigkeit der Botanischen Zentralstelle in Berlin.” [Activities of the Central Botanical office in Berlin]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, nº 17, p. 163. Item on the activities of the botanical office in 1900. In total 353 seed packets were dispatched to the South Seas (not further divided).

591. Solf, Wilhelm. 1917. “Professor Dr. Volkens † [Nachruf].” [Professor Dr. Volkens † (obituary)]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 28, nº 1, p. 27. Obituary of the first German to systematically assess the agricultural potential of the Carolines and the Marianas. On behalf of the German government and agricultural interests, Volkens was part of the group of colonial officers and officials when Micronesia was taken over from Spanish administration in late 1899.

592. Thiel, Friedrich. 1899. “Johann Stanislaus Kubary, der unermüdliche Erforscher der Südsee.” [Johann Stanislaus Kubary, the untiring South Sea explorer]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, nº 31, pp. 281–284. Obituary of Johann Stanislaus Kubary (Warsaw 1846—Pohnpei 9 Oct 1896).

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HISTORY A large number of papers deal with the history of European interaction with the Marianas, including early missionary accounts [c f 593, 602, 603], reconstructions of European voyages of discovery [cf 616, 617], translations of accounts by European navigators [cf 596, 597, 605], secondary sources extracting German points from original accounts [cf 604, 608] and translations of Spanish observations [cf 598, 627]. A few works on Micronesia include sections on the Marianas, mainly drawing on Spanish sources [cf 599, 611, 612, 618]. The take-over of Spanish Micronesia by the German administration caused a flurry of publications, some of which deal with the history of the newly acquired islands [cf 628] some of which narrate the events of acquisition [cf 644, 645, 651]. Categorised under this section are also travelogues and narratives and other aspects of history [cf 636, 640, 660, 663]. There are no in-depth histories of the Marianas written by German authors in the period covered in this bibliography. A number of news items and reviews deal with the Japanese Mandate period in Micronesia, mainly focussing on the economic status [cf 672, 673, 680, 683].

Pre-German Period (-1886) 593. Anon. 1726. “Brief aus denen Neu-Philippinischen Inseln Palaos. Numerus 127 Brief des Verfassers an den Leser von denen neu-entdeckten Inseln Palaos.” [Letter from the New Philippine islands of Palau. No. 127 Letter of the author to the reader from the newly discovered islands of Palau]. In: Stöcklein, Joseph (ed.), So Lehr- als Geistreiche BriefSchriften und Reis-Beschreibungen welche von den Missionariis der Gesellschaft Jesu aus Beyden Indien und anderen über Meer gelegenen Ländern seit anno 1642 bis 1726 in Europa angelangt sing. Jetzt zum erstenmal Theils aus handschriftlichen Urkunden theils aus denen Französischen Lettres Editantes verteutscht und zusammengetragen. [The

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands educating and intellectual letters and travel descriptions sent by the Missionaries of the Societatis Jesu from both Indies and other countries overseas and which were received in Europe between 1642 and 1726. For the first time collected from handwritten originals and French editions and translated into German]. Augsburg und Graz: Philipp, Martin und Johann Veith seelige Erben. Vol. Sechter Theil von Anno 1711 bis 1715 und von Numero 127 biß num. 149, pp. 1–6. German translation of Spanish Jesuit documents. Contains accounts of ‘Palau’, which includes Merir, Sonsorol, Fallal, Palau, Sorol, and Lamotrek, as well as Carolinian voyages t o Guam. A Spanish voyage to ‘the Palaus’ in November 1710 is mentioned.

594. Anon. 1870. “Über europäische Einsiedler auf dem mikronesischen Inseln der Südsee.” [On European settlers on the Micronesian Islands of the South Seas]. Das Ausland 43, nº 27, p. 641. Early item on European beachcombers and shore-based traders in Micronesia.

595. Anon. 1906. “Händler Capelle in Likiep.” [Trader Capelle on Likiep]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23, nº 3, p. 26. Brief obituary of Adolph Capelle, mainly taken from the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.

596. Anson, George. 1749. Des Herrn Admirals, Lord Ansons Reise um die Welt, welche er las Oberbefehlshaber über ein Geschwader von Sr. Grossbritannischen Majestät Kriegschiffen, die zu einer Unternehmung in die Südsee ausgeschickt worden, in den Jahren 1740, 41, 42, 43, 44 verrichtet hat, aus dessen Aufsätzen und Urkunden zusammengetragen und unter seiner Aufsicht and das Licht gestellet von M. Richard Waltern, Capelan Sr. Majestät Schiffe, dem Centurion, in diesem Kriegszuge, aus dem. Englischen ins Deutsche übersetzt, nebst vielen Kupfertafeln und Landkarten. [Admiral Anson’s voyage around the world…]. Leipzig//Göttingen: Abraham Vondenhoeck. German first edition of Anson’s ‘Voyage around the world.’

597. Anson, George. 1763. Des Herrn Admirals, Lord Ansons Reise um die Welt, welche er als Oberbefehlshaber über ein Geschwader von Sr. Grossbritannischen Majestät Kriegschiffen, die zu einer Unternehmung in die Südsee ausgeschickt worden, in den Jahren 1740, 41, 42, 43, 44 verrichtet hat, aus dessen Aufsätzen und Urkunden zusammengetragen und unter seiner Aufsicht and das Licht gestellet von M. Richard Waltern, Capelan Sr. Majestät Schiffe, dem Centurion, in diesem Kriegszuge. [Admiral Anson’s voyage around the world…]. Göttingen: Abraham Vondenhoecks sel. Witwe. German edition of Anson’s ‘Voyage around the world. ‘.

598. B., F. 1884. “Neue Nachrichten von den Marianen-Inseln.” [Recent news from the Mariana Islands]. Das Ausland 57, p. 518. Article mentioning that the Marianas have only one shipping connection per year. For 1883 a whooping cough epidemic as well as typhoons are mentioned. In 1882 (or 1883) the tobacco monopoly was lifted, which meant that most residents commenced growing their own tobacco. The economic future of the Marianas is seen as low unless Spain can provide a reliable communications with Manila at least three times a year. Contacts with the Carolines are

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History mentioned, initiated by Carolinians. Some came to Guam as labourers for the copra production on the northern islands, as well as to acquire volcanic rocks.

599. [Blumentritt, Ferdinand]. 1883. “Marianen-Inseln.” [The Mariana Islands]. Dr. A Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt 29, pp. 389–390. Extract of Blumentritt’s synopsis of Alvarez Guerra published in Globus.

600. Bonani, Joseph. 1726. “No. 150 Brief (an P. Jacobus Pettinati) aus denen Marianischen und Philippinschen Inseln geschrieben den 16. Juli 1718 auf dem Schiff im Angesicht deren Marianischen Inseln.” [No. 150 Letter from the Marianas and Philippine Islands written on 16 July 1718 on board within the view of the Mariana Islands]. In: Stöcklein, Joseph (ed.), So Lehr- als Geistreiche Brief-Schriften und Reis-Beschreibungen welche von den Missionariis der Gesellschaft Jesu aus Beyden Indien und anderen über Meer gelegenen Ländern seit anno 1642 bis 1726 in Europa angelangt sing. Jetzt zum erstenmal Theils aus handschriftlichen Urkunden theils aus denen Französischen Lettres Editantes verteutscht und zusammengetragen. [The educating and intellectual letters and travel descriptions sent by the Missionaries of the Societatis Jesu from both Indies and other countries overseas and which were received in Europe between 1642 and 1726. For the first time collected from handwritten originals and French editions and translated into German]. Augsburg und Graz: Philipp, Martin und Johann Veith seelige Erben. Vol. Siebender Theil von Anno 1711 bis 1715, pp. 1–3. German translation of Spanish Jesuit letter describing the voyage from Acapulco to the Marianas.

601. Bonani, Joseph. 1726. “No. 151 Brief (an P. Jacobus Pettinati) aus denen Marianischen und Philippinschen Inseln geschrieben den 27 May 1719 auf der Marianischen Insel Rota.” [No. 151 Letter from the Marianas and Philippine Islands written on the Mariana Island of Rota on 27 May 1719]. In: Stöcklein, Joseph (ed.), So Lehr- als Geistreiche Brief-Schriften und Reis-Beschreibungen welche von den Missionariis der Gesellschaft Jesu aus Beyden Indien und anderen über Meer gelegenen Ländern seit anno 1642 bis 1726 in Europa angelangt sing. Jetzt zum erstenmal Theils aus handschriftlichen Urkunden theils aus denen Französischen Lettres Editantes verteutscht und zusammengetragen. [The educating and intellectual letters and travel descriptions sent by the Missionaries of the Societatis Jesu from both Indies and other countries overseas and which were received in Europe between 1642 and 1726. For the first time collected from handwritten originals and French editions and translated into German]. Augsburg und Graz: Philipp, Martin und Johann Veith seelige Erben. Vol. Siebender Theil von Anno 1711 bis 1715, pp. 3–8. German translation of Spanish Jesuit letter describing sections of Guam and a trip to Saipan (administered by P. Petro Cuydolff, aged 44). Saipan is described as populated by about 800 people, with an estimated population for the 1660s of about 8,000. Some comments on the construction of Mariana canoes (sagman) which he used to get from Saipan to Rota. For five days delayed on uninhabited Tinian because of adverse winds, then made it to Rota. A population of 344 is mentioned (of about 5,000 some 50 years earlier). The Catholic priest o n Rota was Carolus de Boranga from Austria. Comments on a typhoon in 1718 and refers to the wars of the late 17th century. A number of Chamorro terms for times of the day are given. The author makes reference to the depopulation of the Marianas.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 602. Bonani, Joseph. 1726. “No. 185 Brief (an P. Jacobus Pettinati) aus denen Marianischen Inseln geschrieben auf der Insel Rota 24 November 1720.” [No. 185 Letter from the Marianas Islands written on the Island of Rota on 24 November 1720]. In: Stöcklein, Joseph (ed.), So Lehr- als Geistreiche Brief-Schriften und Reis-Beschreibungen welche von den Missionariis der Gesellschaft Jesu aus Beyden Indien und anderen über Meer gelegenen Ländern seit anno 1642 bis 1726 in Europa angelangt sing. Jetzt zum erstenmal Theils aus handschriftlichen Urkunden theils aus denen Französischen Lettres Editantes verteutscht und zusammengetragen. [The educating and intellectual letters and travel descriptions sent by the Missionaries of the Societatis Jesu from both Indies and other countries overseas and which were received in Europe between 1642 and 1726. For the first time collected from handwritten originals and French editions and translated into German]. Augsburg und Graz: Philipp, Martin und Johann Veith seelige Erben. Vol. Achter Theil von Anno 1711 bis 1715, pp. 1–2. German translation of Spanish Jesuit letter describing the success of the mission on Rota.

603. Bonani, Joseph. 1726. “No. 186 Brief (an P. Uldaricus Bombardi) aus denen Marianischen Inseln geschrieben auf der Insel Rota 24 November 1720.” [No. 186 Letter from the Marianas Islands written on the Island of Rota on 27 November 1720]. In: Stöcklein, Joseph (ed.), So Lehr- als Geistreiche Brief-Schriften und Reis-Beschreibungen welche von den Missionariis der Gesellschaft Jesu aus Beyden Indien und anderen über Meer gelegenen Ländern seit anno 1642 bis 1726 in Europa angelangt sing. Jetzt zum erstenmal Theils aus handschriftlichen Urkunden theils aus denen Französischen Lettres Editantes verteutscht und zusammengetragen. [The educating and intellectual letters and travel descriptions sent by the Missionaries of the Societatis Jesu from both Indies and other countries overseas and which were received in Europe between 1642 and 1726. For the first time collected from handwritten originals and French editions and translated into German]. Augsburg und Graz: Philipp, Martin und Johann Veith seelige Erben. Vol. Achter Theil von Anno 1711 bis 1715, pp. 2–3. German translation of Spanish Jesuit letter describing the success of the mission on Rota.

604. Bratring, F. W. A. 1802. Reisen der Spanier nach O-Taheite etc. [Voyage of the Spanish to Tahiti…]. Berlin. Account of the history of Spanish voyages of exploration in the Pacific.

605. Chamisso, Adalbert von. 1821. “Bemerkungen und Ansichten auf einer Entdeckungsreise.” [Observations and views of a voyage of discovery]. Weimar: Hoffmann. Chamisso’s notes on Guam on the occasion of Otto von Kotzebue’s voyage to Micronesia. Comments on the nature of the Spanish administration on Guam.

606. Chamisso, Adalbert von. 1910. Reise um die Welt mit der Romanzoffschen Endeckungs-expedition in den Jahren 1815–1818 auf der Brig Rurik, Capitän Otto v. Kotzebue Zweiter Theil: Bemerkungen und Ansichten. [A voyage around the world with the Romanzov exploring expedition in the years 1815–1818 in the Brig Rurick, Captain Otto von Kotzebue]. Chamisso’s Werke 4. Berlin: G. Hempel. Chamisso’s notes on Guam on the occasion of Otto von Kotzebue’s voyage to Micronesia. Comments on the nature of the Spanish administration on Guam.

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History 607. Chamisso, Adalbert von. 1925. Entdeckungsreise um die Welt 1815–1818. [Voyage of discovery around the World 1815–1818]. München: Alpenfreund-Verlag. Chamisso’s notes on Guam on the occasion of Otto von Kotzebue’s voyage to Micronesia. Comments on the nature of the Spanish administration on Guam.

608. Falkenstein, Karl. 1828. Geschichte der geographischen Entdeckungsreisen. [History of the voyages of geographic discovery]. Allgemeine Taschenbibliothek der menschlichen Culturgeschichte. Dresden: Hilscher. Summarises the discovery of the Marianas by Magellan.

609. Fritz, Georg. 1943. “Der Spanish-Amerikanische Krieg auf den Philippinen].” [The Spanish-American War on the Philippines. [The Spanish-Maerican War on the Philippines]. Mitteilungen des Vereins alter Giessener Teutonen February. Summary of the Spanish-American War on the Philippines and its implications for the Marianas.

610. Guerra, Alvarez [and Blumentritt, Ferdinand]. 1883. “Die Marianen-Inseln.” [The Mariana Islands]. Globus 44, nº 9, pp. 136–139. A paper by Blumentritt summarising Alvarez Guerra’s account of his voyage to the Marianas (A. Guerra, Un Viaje por Oriente, de Manila à Marianas. Madrid, Libreria Universal, 1883, 237 pp.). Description of the geography, vegetation, fauna, produce/commerce and the customs of the people of the Mariana Islands. The article provides a brief description of Guam, including the administrative centre, the vegetation and agriculture and the large numbers of deer. Guerra comments that deer as well as feral pigs have become common on the northern islands (Rota, Saipan, Tinian). While coconut abound on the northern islands, none are harvested and the nuts are allowed to germinate or rot. Saipan is renowned for its large deer population, while Tinian is renowned for its (uncultivated) citrus groves. According to Guiro there were only two horses on Guam (both imported from the Americas). While snakes are absent on Guam, rats abound. Older demographic statistics are given (1877 and 1864). Some comment is made o n the presence of Carolinians on Guam. A discussion of the recent Chamorro history on Guam follows. The education system is commented on favourably, with reputedly 90% of all children of school age attending elementary school. Blumentritt comments that Guerra does not comment on the Llama which had been introduced by the Spanish on Asuncion.

611. Hartwig, Georg. 1861. Die Inseln des großen Oceans in Natur- und Völkerleben. [The islands of the Pacific Ocean in natural history and ethnography]. Wiesbaden: C. W. Kreidel’s Verlag. The chapters (nº 31–33) on the Marianas discuss the European observations derived from Kotzebue, Chamisso, Anson and other sources. General account reflecting the state of knowledge in the 1860s.

612. Hartwig, Georg. 1871. Die Inseln des großen Oceans in Natur- und Völkerleben. [The islands of the Pacific Ocean in natural history and ethnography]. Wiesbaden: M. Bischkopf. The chapters (nº 31–33) on the Marianas discuss the European observations derived from Kotzebue, Chamisso, Anson and other sources. General account reflecting the state of knowledge in the 1860s.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 613. Jeschke, Carl. 1922. “Zur Geschichte der Karolinen- und Marshall-Inseln.” [On the history of the Caroline and Marshall Islands]. Koloniale Rundschau pp. 263–265. Two historical vignettes reported in the Koloniale Rundschau, based on Jeschkes information. One deals with the history and internecine warfare between Nama and Losap Atolls in the Central Carolines. A story about Kabua talks of a drift voyage of five canoes, which led one canoe (with the crew of a sunk second one) towards Pingelap, with 62 men making it to the atoll in the 1850s or 1860s. The Marshallese reputedly stayed for two years on Pingelap and overstayed their welcome. The Pingelapese therefore decided to kill them, which failed after the Marshallese killed one of theirs. Two other canoes made it to Mokil, where many intermarried and then returned with their wives, to the Marshalls.

614. Kittlitz, F. H. von. 1858. Denkwürdigkeiten einer Reise nach dem russischen Amerika, nach Mikronesien und durch Kamschatka. [Remarkable matters of a voyage to the Russian America, through Micronesia and the Kamchatka]. Gotha: Justus Perthes. Describes the geography, zoology, botany and ethnography of Guam (v. 2, pp 124–147).

615. Knorr. 1876. “Aus den Reiseberichten S. M. S. Hertha, Capitain z. See Knorr.” [From the voyage reports of SMS Hertha, Captain Knorr]. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Metereologie 4, pp. 263–285. Account of the voyage of the German warship Hertha from Yokohama to the Bonin, Mariana, Caroline and Palau Islands and back to Yokohama, conducted 18 December 1875 to 12 March 1876. The position of the islands was reassessed. The Hertha sent a landing party to Pagan. Later the vessel anchored off Tanapag, Saipan. The harbour was mapped and few soundings were taken (map included). A brief visit to Tinian was followed by a prolonged stay on Guam (Agaña, Apra, Umatac). The second part of the paper provides detailed descriptions of the islands visited. Farallon de Pajeros was found to be erupting at 10 minute intervals. Knorr comments on the abundance of nesting sea birds, among them tropic birds. Saipan i s described as rich in coconuts, particularly in the north where the palms reach inland. Garapan is described as a poor village. The bulk of the population (about 700) is described as Carolinians, residing on Saipan since the 1840s, with a smattering of recently deported criminals and a Spanish garrison of 3 officers and 47 men. Tinian is described as populated b y 200 Carolinians and a few Chamorro. Rota is reported as a prison island, with 70 prisoners (and no local population). It is reported that the population of Rota once counted 250 Chamorro. Aguigan and Alamagan are reported as uninhabited. Guam is described in more detail, with comments on vegetation, produce (oranges, coconut, breadfruit, bananas and sago [mistook nipa for sago?]). Agaña is described as a rundown village of 300 houses, with only a few stone houses still in existence. Knorr reproduces an account of an 1855 typhoon striking Guam (with climatological data). The paper is accompanied by a map of Tanapag harbour and a map of Pagan, as well as sketch views of several islands.

616. Koelliker, Oscar. 1908. Die erste Umsegelung der Erde durch Fernando de Magallanes und Juan Sebastian del Cano 1519–1522. [The first circum-navigation of the earth by Fernando de Magallanes and Juan Sebastian del Cano 1519–1522]. München//Leipzig: R. Pieper & Co. The journals of Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan’s ship historian, are reproduced. Contains sections on the discovery of the Marianas.

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History 617. Koelliker, Oskar. 1912. “Kurs der Magellanischen Flotte durch die indische Inselwelt auf der ersten Erdumsegelung 1519–22.” [The route of Magellan’s fleet through Indonesia during the first circumnavigation of the globe 1519–22]. Dr. A Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt 58, p. 335. The paper provides a map of Magellan’s fleet after departure from Guam. Illustrated with historic maps and a modern map.

618. Kurze, G. 1888. “Spanisches von den Karolinen.” [Spanish news from the Carolines]. Allgemeine Missionszeitschrift Gütersloh 15, pp. 12-14. News item on the state of Spanish Catholic mission in the Carolines and Marianas.

619. Lesser, Richard. 1884. “Deutsche Siedlungen in der Südsee.” [German settlements in the South Sea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 1, p. 400. 620. Oberhummer, Eugen. 1921. “Ferdinand Magellan und die Bedeutung der ersten Erdumsegelung.” [Ferdinand Magellan and the significance of the first circumnavigation of the world]. Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien 64, pp. 18–48. Critical essay discussing the history of Magellan’s voyage around the world and the significance of his discoveries for world commerce and the sciences. Includes detailed maps of Magellan’s route in the western Pacific.

621. Oberländer, Richard. 1885. “Deutsche Interessen in der Südsee.” [German interests in the South Sea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 2, pp. 90–97. Overview article on the state of the German interests in the South Pacific, written on the event of the first formal declarations of German protectorates. Predicts good commercial prospects in the region, particularly in New Britain and New Ireland, as well as Samoa. Micronesia is not seen as a major prospect.

622. Sapper, Karl. 1920. “Marianen–Entdeckungsgeschichte.” [Marianas–History of Discovery]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 503–507. Encyclopedia entry on the early history of the Marianas.

623. Schultz, Dr. 1900. “Zur Geschichte der Marianen.” [On the history of the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, nº 5, pp. 52; nº 7, p. 68. Overview of the Spanish history of the Marianas to provide background on the newly acquired colony.

624. Senfft, Arno. 1903. “Lord Anson über die Insel Tinian (Marianen).” [Lord Anson on the island of Tinian (Marianas)]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 7, pp. 153–154; nº 8, pp. 180–182. Excerpts of Anson’s book in translation, discussing their stay on Tinian. Senfft managed to buy a 1763 German translation of the work and republished pertinent excerpts to extend the historic record.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 625. Spillmann, Joseph. 1902. Ein Buch über die Südsee (Australien und Ozeanien). [A book on the South Seas (Australia and Oceania)]. Freiburg: Herder. The section on the eighteenth century history of the mission to the Marianas and Carolines, comments that the Chamorro were almost extinct. The chapter draws on an 1862 account of Pater J. Strobach on the situation on Rota, which is extensively quoted.

626. Suchan-Galow, Erika. 1940. “Die deutsche Wirtschaftstätigkeit in der Südsee vor der ersten Besitzergreifung 1884.” [The German economic activities in the South Seas prior to the first annexation in 1884]. Veröffentlichungen des Vereins für Hamburgische Geschichte 14. Hamburg: Hans Christians. Detailed discussion of the economic development of German trading interests in the Pacific prior to the formal declaration of protectorates. Deals mainly with Samoa, but dedicated a chapter to the development of Adolph Capelle, Godeffroy and especially Eduard Capelle i n Micronesia. Reference is made to the Capelle trading presence in Guam, represented there b y James Lyle Young.

627. [Zayas, Sanches y]. 1866. “Ein Besuch auf der Eilandgruppe der Marianen.” [A visit to the island group of the Marianas]. Globus 10, pp. 247–248. Reports on the visit of Captain Sanchez y Zayas to Guam in 1864. Describes the House of Taga on Tinian, as a repository of human remains and mentions latte sites on Saipan, Rota and Guam. Some general historical comment is added. The rule of the Spanish administrator i s described as harsh and ‘embarrassing’.

German Colonial Period (1886–1914) 628. Anon. 1899. Denkschrift betreffend die Inselgruppen der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen. [Report on the island groups of the Marianas, Palau and the Carolines]. [Berlin]: [S.Mittler?] Government white paper discussing the merits of an acquisition of Spanish Micronesia with the exception of Guam. The paper gives a brief overview on the state of knowledge on all three island groups at that time. Intriguingly, the white paper comments that the Marianas were eminently suited for the cultivation of sugar cane.

629. Anon. 1900. “Mitteilungen der Kolonial-abteilung über die Straf-expeditionen in NeuGuinea und die Übernahme der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [Communications by the colonial section regarding the punitive expeditions in New Guinea and the take-over of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, p. 868. Brief item on the take over of Spanish Micronesia by the German administration.

630. Anon. 1900. “Ohne Titel.” no title. [Editorial]. Globus 78, p. 67. Comments on the annexation of both Saipan and Guam and compares the Chamorro attitude towards the Spanish, the American and the Germans.

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History 631. Anon. 1902. “Rundschau: Marianen.” [Review: Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, nº 34, p. 339. Second hand item on a report by Fritz on a visit to the Northern islands.

632. Anon. 1905. “Aus der Südsee. Taifun.” [From the South Seas. Typhoon]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 19, nº 35, p. 404. Brief item on the typhoon that affected Pohnpei on 20 April 1905, reporting that Pingelap, Mokil, Kosrae and Pohnpei had been hard hit. Initial reporting of the investigation trip b y SMS Seeadler.

633. Anon. 1905. “Reise S. M. S Möwe von Matupi nach Tsingtau.” [Voyage by SMS Möwe from Matupi to Qingdao]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 19, nº 44, pp. 869–870. Account of a trip of SMS Möwe from New Guinea to Qingdao, including a patrol visit to Yap and Ulithi, as well as through the Marianas touching on Saipan, Anatahan, Rota and Guam. Reports on the effect of the typhoon of 23–24 September 1905 northwest of Yap. No position is given, however.

634. Anon. 1905. “Reise S. M. S Seeadler in den Karolinen.” [Voyage by SMS Seeadler through the Carolines]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 19, nº 40, p. 635–636. Account of a trip of SMS Seeadler to inspect the typhoon damage on Pohnpei (of 20 April 1905) and the eastern Carolines. A brief summary of the devastation on Pohnpei is given, as well as an account of the support provided by the Seeadler. The damage on Ngatik, Kosrae, Mokil, Pingelap and the impact of the 30 June 1905 typhoon on Jaluit are also reported on. Seventy-six Pingelapese were evacuated to Pohnpei and from there taken onwards to Saipan (dropped off on 13 August).

635. Anon. 1908. “Eine Reise nach den Karolinen und Marshallinseln.” [A voyage to the Carolines and Marshall Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 6, pp. 292–294. Report on an inspection trip of the typhoon-affected atolls of Lukunor and Satawal. Describes the losses in human life and the level of destruction, as well as extent of the relief measures taken in the immediate aftermath of the event. Mentions the partial evacuation of Satawal t o Pohnpei and Chuuk, and of Lukunor to Saipan and Pohnpei. On the occasion of the visit to Pohnpei the author mentions that the island has in part recovered from the 1905 typhoon, most European buildings have been rebuilt, and part of the Spanish fortification has been dismantled. On Kosrae as well as Jaluit the impact of the typhoons was still very much visible, even though the public infrastructure had been rebuilt. A brief section on the state of development on Nauru concludes the report.

636. Anon. 1908. “Vor Saipan.” [At Saipan]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, nº 44, pp. 775–777; nº 45, pp. 791–792. Article describing the arrival of the NDL steamer München (en route to HongKong) off Saipan. A number of visitors, among them Robert Koch, were ferried to the island for an overnight stay. The body of a NDL seaman who had fallen to his death just off Saipan was brought ashore for burial. The article describes the small administration on Saipan and the busy times the arrival of a mail steamer represented. It also mentions the new administration building, then under construction. This was the maiden voyage on that route. The München had come out from Germany, bringing inter alia the wife of the German physician Max Girschner (they were married on Pohnpei by Albert Hahl, and then immediately set sail on the München for Saipan).

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands The second part of the paper described the return voyage from HongKong. The weather was bad. While the mail could be landed and Dr Girschner and wife could be brought to the ‘München,’ the Saipan mail boat was thrown against the hull of the München, sprung a leak and sank. Because of deteriorating weather conditions the Postal assistant von Zewelewski and his boat crew could not be returned to Saipan, but had to be taken to the next stop, Pohnpei, where they were dropped off to be returned on the return voyage. On that return voyage the München went through the perimeter of a severe tropical storm or small typhoon. That typhoon had not affected Saipan, and von Zelewski and crew, all of whom had been feared dead after wreckage of the government mail boat had drifted ashore, were safely landed.

637. Anon. 1910. “Die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete.” [Development of the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 3, pp. 34–37. Lengthy review of the annual report on the development of the protectorates for 1908/09. The author chose to highlight the achievements made in the African colonies. For the Pacific colonies the review emphasises the research on rubber carried out in New Guinea. The expatriate population of the Islands Territory is given, emphasising the growth in the western Carolines due to the establishment of the phosphate mines on Angaur. A detailed extract i s provided on the early unrest in Pohnpei and the German administration’s reaction to it.

638. Anon. 1910. “Gesamtüberblick über die Kolonien.” [General overview over the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 4, pp. 51–52. Brief summary and review of the statistical part of the annual report on the colonies for 1908/09. The increased ability of the colonies to pay for their administration through tax revenue is noted.

639. Anon. 1910. “Der Kolonialetat im Reichstage.” [The colonial budget in the Reichstag]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 7, pp. 106–108. Article on the parliamentary debate about the colonial budget for 1910. The item is heavily geared towards Africa and the attitudes prevalent there.

640. Anon. 1910. “Von den Marianen-Inseln (hierzu 6 Bilder).” [From the Marianas (with 6 pictures)]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 10, p. 161. Item providing background on the state of the German administration of Saipan, with emphasis on appearance, dress and material culture. The state of commerce is described, emphasising the Japanese dominance of the trade. The pictures show images of construction for a Carolinian community house (p. 157), a Carolinian woman (p. 161), a Chamorro family (p. 161), a Carolinian house (p. 162) and two Chamorro houses (p. 163).

641. Anon. 1911. “Die Jahresberichte des Reichs-kolonialamts.” [The annual reports of the imperial colonial office]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, nº 6, pp. 90–91. Overview article on the annual reports of the imperial colonial office, with an emphasis on the developments in the African colonies.

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History 642. Anon. 1912. “Die Jahresberichte des Reichskolonialamts.” [The annual report of the imperial colonial office]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 7, pp. 100–102. Overview article on the annual reports of the imperial colonial office, as usual with an emphasis on the developments in the African colonies.

643. Anon. 1915. “Englische Vorstösse gegen die deutsche Kolonialpolitik.” [English attacks on German colonial policy]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 32, nº 7, pp. 105–106. Summary of British attitudes towards German colonial policy since 1904. Polemic attack o n the British policy regarding the German colonies. The article foreshadows that Britain will not permit Germany its colonies should it lose the war.

644. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1900. Bericht des Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs v. Bennigsen über seine Reise zum Zwecke der Übernahme des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen in deutschen Besitz. [Report by the Imperial Governor von Bennigsen on his trip to take over control of the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas for Germany]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler. 12 pp. Report on the occurrences during the trip by Governor von Bennigsen to formally accept the formerly Spanish islands of Micronesia for Germany.

645. Bennigsen, Rudolf von. 1900. “Bericht des Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs von Bennigsen über seine Reise zum Zwecke der Übernahme des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen in deutschen Besitz.” [Report by the Imperial Governor von Bennigsen on his trip to take over control of the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas for Germany]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 3, pp. 100–112. Report on the occurrences during the trip by Governor von Bennigsen to formally accept the formerly Spanish islands of Micronesia for Germany.

646. [Bennigsen, Rudolf von.] 1900. “Reise des Gouverneurs v. Bennigsen durch den Karolinen- und Marianen Archipel.” [Voyage by Governor v. Bennigsen through the Caroline and Marianas Archipelago]. Globus 77, pp. 199–200. Brief synopsis of von Bennigsen’s account in the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.

647. Daiber, Albert. 1901. Eine Australien und Südseefahrt. [A Voyage to Australia and the South Seas]. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. Narrative of travels to Australia, German New Guinea and Micronesia. The Micronesia segment of the voyage was brief, determined by the length of stay of the Norddeutscher Lloyd mail steamer München. The author provides a summary description of Pohnpei and details his impressions. The author’s description of Saipan is limited to what could be discerned from the ship. A mail launch was despatched, which also carried for burial on land the corpse of a seaman who had fallen to his death hoisting the mail flag. The problems of getting mail and passengers to shore are described in vivid detail. The author complains that the München was not designed for the tropics and that the passengers suffered under the heat and humidity.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 648.[Dwucet, F. 1909. “Land und Leute auf den Marianeninseln.” [Land and people of the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 7, pp. 118–119; nº 10, p. 165. General article on the Marianas. Includes a series of photos by Dr Dwucet, showing Chamorro playing games, a picture of the school, of a boat and a picture of the Garapan church after reconstruction, plus photos of Chamorro and Carolinian policemen and the building of the Pagan Gesellschaft.

649. Ebert, Paul. 1924. Südsee-Erinnerungen. [South Seas Reminiscences]. Leipzig: K. F. Koehler. Reminiscences of the commander of SMS Cormoran, including a visit to Guam (in early February 1912?) and a stay on Saipan. A description of Guam and the events during the ship’s presence there is given. The account of the brief stay at Saipan (24 hours) is limited.

650. Fritz, Georg. 1943. “Die Übernahme der Marianen unter deutsche Oberhoheit.” [The transfer of the Marianas to German control 1899]. Mitteilungen des Vereins alter Giessener Teutonen June. Narrative of the activities of the German take-over in 1899, as seen through the eyes of Georg Fritz. Fritz narrates his disquiet at having the former Spanish administrator Eugenio Blanco as ‘guest’ for ten days following the hand-over and comments on the reputed treatment of the Chamorro by the Macabebe.

651. Fritz, Georg. 2001. “Die Übernahme der Marianen unter deutsche Oberhoheit (1899).” [The transfer of the Marianas to German control 1899]. Mitteilungsblatt. Traditionsverband ehemaliger Schutz- und Überseetruppen-Freunde der früheren deutschen Schutzgebiete 45, nº 87, pp. 26–36. Narrative of the activities of the German take-over in 1899, as seen through the eyes of Georg Fritz. Fritz narrates his disquiet at having the former Spanish administrator Eugenio Blanco as ‘guest’ for ten days following the hand-over and comments on the reputed treatment of the Chamorro by the Macabebe.

652. Kirchhoff, Alfred. 1902. Die Schutzgebiete des Deutschen Reiches zum Gebrauch beim Schulunterricht. [The protectorates of the German Empire for use in schools]. Halle: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. Brief overview over the Marianas and Carolines, written for a German high school audience.

653. König, B. von. 1912. “Der Kolonialetat für 1912.” [The colonial budget for 1912]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 8, pp. 113–115; nº 9, pp. 129–131. Review of the colonial budget for 1911, mainly focussing on the projected developments i n the German African colonies. New Guinea and the Islands Territory are dealt with as one entity. Even though the New Guinea income increased by 9%, the Imperial subsidy increased by 25%, largely due to expenditure on expanded government presence (new stations) and the increase in the police troops following the experiences of the Sokehs rebellion.

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History 654. Krauß, Emil. 1920. “Marianen–Europäische Unternehmungen und Verwaltung.” [Marianas–European enterprise and Administration]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 503–507. Encyclopedia entry on the economy and German administration of the Marianas.

655. Mayer, Anton. 1933. Das Buch der deutschen Kolonien. [The book of the German Colonies]. Potsdam & Berlin: Verlag Volk und Heimat. Summary of the history of the German involvement in the German colonies. The section o n Marianas is cursory with much detail spent on the Marshall Islands.

656. Peill, Leopold. 1914. “Die deutsche Südsee als Reiseziel (hierzu 4 Abbildungen).” [The German South Seas as a travel destination (with 4 illustrations)]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, nº 9, pp. 148–149. Item describing a pleasure trip to the German South Seas.

657. Plate, A. G. 1902. “Von den Marianen.” [From the Marianas]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 3, p. 13. Brief account on the social and economic situation of Saipan. Stresses that the administration’s aim to resettle Chamorro on Saipan makes good economic sense. The Administration building is described as being ‘tasteful and imposing. ‘ The agricultural developments as well as Fritz’ strategy of reafforestation of the island receive warm praise.

658. Rautenberg Garczynski, Paul von. 1912. Weltrundreise-erinnerungen. [Reminescences of a voyage around the world]. Hildburghausen: Thüringische Verlagsanstalt. Brief comment on intermarriages between whites and Chamorro on Guam (p. 227).

659. Rohrbach, Paul. 1927. “Die Kolonialgebiete in der Südsee.” [The colonial territories in the South Seas]. In: Rohrbach, Paul and Rudolph, Herbert (eds), Deutsche Kolonialsiedlungen. Das Auslandsdeutschtum im Unterricht 11. Berlin. Brief overview of the German possessions in the South Seas, written as a resource for teachers.

660. Rummel, Walter Freiherr von. 1910. Erster Klasse und Zwischendeck. Eine Weltumsegelung durch Zufall. [First class and steerage. A circumnavigation of the world by happenstance]. Berlin: Heimat und Welt Verlag. A narrative of a voyage to Japan and Micronesia in 1909. The author departed Yokohama aboard a Japanese sailing vessel for Saipan. The typhoon impact on Agrigan is described with all palms stripped of nuts and most palms stripped of their foliage. The impact on Pagan was less severe. Given the absence of a hotel, the author had to rent a room which turned out to be more complicated than anticipated. A narrative of his dealings with a Chamorro ‘servant’ illustrate well the author’s level of arrogance towards the Chamorro. Accepts the hospitality of the Japanese trader Isoda and hires a Carolinian to be his manservant. Much of the narrative i s a romanticised perception of the South Seas. Describes the events surrounding a dolphin hunt and partakes in cattle and pig hunts on Tinian. Von Rummel departed aboard SMS Condor for Yap via Rota. Includes a detailed description of Saipan.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Photographic illustrations of Pagan, a Carolinian woman, the deck of the Tora Maru, the pier and boat harbour of Garapan, Carolinians with captured dolphins, feral pigs on Tinian, the administration/school building on Saipan, an ox cart, the House of Taga.

661. Rummel, Walter Freiherr von. 1925. Sonnenländer. [Sunny countries]. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus. Extract’s of the author’s 1910 work ‘Erster Klasse und Zwischendeck. Eine Weltumsegelung durch Zufall’.

662. Schnee, Paul. 1912. “Bilder aus den Karolinen und Marianen.” [Pictures from the Carolines and Marianas]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Wirtschaft 14, pp. 610–629. Reminiscences of private life in Micronesia focussing on the voyage from Saipan to Sydney at the commencement of a furlough. The illustrations show Nan Madol, Fritz’ House on Saipan, a Chamorro houses on Tinian, House of Taga, German administration building after the typhoon of 1905.

663. Schroeder, Hans. 1902. “Auf der Reise nach Saypan (Mariannen). Tagebuchblätter.” [The voyage to Saipan (Marianas). Leaves from a diary]. Beträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 4, pp. 147–153; pp. 176–184; pp. 199–208. Detailed account of a voyage from Genoa to Saipan in early 1902, including a description of the conditions aboard the German East Asia Line steamer Stuttgart. Brief stop-overs at Port Said, Aden, Colombo, Singapore, HongKong Nagasaki, Kobe and Yokohama are described.

664. Seidel, Heinrich. 1905. “Koloniale Rundschau.” [Colonial Roundup]. Die deutschen Kolonien (Aus fernen Ländern) 4, nº 12, pp. 374–379. Roundup of colonial news, commenting on the typhoon impact in the Marshalls, the Carolines and the Marianas.

665. Seidel, Heinrich. 1905. “Koloniale Rundschau.” [Colonial Roundup]. Die deutschen Kolonien (Aus fernen Ländern) 4, nº 10, p. 313–317. Roundup of colonial news, commenting on the British refusal for a Rabaul to Port Moresby cable, and the impact of the typhoon on Saipan.

666. Seidel, Heinrich. 1905. “Koloniale Rundschau.” [Colonial Overview]. Die deutschen Kolonien (Aus fernen Ländern) 4, nº 9, p. 269–275. Item on the state of trade in German Micronesia, commenting on the attempt by British traders to break the Jaluit Gesellschaft trading monopoly.

667. Seidel, Heinrich. 1906. “Die deutschen Marianen und der Ansiedler Costenoble.” [The German Marianas and the settler Costenoble]. Die deutschen Kolonien (Aus fernen Ländern) 5, nº 3, p. 74–78. Comments on Costenoble’s attacks on Georg Fritz in particular and on the future of German settlement on Saipan in general (nº 799). Mentions that Chamorro owned land on Saipan and other northern island during Spanish times, and that Costenoble’s claim to take away that ownership would be untenable. The population fluctuations observed can be explained, s o

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History Seidel says, by Chamorro moving to Yap and Palau. Fritz’ education program is reported in a favourable light. Costenoble’s personal attacks against Fritz are rejected, but in a guarded and ambivalent fashion.

668. Viereck, Louis. 1913. “Amerikanische Kolonialpolitik. Die Pazifischen Inseln.” [American colonial politics. The Pacific Islands]. Koloniale Monatsblätter 15, pp. 559–560. Overview of the American islands in the Pacific. Includes a survey of the state of Guam, describing its geography, colonial history, agriculture and inhabitants. The importance of Guam as a naval base and cable station is stressed.

669. Wünsche, Alwin. 1912. Die deutschen Kolonien. [The German colonies]. Leipzig: R. Voigtländer. Very brief and summary treatise of the German colonies in Micronesia, with very little information on the Marianas.

Post-German Period (1914–) 670. Anon. 1915. “Die Japaner in der Südsee.” [The Japanese in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 32, nº 10, pp. 175–176. Item on the activities of the Japanese occupation at Angaur and other places in Micronesia abstracted from an item in the ‘Ostasiatischer Lloyd’. On 28 July twenty-two chiefs from various Micronesian islands (among them three representatives from Saipan) were taken on a tour of Japan.

671. Anon. 1922. “Der militärische Wert der Insel Guam.” [The military value of the island of Guam]. Schiffbau (Berlin) 23, pp. 796–796. Brief item in Guam’s value as a naval base in Micronesia after the Washington Treaty.

672. Anon. 1929. “Japan in der Südsee.” [Japan in the South Seas]. Übersee- und Kolonialzeitung 9, p. 35. Brief notice stating that the Japanese immigration to Micronesia would be of a limited time only.

673. Anon. 1933. “Japans Politik in der Südsee.” [Japanese politics in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung 45, p. 74. Item discussing Japan’s decision to leave the League of Nations.

674. Anon. 1935. “Japan und die deutsche Südsee.” [Japan and the German South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung 47, p. 42. Brief item on the Japanese position regarding the Mandate Territory of Micronesia.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 675. Anon. 1936. “Australien.” [Australia]. Deutscher Lebensraum 4, nº 1, p. 32. Item on a Japanese mission to Australia, with the Japanese stressing that they were not fortifying the Mandated islands.

676. Anon. 1936. “Japan sagt die deutschen Südseeinseln seien nicht befestigt.” [Japan states that the German South Sea Islands are not fortified]. Deutsche Kolonial–Zeitung zugleich Brücke zur Heimat 48, p. 390. Brief item denying US claims that the Japanese Mandate Islands in Micronesia are being fortified.

677. Anon. 1942. “Japanisch-Mikronesien.” [Japanese Micronesia]. Ostasiatische Rundschau 23, nº 10, p. 197–200. Overview on Micronesia written for German audience after Japan’s entry into World War II. Historical sketches for each of the island groups are given. Provides very little detail on the Japanese Mandate period.

678. Dietzel, Karl H. 1935. “Das japanische Südseemandat.” [The Japanese South Seas Mandate]. Koloniale Rundschau 26, pp. 228–237. Review of the legal status and economic conditions of the Japanese Mandate, written at a time when Japan was leaving the League of Nations and the future of the Mandate was deemed i n the balance. Describes the history of Japanese occupation of the region, first through trade then through occupation. Mentions that the harbour and pier developments far exceed the economic needs. The author concludes that there is little chance of regaining Micronesia for Germany because Japan is too firmly entrenched through its massive settlement scheme.

679. DS. 1933. “Neuverteilung der Mandate?” [New distribution of the Mandates]. Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung 45, p. 74. Brief discussion of the opportunities for Germany were the Mandate system to be revised.

680. Eckert, Georg. 1938. “Die Eingeborenenerziehung im Japanischen Mandatsgebiet.” [The education of the indigenous population in the Japanese Mandate territory]. Koloniale Rundschau 29, pp. 247–253. Overview of the Japanese education system, including curricula for primary and secondary schools. Statistical tables provide information on the total number of pupils at government and missions schools in Saipan, Palau, Yap. Chuuk, Pohnpei and the Marshalls and the number of teachers employed between 1920 and 1936. The number of letters sent by the indigenous population is taken as a measure of literacy.

681. Eckert, Georg. 1939. “Deutsch-Mikronesien unter der japanischen Mandatsverwaltung.” [German Micronesia under Japanese Mandate administration]. Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung 51, nº 3, pp. 77–78. Brief summary item outlining the economic state of the Japanese mandate in Micronesia, giving figures for sugar cane and alcohol production, phosphate exports as well as population.

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History 682. Eckert, Georg. 1940. “Die Fischerei im japanischen Mandatsgebiet.” [The fishing industry in the Japanese Mandated Territory]. Koloniale Rundschau 31, pp. 231–234. Economic discussion of the nature and extent of the Japanese fishing industry in the Mandated Territory in Micronesia. The industry focuses on bonito tuna and mackerels, but also exploited an attempt at cultivating pearls, collecting trochus, trepang and mother of pearl.

683. Eckert, Georg. 1940. “Die Japanische Siedlung in Mikronesien.” [The Japanese settlement in Micronesia]. Koloniale Rundschau 31, pp. 50–55. Reviews the Japanese settlement and economic development of Micronesia from 1920. Stresses the development of lease farming by Okinawa and mainland Japanese. Shows the dramatic development of Japanese settlement on Saipan from 1925. Demographic data on the Japanese settler community are provided.

684. H., P. 1922. “Nachrichten über unsere Südseekolonien. Das deutsche Eigentum auf den Karolinen und Marshall-Inseln. Das deutsche Eigentum in Neu-Guinea.” [News about our South Seas colonies. The German property in the Carolines and the Marshall-Islands. The German property in New Guinea]. Koloniale Rundschau pp. 203–204. Brief news item on the fate of German holdings in Micronesia and New Guinea. Mentions that the Japanese government will buy out all German and Austro-Hungarian interests. The Australian government is reported as restricting the sale of German holdings in New Guinea t o British citizens.

685. Hahl, Albert. 1921. “Nachrichten aus den deutschen Südsee-Kolonien.” [Reports from the German South Sea colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 38, nº 2, pp. 19–20. Report on the state of the former German colonies in the Pacific. Criticises the reputedly harsh treatment of the Micronesians by the Japanese. Hahl reports that two colonists tried to return to Saipan and Yap as they were married to local women, but that the Japanese administration refused embarkation in Yokohama after first having given approval. The increased acculturation of Micronesia with Japanese ideals of dress (‘Micronesians dressed i n Kimonos’) and custom is criticised.

686. Hahl, Albert. 1940. “Die Eingeborenen Deutsch-Neuguineas unter den Mandatsverwaltungen.” [The indigenous peoples of German New Guinea under the Mandate administrations]. Koloniale Rundschau 31, pp. 45–50. Reviews the effects of the Japanese colonisation of Micronesia, mainly drawing on the official Mandate report provided by the Japanese government for 1937. Comments on the policy of assimilation. In view of the political axis, Berlin-Japan, the Micronesian section contains n o criticism, unlike the discussion of the Australian management of the mandate for New Guinea.

687. Hänel, Karl. 1937. “Das deutsche Kolonialreich unter Mandatsherrschaft.” [The German colonial empire under the rule of the mandates]. Archiv für Wanderungswesen und Auslandskunde 9, nº 1/2, pp. 27–33. Treatise on the fate of the German colonies after World War I. The author dwells mainly on the African situation. The former German colonies in the Pacific are treated cursorily. In Micronesia the Japanese and Anglo-Australian exploitation of the phosphate mines i s stressed, drawing on published government statistics.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 688. Holtsch, Maria. 1934. Die ehemaligen deutschen Südseekolonien im Wandel seit dem Weltkrieg. [The change in the former German South Seas colonies since the World War]. Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Philipps-Universität zu Marburg. Berlin-Wilmersdorf: Richard Fleischmann. PhD thesis discussing the changed nature of development on the former German South Sea colonies discussing history, government administration, economic development, education, legal status, health conditions and demography. Covered are Samoa, New Guinea and Nauru, and the Japanese Mandated islands. The thesis includes statistical data compiled from annual reports by the Mandate powers.

689. Jordan, Ilse. 1936. “Verlorene Inseln.” [Lost islands]. Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung zugleich Brücke zur Heimat 48, pp. 170–171. Brief, non-confrontational narrative of a German woman who travelled to the Marianas, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae and Jaluit in the mid 1930s. Gives general impressions, such as commenting on the prevalence of German given names and the fact that many still speak some German.

690. Lange, Fritz. 1934. “Japans Südseemandat.” [Japan’s South Seas Mandate]. Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung 46, pp. 124–125. Article discussing the economic development of the Japanese mandated territory of Micronesia, providing export statistics for 1928 to 1932.

691. Laslo, Paul. 1932. “Die glücklichen Inseln der Südsee.” [The happy isles of the South Seas]. Übersee- und Kolonialzeitung 44, pp. 160–161. Narrative of a German in Japanese controlled Saipan, commenting on the sugar production o n Saipan and Tinian. His views of the islands were that the people were happy. Reports o n perceptions by the Chamorro that money had been readily available during German times, but was now very scarce. Comments on the taxation levels (Yen 10 per head maximum, exempt if over five children). Mentions Gregorio Sablan who owned a large German library and Jesus Guerrero who had worked in the naval shops in Qingdao. The two illustrations date to the period of the German colony.

692. Mackay, Freiherr von. 1917. “Nanjo.” [Japanese South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 34, nº 2, pp. 21–22. Paper discussing the expansionist tendencies of Japan arguing that the term ‘Nan’yo’ not only covered Micronesia, but especially South-east Asia including Burma.

693. Meissner, Hans Otto. 1938. “Die Marianen und West-Karolinen under japanischem Mandat.” [The Marianas and the western Carolines under Japanese Mandate]. Koloniale Rundschau 29, pp. 342–351. Review of the state of German Micronesia under the Japanese Mandate. The article includes a summary of the Spanish period and the missions, as well as information on the demography and living conditions during the Japanese Mandate period. The tone of the paper is pro-Japan. Short biographies of two ‘typical’ colonial Japanese are given, both of whom desired to return to Japan.

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History 694. Müller-Ross, Dr. 1933. “Die Zukunft des japanischen Südseemandates.” [The future of the Japanese South Seas Mandate]. Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung 45, p. 30. Item discussing the nature of the Japanese South Seas mandate and its value to Japan as well as Germany in the light of Japan’s threat to leave the League of Nations.

695. Pöschel, H. 1921. “Die Befreiung Naurus vom deutschen Joche.” [Nauru’s liberation from the German yoke]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 38, p. 30. Brief item on the status of Nauru after the end of World War I.

696. [Price, Willard]. 1935. “Die deutschen Südsee-Inseln unter japanischer Mandatsverwaltung.” [The German South Sea Islands under Japanese Mandate administration]. Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung 47, p. 171. Summary of the observations by Willard Price, extracted from Price’s article in the Daily Mail.

697. Price, Willard. 1936. “Fahrt ins japanische Mikronesien.” [Voyage into Japanese Micronesia]. Atlantis. 9, pp. 577–578. Well illustrated account of Price’s sojourn through the Japanese Mandated Territory, focussing on Yap. Includes photographs of Uracas as well as a Chamorro residence on Yap. A description of the Japanese agricultural experiment station is included.

698. Ry, von. 1930. “Deutschlands Mandatsansprüche.” [German demand for mandates]. Übersee- und Kolonialzeitung 42, p. 64. Article arguing for a change in the mandate system, so that Germany could again claim some colonies.

699. Schlesing, Heiner. 1934. “Japanische Politik in der Südsee.” [Japanese politics in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung 46, pp. 8–9. Review of the geopolitical position of Micronesia on the occasion of Japan’s departure from the League of Nations.

700. Schnee, Heinrich. 1922. Die deutschen Kolonien unter fremder Mandatsherrschaft. [The German colonies under foreign mandate government]. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. The monograph, written by the former Governor of German East Africa, deals with the status of the former German colonies in 1921, after the Mandates of the League of Nations had taken effect. Only a brief short section deals with the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau, Marianas and Marshall Islands, indicating the low strategic and economic importance these areas had once possessed. General comments on the Japanese administration are made at a very superficial level, reflecting the lack of information accessible to the author.

701. Schoen, Ludwig 1933. Deutsche Schutzgebiete unter Mandatsherrschaft. [German protectorates under Mandate administration]. Berlin: Berliner Börsenzeitung. Brief summary of the current economic situation in the former German colonies.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 702. Schoen, Ludwig 1934. Deutsche Schutzgebiete unter Mandatsherrschaft. [German protectorates under Mandate administration]. Das koloniale Deutschland vol. 2. Berlin: Berliner Börsenzeitung. Brief summary of the current economic situation in the former German colonies.

703. Schoen, Ludwig 1935. Deutsche Schutzgebiete unter Mandatsherrschaft im Jahre 1934. [German protectorates under Mandate administration]. Das koloniale Deutschland vol. 4. Berlin: Berliner Börsenzeitung. Brief summary of the current economic situation in the former German colonies.

704. Sell, Manfred. 1929. “Japan als Kolonialmacht.” [Japan as a colonial power]. Koloniale Rundschau 18, nº 2, pp. 42–48. Reviews the development of Japan’s colonial ambitions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere on the Chinese mainland as well as in Micronesia.

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HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHY In the absence of a resident physician during the early years, there is a dearth of information on the state of public health in the Marianas [cf 717, 718]. Later, the public health system is summarised in annual reports of the government physicians, usually combined with the statistics of Yap [cf 710, 711, 712]. Specialised reports on the health of the Marianas are less common [cf 721] and usually deal with specific diseases [cf 733, 734, 738], treatments [cf 732, 735] or remarkable cases [cf 726, 742, 743]. Items on food and nutrition are rare [cf 744, 745] with the information usually included in works on anthropology. The bulk of literature on demographic aspects are government statistics of indigenous communities [cf 748, 749, 753, 763] and expatriates [cf 750, 769, 771]. Overviews of demographic trends are less common [cf 762]. A substantial section of the literature deals with the fear that the indigenous communities might die out [cf 760] and the need for and dangers of imported labour [cf 747, 759, 761].

Public Health 705. Bassenge. 1903. “Die Gesundheitsverhältnisse der deutschen Schutzgebiete.” [The health conditions in the German protectorates]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenheilkunde 7, nº 1, pp. 36–38. Review of the government report 1900/01.

706. Becker, Alexander. 1915. “Der Gesundheitsdienst in den deutschen Kolonien.” [The health service in the German colonies]. Süddeutsche Monatshefte 12, nº 11, pp. 751–759. Brief review of the German colonial health service system after the loss of all colonies.

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Health and Demography 707. Born, Ludwig. 1904. “Karolinen-, Marianen- und Marshall-Inseln.” [Carolines, Marianas and Marshall Islands]. Medizinalberichte über die deutschen Schutzgebiete pp. 210–260. Medical reports for the financial year 1903/1904.

708. Buse. 1909. “Westkarolinen (Medizinal-Bericht).” [Western Carolines (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1907/08. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Yap. The building is reported as completed and the facilities are described. As it is 30 minutes main settlement, the report recommends that a physician’s residence be erected hospital. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual, significant or noteworthy described.

hospital from the near the cases are

709. Buse. 1910. “Westkarolinen (Medizinal-Bericht).” [Western Carolines (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1908/09. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 421–434. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Yap. The report describes the facilities of the newly erected physician’s residence as well as the quarantine station o n the islet of Tabelau. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual, significant or noteworthy cases are described.

710. Buse. 1911. “Westkarolinen (Jap) (Medizinal-Bericht).” [Western Carolines (Yap) (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1909/10. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 525–534. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Yap. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual, significant or noteworthy cases are described.

711. Buse. 1915. “Jap-Westkarolinen (Medizinal-Bericht).” [Yap Western Carolines (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1911/12. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 562–582. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Yap. The report includes sections on the state of sanitation and the most recent census data. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual significant or noteworthy cases are described.

712. Buse and Mayer, J. 1913. “Jap–Westkarolinen (Medizinal-Bericht).” [Yap–Western Carolines (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1910/11. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 692–699. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Yap. The report provides an overview of the medical staff (7) and the physical facilities provided by the hospital. The transportation of several Pohnpeians to Yap (following the Sokeh’s rebellion) led to a major influx of new diseases to Yap. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual significant or noteworthy cases are described.

713. Däubler, K. 1888. “Über die Wirkungen des Tropenklimas auf den menschlichen Organismus und über die Errichtung von Krankenhäusern in den Tropenländern.” [On the effects of the tropical climate on the human body and on the establishment of hopsitals in tropical countries]. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 25, pp. 428–430. Item discussing the impact of tropical environments on Europeans and the implications o n the the health system. Written at a time when Germany became more seriously involved in the establihsment and development of its colonies, the paper gives a good overview of the issues that were perceived to be of significance.

714. Dieterlen. 1916. “Über eine im Jahre 1914 in der Südsee beobachtete BeriberiEpidemie.” [On a beriberi epidemic observed in the South Seas during 1914]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 20, pp. 306–311. Review of a beriberi outbreak among the workers at the German phosphate mines and its spread to the local population.

715. Evers. 1915. “Palau-Inseln (Angaur) (Medizinal-Bericht).” [Palau-Islands (Angaur) (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1911/12. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 604–608. Brief report by the phosphate company physician on the state of public health on Palau. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual significant or noteworthy cases are described.

716. Fürth. 1905. “Die Gesundheitsverhältnisse der deutschen Schutzgebiete vol. XXI.” [The health conditions in the German protectorates in the year 1902/03]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenheilkunde 9, nº 4, pp. 164–166. Review of the government report 1902/03.

717. Girschner, Max. 1903. “Klima und Gesundheitsverhältnisse auf den Karolinen und Marianen in der Zeit vom 9. April 1900 bis 1. April 1901.” [Climate and health status on the Carolines and Marianas for the period 9 April 1900 to 1 April 1901]. Arbeiten aus dem kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte 20, pp. 440–441. Annual report on the status of public health.

718. Girschner, Max. 1905. “Karolinen (Saipan) (Medizinal-Bericht).” [Carolines (Saipan) (Medical Report)]. In: Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amts (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-

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Health and Demography Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1903/04. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler. Pp. 277–284. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Saipan. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual significant or noteworthy cases are described. Girschner’s stay lasted from 26 October 1903 until 29 February 1904.

719. Girschner, Max. 1907. “Marianen (Medizinal-Bericht).” [Marianas (Medical Report)]. In: Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amts (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1904/05. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. P. 248–249. Report by the government physician on the state of public health in Saipan based on a brief visit (14 March to 26 April 1905). Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual significant or noteworthy cases are described.

720. Hahl, Albert. 1912. “Bestimmungen des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Neuguinea betreffend die Aufnahme und Behandlung in den Krankenhäusern des Gouvernments.” [Regulations by the Governor of German New Guinea regarding the admission and treatment in Government hospitals ]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 5, p. 201. For the white population a two class hospital system is established, where class I (class II) patients pay RMk 4 / day (RMk 3) as hononrarium for the physician and RMk 12 per day (RMk 7) for medication, dressings, bedding and food. Exempt are the members of the German adminisration as well as members of scientific expeditions funded in whole or in part by the German Empire. Family members of government employees, members of the navy and post and telegraph-officers receive free treatment and pay a lower rate for medication etc. The islanders pay RMk 1 / day in cases of open wounds and RMk 0. 75 / day for all other illnesses. If the islanders are in employ, the employer had to pay both for medication and the physician’s honorarium.

721. Koch, Dr. Robert. 1901. “Geheimrath Prof. Dr. Koch über die sanitären Verhältnisse der Karolinen und Marianen.” [Privy Councillor Dr. Koch on the conditions of sanitation in the Carolines and the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 3, p. 73. Dr Koch, on his voyage home from his malaria investigations in New Guinea, stopped over en route at Pohnpei (12–13 August 1900) and Saipan (17 August 1900) to investigate the local health conditions there. The German government physician for Pohnpei, Dr. Max Girschner, accompanied Koch to Saipan. Examining 79 children on Pohnpei and 24 on Saipan, Kock concludes that both are malaria free. The medical aid [Woitschek] presented a number of cases as syphilis, lupus and leprosy, all of which Koch diagnosed as yaws (‘Framboesia’). Another prevalent illness, with symptoms of fever and paralysis of limbs, interpreted as beri-beri, was presented, but was not diagnosed beyond rheumatism in the joints.

722. Lion, Dr. 1908. “Die ärztliche Versorgung unserer Kolonien.” [Medical care for our colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, nº 54, pp. 595–596. Article in defence of the health system in the German colonies commenting on the role of the military physicians. The item responded to an article in the Kölnische Zeitung which heavily criticised the system.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 723. Mense, Carl. 1912. “Medizinalberichte der deutschen Schutzgebiete 1909/10.” [The health conditions in the German protectorates in the year 1909/10]. Archiv für Schiff- und Tropenheilkunde 16, nº 21, pp. 739–741. Review of the government report 1909/10.

724. Mühlens. 1906. “Medizinalberichte der deutschen Schutzgebiete des Jahres 1903/04.” [The health conditions in the German protectorates in the year 1903/04]. Archiv für Schiffund Tropenheilkunde 10, nº 17, pp. 540–541. Review of the government report 1903/04.

725. Reichstag. 1905. “Medizinalberichte.” [Medical reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1903/1904. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XI. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session, 1903/1905. 5. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 3312–3313. Annual report of the state of public health in German Micronesia.

726. Schnee, Paul. 1911. “Drei Fälle von Verletzung durch den giftigen Fish Syancea.” [Three cases of injury caused by the poisonous fish Syancea]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 15, pp. 312–316. The paper describes the symptoms and manifestations of three cases of fish poisoning caused by people stepping on or otherwise injuring themselves on the spines of the stone fish (Syancea sp).

727. Schnee, Paul. 1911. “Saipan (Marianen) (Medizinal-Bericht).” [Saipan (Marianas) (Medical Report)]. In: Reichskolonialamt (ed.), Medizinal-Berichte über die Deutschen Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kamerun, Togo, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Neu-Guinea, Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Samoa für das Jahr 1909/10. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. Pp. 557–572. Brief report by the government physician on the state of public health on Saipan. Includes a description, plan and two photographs of the hospital on Saipan. A quarantine station had been erected on Managaha Island. Statistics of cases treated, as well as individual, significant or noteworthy cases are described.

728. Steudel, Dr. 1909. “Der ärztliche Dienst in den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [The medical service in the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, pp. 921–926. Brief summary on the state of the health service. Lists government physicians for Yap, Pohnpei, Jaluit and Saipan plus a company physician on Nauru. Mentions that a new hospital was opened on Yap in 1908, comprising of a surgery and a recovery room with four beds for Europeans, as well as an accommodation ward for about 50–60 islanders. On Pohnpei the hospital had been destroyed in the 1905 typhoon. A new two-room structure was completed in March 1906. In addition there are two small ward buildings for Europeans and for islanders. The annual number of consultations on Pohnpei is estimated at 1900.

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Health and Demography

Specific Diseases and Conditions 729. Anon. 1914. “Die samoanische Augenkrankheit.” [The Samoan eye infection]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 14, p. 671. The Samoan conjunctivitis has now spread to the Islands Territory. It is assumed that it was introduced by the Samoan exilees on Saipan. Since a treatment has been developed, it is hoped that the spread of the contagious disease can be kept in check. Detailed statistics are presented.

730. Königer. 1878. “Beobachtungen zur geographischen Pathologie. I. Ueber den polynesischen Ringwurm auf den Carolinen-, Gilbert- und Samoa-Inseln.” [Observations on geographic pathology. I. On the Polynesian ringworm in the Carolines, Kiribati and Samoa]. Virchow Archiv 72, pp. 413–425. Review of the state of knowledge on ringworm in Micronesia and Samoa.

731. Krulle. 1902. “Die Lepra auf den Marschallinseln und Karolinen.” [Leprosy in the Marshalls and Carolines]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 28, pp. 707–709. Item on the occurrence of leprosy on the Carolines and the Marshalls. Included here as leprosy was a much feared disease and German physicians were initially worried it might spread to the Marianas.

732. Leber, A. 1912. “Erfahrungen über ambulante Therapie von Syphilis und Frambösie mit Salvarsan und Mergal in Saipan (Marianen).” [Experiences of ambulant therapy of syphilis and yaws with Salvarsan and Mergal on Saipan (Marianas)]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 16, pp. 186–189. Attempt to cure syphilis and yaws with the new drugs Salvarsan and Mergal. On the basis of their observations yaws seemed to be more prevalent among Carolinians, while syphilis prevailed among Chamorro.

733. Leber, A. and von Prowazek, Stanislaus. 1911. “Weitere Untersuchungen über die Augenkrankheiten in der Südsee.” [Further investigations on the eye ailments in the South Seas]. Berliner klinische Wochenschrift 48, nº 39, pp. 1751–1755. Article describing the ophthalmological work conducted in 1910/11 in Rabaul, Nauru, Jaluit, Kusaie, Pohnpei and Chuuk, with a major discussion of the situation on Saipan. The paper describes the Epitheliosis desquamativa, papillary hypertrophy of the conjunctiva, as well as bacterial conjunctivitis. Discusses the distribution of conjunctivitis on Saipan and Pagan (absent among the Pingelapese population there).

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 734. Mayer, Joseph. 1912. “Augenerkrankungen auf Saipan.” [Eye ailments on Saipan]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropen-Hygiene 4, pp. 709–710. Paper discussing the success of treatments recommended by Leber and Prowazek. Overall the success was good among Carolinians and Woleaians, but less so among the Mortlockese. The latter was attributed to a noted lack of personal hygiene.

735. Mayer, Joseph. 1912. “Erfahrungen aus Saipan (Marianen) über Salvarsanwirkung bei Syphilis und Frambösie.” [Experiences on Saipan regarding the therapy of syphilis and yaws with Salvarsan]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropen-Hygiene 16, p. 189. Attempt to cure syphilis and yaws with the new drugs Salvarsan. The local community had decided to fund the treatment from the community chest.

736. Mayer, Joseph. 1912. “Über Helminthen in Saipan.” [On intestinal worms on Saipan]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropen-Hygiene 4, pp. 704–705. Paper discussing the high level of infestation of the Saipanese population with two genera of intestinal parasites (worms). Mayer argues that the lack of sanitation (both human and animal) contributed to the problem. Sanitary measures have been implemented (whitewashing the house posts, collection of human excreta in containers in pig-proof outhouses and daily emptying into the sea and cleaning of the containers).

737. Mense, Carl. 1902. “Besprechungen: Dr. Bartels, Bericht über das Vorkommen der Framboesie und des Ringwurms.” [Reviews: Dr. Bartels’, Report on the occurrnece of Framboesia and ringworm]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, nº 8, p. 77. Review item on Bartel’s paper. Summarises the contents and praises the pictures.

738. Salecker, Dr. 1915. “Die Verbreitung der Tuberculose auf den Marianen.” [The prevalence of tuberculosis on the Marianas]. Archiv für Schiff- und Tropen-Hygiene 19, nº 14, pp. 369–376. The mortality rate was very high among the Carolinians from Woleai and Mogmog, who had been resettled to Saipan following the devastation of their home islands by a typhoon i n 1907. This led to a systematic assessment of the prevalence of tuberculosis on the island. The paper comments on the prevalence among Chamorro, the established Carolinians, the relocated Carolinians from Oleai and Mogmog, typhoon evacuees from Suk (‘Suck’), typhoon evacuees from Pisserat and Olol, and the deported Samoans. The main ailment of the Chamorro, with about 100% of the population affected, is Anklostomiasis. Salecker comments that in 1913 10 Chamorro died of tuberculosis, and 6 in the first half of 1914 (of about 1650 people). He tested 200 Chamorro of various age groups for tuberculosis and found that o n average 55% of the population tested positive with a rate of infection correlated with age (38% of under ten-year olds and 70% of over 30 year olds). This rate of infection equals that of the German population at the time. Of the about 650–strong local Carolinian population 3 died of tuberculosis in 1913 and one in 1914. Salecker tested 80 individuals and found an average infection rate of 30%. The tuberculosis infection among the 280–strong population of Carolinians relocated from Oleai and Mogmog was assessed for 97 persons who did not display any clinical symptoms. The rate was 72% (with a mortality of 11 in 1913 and 3 i n 1914). The 1911 evacuees from Suck were overwhelmingly negative (n=32, 3% positive); as were the 1911 evacuees from Pisserat and Olol (n=48, 0%). The Samoan deportees had a high rate of infection (n=30, 55% positive). Salecker concludes that the cleanliness of the Carolinians and the frequent bathing as well as their better state of health due to more

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Health and Demography physical exercise and manual work makes them less likely to contract diseases such as syphilis, while the Chamorro have become ‘weak’.

739. Schnee, Paul. 1908. “Über giftige Schnecken.” [On poisonous shells]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 12, p. 171. A brief item on the effects of poisonous cone shells in the South Seas.

740. Schnee, Paul. 1909. “Ein giftiger Seestern der Südsee?” [A poisonous starfish of the South Seas?]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 13, pp. 330–331. Schnee describes the Crown of thorns starfish (Acanthaster planctii) which reputedly caused the death of a 10 year old boy on Pohnpei.

741. Schnee, Paul. 1910. “Augenerkrankungen auf den Marianen.” [Eye infections on the Marianas]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 14, p. 695. A brief report the prevalence of eye complaints on Saipan. Much of it was conjunctivitis which when untreated led to corneal damage. Schnee demonstrates an increase in the second quarter of 1910 and complains about the problems of administering health care to the recent immigrants from the Mortlocks. Not only is their cleanliness a perceived problem but also their reluctance to be treated.

742. Schnee, Paul. 1910. “Durch Pflanzen verursachte Hautverletzungen und Entzündungen.” [Skin injuries and inflammations caused by plants]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 14, pp. 138–146. Review of the effects of several toxic and noxious plants in the Marianas and the Caroline Islands. For Saipan the author comments on ‘Kamatshille’, Pithecolobium dulce (Roxb.) and imported thorny bush that is popular as a hedge plant as well as an alley tree. The white flesh of the seed pods is eaten from early March until end of July. The perceived health problems are the tiny thorns on the seed pods which break off easily and cause skin infections. Schnee comments on a few other thorny or poisonous leaf plants on Saipan: Acacia farnsiana (L.); Triphasia trifoliata (L.) [called ‘Lemoncito,’ and imported from Guam]; Caesalpinia cristata (L.) [local name Pakan]; Dioscorea spinosa (Roxb.) [Gado]; Amarantus spinosus (L.); Triumfetta sp. [Dadangsi]; Elephantopus scaber (L.) [Papago]; Fleuria ruderalis (Gaudich.) [Politaria]; Bohemeria tenacissima (Gaudich.) [Ammahayang] In addition a thorny hedge plant was imported by the German administration as a hedge plant for animal compounds. Schnee mentions that a local seagrass, ‘Laeo,’ caused skin irritations as well.

743. Schnee, Paul. 1911. “Sechs an mir selbst erlebte Skolopendrenbisse und einiges über Skorpionenstiche.” [Six bites by scolopenders observed on myself and some comments on the sting of scorpions]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 15, pp. 156–160. The paper describes the symptoms of six cases of millipede bites which were observed b y Schnee himself. The cases occurred in the Marianas. The most prevalent millipede i s Scolopendra morsitans (L.).

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Food and Nutrition 744. Fendler. G. 1907. “Gedörrte Brotfrucht von den Marianen.” [Dried breadfruit from the Marianas]. Der Tropenpflanzer 11, p. 170. Chemical analysis of roasted and dried breadfruit chips (esug) sent in from the Marianas. The paper comments that dried breadfruit would provide a suitable flour for biscuit manufacture.

745. Reichel, Volker. 1907. “Gedörrte Brotfrucht von den Marianen.” [Dried breadfruit from the Marianas]. Der Tropenpflanzer 11, pp. 169–170. Item on the manufacture of roasted and dried breadfruit chips (esug) in the Marianas. The paper argues that it is easy to make and that dried breadfruit could make a suitable flour for biscuit manufacture.

746. Reichskolonialamt. 1914. “Der Alkoholverbrauch der weissen Bevölkerung in den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [The alcohol consumption of the white population in the German protectorates]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 3, pp. 395–397. Statistics of the consumption of wine, beer, champagne and hard liquor of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

Demography 747. Anon. 1902. “Chineseneinfuhr nach Samoa.” [The importation of Chinese to Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, nº 4, p. 351. Item on the hiring of Chinese as labourers for Samoan plantations. The conditions of the contracts are spelled out.

748. Anon. 1903. “Übersicht über die Bevölkerung der Marianen nach dem Stande vom 1. April 1903.” [Summary of the population of the Marianas as of 1 April 1903]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 18, p. 496. Statistical table of the demographical composition of various islands in the Marianas.

749. Anon. 1904. “Bevölkerung, Handel und Verkehr der Marianen.” [Population, trade and shipping in the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 642. Statistical tables giving the composition of the expatriate community in the Marianas, as well as the export statistics (included the import of five head of cattle from Japan).

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Health and Demography 750. Anon. 1907. “Die weisse Bevölkerung der Schutzgebiete.” [The white population of the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, pp. 94–95. Paper on the population developments in all protectorates. Comments that the number of Japanese has gone down to 21 from 31 (in 1905) in the Marianas, with 23 (22) other whites living there.

751. Anon. 1911. “Statistiken Westkarolinen, Palau, Marianen. 1910/11 (Bevölkerung).” [Statistics Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas. 1910/11 (population)]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 3, nº 20, pp. 219–221. Statistical tables providing information on demography and occupation of residents in the Islands Territory.

752. Anon. 1912. “Die einheimische farbige Bevölkerung der deutschen Südsee-Inseln.” [The indigenous coloured population of the German South Sea Islands]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 8, pp. 118–119. Brief item on the status of the indigenous inhabitants in the German South Sea protectorates following a census. In the Carolines and the Marianas a new census was to be conducted, coupled with a systematic assessment of the state of health.

753. Anon. 1912. “Farbige Bevölkerung auf den Westkarolinen, Palau-Inseln und Marianen zu Beginn 1911.” [Indigenous population on the Western Carolines, Palau and the Marianas at the beginning of 1911]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen KapuzinerOrdensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1912. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 30. Demographic table of census data for 1911 reproduced from another publication.

754. Anon. 1913. “Die weisse Bevölkerung von Deutsch-Neuguinea.” [The white population of German New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 21, p. 353. Census for the German New Guinea, but not the Islands Territory. In total 965 (of these 265 women) resided in the area.

755. Eckert, Georg. 1936. “Die Zahl der Asiaten in der Südsee.” [The number of Asian people in the South Seas]. Archiv für Wanderungswesen und Auslandskunde 8, nº 3, pp. 94–99. Paper summarising the fact that Japanese and other Asian peoples immigrated into the Japanese Mandate of Micronesia. The author tries to place this into the context of the Japanese population on Hawaii, the Indians on Fiji and the Chinese on Samoa and Nauru, and the Indochinese on New Caledonia.

756. Fitzner, Rudolf. 1903. “Die Bevölkerung der deutschen Südseekolonien.” [The population of the German South Seas colonies]. Globus 84, nº 2, pp. 21–25. Overview paper on the state and prospects of population developments in the German possessions in the South Seas. Contains a number of official population estimates of 1902.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 757. [Gulick, Luther. 1862. “Bevölkerung von Micronesien.” [Demography of Micronesia]. Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt über wichtige neue Erforschungen auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Geographie (Petermann’s Mitteilungen) 8, nº 11, pp. 435–436. Item extracted from work by Luther Gulick on Micronesia, listing population figures for Guam and Saipan (combined 4000).

758. Hermann, Rudolf. 1908. “Zur Statistik der Eingeborenen der deutschen Südseegebiete.” [On the statistics of the indigenous peoples of the German South Seas territories]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 11, pp. 550–568; pp. 626–641. Treatise on the demography of the German territories in the South Seas, addressing the physio-geographic conditions. Reviewing the population developments especially in Samoa, the Marshalls and Nauru, the author concluded that the current theories of a population decline in the South Seas was not tenable. The impact of the typhoon of 1907 on the Caroline Islands is addressed.

759. Kindt, Ludwig. 1902. “Das Schreckgespenst der Chinesengefahr.” [The chimera of the Chinese threat]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, nº 31, p. 303. Critique of Augustin Krämer’s paper on the Chinese threat to the German South Seas, argues that the Chinese threat is overestimated and that the need for labour and thus importing workers outweighs other concerns.

760. Kopp, Karl. 1921. “Die Lebensaussichten der grossen Völkerschaften in DeutschGuinea, gemessen an der Proliferation.” [The life expectancies of the great ethnic populations, based on birth rates. Koloniale Rundschau pp. 119–126. Discussion of the population decline in the former German South Seas protectorates.

761. Krämer, Augustin. 1902. “Die Chinesengefahr in den deutschen Südseekolonien.” [The danger posed by the Chinese in the German South Seas colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, nº 4, pp. 30–31. Krämer argues that the import of Chinese as a labour force was unnecessary and that it would pose undesirable public health problems, especially the introduction of leprosy and syphilis.

762. Lehmann, Gallus. 1911. “Über Zahl und Bewegung der Bevölkerung auf Saipan.” [On the number and development of the population on Saipan]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea 3, nº 18, pp. 201–202. Demographic data on the population development on Saipan from 1906 to 1910, based o n church statistics and official reports. Birth and death rates are given, including information o n infant mortality.

763. Martens, Wilhelm. 1903. “Bevölkerungs-Statistik der Marianen und Westkarolinen.” [Population statistics for the Marianas and western Carolines]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, nº 40, p. 405. Summary article on the population statistics published in the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.

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Health and Demography 764. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Bevölkerungsstatistik.” [Population statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 1, pp. 25–35. Summary of population for the financial year 1906/1907.

765. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Bevölkerungsstatistik. B. West-Karolinen und Marianen.” [Population statistics. B. Western Carolines and Marianas]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 1, pp. 22–31. Summary of population for the financial year 1907/1908.

766. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Bevölkerungsstatistik.” [Population statistics]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 25–29. Statistical tables of the population in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands.

767. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Bevölkerungsstatistik.” [Population statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 22–27. Statistical tables of the population in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands.

768. Reichskolonialamt. 1911. “Die farbige Bevölkerung in den einzelnen Schutzgebieten 1910. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln.” [The indigenous population of the individual protectorates 1910. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. A. I. 2, p. 28. Statistical tables of the non-white population in the Eastern Carolines (no data submitted), the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands.

769. Reichskolonialamt. 1911. “Südsee 1910. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach ihrem Zivilstande. Die weisse Bevölkerung in staatsbürgerlicher Hinsicht.” [South Seas 1910. The white population according to employment. The white population according to nationality]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. A. I. 2, pp. 18–19. Statistical tables of the population in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 770. Reichskolonialamt. 1912. “Die farbige Bevölkerung in den einzelnen Schutzgebieten 1911. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln.” [The indigenous population of the individual protectorates 1911. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands 1911]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 3, pp. 48–50. Statistical tables of the non-white population in the Eastern Carolines (no data submitted), the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands.

771. Reichskolonialamt. 1912. “Südsee 1911. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach ihrem Zivilstande. Die weisse Bevölkerung in staatsbürgerlicher Hinsicht.” [South Seas 1911. The white population according to age and marital status; according to country of origin]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 2, pp. 24–31. Statistical tables of the population in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands.

772. Reichskolonialamt. 1913. “Deutsch-Neuguinea 1913, gesamtes Schutzgebiet. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach ihrem Zivilstande. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Beruf am 1. Januar 1913.” [German New Guinea 1913, entire protectorate. The white population according to its civil status. The white population according to nationality and occupation, as of 1 January 1913]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 2, pp. 28–33. Statistical tables on the expatriate population in German New Guinea (including German Micronesia).

773. Reichskolonialamt. 1913. “Die farbige Bevölkerung in den einzelnen Schutzgebieten 1912. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln 1911.” [The indigenous population of the individual protectorates 1912. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands 1911]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 3, pp. 50–51. Statistical tables of the non-white population in the Eastern Carolines (no data submitted), the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands.

774. Reichskolonialamt. 1913. “Die farbige Bevölkerung in den einzelnen Schutzgebieten 1913. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln.” [The indigenous population of the individual protectorates 1913. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands 1911]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 3, pp. 50–51. Statistical tables of the non-white population in the Eastern Carolines (no data submitted), the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands.

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Health and Demography 775. Reichskolonialamt. 1913. “Südsee 1912. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach ihrem Zivilstande. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Beruf am 1. Januar 1912.” [South Seas 1912. The white population according to age and marital status; according to country of origin]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 2, pp. 26–33. Statistical tables of the population in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands.

776. Reichskolonialamt. 1914. “Südsee 1913. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach ihrem Zivilstande. Die weisse Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Beruf am 1. Januar 1913.” [South Seas 1913. The white population according to age and marital status; according to country of origin]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 2, pp. 26–33. Statistical tables of the population in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands.

777. Reichstag. 1907. “Bevölkerungsstatistik.” [Demographic Statitics]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 315–325. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

778. Seidel, Heinrich. 1905. “Die Bevölkerung der Karolinen und Marianen.” [The population of the Carolines and Marianas]. Dr. A Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt 51, nº 2, pp. 36–39. Discussion of the demography of the Carolines and Marianas, drawn from public sources and census data. Discusses the population increases in the Marianas and the population decreases in the Carolines.

779. Seidel, Heinrich. 1905. “Bevölkerungsstatistik der Karolinen und Marianen.” [The population structure of the Carolines and Marianas]. Globus 87, p. 307. Brief summary of the previous paper.

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NATURAL HISTORY Compared to the work carried out on the Marshall Islands, New Guinea or Samoa, the German natural history research on the former Spanish possessions in Micronesia is limited. Even though a very early account of the geographical knowledge on the Marianas was compiled in 1806 [797], only few publications on the Marianas appeared in the immediate pre-German period [cf 798, 823, 834]. The acquisition of Spanish Micronesia brought about a few publications that introduced the new possessions drawing on Spanish and earlier German sources [cf 804, 805, 817, 824]. Some of the geographical research was carried out by the administrators on their patrol visits [cf 808, 809, 810, 813] which was then republished in extracted form in geographical journals [cf 807, 812, 814], while other work was created by residents [cf 799, 803, 821]. A number of German geography texts were published during the first decade of the 20th century, focussing on the colonies. The Marianas are usually only cursorily treated [cf 793, 795, 802, 806]. There is only one comprehensive text on the natural history of the Marianas written during the German period [837]. Limited geological research was carried out, mainly focussed on the discovery of exploitable mineral resources [cf 864]. Administrators sent rock samples for analysis to the bureau of geology in Berlin [cf 857, 858, 859], and some work was carried out to understand the geological history of the islands [cf 865]. Typhoons were a relatively uncommon climatological phenomenon in the German colonies until the acquisition of Micronesia. Because the Marianas were frequently subject to typhoons, it is not surprising that they figure prominently [cf 862, 871, 874, 876]. Likewise, earthquakes were reported and re-reported on a regular basis [cf 848, 849, 861]. The climatological measurements conducted by administration staff were reported in annual summaries [cf 879, 881, 887, 890], and analysed on a regional basis [cf 895].

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Natural History

The literature on the Marianas fauna comprises publications on ornithology [cf 926], bats [cf 926], insects [cf 923, 928], feral domestic animals [cf 927] as well as on introductions, such as bees [cf 917, 921]. The terrestrial flora of Micronesia was well researched starting with the early expeditions [cf 933, 935, 937] and carried on by German administrators and scientists [cf 929]. The flora was systematised [cf 966] and published by family [cf 940, 941, 948, 951]. Minor work was carried out on the marine flora [cf 964].

General Natural History 780. Anon. 1902. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, p. 339. Brief item summarising G. Fritz’s findings on the occasion of his voyage to the northern islands.

781. Anon. 1907. “Wissenschaftliche Sammlungen.” [Scientific collections]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 5, p. 205. Item on the donation of scientific samples to the Zoological Museum of Berlin. Fritz collected 9 skulls of (feral) pigs from Saipan and Tinian, 5 skulls of feral cattle, 2 skulls of feral goats from Tinian, 4 antlers and one set of antlers of axis deer from Rota as well as numerous insects. The collection of feral animal skulls was seen as particularly valuable as it informed the debate on the origin of the Marianas livestock.

782. Anon. 1913. “Jagd- und Wildschutz in den deutschen Kolonien.” [The protection of game wild animals in the German colonies]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 20, pp. 915–916. Summary paper on the topic, derived from nº 783.

783. Metzger. 1913. Jagd- und Wildschutz in den deutschen Kolonien. [The protection of game wild animals in the German colonies]. Jena: Gustav Fisher. Treatise by the chief forester of the German protectorate of Togo, based on a survey of the regulations governing hunting and wildlife protection in all German colonies. The protection of wild animals is seen not only as an ethical obligation of the German administration, but also as a safeguard of the potential commercial opportunities they may provide. Provides a concise overview of the disparate state of the legislation.

784. Sajo, Karl. 1906. “Bilder aus Polynesien.” [Sketches from Polynesia]. Prometheus 17, nº 871, pp. 614–618; nº 872, pp. 629–633; nº 873, pp. 644–649; nº 874, pp. 664–669; nº 875, pp. 678–683. Detailed review article on the Marianas, heavily drawing on Safford’s 1905 treatise on Guam.

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Geography 785. Anon. 1888. “Australien und Polynesien-Inselgruppe der Marianen.” [Australia and Polynesia-Mariana Islands]. Globus 53, p. 144. Brief item on A. Marche’s trip to Saipan. Comments that Marche remeasured the height of Mt Tapocheau on Saipan, and found no traces of a volcano on Saipan. Also mentions that there i s a shortage of good drinking water on Saipan, and that two reported lakes are in fact only small ponds.

786. Anon. 1891. “Die Datumsgrenze und die deutschen Schutzgebiete im Grossen Ocean.” [The date line and the German protectorates in the Pacific Ocean]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 4, pp. 62–64. Item addressing the nature of the formal establishment of the Internationl Date Line and its implications on the administration and trade of the German colonies in the Pacific.

787. Anon. 1897. “Verzeichnis der nunmehr endgültig berechneten geographischen Positionen der astronomischen Beobachtungspfeiler in der Südsee, sowie der sich hieran anschliessenden, trigonometrischen Punkte in den bis jetzt vermessenen Gebieten.” [Register of the finitely calculated geographical locations of the astronomical observation markers in the South Seas, as well as the trigonometric points derived from these]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 10, pp. 191–192. 788. Anon. 1903. “Allgemeine Auskunft über das Inselgebiet der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [General information on the Islands Territory of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 24, pp. 683–684. Overview article on the conditions in the Islands Territory. For the Marianas it mentions that land is available for lease at an annual rate RMk 2 per hectare. Few workers can be found as most have their own plots. A wage of RMk 10–12/month has to be paid for paid labour, but may be hard to come by. A number of Japanese are prepared to work for pay, but at a higher (unspecified) wage. The risk of typhoons is mentioned. The establishment costs of a 25ha farm are given as about RMk 10,000. Ship fares are given as RMk 1750 for 1st class, RMk 1200 for second and RMk 550 for third class. The article concludes in stressing that the conditions for success are a sense of realism, diligence and staying power. The successful settler has to be able to get on with the natives (as he is dependent on them) and will have to appreciate that instant economic returns will not happen.

789. Anon. 1904. “Besiedlung der Marianen.” [Settlement of the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 1, p. 7. Item on Senfft’s visit to Saipan in 1903, where he documented the birth to the first settler i n the Marianas, a son of Hermann Costenoble’s. The item also mentions Costenoble’s article i n the Deutsche Japanpost on immigration opportunities.

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Natural History 790. Anon. 1904. “Statistisches über die Marianen.” [Statistics for the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 43, p. 430. Population, import and export statistics for the year 1903, abstracted from the official annual report.

791. Anon. 1905. “Bericht des stellvertretenden Vize-Gouverneurs von Ponape über seine Besuch in den vom Taifun heimgesuchten Gebieten.” [Report by the acting Vice-Governor in Pohnpei regarding his visit to the territories affected by the typhoon]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 457. Account of a patrol visit aboard SMS Seeadler to Pingelap, Mokil, Ngatik. Residents from Pingelap were evacuated to Pohnpei and from there to Saipan. Includes reports from Chuuk and by the Captain of the ‘Carl and Ella’ regarding the typhoon impact on atolls between Pohnpei and Chuuk. Describes much of the impact on the environment.

792. Anon. 1905. “Neue Topographische Arbeiten.” [New topographical work]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 10, pp. 328–329. Brief item on maps received by the colonial office in Berlin. Includes an entry of a map of the harbour of Guam drawn by Arno Senfft; maps drawn by Victor Berg of locations on Pohnpei and Chuuk; and sketch maps by Captain Moeller of Ulithi and Sorol Atolls.

793. Anon. 1908. “Deutsch-Mikronesien. Land und Leute.” [German Micronesia. Land and People]. In: Wiese, J (ed.), Neu-Deutschland. Unsere Kolonien in Wort und Bild. Berlin: Meidinger’s Jugendschriften Verlag. Pp. 339–342. Description of life in German Micronesia written for young readers.

794. Anon. 1920. “Saipan.” [Saipan]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. III (P-Z0, pp. 199–200. Entry on Saipan, with a map.

795. Beta, Ottomar. 1902. Das Buch von unseren Kolonien. [The book of our colonies]. Berlin: Ullrich Meyer. General overview of the nature and state of the German colonies. The chapter on the Marianas discusses the environment and geography, the society as well as the living conditions. Beta comments that of 116 Rotanese men with (tax) labour duties only 22 are capable of manual labour, the rest being too ill.

796. Block, Magnus H. 1935. “Der Mensch auf den hohen Inseln Mikronesiens und Polynesiens.” [Man in the high islands of Micronesia]. Universität Hamburg. PhD thesis summarising the state of knowledge on traditional human settlement on the high islands, including sections on horticulture, and fishing in relation to the environmental conditions and the resultant need for trade. In his analysis the author concludes that the Micronesian populations would lose the battle for survival in their environments and would become extinct.

797. Bratring, F. W. A. 1806. “Über die Ladronen- oder Marien-Insel-gruppe in dem nördlichen Stillen Meere.” [On the Ladrones or Maria Islands Group in the northern Pacific

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Ocean]. Allgemeine Geographische Ephemeriden (Weimar) 21, nº 3, pp. 261–275; nº 4, pp. 369–397. General overview of the Marianas including geography, fauna and flora, produce and information on the people, compiled from various explorers accounts until 1800. Includes a discussion of the naming of the Marianas. A list of introduced animal species is given, highlighting the import of deer from the Philippines and the import of horses, donkeys and mules from the Americas. Plant species are listed with an emphasis on edible plants (with some local names given) and the introduction of agricultural industries. A discussion of the population asserts that the population of the Chamorro may once have numbered 50,000, which had by now shrunk to 1500 people living on Guam, Rota and Saipan. The Chamorro own their own land with parcels dedicated to fruit orchards, gardens and fields. A list of European-type occupations held by the Chamorro is given. Includes an in-depth description of Guam, and more summary descriptions of the other islands is given. The second part of the paper deals predominantly with the history of discovery and the history of the Spanish administration and missionisation. Bratring gives a summary account of each and sets out the sources that he could draw on, thereby illustrating the range of publications available to a scholar at the beginning of the 19th century.

798. Christmann, Friedrich and Oberländer, Robert. 1873. Ozeanien, die Inseln der Südsee. Ältere und neuere Erforschungsreisen im Gebiete der Inselgruppen des Stillen Ozeans mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Leben, Sprache und Sitten der aussterbenden Naturvölker jener Eilande. 2 vols. [Oceania, the islands of the South Seas. Older and recent voyages of discovery in the area of the island groups of the Pacific Ocean with special reference to the lives, language and habits of the dying indigenous peoples of these islands]. Leipzig: Otto Spämer. The history and geography of the Carolines and the Marianas is described based on Spanish records and the account of Anson’s voyages, reflecting the state on knowledge at that time.

799. Costenoble, Hermann H. L. W. 1905. “Die Marianen.” [The Marianas]. Globus 88, nº 1, pp. 4–9; nº 3, pp. 72–81; nº 4, pp. 92–94. A description of the author’s experiences on Saipan. A general introduction on the geography and geology of the island group gives way to a discussion of the climate (a typhoon mentioned for August 1903), health, flora and fauna. A discussion of the agricultural potential of the islands includes a list of imported plants and their suitability for the local production. The losses of plant and seed stock to rats and other vermin are highlighted. The discussion of the fauna includes a discussion of pig hunts and the feral cattle on Tinian. A dolphin hunt i s mentioned. Latte sites are mentioned as common all over Saipan. Comments on social customs include remarks on the language, lauding the teaching of English in Guam and criticising the use of Chamorro as the language of instruction on Saipan. Costenoble criticised the German policy of resettling every Chamorro who wishes to move to Saipan and the allocation of land to the families. Costenoble argues that the plantations of the Chamorro are untidy and badly run. Likewise, he describes the Chamorro as unclean and unhygienic in their habits. Costenoble comments disparagingly on the Carolinian immigration from Guam, arguing that the Americans did well in getting rid of people of a lower stage of development. The discussion on commerce argues that in the absence of a good harbour, Saipan will never be viable for commerce other than that operated by the Japanese. Costenoble takes great issue with the fact that German settlers are not allowed to own land on Saipan, but land is freely given away to Chamorro settling there. The author further criticises the loose morals which are prevalent only on Saipan but not Guam, and sheets them home to the inefficient

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Natural History administration. The German school system as well as the police force are also criticised as inappropriate for the conditions and unnecessary. Illustrations show a Chamorro house (stone) under construction.

800. Cox, L. M. 1904. “Guam.” [Guam]. Globus 86, p. 288. Brief item on Guam, reproduced and summarised drawing on Cox’ paper in a US source (Bulletin of the American Geographic Society).

801. Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft. 1898. Kleiner Deutscher Kolonialatlas. Second edition. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Map of the German possessions in the Pacific in 1898. The Marianas are not yet included.

802. Dove, Kurt. nd. Wirtschaftliche Landeskunde der deutschen Schutzgebiete. [Economic Geography of the German Protectorates]. Leipzig: Ludwig Huberti. Brief geographical overview of the Micronesian Islands (pp. 68–73) with comments on the population, plant and animal life, tropical agriculture and natural resources.

803. Dwucet, F. 1908. “Eine Inselflur im Stillen Ozean.” [An island group in the Pacific]. In: Wiese, J (ed.), Neu-Deutschland. Unsere Kolonien in Wort und Bild. Berlin: Meidinger’s Jugendschriften Verlag. Pp. 349–355. Description of the Mariana Islands. Provides information of the geography, botany, and agricultural produce. The article is very well illustrated with pictures of the administration buildings, streets, ox carts, the school, Carolinians in dance dress, houses (Chamorro and Carolinian), and dress. Written for young people.

804. Finsch, Otto. 1900. “Die Karolinen und Marianen.” [Carolines and Marianas]. Sammlung wissenschaftlicher Vorträge 14. Hamburg: Verlagsanstalt und Druckerei AG (vorm. J. F. Richter). Vol. 331/332, pp. 651–710. A treatise, directed at the popular audience, discussing the natural and cultural characteristics of the newly acquired Caroline, Mariana and Palau Islands. The booklet covers in an overview fashion all aspects of history, anthropology and geography, compiled from the existing published sources. None of the aspects is covered in greater detail.

805. Fitzner, Rudolf. 1901. Deutsches Kolonial-Handbuch. [German Colonial Handbook]. Berlin: Herman Paetel. Handbook detailing the geography, natural history, anthropology and social conditions of each colony. The section on the Carolines, Palau and Marianas commingles most of that information. A section on each of the stations is included, covering Saipan, Tinian and Rota, as well as the population and annual copra production of Anatahan, Alamagan, Pagan and Agrigan.

806. Friedemann, Hugo. 1905. Die deutschen Schutzgebiete. [The German protectorates]. Dresden: Alwin Huhle. General text on the German colonies. The German Pacific colonies are very briefly addressed.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 807. [Fritz, Georg. 1900. “Über die Marianen.” On the Marianas]. Globus 78, pp. 67–68. Extracts of the report by Fritz dated 9 March 1900 (see item 808).

808. [Fritz, Georg. 1900. “Von den Marianen.” [From the Marianas]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 1, pp. 179–180. Report by Fritz dated 9 March 1900. Comments on the atrocities of the last days of the Spanish regime on Saipan and generalises on the excesses of Spanish colonial policy. Comments that he excavated a cave recovering a number of crania from what he suspects to be mass grave of Chamorro killed by the Spanish or by an introduced disease. Mentions the Spanish system of labour taxation, which he adapted. Argues that each immigrant to Saipan i s live ‘capital,’ which needs to be encouraged through the provision of land allotments. He deplores that Germany could not acquire Guam, but is determined to make Saipan into the generally accepted centre of the Marianas—at least as far as the Chamorro are concerned. Mentions the rice terraces on Rota as well as the cattle on Tinian. A breakdown of the estimated copra production is given. Fritz concludes his upbeat article with the news that a German administration building as well as an agricultural experimentation garden will be developed in the very near future. He had already imported four deer (two male and two female) from Rota and released then on Saipan.

809. Fritz, Georg. 1901. “Bericht über die Insel Rota.” [Account on the island of Rota]. Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten as den deutschen Schutzgebieten 14, pp. 194–204. Description of Rota and the smaller island of Taipingot, covering geology (pedology and caves), produce (mainly coconuts, maize, sweet potatoes and taro, but mentioned are among others coffee and cocoa). The fauna comprises of deer (on Taipingot), dogs, rats, chicken, curlews, pigeons, crows, coconut crabs, turtles. A fishing technique (atchuman) is described. The current Chamorro are described as timid compared to their ancestors. At the time the population was comprised of 450 Chamorro and 45 Carolinians (declining annually). The village is described as a small hamlet arranged in two parallel streets which are focussed on the stone church (described as ten times the required size) and a plaza, where the public buildings (also of stone, a casa real, a school and a shed) are erected. Fritz describes the appearance and dress of the Rotanese and gives a number of their family names. Fritz provides a map of a set of old rice terraces, some of which are still in use and the operation of which is described. The annual rice production is about half a ton. A brief description is given of latte sets at Halum Anite, Gaola, As Mamimis and Mochong. The latter two sites are illustrated and a reconstruction of a latte as a house/roof foundation i s given. Fritz comments on the presence of pottery, lusung, shell midden material and stone adzes, as well as numerous sling stones. He draws particular attention to (but does not illustrate) semi-spherical bronze vessels with a ribbed outer surface, that were first interpreted at parts of grenades from earlier wars. The nature of Rota at the time of writing was such that no formed roads existed and that therefore large scale commercial development was not practical.

810. Fritz, Georg. 1901. “Die Insel Tinian (Marianen).” [The island of Tinian (Marianas). Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 5, pp. 150–154. Report by Fritz on the investigation of the cattle herd on Tinian on 5 November 1900. Provides a description of the island and a brief history of its land use and European interaction.

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Natural History Estimates the number of cattle at 600–700, describes them as white coated horned cattle, which was depleted during the Macabebe period, when two head daily were shipped to Saipan for slaughter. Fritz mentions that upon annexation he reduced the imports to two heads per week, and starting 1 April 1900 to one head per month to allow the herd to regenerate. Following his investigation the hunt for cattle were suspended altogether. Hunting of pigs and chicken has no restrictions. Twice a week about 10 to 14 pigs are shipped by rowing boats to Saipan and sold there for RMk 4 per animal. The pigs are loaded onto boats at two locations in the north of Tinian. If the surf is up, the pigs need to be swum out. The trip from Songhalum on Tinian to Garapan takes about eight hours and is risky given the strong currents between the islands. Often livestock die en route. Chicken are described as extremely plentiful. Goats are hunted mainly in the southeast. Sold at Saipan they fetch between RMk 1. 50 and 3. 00. Feral dogs and cattle are very plentiful feeding on pigs and calves. Following Fritz’ financial incentive of 50Pfg per dog skin from Tinian, 108 skins were delivered to him until late November 1900. He comments on wildlife and the fly plague. Attempts to establish Tinian cattle on Saipan failed, with the animals dying soon after. At the time of his visit the population was about 70 people. A description of the houses of Chamorro and Carolinians follows. He provides a brief description of the ruins at Tinian. An attempt to land at the small islet of Agiguan failed. Having intended to release some pigs and chicken, he managed ‘to throw two hens and two roosters ashore.’

811. Fritz, Georg. 1901. “Die Marianen.” [The Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 6, pp. 189–190. Brief item on the Marianas giving an overview of the geography. Reports on experiments t o plant coconuts and transplant them when 6 foot tall to prevent smothering by other vegetation, compared with normally planted nuts. Comments on the need to maintain the remaining forests on the hill sides and reports on his regulation to cease the lighting of wildfire to burn off the grass as well as the felling of ifil trees. Fritz sees good prospects for modern tropical forestry.

812. [Fritz, Georg. 1901. “Die Marianen Insel Tinian.” [The Island of Tinian, Marianas]. Globus 79, p. 355. Brief summary of Fritz’ Deutsches Kolonialblatt article.

813. Fritz, Georg. 1902. “Reise nach den nördlichen Marianen.” [Voyage to the northern Marianas]. Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 15, pp. 96–118. Account of a trip to the northern islands, conducted from 1 to 20 May 1901 on board of the Japanese vessel Tora Maru. Fritz was accompanied by Pedro Ada. Fritz collected both geological samples and botanical specimens, which were forwarded to the Berlin Museum and the Berlin Botanical Garden and Herbarium. Each of the islands (Agrigan, Alamagan, Anatahan, Farallon de Torres, Guguan, Marianas, Mendinilla, Pagan, Sarigan, Zealandia Bank) i s described in terms of appearance, gross morphology and botany. Approach sketches for most of the islands are provided, as are sketches of bays of Pagan and Maug. While the island of Mendinilla was uninhabited at the time, Fritz found caves with evidence of charcoal and pottery indicating prior occupation. On Anatahan he found the remains of the huts of Carolinian workers who had until recently harvested copra. Although Anathan had

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands been heavily inhabited in the past, Fritz could not find any archaeological traces. He found, however, cultural plants such as breadfruit, papaya and taro. A survey of Sarigan brought several traces of archaeological sites, mainly pottery scatters, but also some latte sets, as well as a complete vessel in one of the caves. An attempt to locate sites on the northern part of Guguan failed. On Alamagan Fritz found ten workers cutting copra for Ada’s company. Ada, obliged to newly cultivate 30 hectares each year, had cultivated 44. 4 ha between January 1900 and 1 April 1901, 37 of which with coconut and the remainder with maize, sweet potatoes, pineapples, bananas and tobacco. Fritz found several latte sets made of basalt columns, a stone-paved area and a stone lined well or pit filled with pottery. Just before his arrival workers had found sixteen crescent shaped stones with holes at each end (three were sent to Berlin). Similar items had been found on Saipan and Rota. On Pagan Fritz found some basalt-type latte sets similar to those on Alamagan, as well as sling stones. Cultivated plants provided further evidence of prior settlement. Pagan was leased to the Pagan Company, comprised of two Chamorro and a Japanese. 137 workers lived in 30 houses. Their improvements (for the period January 1900 and 1 April 1901) comprised of 40 hectares, 34 of which were under coconuts and the remainder with maize, sweet potatoes, pineapples, and bananas. Agrigan was also cultivated. 32 workers, living in 15 huts, cut about 100 tons of copra per year. Their improvements (for the period January 1900 and 1 April 1901) comprised of 60 hectares, 52 of which were under coconuts and the remainder with maize, sweet potatoes, pineapples, and manioc, tobacco and cotton. Fritz could not find any traces of prior habitation. The Austrian warship Donau under the command of Captain Anton Haus had visited Agrigan on 12 April 1901. On Assongson Fritz found ample evidence of older cultivation with breadfruit, coconuts, papaya, banana, and Pandanus. Maug was well populated with seabirds. Fritz found flowering cotton and coconut. Uracas was well populated with seabirds. As part of an ‘improvement’ project, Fritz planted 100 coconuts as well as Casuarina, beans and grass seeds on Medenilla; 100 coconuts as well as Casuarina, beans and pumpkin seeds on Guguan; and 100 coconuts as well as Casuarina, beans and grass seeds on Uracas.

814. [Fritz, Georg. 1906. “Von den Marianen.” [From the Marianas]. Globus 89, pp. 287–289. Excerpts of Fritz’ reply to the accusations levelled by Herman Costenoble. Fritz argues the case for prohibiting the burning of grass lands as it interferes with the necessary reafforestation of the island, which in turn is required to reduce the risk of erosion. Costenoble had argued that only the Japanese owned suitable land. Yet, by 1905 all Japaneseowned land had been sold back to the German government. Fritz takes issue with Costenoble’s assessment of the Carolinians and Chamorro as dirty and lazy. He also takes issue with Costenoble’s claim that the Chamorro and Carolinians should not be allowed to own land. A number of other issues raised by Costenoble were all in place (minimum standards of land use, taxes, leasing the northern islands to companies), indicating that Costenoble’s knowledge of the situation was limited and his account biased.

815. Hahl, Albert. [no date]. “Das Inselgebiet im Stillen Ozean.” [The Islands Territory in the Pacific Ocean]. In: Schultz-Ewert, Erich (ed.), Deutschlands Weg zur Kolonialmacht. Berlin: Scherl. Pp. 79–81. Coffeetable book on the German colonies, with numerous black and white illustrations.

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Natural History 816. Harms, H 1904. Vaterländische Erdkunde. [Geography of the Fatherland]. 6th edition. Braunschweig & Leipzig: Hellmuth Wollermann. General geography of Germany, including the colonies. German Micronesia is treated very cursorily (included as an example of treatment of the region in general geography texts).

817. Hassel, Ulrich von. 1899. “Die Karolinen-, Marianen- und Palau-Inseln.” [The Caroline, Mariana and Palau Islands]. Allgemeine Konservative Monatsschrift für das christliche Deutschland 65, pp. 735–742. General overview of the islands on the eve of the German take over. Comments ‘with great joy’ on the expansion of the German empire and summarises the state of knowledge for a broad audience.

818. Hassert, Kurt. 1910. D e u t s c h l a n d s K o l o n i e n . Erwerbungs- und Entwicklungsgeschichte, Landes- und Volkskunde und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung unserer Schutzgebiete. [Germany’s colonies. History of acquisition and development, geography, ethnology and the economic significance of our protectorates]. 2nd ed. Leipzig: Dr. Seele & Co. General overview of the geography, botany and demography of all islands of the German Marianas summarising all that was known at the time. Good overview item.

819. Hessler, Carl. 1900. Die Deutschen Kolonien. Beschreibung von Land und Leuten unserer auswärtigen Besitzungen. [The German colonies. Description of countries and peoples of our foreign possessions]. Fifth edition. Georg Lang: Leipzig. The geography and history as well as the general ethnography of German Micronesia are treated in a superficial manner.

820. Hessler, Carl. 1905. Die Deutschen Kolonien. Beschreibung von land und Leuten unserer auswärtigen Besitzungen. [The German colonies. Description of countries and peoples of our foreign possessions]. Sixth edition. Georg Lang: Leipzig. The geography and history as well as the general ethnography of German Micronesia are treated in a superficial manner.

821. Höfer, Hermann. 1912. “Die Marianeninsel Tinian.” [The Mariana Island of Tinian]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, nº 4, pp. 48–50; nº 7, pp. 90–91; nº 8, pp. 94–98. The paper describes a trip to Tinian. Once or twice a week a boat with beef from Tinian is rowed to Saipan. The average trip takes between 6 to 7 hours—but with heavy seas two to four times that long. A number of smaller landing beaches are mentioned. The author describes the main village as well as the House of Taga. The vegetation, especially the ‘useful’ plants are described in detail, such as a then feral grove of 300 orange trees. The estimated number of feral pigs and chicken are mentioned. The author describes hunts for pigs, goats and cattle o n Tinian and the subsequent sale of the meat to Saipan (including prices). A section on the bird life concludes the paper. Höfer comments that the Megapode is absent on Tinian.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 822. Höfer, Hermann. 1913. “Bericht über Guam.” [Report on Guam]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 5, nº 14, pp. 176–178; nº 15, pp. 188–190. The German teacher Höfer went to Guam to study the school system employed by the American administration. The paper gives a general overview on the island and the taxation system and the level of education.

823. Jung, Karl Emil. 1883. Der Weltteil Australien. [The continent of Australia]. Leipzig and Prag: G. Freytag and F. Tempsky. Vol. IV. General geographical overview of Oceania with a brief section on the Mariana Islands (pp. 241–248). The information provided is fairly general, focussing on key issues of geography, custom and material culture.

824. Jung, Karl Emil. 1899. “Die deutschen Marianen.” [The German Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, nº 35, pp. 324, nº 36, pp. 330–331. Summary of the state of knowledge on the Mariana Islands, written immediately after the treaty with Spain had been signed. The paper highlights that only little was known about the Marianas apart from Guam. Some geographical facts as well as the results of the Spanish census of 1887 could be summarised. It was hoped that the islands would prove economically useful.

825. Jung, Karl Emil. 1900. “Fortschritte der geographischen Forschungen und Reisen im Jahre 1899. 1. Australien und die Südsee.” [Advances of geographical researches and travels in the year 1899. 1. Australia and the South Seas]. Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik 22, nº 9, pp. 385–391. Contains a report on the occurrences during the trip by Governor von Bennigsen to formally accept the formerly Spanish islands of Micronesia for Germany. The paper summarises Bennigsen’s account in the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.

826. Kausch, Otto. 1903. Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon. [German Colonial Dictionary]. Dresden: Gerhard Küthmann. Handbook detailing the geography, history, and economy of each colony. The section on the German Micronesia is very cursory. A section details the postal tariffs and communications options.

827. Kerp, Heinrich. 1907. Die deutschen Kolonien. [The German colonies]. Trier: Friedrich Valentin Linz. General text on the German colonies. The German Pacific colonies are very briefly addressed.

828. Közle, Johann Friedrich Gottlob. 1900. Neuer Wegzeiger für die deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika, der Südsee und Ostasien. [New directory for the German protectorates in Africa, the South Seas and East Asia]. Stuttgart: Max Kielmann. The chapter on the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands includes a verbatim text of the treaty between German and Spain, the German governments white paper on the matter (Denkschrift), as well as a general overview on the history of the region, its geology and natural resources, and its people and trade. A more detailed section deals with the missionary history.

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Natural History 829. Krebs. 1901. “Bemerkungen über die Marianen.” [Notes on the Marianas]. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Metereologie 29, pp. 17–18. Notes on a voyage of the German postal steamer München from Pohnpei to Saipan. The report includes a map of Tanapag Harbour with some depth soundings and a description of the harbour. Krebs comments on the lack of boats able to ferry goods to shore from the Garapan anchorage. It took the crew 1 1/2 to 2 hours to row the passengers and cargo to shore. Brief comment on the suitability of Magicienne Bay on the other side of Saipan.

830. Krieger, M. 1899. “Die Erweiterung unseres Kolonialbesitzes.” [The broadening of our colonial possessions]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, nº 23, pp. 194–196. General item (including a map) on the new colonies in Micronesia. Confuses and generalises much of the information. Krieger argues that the Marianas are a worthwhile addition as they serve as a stop over point for ships.

831. Langhans, Paul. 1909. Karte der deutschen Verwaltungsbezirke der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen. [Map of the German administrative districts of the Caroline, Palau and Marianas]. Leipzig: Julius Perthes. Map of the new island of the Islands Territory with a statistical summary of area, population, missions and the number and distribution of trading stations.

832. Marquardsen, H. 1915. Die Kolonial-Kartensammlung des Reichs-Kolonialamts. [The colonial map collection of the Imperial Colonial Office]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. A list of maps held by the colonial office. The section on German New Guinea (pp. 33–36) includes reference to an unpublished 1902 map of Saipan drawn by Dr. Dwucet based o n mapping by Georg Fritz.

833. Meinicke, Carl. 1876. Die Inseln des Stillen Oceans. Eine geographische Monographie. [The islands of the Pacific Ocean. A geographic monograph]. Leipzig: Paul Frohberg. Comprehensive geographical treatment of the Mariana Islands based on a compilation from secondary sources. Provides an overview of the animals encountered (both native and domestic), on each of the individual islands of the group. General description of the ethnography is given.

834. Meinicke, Carl. 1876. Die Inseln des Stillen Ozeans. Eine geographische Monographie. [The islands of the Pacific Ocean. A geographic monograph]. Leipzig: Paul Fromberg. Pp. 387–410. Comprehensive geographical treatment of the Mariana Islands based on a compilation from secondary sources. Provides an overview of the animals encountered (both native and domestic) on each of the individual island of the group. General description of the ethnography is given.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 835. Meinicke, Carl. 1888. Die Inseln des Stillen Ozeans. Eine geographische Monographie. [The islands of the Pacific Ocean. A geographic monograph]. 2nd edition. Leipzig: Eduard Baldamus. Pp. 387–410. Second edition of previous item.

836. Prager, Erich. 1904. “Die Marianen als Ansiedlungsgebiet.” [The Marianas as a settlement area]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 9, p. 86. Item on the arrival of a second German settler on Saipan, R. Dachsel. Favourable summary of the economic opportunities.

837. Prowazek, Stanislaus von. 1913. Die deutschen Marianen. Ihre Natur und Geschichte. [The German Marianas. Their Natural Environment and History]. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth. iv, 126 pp. First monographic treatment of the island group, based on literature research as well as the observations made during a personal visit in 1911. The history of the island group i s described in detail, based on published Spanish, British and German accounts. LeGobien was the main sources, as well as Anson and Chamisso. Based on the same sources, as well as Fritz, the author compiles what was known about the Chamorro and their culture. A summary of the state of knowledge of the latte sites is given. Reports on the state of the House of Taga (nine columns standing by 1885, five by 1900 (at the time of Fritz’ visit) and two following the earthquake of 1902. Mentions square holes on the tops of the cap stones and a Spanish inscription on one of the columns. Mentions a Carolinian cemetery near the House of Taga. Some artefacts are depicted, among them a stone vessel, as well as a sketch of the rock art in As Teo Cave, Saipan. The author summarises the state of the various ethnic communities resident in the German Marianas. While formal marriages between Chamorro and Carolinians are described as rare, intimate relations between Chamorro males and Carolinian girls are not. The material culture including dress and nutrition is briefly summarised, as are other aspects of the social culture. The status of public health is discussed in more details, with a summary of all available evidence on epidemics and illnesses during the Spanish period. Prowazek sees the deported Carolinian as an intrusive cultural element in the cultural development of the new colony. Further, these immigrants brought with them a new array of diseases, adding to the public health problems of the colony. The same applied to the deportees from Samoa. The second part of the book deals with the natural history of the islands, discussing geography, geology, pedology, botany and zoology. Prowazek stresses that one cannot generalise the observations made on Guam to be applicable to all northern islands. A detailed account of the zoology by family is given. The flora is discussed in detail and a plant list i s provided.

838. Rittlinger, Herbert. n. d. Südseefahrt. [South Seas Voyage]. Berlin, Leipzig, Wien: Wilhelm Goldmann. Colloquial narrative of a voyage to the Japanese Territory of Micronesia. Little factual information.

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Natural History 839. Sapper, Karl. 1920. “Marianen–Lage und Bodengestaltung.” [Marianas–Position and geography]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 503–507. Encyclopedia entry on the geography of the Marianas.

840. Schott, G. and Perleitz, P. 1906. “Lotungen I. N. M. S. ‘Edi’ und des Kabeldampfers ‘Stephan’ im westlichen Stillen Ozean.” [The soundings of INMS Edi and the cable laying steamer ‘Stephan’ in the western Pacific]. Archiv der deutschen Seewarte 29. Oceanographic data derived from cable-laying activities in the Western Pacific (for the YapCelebes and Yap-Guam-Shanghai cables).

841. Seidel, Heinrich. 1903. “Die Insel Guam.” [The island of Guam]. Beiträge zur Kolonialpolitik, und Kolonialwirtschaft pp. 6–9. General overview of Guam, its physical geography, agriculture, population, customs, administration etc.

842. Seidel, Heinrich. 1903. “Saipan, die Hauptinsel der deutschen Marianen.” [Saipan, the main German Island]. Globus 86, pp. 278–282. Overall positive description of the island, based on a brief visit by Seidel in 1902. Describes Garapan and comments on the differences between Chamorro and Carolinians. Includes comments on the agricultural experimentation carried out by Fritz, social customs, and environmental conditions. Costenoble’s farm is described. On the whole the paper is designed to boost immigration by Germans.

843. Seidel, Heinrich. 1903. “Zur Kenntnis der Marianen.” [Towards understanding the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, nº 1, p. 5. Overview paper on the Marianas. Mentions that Chamorro has been declared language of instruction in schools and that Fritz wrote a grammar and dictionary of the Chamorro language. Concludes with a plea to improve the shipping services arguing that the duration of three months for news and mail to reach Germany was too long.

844. Seidel, Heinrich. 1914. “Die Insel Tinian und ihre Stellung im Marianenbogen.” [The island of Tinian and its position in the Marianas Arc]. Geographische Zeitschrift 20, pp. 558–567. Review of the state of knowledge on Tinian, summarising geology, oceanography, pedology, climatology and fauna and flora. Some comments on the agricultural potential of the island conclude the paper.

845. Senfft, Arno. 1906. “Bericht des Kaiserlichen Bezirksamtmannes Senfft vom 10. Oktober 1905 über seinen Besuch auf der Insel Guam.” [Report of the Imperial district administrator Senfft of 10 October 1905 on his visit to the island of Guam]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 5, pp. 143–144. Brief item discussing the developments on Guam since Senfft’s last visit in 1904. The cable station development is admired. The US Governor commented on the development of a wireless communications system, and suggested that a similar structure be developed o n Saipan, as this would allow communication between the two administrations. The Governor

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands commented that this would be desirable as there were four physicians on Guam and none o n Saipan. Senfft declined to comment.

846. Senfft, Arno. 1908. “Die Marianen-Insel Rota.” [The Marianas Island of Rota]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 15, pp. 746–747. Brief item on the state of Rota. Mentions that coral heads had been blasted in Rota harbour i n 1906, making the anchorage safer and creating an access for launches. Thirty pupils attended the school on Rota, taught by a former pupil of the Government school on Saipan.

847. Supan, A. 1905. “Die Insel Guam.” [The island of Guam]. Dr. A Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt 51, pp. 40–41. Review item compiled from US publications by Safford and Wheeler. Physical geography of Guam, with brief notes on flora and fauna. Population estimates are given. The strategic significance of the island is discussed. A map is included.

Geology & Geomorphology 848. Anon. 1902. “Rundschau: Erdbeben auf den Marianen.” [Review: earthquake in the Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, p. 502. The earthquake of 22 September 1902 is reported. It is mentioned that the American Governor sent, a day after the event, the vessel Justin to Saipan, with a physician, medical supplies and provisions, to assist if required. This was not required. Fritz took the opportunity and travelled to Guam on board the Justin to personally thank the Governor for his kindness; he was to return to Saipan on board a Japanese schooner.

849. Anon. 1903. “Erdbeben auf den Marianen.” [Earthquake in the Marianas]. Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik 25, p. 188. Brief item on the earthquake of 22 September 1902, which caused considerable damage o n Guam and lesser damage on Saipan. Mentions that the American Governor had sent the US steamer Justin to Saipan (with a doctor and medical supplies) to provide any assistance if required. None was needed and Fritz went to Guam on board the Justin to pay a formal visit.

850. Anon. 1903. “Erdbeben auf Ponape und den Marianen.” [Earthquake on Pohnpei and the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, p. 611. Brief item on the earthquake of 22 September 1902, which caused considerable damage o n Guam and lesser damage on Saipan. The damage on Saipan is enumerated. Also mentions that an earthquake was felt on Pohnpei on the same day.

851. Anon. 1907. “Erdbeben auf den Ostkarolinen.” [Earthquake in the eastern Carolines]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 8, p. 364. Item on earthquakes in the Carolines, reports the earthquake of 22 September 1902 on the south of Pohnpei, as well as on Manton I. on Mokil (This is the same day as the earthquake

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Natural History affecting the Marianas); the event on 19 April 1905 on Kosrae (Lelu); and on 28 August 1906 on Toto, felt little on Ono and Otari, but strongly on Mager and Magerik.

852. Anon. 1908. “Die Zugänge für die Kolonialsammlung der Geologischen Landesanstalt 1907.” [Additions to the colonial collection of the Geological Institute in Berlin.] Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 4, p. 201. Article on the collections of the geological institute. Fritz had submitted numerous geological specimens from the Marianas and the Carolines.

853. Anon. 1912. “Der Bergbau der deutschen Schutzgebiete.” [Mining in the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 18, pp. 293–294. Review of the value of the German colonies as providers of minerals. While emphasis is on the prospects in the German colonies in Africa, the importance of the phosphate exports from Micronesia is mentioned. In terms of financial returns, the phosphate exports with 9. 5 million Marks ranked second behind the diamond exports from German Southwest Africa (26. 9 million Marks), followed by the copper and lead ore from German Southwest Africa (6. 6 million Marks).

854. Anon. 1912. “Geologische Zentralstelle für die deutschen Schutzgebiete.” [Central bureau on geology for the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, p. 916. Item on the creation of a central bureau charged with the research of geology in the German protectorates.

855. Eckert, Georg. 1936. “Der Goldbergbau in Deutsch-Neuguinea.” [Goldmining in German New Guinea]. Koloniale Rundschau 27, p. 465 -?. Paper on the gold production in the Australian Mandated Territory of New Guinea. Contains a section discussing the economic development of Micronesia under the Japanese administration.

856. Fuchs, Karl. 1875. Vulkane und Erdbeben. [Volcanoes and earthquakes]. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus. Popular science book on the topic. Lists known volcanoes of the world. For the Marianas brief entries are given for Asuncion, Guguan and Pagan.

857. Kaiser, Erich. 1903. “Beiträge zur Petrographie und Geologie der deutschen SüdseeInseln.” [Contributions to the petrography and geology of the German South Seas Islands]. Jahrbücher der Preußischen Geologischen Landesanstalt und Bergakademie zu Berlin 24, pp. 91–122. Discussion of the petrography and geology of selected islands of the Carolines, the Marianas and Samoa. The Marianas section describes samples from Farallon de Pajeros collected b y Georg Fritz and material from Saipan collected by Fritz and Georg Volkens. Fritz also sampled material from a latte site at Marpi.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 858. Kaiser, Erich. 1904. “Gesteine von den deutschen Südesseeinseln.” [Rocks from the German South Sea Islands]. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin p. 530. Brief summary of a publication dealing with geological specimens collected by Georg Volkens in the German Pacific. The samples from the Marianas were collected during the first days of German rule.

859. Koert, W. and Finck, L. 1920. “Zur geologischen Kenntnis von den Palau-Inseln, Jap, den Marianen und Ponape.” [On the state of geological knowledge about the Palau Islands, Yap, the Marianas and Pohnpei]. Beiträge zur geologischen Erforschung der Deutschen Schutzgebiete 18, nº 1, pp. 1–15. Discussion of the geology and petrography of several islands of Micronesia. The section o n the Mariana Islands discusses the new material collected in 1913 by the German colonial official Dr. Herrmann Kersting on Rota, Tinian, Sarigan, Pagan, Agrigan and Farallon de Pajeros.

860. [Krämer, Augustin. 1906. “Der grösste Teil der Marshall-Inseln, Karolinen und südlichen Marianen. (Mit vier Abbildungen).” [The greatest part of the Marshalls, Carolines and southern Marshalls (with four illustrations)]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 22, pp. 749–751. Treatise on the origin of the formation of atolls or coral islands, pertinent also to German New Guinea (Marshall, Caroline and southern Mariana Islands).

861. Madre, Corbinian. 1910. “Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Erdbeben auf Rota.” [Pictures from mission life. Earthquake on Rota]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1910. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1910]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 45–47. Description of life with earthquakes. Describes the earthquake of 1767 and recites a prayer that was written in response to that event, as well as the impact of an earthquake in October 1905. Other earthquakes of 1909 and 1910 are listed.

862. Madre, Corbinian. 1914. “Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Taifun auf der Insel Rota.” [Pictures from mission life. Typhoon on the island of Rota]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und PalauInseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1914. [From the missions of the RhineWestphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1914]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 15–16. Narrative of the events of the typhoon on Rota on 9 November 1913.

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Natural History 863. Range, Paul. 1936. “Geologie und Bergbau der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee. III. Die Schutzgebiete in der Südsee und das Pachtgebiet Kiautschou.” [Geology and mining in the German protectorates of Africa and the South Seas. III. The protectorates of the South Seas and the leased territory of Jiazhou]. Der Tropenpflanzer 39, nº 3, pp. 118–124; nº 4, 137–168. The paper provides an overview of the geology of and the occurrence of mineral resources i n Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and the Bismarck-Archipelago (both New Guinea), and the Solomon Islands (Bougainville). The Islands Territory is also addressed, with special emphasis on the phosphate resources on Nauru and Angaur. A geological summary of the Marianas lists each island, its volcanic status and the petrography of the rocks found there. A detailed bibliography is appended.

864. Range, Paul. 1937. “Die deutsche Südsee und Kiautschou: Geologie und Bodenschätze.” [The German South Seas and Jiazhou: geology and minerals]. Zeitschrift der deutschen geographischen Gesellschaft 89, pp. 433–468. Assessment of the geology and mineral resource portantial of the German possessions in the South Seas and in China.

865. Seidel, Heinrich. 1904. “Der geologische Aufbau der deutschen Marianen Insel Saipan.” [The geological structure of the Marianas Island of Saipan]. Geographischer Anzeiger 5, pp. 217–200. Description of the geology of the island. Seidel discusses the potential presence of igneous rock on the island and its implications on geologic history.

866. Seidel, Heinrich. 1905. “Der geologische Aufbau der Marianen Insel Saipan.” [The geological structure of the Marianas Island of Saipan]. Globus 87, nº 1, p. 20. Brief summary of Seidel’s paper no. 865.

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Oceanography 867. Grapow, Admiral von. 1902. “Mittheilungen über die Carolinen-, Palau- und MarianenInseln.” [Notes on the Caroline, Palau und Mariana Islands]. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Metereologie 33, pp. 331–333. Brief notes by Captain Grapow, commander of the German cruiser Cormoran on the harbour facilities on Guam, Saipan and Tinian. He comments on the problems of recognising a rock i n Tanapag Harbour. A buoy, laid by the district administrator (Fritz) had disappeared at the time of the Cormoran’s visit. Garapan anchorage is described as unsuitable unless in calm weather. A navigational aid erected by the administration guides the way to the pier of Garapan.

868. Reichsmarineamt. 1913. Südsee-Handbuch des Reichsmarineamtes. IV. bis VI. Teil Die Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Marianen. [South Seas Handbook of the Department of the Imperial Navy, Parts IV to VI, the Carolines, Marshall Islands and Marianas]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler & Sohn. Navigation handbook for the German navy, replete with geographic and some cultural information. Guam and the Marianas are discussed on pp. 100–130. The booklet contains a number of sketches of the approaches to the various islands of the Marianas.

869. Reichsmarineamt. 1914. Erste Ergänzung zum Südsee-Handbuch des Reichsmarineamtes. IV. bis VI. Teil Die Karolinen, Marshall-Inseln und Marianen, 1913. [First supplement to the South Seas Handbook of the Department of the Imperial Navy, Parts IV to VI, the Carolines, Marshall Islands and Marianas]. Berlin: E. S. Mittler & Sohn. Navigation handbook for the German navy, replete with geographic and some cultural information. Guam and the Marianas are discussed on pp. 15–19.

Climatology 870. Anon. 1905. “Aus der Südsee. Wirbelsturm.” [From the South Seas. Typhoon]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 19, nº 34, pp. 357–358. Detailed account of the impact of the typhoon of 20 April 1905 on Pohnpei. Demonstrates the impact on a German administration and the disaster management responses in Micronesia.

871. Anon. 1905. “Unwetter in den Marianen.” [Storm in the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 22, p. 674. Report on the impact of the 27 August 1905 typhoon on Saipan. Includes a series of Barometer readings. The typhoon affecting Pagan on 5 July is mentioned.

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Natural History 872. Anon. 1905. “Weiterer Bericht des geschäftsführenden Vize-Gouverneurs in Ponape über den Orkan am 20. April 1905.” [Further Report by the acting Vice-Governor in Pohnpei regarding the typhoon of 20 April 1905]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 457. Item on the typhoon impact on the islands other than Pohnpei. Mentions the devastation o n Mokil, Pingelap and Kosrae as reported by the Germania and the Morning Star. The evacuation of the residents on Pingelap is contemplated (either to Pohnpei or to Saipan) (included because of its relevance to the understanding of the 1905 typhoon season).

873. Anon. 1906. “Beobachtungen über einen Taifun auf den Marianen.” [Observations on a typhoon in the Marianas]. Globus 89, nº 1, p. 20. Brief item reprinting information on the typhoon of 27 August 1905 initially published by the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.

874. Anon. 1906. “Der zweite Orkan von Saipan.” [The second typhoon on Saipan]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23, nº 8, p. 78. Brief item on the typhoon of 8 November 1905.

875. Anon. 1907. “Aus der Südsee. “ [From the South Seas]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 21, nº 24, pp. 1070–1071. Report on the impact of the Good Friday typhoon on the western Carolines and the evacuation of some survivors to Yap, Palau and Saipan.

876. Anon. 1908. “Neue Taifun-Verwüstungen.” [New devastations by typhoons]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 1, p. 14. Very brief item notifying the public of the devastation of Agrigan and Pagan by a typhoon o n 4 September 1907.

877. Anon. 1908. “Neues aus den Kolonien. Südseeschutzgebiete.” [News from the colonies. South Seas protectorates]. Kolonie und Heimat 1, nº 12, p. 11. Item on the impact of the typhoon on Pagan and Agrigan.

878. Anon. 1908. “Die Verwüstung von Agrigan und Pagan.” [The devastation on Agrijuan and Pagan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 4, p. 183. The district administrator of Yap (Senfft) was able to investigate the typhoon damages on the islands on board of SMS Condor. No casualties are reported. The damage to the coconut plantations on Pagan is described as worst on the south and north. The plantation area at the bay was least hit. The production of the islands will be affected for several years. All workers on Agrigan and most of the workers on Pagan were evacuated to Saipan on a Japanese schooner.

879. Anon. 1910. “Resultate der Regenmessungen im Jahre 1909. Station Saipan.” [Results of precipitation recordings in the year 1909]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 23, pp. 218–223. Annual summary of the rainfall as well as a listing of earthquakes felt on Saipan.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 880. Anon. 1910. “Unwetter auf Saipan.” [Storms on Saipan]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 2, p. 22. Item on the September and October 1909 typhoons in the Marianas. The administration buildings roofed with Japanese style clay tiles suffered substantial wind and rain damage, but the files and library could be saved. Mentions that the resettled Mortlockese are hardest hit, and that repair works and construction projects by the colonial administration will provide income opportunities for the Mortlockese community. The content is mainly abstracted from an item in the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.

881. Anon. 1911. “Resultate der Regenmessungen im Jahre 1910. Station Garapan auf Saipan.” [Results of precipitation recordings in the year 1910. Station Garapan on Saipan]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 24, pp. 360–365. Annual summary of the rainfall as well as a listing of earthquakes felt on Saipan.

882. Anon. 1911. “Taifun auf Jap.” [Typhoon on Yap]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea 3, nº 16, p. 177. Report on the effects of the typhoon of 18 July 1911.

883. Anon. 1913. “Die letzten Taifunverheerungen auf den Palau-Inseln.” [The recent typhoon devastation on the Palau-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 5, pp. 236–238. Account of the typhoons of 22 and 26 November 1911, affecting Babeldoab. The Chamorro settlements in the north of Babeldoab are particularly hard hit, with most the taro patches destroyed. The settlements of the Sokehs Pohnpeians were also severely affected. The mission settlements at Malegeok and Amelik are totally destroyed. Kaijangl was washed over by a cyclonic surge, causing widespread devastation but no loss of life.

884. Anon. 1914. “Taifunverheerungen auf der Marianen-Insel Rota.” [Typhoon damage on the Mariana island of Rota]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, p. 144. Brief item describing the effects of the typhoon. It destroyed almost all local houses, deroofed the German administration building and severely damaged copra and tobacco plantations.

885. Anon. 1914. “Taifunverheerungen auf Rota.” [Typhoon damage on Rota]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, nº 8, p. 137. Brief item describing the effects of the typhoon. It destroyed almost all local houses, deroofed the German administration building and severely damaged copra and tobacco plantations.

886. Born, Ludwig, Martens and Fritz, Georg. 1907. “Ein Taifun in den West-Karolinen.” [A typhoon in the western Carolines]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 567–577. Detailed description of the impact of the typhoon of 27 March 1907 on Woleai, based on the eye witness account of the German government physician Dr. Ludwig Born, who experienced the typhoon on the atoll, an eye witness account by Captain Martens of the Pohnpei who experienced the typhoon at Oleai and whose vessel was disabled, and an account by Georg Fritz who went to Oleai to assess the impact and the need for disaster relief including the evacuation of part of the population to Yap (Palau) and Saipan. The events during and after the typhoon, including the subsequent drought, are well described by Born.

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Natural History 887. Danckelmann, von. 1904. “Regenfall auf den Marianen und in Deutsch-Neu-Guinea 1902.” [Rainfall on the Marianas and German New Guinea 1902]. Metereologische Zeitschrift 21, p. 533. Climatic data on Saipan and other locations on German New Guinea (Islands Territory).

888. Dwucet, F. 1908. “Die Marianen. Land und Leute.” [The Marianas. Island and people]. Kolonie und Heimat 2, nº 24, pp. 6–7. Well illustrated article by the government teacher on Saipan describing the environment, the population and its customs. An overview of the agricultural subsistence base is given, including the prices for live cattle. Dwucet mentions that horses were introduced in 1906 but did not do well on the islands.

889. Fritz, Georg. 1906. “Bericht des Kaiserlichen Bezirksamtmannes Fritz in Saipan über einen zweiten Taifun.” [Report of the Imperial District Administrator Fritz in Saipan about a second typhoon]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 4, pp. 103–104. Report on the impact of the 8 November 1905 typhoon on Saipan. Enumerates the damage and includes a series of barometer readings.

890. Fritz, Georg; Reichel, Volker; Woitschek, Hermann; Gibbon, James; Winkler; Lewis, Ewan; Petersen, E; Girschner, Max; Martens; Melander, J. V.; and Domnick, Karl. 1904. “Niederschlagsmengen auf den Palau-, Marianen-, Karolinen- und Marshall-Inseln.” [Rainfall totals for the Palau, Mariana, Caroline and Marshall Island]. Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 17, p. 158. Weather and earthquake data for the year 1903 for stations at Garapan (Saipan), Malakai (Palau), Yap, Lamotrek, Eten (Chuuk), Pohnpei, Kosrae and Jaluit.

891. Fritz, Georg; von Zelewski; Woitschek, Hermann; Winkler; Girschner, Max; Lewis, Ewan; and von Bunsen. 1903. “Meteorologische Beobachtungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten der Südsee für das Jahr 1902.” [Meteorological observations in the German protectorates of the South Seas for the year 1902]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 16, pp. 231–240. Weather and earthquake data for the year 1903 for stations at Garapan (Saipan), Malakai (Palau), Yap, Lamotrek, Eten (Chuuk), Pohnpei, Jaluit and various stations on German New Guinea.

892. Fritz, Georg, von Zelewski, and Woitschek, Hermann. 1903. “Metereologische Beobachtungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten der Südsee für das Jahr 1902.” [Meteorological observations from the German Protectorates of the South Seas for the year 1902]. Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten as den deutschen Schutzgebieten 15, pp. 230–232. Meteorological data and earthquake frequencies for 1901 and 1902.

893. Graf, Basilius. 1913. “Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Taifun auf den Palau Inseln.” [Pictures from mission life. Typhoon on the Palau Islands]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1913. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 31–35. Eyewitness account of the events during the 26 November 1912 typhoon on Babeldoab and the destruction of the mission station at Melegeok.

894. Graf, Basilius. 1914. “Taifun auf den Palau Inseln.” [Typhoon on the Palau Islands]. Gott Will Es! 26, nº 1, p. 26–29. Eyewitness account of the typhoon of 26 November 1913. Details the events during the typhoon and the impact and damage to the mission station.

895. Heidke, P. 1917. “Meteorologische Beobachtungen aus Deutsch-Neuguinea einschließlich des Inselgebietes der Karolinen, Palau, und Marianen sowie Marshall-, Brown und Providence-Inseln. Teil I. Zusammenstellung der Monatsmittel bis zum Jahre 1913 an 30 Stationen höherer Ordnung und 13 Regenmeßstationen.” [Meteorological observations from German New Guinea including the island territories of the Carolines, Palau, the Marianas and the Marshall, Brown and Providence Islands. Part 1. Compilation of the monthly averages until the year 1913 at 30 stations of higher order and 13 rainfall measuring stations]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 30, pp. 3–170. Compilation and detailed analysis of the monthly meteorological averages in German New Guinea and the islands. In the Marianas observation stations were on Saipan, first at the Government offices and from 1913 at the school at Garapan and the Catholic mission on Rota. Each of the stations and its instrumentation is described and the climatic data are presented for 1913. A detailed description of the effects of several typhoons on Rota is also given (for events of 21 August 1911, 19 October 1911 and 10 November 1913).

896. Heidke, P. 1920. “Marianen–Klima.” [Marianas–Climate]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 503–507. Encyclopedia entry on the climate of the Marianas.

897. Kirn, Karl. 1906. “Aus den Schutzgebieten der Südsee. Resultate der Regenmessungen im Jahre 1905.” [From the South Sea Protectorates. Results of the rain measurements in the year 1905]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 19, pp. 339–351. Climatic data for Garapan, Saipan. The report provides detailed meteorological details on two typhoons that struck Saipan on 26 August 1905 and on 8 November 1905.

898. Kirn, Karl. 1907. “Resultate der Regenmessungen im Jahre 1906. Garapan auf Saipan.” [Results of precipitation recordings in the year 1906]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 20, pp. 231–238. Annual summary of the rainfall as well as a listing of earthquakes felt on Saipan

899. Kirn, Karl. 1908. “Resultate der Regenmessungen im Jahre 1907. Station Garapan (Saipan), Marianen.” [Results of precipitation recordings in the year 1907. Station Garapan (Saipan), Marianas]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 21, pp. 220–226. Annual summary of the rainfall as well as a listing of earthquakes felt on Saipan

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Natural History 900. Kirn, Karl. 1910. “Stürme auf Saipan.” [Storms on Saipan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, nº 1, p. 24. Account of the climatic situation on Saipan. A drought hampered food production, which affected the re-settled Mortlockese community in particular (as their fields had just been established). To provide them with income, a public labour scheme was created. A typhoon o n 2 October 1909 devastated much of the limited harvest, especially breadfruit, bananas and maize. A substantial amount of the public and private infrastructure, among it the administration and the hospital, were damaged.

901. Kirn, Karl and Höfer, Hermann. 1909. “Resultate der Regenmessungen im Jahre 1908. Station Gárapan auf Saipan.” [Results of precipitation recordings in the year 1908. Station Gárapan on Saipan]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 22, pp. 299–304. Annual summary of the rainfall as well as a listing of earthquakes felt on Saipan.

902. Kommandant SMS ‘Cormoran’. 1914. “Taifunverheerungen auf der Marianen-Insel Rota.” [Destruction by a typhoon on the Marianas Island Rota]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 4, p. 144. Item on the typhoon of 10 November 1913. The eye of the typhoon passed over the island. While the storms associated with the typhoon lasted for 36 hours, the peak of the event lasted 2 hours. Almost all local houses are destroyed. The building of the government administration has lost its roof and all inventory was rain damaged. Most trees have been defoliated and many palms destroyed. All coconuts are lost. The already damaged government boat has been completely lost. Food shortages are already occurring.

903. Lopinot, Callistus. 1907. “Ein Taifun auf Yap.” [A typhoon on Yap]. Jahresbericht über die Tätigkeit der Kapuziner der rheinisch-westfälischen Ordensprovinz in der Mission der Karolinen. Jahresbericht 1906. Saarlouis: Hausen & Co. Pp. 44–47. Eyewitness narrative of the typhoon of 11/12 May 1906.

904. Madre, Corbinian. 1912. “Taifunverheerungen auf Rota.” [Devastations by a typhoon on Rota]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1912. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 42–44. Eyewitness account of the typhoon of 19 October 1911 striking Rota. All but 3 Chamorro houses were destroyed, and the church, the school and the German administration building deroofed. Mentions that an earthquake occurred when the typhoon struck.

905. Marquardsen, H. 1912. “Bericht über das metereologischen Beobachtungswesen im Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea im Jahre 1911.” [Report on the meteorological observation system in the protectorate German New Guinea for the year 1911]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 25, pp. 332–337. Annual summary of the rainfall as well as a listing of earthquakes felt on Saipan.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 906. Marquardsen, H. 1913. “Das metereologische Beobachtungswesen im DeutschNeuguinea in Jahre 1912.” [The meteorological observation system in of German New Guinea in the year 1912]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 26, pp. 350–356. Item providing climatological and earthquake frequency data for Micronesia for 1912. In the first half of the year Saipan was extremely dry with only 1796mm of rain for the 6–months period.

907. Marquardsen, H. 1914. “Bericht über das metereologische Beobachtungswesen im Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea.” [Report on the meteorological observation system in the protectorate of German New Guinea]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 27, pp. 360–366. Item providing climatological data for Micronesia for 1913 and part of 1914. Descriptions of the 11/11 October 1913 typhoon on Saipan and the 12 August 1913 typhoon on Yap are given. A list of earthquakes felt on Saipan is also given.

908. Müller, Kilian and Madre, Corbinian. 1912. “Taifunverheerungen auf Rota.” [Typhoon damages on Rota]. Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 25, pp. 75–76. Description of the effects of the typhoon that struck Rota on 19 October 1911. The item comprises of descriptions of the event, including a series of barometric pressure readings, and a description of the aftermath.

909. Müller, Placidus. 1913. “Wie wir in diesem Jahre in Korror-Palau Weihnachten feierten.” [Pictures from mission life. How we celebrated Christmas this year in Koror, Palau]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1913. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 43–45. Eyewitness account of the typhoon of 25/26 November 1912 on Palau and its aftermath and impact on the Palauan community.

910. Schwabe, Gustav. 1905. “Die Sturmflut auf Jaluit.” [The tidal wave on Jaluit]. Hiltruper Monatshefte 22, nº 11, pp. 499–501. Article reprinting a letter sent by the German government physician. The letter is a eye-witness account which describes the impact of destruction wrought by a typhoon which struck the southern Marshalls on 30 June 1905. The letter was sent two days after the cyclone on board the German steamer Germania which rode out the typhoon in Jaluit lagoon.

911. Schwabe, Gustav. 1905. “Der Taifun auf Jaluit.” [The typhoon on Jaluit]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, nº 38, pp. 401–402. News article reprinting a letter sent by the German government physician. The letter is a eyewitness account which describes the impact of destruction wrought by a typhoon which struck the southern Marshalls on 30 June 1905. The letter was sent two days after the cyclone o n board the German steamer Germania which rode out the typhoon in Jaluit lagoon. The paper contains a photo showing make-shift accommodation made from salvaged corrugated iron.

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Natural History 912. Seidel, Heinrich. 1903. “Klima und Wetter auf den Marianen.” [Climate and weather in the Marianas]. Globus 86, p. 164. Brief item on the climate of the Marianas, abstracted from Seidel’s publication no 913.

913. Seidel, Heinrich. 1903. “Klima und Wetter auf den Marianen.” [Climate and weather in the Marianas]. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Geographie 31, pp. 139–144. Review article compiling the state of knowledge on the climate of the Marianas. Seidel deplores that no detailed climatic records can be found on the northern Marianas. He then continues to compile isolated data and observations made by De Freycinet, George Anson, Le Gobien, Byron, and Alfred Marche. Proposes that all captains of trading vessels on the Yokohama-Saipan run should be obliged to submit climatological observations.

914. Senfft, Arno. 1908. “Über den Taifun auf den Marianen-Inseln Agrigan und Pagan.” [On the typhoon on the Mariana Islands of Agrigan and Pagan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 14, p. 685. Additional information on the impact of the typhoon on Agrigan and Pagan on 4 September 1907.

915. Woitschek, Hermann and Kirn, Karl. 1905. “Resultate der metereologischen Beobachtungen. Garapan auf Saipan, Marianen.” [Results of the meteorological observations. Garapan on Saipan, Marianas]. Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten as den deutschen Schutzgebieten 8, p. 371. Weather and earthquake data for Saipan for the year 1904.

Fauna 916. Anon. 1903. Offizieller Katalog der Deutsch-Kolonialen Jagdaustellung. [Official catalogue of the German colonial hunting exhibition]. Second edition. Karlsruhe: [n/a]. Catalogue of an exhibition of wildlife and hunting trophies from the German colonies. The section on the South Seas provides a brief overview on the fauna, deploring the relative scarcity of huntable animals with the exception of birds. A collection of Pohnpeian ethnographica was exhibited by Albert Vahlkampf. Ethnographica of deer trophies from the Marianas are absent.

917. Anon. 1909. “Bienenzucht auf den Marianen.” [Beekeeping on the Marianas]. Koloniale Rundschau pp. 375–376. Brief summary of Dr. Dwucet’s introduction of bees to Saipan and the establishment of a honey industry.

918. Anon. 1913. “Perlenzucht der deutschen Südsee.” [Cultivation of pearls in the German South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 34, pp. 568–569. Item arguing for trials of pearl farming in the Marshall Islands.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 919. Beccari, Odoardo. 1914. “Neue Palmen Micronesiens.” [New palms from Micronesia]. Englers Botanische Jahrbücher 52, p. 4. Paper describing new species of palms collected in German Micronesia.

920. Beccari, Odoardo. 1924. “Neue Palmen Micronesiens.” [New palms from Micronesia]. Englers Botanische Jahrbücher 59, p. 16. Paper describing new species of palms collected in German Micronesia.

921. Dwucet, F. 1909. “Einführung der Bienen aus der Insel Saipan (mit 2 Abbildungen).” [The introduction of bees on the island of Saipan (with 2 illustrations)]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 19, pp. 317–318. Article describing the efforts of the German school teacher Dr. Dwucet to establish an apiary industry on Saipan in 1905. The bees were procured from the Bonin Islands. Dwucet used school children as a means to educate the general public in the use and keeping of bees. Beehives could be bought for RMk 7.50 by interested parties. One pound of honey was sold for 1 RMk, bringing in 115 RMk. The enterprise was successful as long as his personal impetus remained. When Dr. Dwucet retired to Spandau (Berlin) much of this came to a halt. Contains two good photos.

922. Finsch, Otto. 1876. “Vögel von Ponapé.” [The birds of Pohnpei]. Journal des Museums Godeffroy 12, pp. 14–40. Item on the bird life in the Carolines, based on own ornithological research in Micronesia. An example of early German natural history work in the region.

923. Galvagni, E. 1912. “Bericht über Marianen- und Samoaschmetterlinge.” [Report on butterflies from the Marianas and Samoa]. Versammlung der Sektion für Lepidepterologie der Kaiserlich und Königlich zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 62, nº 3–4, p. 119–124. Item on the butterflies collected in German Samoa and the Marianas.

924. Krebs, Wilhelm. 1913. “Perlenzucht der deutschen Südsee.” [Cultivation of pearls in the German South Seas]. Fischzeitung. [original not found] Item arguing for the trials of pearl farming in the Marshall Islands.

925. Quadras, J. F. and Moellendorff, O. F. de. 1894. “Diagnoses specierum novarum a J. F. Quadras in insulis Mariannis collectarum scripserunt.” [Descriptions of new species collected by J. F. Quadras in the Mariana Islands]. Nachrichtenblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 26, nº 1–2, pp. 13–22; nº 3–4, pp. 33–42. Taxonomic descriptions of land shells collected in the Marianas (in Latin).

926. Schnee, Paul. 1910. “Einiges über die höhere Tierwelt der Marianen.” [Notes on the higher fauna of the Marianas]. Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften 82, pp. 458–470. Description of several species of Marianas fauna. Comments that insectivorous bats were observed on Saipan (and Jaluit), which he deems to have dispersed on drifting trees and other flotsam, rather than dispersed by flight. He describes the hunt for fruit bats and attempts t o tame young bats. Philippine deer are abundant on Rota. On Saipan they lived mainly in the

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Natural History eastern part of the island, but during mating season came to the western part as well. Deer are hunted on Guam, but are protected in the German Marianas, even though annually several deer die due to ‘accidents’ on Rota. Deer were introduced to Pohnpei by the German administration. King fishers are described as a pest, feeding on young chicks and making chicken farming almost impossible unless they are first shot out. Guinea fowls were released on Saipan and, protected from hunting, are doing well despite the large number of rats. Introduced were grey domestic pigeons and a wild pigeon from the Philippines, both introduced during Spanish times, and a Palauan species of fruit dove introduced in 1903. Megapodes are reported as absent on Guam, but present on all major islands of the German Marianas. Schnee discusses insectivorous bats, fruit bats, Philippine deer, rats, mice, cattle, feral pigs, feral dogs, king fishers, small song birds, cats, guinea fowls, domestic pigeons, fruit pigeons, megapodes, Varanus indicus, and lizards.

927. Schnee, Paul. 1911. “Die verwilderten Haustiere auf Tinian.” [The feral domestic animals on Tinian]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Wirtschaft 13, pp. 350–362. Discussion of the nature and possible origin of the Tinian cattle. The cattle are described as large with a white or black-and-white coat. Apart from human hunting, dogs are the main enemy of the cattle, usually attacking calves, but during the dry season also weakened adult cattle. The process of hunting, meat preparation (including drying), transportation to Saipan and sales (including prices) are described. The second part of the paper addresses the hunt for and market in goats and pigs. Feral dogs are also described. The author observed some feral cats, but their home range was restricted to the vicinity of the main settlement, suggesting that their introduction was of a more recent nature. A comment on feral chicken concludes the paper.

928. Schnee, Paul. 1912. “Über Mücken in Saipan.” [On Mosquitoes on Saipan]. Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 4, p. 711. A brief item commenting that only non-malaria bearing species occur on Saipan.

Flora 929. Anon. 1900. “Flora der Karolinen und Marianen.” [The flora of the Carolines and the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 16, p. 646. Brief item on the floristic research conducted by Prof. Georg Volkens, whose return t o Germany is eagerly awaited.

930. Bitter, G. 1921. “Eine neue Solanum-Art von den Marianen.” [A new species of Solanum from the Marianas]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 559–560. Description of Solanum Saipanese collected on Saipan by the teacher Hermann Höfer.

931. Chamisso, Adelbertus de and Schlechtendal, Diedericus de. 1826. “De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzoffiana observatis rationem dicunt Adelbertus de Chamisso et

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Diedericus de Schlechtendal.” [Plants observed during the Romanzov exploring expedition]. Linnea (Berlin) 1, pp. 256, 402. Botanical descriptions of plants collected on Guam during the Romanzov expedition (Kotzebue) in 1816/17 [in Latin].

932. Chamisso, Adelbertus de and Schlechtendal, Diedericus de. 1829. “De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzoffiana observatis rationem dicunt Adelbertus de Chamisso et Diedericus de Schlechtendal.” [Plants observed during the Romanzov exploring expedition]. Linnea (Berlin) 4, pp. 129, 435. Botanical descriptions of plants collected on Guam during the Romanzov expedition (Kotzebue) in 1816/17 [in Latin].

933. Chamisso, Adelbertus de and Schlechtendal, Diedericus de. 1830. “De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzoffiana observatis rationem dicunt Adelbertus de Chamisso et Diedericus de Schlechtendal.” [On the plants observed during the Romanzoff Exploring expedition]. Linnea (Berlin) 5, p. 44. Botanical descriptions of plants collected on Guam during the Romanzov expedition (Kotzebue) in 1816/17 [in Latin].



936. Chamisso, Adelbertus de and Schlechtendal, Diedericus de. 1833. “De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzoffiana observatis rationem dicunt Adelbertus de Chamisso et Diedericus de Schlechtendal.” [On the plants observed during the Romanzoff Exploring expedition]. Linnea (Berlin) 8, pp. 189, 225. Botanical descriptions of plants collected on Guam during the Romanzov expedition (Kotzebue) in 1816/17 [in Latin].

937. Chamisso, Adelbertus de and Schlechtendal, Diedericus de. 1836. “De plantis in expeditione speculatoria romanzoffiana observatis rationem dicunt Adelbertus de Chamisso et Diedericus de Schlechtendal.” [On the plants observed during the Romanzoff Exploring expedition]. Linnea (Berlin) 10, pp. 586, 589. Botanical descriptions of plants collected on Guam during the Romanzov expedition (Kotzebue) in 1816/17 [in Latin].

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Natural History 938. De Candolle, C. 1921. “Piperaceae novae e Micronesia et Polynesia allatae.” [New Piperacea from Micronesia and Polynesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 502–506. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Saipan collected by Herrmann Höfer and Georg Fritz.

939. Deeken, Richard. 1913. “Vegetationsbild aus der Südsee.” [A picture of vegetation in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, pp. 449–450. Impressions on tropical vegetation in the German South Seas colonies written for a popular audience.

940. Diels, L. 1915. “Anonaceae.” [Anonaceae]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 52, pp. 16–18. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Includes examples collected on Guam (by various collectors including Herrmann Costenoble), as well as specimens from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz and Georg Volkens.

941. Diels, L. 1921. “Die Myrtaceen Mikronesiens.” [The Myrtacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 529–534. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz and Hermann Höfer, as well as on Guam (by MacGregor and Herrmann Costenoble).

942. Diels, L. 1925. “Digitaria marianensis.” [Secretion of Digitaria marianensis]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 59, p. 1. Description of Digitaria marianensis collected by Charles Gibbon an Sariguan.

943. Gilg, E. and Benedict, Ch. 1921. “Die bis jetzt aus Mikronesien und Polynesien bekannt gewordenen Loganiaceen.” [On the Loganiacea known to date from Micronesia and Polynesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 540–557. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Includes examples collected on Guam (various sources) and on Saipan by Herrmann Höfer and Dr. Schnee.

944. Kneucker, A. 1915. “Bemerkungen zu den Gramineae exsiccatae.” [Notes on the Gramineae exsiccatae]. Allgemeine Botanische Zeitscrift 21, pp. 126–128. Brief botanical notes on a group of grasses, among them one from Guam (introduced).

945. Krasser, Fridolin. 1898. “Zur Kenntnis des Lycopodium cerneem aut.” [On the knowledge of Lycopodium cerneem]. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 48, pp. 688–693. Includes a description of Lycopodium capillaceum from the Mariana Islands.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 946. Kükenthal, G. 1925. “Beiträge zur Cyperaceenflora von Mikronesien.” [Contributions to the Cyperaceae flora of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 59, pp. 2–10. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Study listing 24 new species, among them Fimbrystilis urakasiana as a new species (from the Marianas). Includes examples collected on Guam (various collectors) and on Saipan b y Herrmann Höfer, Georg Fritz and Ch. Gibbon.

947. Kutzing, F. T. 1847. “Diagnosen einiger neuer ausländischen Algen Species, welche sich in der Sammlung des Herrn Kammerdirektors Klenze in Laubach befinden.” [Descriptions of some new foreign species of algae which are contained in the collection of director Klenze of Laubach]. Flora (Jena) 30, pp. 773–776. Includes Hydracanthus fistolosus, new species, from the Marianas.

948. Lam, H. J. 1925. “Die Verbenaceae von Mikronesien.” [The Verbenaceae of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 59, pp. 24–29. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples collected o n Saipan by Georg Volkens, Haenke, Herrmann Höfer and Georg Fritz, on Tinian by Dr. Schnee as well as on Guam (various).

949. Lauterbach, Carl. 1901. “Geschichte der Botanischen Forschung des Gebietes.” [History of botanical research in the area]. In: Schumann, Karl and Lauterbach, Karl (eds), Die Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee. Leipzig: Gebrüder Bornträger. P. vii-xvi. Introduction to a botanical treatise on the vegetation of all German protectorates in the South Seas. The text provides an historic overview over the development of botanical research in the German Pacific.

950. Lauterbach, Carl. 1920. “Marianen–Pflanzenwelt.” [Marianas–Flora]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 503–507. Encyclopedia entry on the flora of the Marianas.

951. Lauterbach, Carl. 1921. “Die Anacardiaceen Mikronesiens.” [The Anacardiacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 516–521. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz.

952. Lauterbach, Carl. 1921. “Die Lecythidaceen Mikronesiens.” [The Lecythidacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 527–528. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Guam.

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Natural History 953. Lauterbach, Carl. 1921. “Die Rhamnaceen Mikronesiens.” [The Rhamnacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 524–525. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Saipan, Tinian and Guam collected by Georg Volkens.

954. Lauterbach, Carl. 1921. “Die Rutaceen Mikronesiens.” [The Rutacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 508–512. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Guam.

955. Lauterbach, Carl. 1921. “Die Simarubaceen Mikronesiens.” [The Simarubacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 513–514. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz.

956. Lauterbach, Carl. 1925. “Die Guttiferen Mikronesiens.” [The Guttifera of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 59, pp. 18–23. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples collected o n Saipan by Herrmann Höfer, as well as on Guam (various).

957. Loesener, Th. 1930. “Die Celastraceen Mikronesiens.” [The Celastracea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 63, pp. 272–273. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples collected o n Saipan by Georg Volkens and Herrmann Höfer, as well as on Guam (various).

958. Markgraf, Franz. 1930. “Die Apocynaceen von Mikronesien.” [The Apocyneae of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, Leipzig 63, pp. 280–287. Includes some species from the Marianas.

959. Schlechter, R. 1915. “Die Ochidaceen von Mikronesien.” [The Ochidacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 52, pp. 5–13. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Includes examples collected on Guam (by various collectors including Herrmann Costenoble), as well as specimens from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz and a historic record for Rota. Noteworthy is the species description for Zeixine Fritzii named after Georg Fritz.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 960. Schlechter, R. 1921. “Die Asclepiadaceen von Mikronesien.” [The Asclepiadecea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 565–569. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Includes examples collected on Saipan by Georg Volkens.

961. Schlechter, R. 1921. “Die Elaeocarpaceen von Mikronesien.” [The Elaeocarpacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 562–564. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz, as well as on Guam.

962. Schlechter, R. 1921. “Die Ochidaceen von Mikronesien.” [The Ochidacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 434–501. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Includes examples collected on Guam (by various collectors including Herrmann Costenoble), as well as specimens from Saipan collected by Georg Fritz and Herrmann Höfer and a historic record for Rota. Noteworthy is the species description for Zeixine Fritzii named after Georg Fritz.

963. Schlechter, R. 1921. “Die Scrophulariaceen von Mikronesien.” [The Scrophulariacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 56, pp. 570–575. Overview of those members of the plant family which have been recorded for Micronesia. Includes examples collected on Guam (various sources) and on Saipan by Ch. Gibbon.

964. Schmidt, Otto C. 1928. “Verzeichnis der Meeresalgen von Neu-Guinea und dem westlichen Oceanien.” [Register of marine algae of New Guinea and western Oceania]. Hedwigia (Dresden) 68, pp. 19–86. The material from the Marianas was collected by Georg Volkens and the Hermann Höfer (teacher).

965. Schumann, Karl. 1887. “Die Flora des deutschen ost-asiatischen Schutzgebietes.” [The flora of the German East-Asia Protectorate]. Engler’s Botanische Jahrbücher 9, pp. 186–223. 966. Schumann, Karl and Lauterbach, Karl. 1901. Die Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee. [The flora of the German protectorates in the South Seas]. Leipzig: Gebrüder Bornträger. A botanical treatise on the vegetation of all German protectorates in the South Seas. The introduction provides an historic overview over the development of botanical research in the German Pacific. The main body is arranged by family and does not list the flora of the Micronesia in a separate fashion.

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Natural History 967. Valeton, Th. 1930. “Die Rubiaceen von Mikronesien.” [The Rubiacea of Micronesia]. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 63, pp. 288–323. Description of plants of the family documented for Micronesia with examples collected o n Saipan by Georg Fritz, Georg Volkens, Dr. Schnee, Ch. Gibbon and Herrmann Höfer, on Tinian by Georg Volkens and Ch. Gibbon, on Rota by C. Ledermann as well as on Guam (various).

968. Warburg, Otto. 1900. Monsunia. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Vegetation des süd- und ostasiatischen Monsungebietes. [Monsunia. Contributions to the knowledge of the vegetation of the South and East Asiatic Monsoon Region]. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. Substantive work on the vegetation in South East Asia. The Marianas are cursorily addressed in parts, as well as the species accounts.

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ANTHROPOLOGY Anthropological research was published by Georg Fritz in his ground breaking ‘The Chamorro’ [972], but little else appeared [cf 984, 986]. Apart from Fritz’ work, material culture was not addressed at all, the only publication being an extract of Safford’s work on Guam [989]. Physical anthropology dealt with crania and other skeletal remains collected on Saipan [cf 975, 978, 979, 980] and the question of the racial origin of the Chamorro [cf 976]. By comparison, substantially more work was carried out on linguistics, ranging from dictionaries of Chamorro [cf 994, 996, 1005] and Carolinian [1000] to aspects of grammar [cf 994, 995, 1012]. Oral traditions were also recorded [cf 998, 999]. A small body of publications addressed the question as t o whether German should be spoken and taught in the colonies as the lingua franca of the German Empire [cf 990, 991, 993, 1003]. The impact of the Imperial government’s edict regarding the spelling of geographic names in the colonies caused ridicule because of its impracticability [cf 1013, 1014, 1015].

Anthropology in General 969. Anon. 1886. “Alfred Marche.” [Alfred Marche]. Petermanns Mitteilungen 50, p. 191. Very brief note stating that Alfred Marche had been commissioned by the French Ministry of Education to carry out geographical, anthropological, ethnographic and natural history research in the Marianas.

970. Anon. 1887. “Alfred Marche.” [Alfred Marche]. Petermanns Mitteilungen 51, p. 191. Note stating that Alfred Marche commenced his voyage on 19 December 1886.

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Anthropology 971. Bastian, Adolf. 1899. Die micronesischen Colonien aus ethnologischen Gesichtspunkten. [The Micronesian colonies seen from an ethnographic viewpoint]. Berlin: A. Asher & Co. Brief discussion of the societal structure of the various Micronesian communities. The information on the Marianas (pp. 22–27) was compiled from published references at the time, drawing heavily on Le Gobien.

972. Fritz, Georg. 1904. “Die Chamorro: Eine Geschichte und Ethnographie der Marianen.” [The Chamorro. A history and ethnography of the Marianas]. Ethnologisches Notizblatt 3, nº 3, pp. 25–110. This work provides information on traditional customs Fritz observed on Saipan during the early part of the 20th century. It provides information regarding the crafting and use of many household implements and hand tools such as the batea (washboard). Fritz writes about almost every subject in Chamorro culture from chewing pugua (betelnut) to weddings t o chenchule (which Fritz spells phonetically tchintchule). The history section is brief but the discussions of social activities and customs are more informative.

973. Haas, Salesius. 1906. “Die Karolinen-Insel Yap. “ [The Caroline Island Yap]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 8. Ethnographic and geographical description of Yap. A section deals with the Chamorro community on Yap.

974. Haas, Salesius. 1912. Die Karolinen-Insel Yap. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis von Land und Leuten in unseren deutschen Südsee-Kolonien. [The Caroline island of Yap. A contribution to the knowledge about the land and people of our German colonies in the South Seas]. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. Ethnographic and geographical description of Yap. A section deals with the Chamorro community on Yap.

Physical Anthropology 975. Anon. 1906. “Physische Anthropologie der Marianenbewohner.” [On the physical anthropology of the inhabitants of the Marianas]. Globus 89, p. 244. Brief note on human skeletal material collected by Georg Fritz and sent to the Museum of Ethnography in Berlin. In total 45 skulls and skull fragments were collected and subsequently described by Otto Schlaginhaufen. The skulls showed substantial variation.

976. Finsch, Otto. 1882. “Zur Rassenfrage in Oceanien.” [On the race question in Oceania]. Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Verhandlungen pp. 163–166. Review article on the state of knowledge on physical anthropology in Micronesia. Provides an overview of the knowledge and assumptions at the time regarding the orgin of the Micronesians and their ‘racial affiliation.’

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 977. Hager, Carl. 1888. “Die Rassenfrage der insularen Völker, besonders der Mikronesier. Eine Übersicht der neueren Hypothesen.” [The race question of the insular peoples, especially of the Micronesians. An overview of recent hypotheses]. Das Ausland 59, nº 26, pp. 501–506. Review paper on the state of the physical anthropological debate on the colonisation of Micronesia. Labels the Carolineans and Marshallese pelagic Mongols.

978. Krause, R. 1886. “Über micronesische Schädel.” [On Micronesian skulls]. Korrespondenzblatt der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie 17, pp. 122–128. Review article on the state of knowledge on physical anthropology in Micronesia based o n 105 crania, 16 of which stem from the Marshalls. Provides measurement averages and comments on geographical trends.

979. Schlaginhaufen, Otto. 1905. “Über eine Schädelserie von den Marianen.” [On a series of skulls from the Marianas]. Jahrbuch der St. Gallischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft p. 454–508. Analysis of human skeletal material collected by Georg Fritz in a limestone cave near Tanapag (Calaberas Cave) and sent to the Museum of Ethnography in Berlin. In total 45 skulls and skull fragments were described. The skulls showed substantial variation in the cranial indices calculated. The author argues that the skull series is too small a sample to draw reliable conclusions.

980. Virchow, Rudolf. 1880. “Mikronesische und melanesische Schädel und Skelette.” [Micronesian and Melanesian Skulls and Skeletons]. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 12, pp. 111–112. Description of one cranium from Jaluit and one from Kiribati as well as five crania and two skeletons from New Britain. A letter by Dr. Carl Benda, reprinted in the paper, provides summary information on the context of the (illegal) excavation and cultural background of the Marshallese. Benda acquired two crania from Jaluit, excavated at a chiefly burial site o n the tip of an island (Jabor?). The burials were in scrub and surrounded by coral boulders. The “excavation had to occur at night, because the natives watch with great care over the sacredness of the burials.” The bodies were encountered at a depth of 0. 75m and did not follow a systematic orientation.

981. Virchow, Rudolf. 1880. “Schädel- und Tibiaformen von Südseeinsulanern.” [Cranial and tibia shapes of South Sea Islanders]. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 12, pp. 112–119. Describes the Jaluit, Kiribati and New Britain crania provided by the German naval physician Dr. Benda and places them into the regional context. The rest of the paper deals with the tibiae from two New Britain burials.

982. Virchow, Rudolf. 1881. “Über mikronesische Schädel.” [On Micronesian skulls]. Monatsberichte der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften pp. 1114–1143. Describes the anthropological material collected by Otto Finsch, such as plaster casts of faces, hands etc, as well as crania collected on Chuuk (purchased from Johan Kubary, who excavated them himself) and Kiribati, as well as isolated other acquisitions made by others. A detailed discussion of various cranial indices is given as are the measurements.

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Anthropology 983. Virchow, Rudolf. 1886. “Über micronesische Schädel (Diskussions Beitrag).” [On Micronesian skulls (Discussion)]. Korrespondenzblatt der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie 17, pp. 128–129. Comments on Krause’s paper (no. 978). Deplores that the political events of 1885 (partition of Micronesia between Spain and Germany) meant that the supply of skulls would dry up and that the conduct of the racial debate would suffer from that.

Social Anthropology 984. Dwucet, F. 1908. “Ein eigentümliches Volk in der Südsee.” [A peculiar people in the South Seas]. In: Wiese, J (ed.), Neu-Deutschland. Unsere Kolonien in Wort und Bild. Berlin: Meidinger’s Jugendschriften Verlag. Pp. 363–368. Description of the Chamorro life on Saipan. Provides limited data written for young people.

985. Eckert, Georg. 1935. Der Einfluss des Geschlechts- und Familienlebens auf die Bevölkerungsbewegung mikronesischer Inseln. [The influence of sexual behaviour and family organisation on the demography of the Micronesian Islands]. Inaugural Dissertation Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität, Bonn. Berlin: Triltsch & Huther. The thesis looks at the demographic data available on the various island groups of Micronesia (Nauru, Pohnpei, Yap, and Palau) compiling information from German and published Japanese sources. Social customs regarding the permissible number of children, pre-marital sex and inter-island movements, the influences of European cultural change and the state of public health are also included.

986. Lehmann, Gallus. 1910. “Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Ein fideles Begräbnis auf Saipan.” [Pictures from mission life. A happy burial on Saipan]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und PalauInseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1910. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 30–32. Description of a burial ceremony on Saipan. Discusses the Chamorro attitude towards death and the burial processes. The author expresses amazement at the merry nature of the ceremony and the choice of songs played (‘Muss I denn zum Städlein hinaus’). Contains a photograph.

987. Lopinot, Callistus. 1910. “Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Hahnenkampf auf Saipan.” [Pictures from Missionary life. A cockfight on Saipan]. Aus den Missionen der rheinischwestfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1909.Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der WaisenLehrlinge. Pp. 33–35. Description of the now outlawed cockfights which were usually conducted on Sunday afternoons. The cockfights had been outlawed previously, but reinstated due to representations from the residents of Saipan. The new prohibition was effected by a higher authority, which makes a rescission unlikely. A description of the training and fights is given. Some of the fighting cocks were bred locally, and others were imported from Japan. Fighting

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands cocks were continually exchanged between Guam and Saipan. Includes a photograph of a street scene of Garapan.

988. Thilenius, Georg and Hambruch, Paul. 1920. “Marianen–Eingeborenenbevölkerung.” [Marianas–Indigenous population]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 503–507. Detailed encyclopedia entry on the demography, social and physical anthropology of the Marianas.

Material Culture 989. Safford, William E. 1905. “Fischfang mit Hilfe von Gift durch die Bewohner der Marianen Insel Guam.” [Fishing with the help of poisons by the inhabitants of the Marianas Island of Guam]. Globus 88, p. 148. German summary of a section of Safford’s publication ‘The Useful Plants of the Islands of Guam’.

Linguistics and Oral Traditions 990. Anon. 1903. “Der Kampf um die deutsche Sprache und das Deutschtum in den deutschen Kolonien.” [The struggle over the German language and spirit in the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, nº 45, pp. 455–456. Paper deploring the spread of Pidgin and the loss of German as a spoken language in many colonies, especially in New Guinea. The paper takes up a previous call for the active pursuit of German by the Governor of New Guinea, Albert Hahl.

991. Anon. 1904. “Die deutsche Sprache in den deutschen Kolonien.” [The German language in the German colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 16, p. 191. Item on the need to maintain German as the main language in the colonies. Mentions that the Steyler Mission has made it one of its aims to ensure that German is spoken in the communities it is working.

992. Anon. 1905. “Sprachgebiet in Deutsch-Mikronesien und Polynesien.” [Language regions in German Micronesia and Polynesia]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, nº 20, p. 198. Review item of Senfft’s language map published in the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.

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Anthropology 993. B. 1904. “Die deutsche Sprache in den deutschen Kolonien.” [The German language in the German colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 16, p. 157. Item on the need to maintain German as the main language in the colonies. Mentions that the Neuguinea Compagnie ordered its staff to restrict the use of Pidgin when conversing with workers and plantation hands.

994. Costenoble, Hermann H. L. W. 1940. Die Chamorro Sprache. [The Chamorro language]. ‘s-Gravenhage: Matthias Nijhoff for Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie. vi, 543 pp. Dictionary and Grammar of the Chamorro language, based on life-long experience and research while resident on Saipan and particularly Guam.

995. Fritz, Georg. 1903. “Chamorro-Grammatik.” [Chamorro Grammar]. Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen 6, pp. 1–27. Chamorro Grammar published as one of the pieces of Chamorro research conducted by Fritz. Fritz had to rely on local informants and a few bilingual Spanish ordinances. The validity of the work is severely criticised by Hermann Costenoble Jr., but favourably received by Seidel.

996. Fritz, Georg. 1904. Chamorro-Wörterbuch. In zwei Theilen: Deutsch-Chamorro und Chamorro-Deutsch. Auf der Insel Saipan, Marianen, gesammelt. [Chamorro Dictionary. In two parts: German-Chamorro and Chamorro-German. Collected on the island of Saipan, Marianas]. Archiv für das Studium deutscher Kolonialsprachen 2. Berlin: Georg Reimer. P. 124p. The first German-Chamorro dictionary, compiled by the German district administrator Georg Fritz.

997. Fritz, Georg. 1905? Übungsheft der Chamorro Sprache. [Exercise book for the Chamorro language]. Berlin?: Kolonialabteilung?. Item mimeographed and produced in Berlin for the use of the adult evening school classes taught by Fritz on Saipan [not seen, mentioned in Seidel, Sprachen].

998. Fritz, Georg. 1906. “Der Chaifi. Ein Märchen von den Marianen.” [The Chaifi. A fairy tale from the Marianas]. Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen Ostasiatische Studien 9, pp. 178–180. The German text of a tale from the Marianas, translated by Fritz for use as a German reader i n the school on Saipan, but publicised widely.

999. Fritz, Georg. 1906. “Der Chaifi. Ein Märchen von den Marianen.” [The Chaifi. A fairy tale from the Marianas]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 20, nº 27, pp. 42–43. The German text of a tale from the Marianas, translated by Fritz for use as a German reader i n the school on Saipan, but publicised widely.

1000. Fritz, Georg. 1913. Die Zentralkarolinische Sprache. Grammatik, Übungen u. Wörterbuch der Mundart der westlich von Truk liegenden Atolle, insbesondere der SaipanKaroliner. [The language of the central Carolines. Grammar, exercises and dictionary of the

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands dialect of the atolls west of Chuuk, especially of the Carolinians living on Saipan]. Berlin: Georg Reimer. 134pp. An introduction discusses the geography and cultural conditions of the Central Carolines. The dictionary was compiled in Saipan, while Fritz was district administrator and revised when in district administrator in Yap, with the assistance of the overseer on Saipan Rebuenog, the assistant teacher at the Saipan Government school Rapaito and his long-term companion Romuloor. (The introduction is dated Alzey March 1911).

1001. Girschner, Max. 1906. “Sprachen und Sprachgebiete in Deutsch-Mikronesien.” [Languages and language areas in German Micronesia]. Globus 89, p. 274. Brief item replying to Seidel’s paper on the same topic. Stresses the problems inherent i n learning languages sufficiently well to develop a dictionary and a grammar. Outlines his own personal problems with Pohnpeian. Girschner stresses the fact that English is not taught i n German Micronesia and that teaching occurs in the native tongue, with German taught as a foreign language.

1002. Jacobi, E. 1904. “Die Verbreitung der deutschen Sprache in den Schutzgebieten.” [The propagation of the German language in the protectorates]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 41–46. Review of the state of German language education in the German colonies with an emphasis o n Africa. Argues that the teaching of German was essential for successful colonisation. Compared to Africa and the other South Sea Colonies the developments in German Micronesia, particularly Fritz’ activities of teaching German in evening classes in the Marianas are lauded as exemplary.

1003. Kindt, Ludwig. 1904. “Sollen die Eingeborenen und die fremden Arbeiter in unseren Kolonien die deutsche Sprache erlernen.” [Should the indigenous peoples and the foreign workers in our colonies learn the German language?]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 281–284. The paper argues that whites should speak German in German colonies, but that the indigenous population and foreign (non-white) workers should not be allowed to learn the language so as to maintain a power differential. The German population in the colonies, however, should learn the local language so that the local population could develop trust i n its administration.

1004. Krämer, Augustin. 1913. “Redet Deutsch in unsern Kolonien!” [Speak German in our colonies!]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 24, pp. 406–407. Paper arguing that German should be the lingua franca in all German colonies, and that Pidgin and English should be discouraged.

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Anthropology 1005. Lopinot, Callistus. 1910. Chamorro-Wörterbuch enthaltend I. Deutsch-Chamorro, II. Chamorro-Deutsch nebst einer Chamorro Grammatik und einigen Sprachübungen. [Chamorro dictionary containing I. German-Chamorro, II. Chamorro-German, together with a Chamorro grammar and a few exercises]. HongKong: Typis Societatis Missionum ad Exteros [Kloster Nazareth]. iv, 172, 33 pp. Dictionary and grammar of the Chamorro language, compiled by the Catholic Capuchin missionary Pater Callistus Lopinot. The volume makes no reference to previous work by other authors.

1006. Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1912. “Buchbesprechung von P. Callistus, ‘ChamorroWörterbuch’, G. Fritz, ‘Die Zentralkarolinische Sprache’ und P. Salvator Walleser, ‘Grammatik der Palau-Sprache.” [Book review of P. Callistus, ‘Chamorro-Wörterbuch’, G. Fritz, ‘Die Zentralkarolinische Sprache’ and P. Salvator Walleser, ‘Grammatik der PalauSprache]. Anthropos 7, pp. 1080–1083. Generally positive review of the three books.

1007. Schreiber. 1904. “Die Sprachenfrage in den deutschen Kolonien.” [The question of languages in the German colonies]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 112–121. Reviews the diversity and reach of various indigenous languages in the German colonies, stressing that there is no lingua franca in most colonies. In the light of this any reluctance o n the part of German administrators to learn local languages is seen as understandable. At the same time the author expresses concern at the sole reliance on translators, both because of the potential for unintentional misinterpretation and the opportunity for malfeasance. The author argues for German language education in schools as well as the obligation of German officials and planters to learn at least one local language.

1008. Seidel, Heinrich. 1904. “Chamorro-Grammatik (Rezensur).” [Chamorro Grammar (book review]. Globus 86, p. 351. Favourable book reviews of Georg Fritz’ Chamorro Grammar and Fritz’ Chamorro Dictionary.

1009. Seidel, Heinrich. 1905. “Sprachen und Sprachgebiete in Deutsch-Mikronesien.” [Languages and language areas in German Micronesia]. Globus 88, nº 12, pp. 181–184. Reviews and discusses the knowledge on the language areas in German Micronesia and shows that Nukuoro, although politically, does not linguistically belong to Micronesia. The paper deals mainly with the Carolines and Palau, with limited commentary on the position of the Marshallese language. Mentions that the presence of a large Carolinian population on Saipan is often overlooked.

1010. Senfft, Arno. 1905. “Sprachgebiete in Deutsch-Mikronesien und Polynesien.” [The linguistic areas of German Micronesia and Polynesia]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 10, p. 328. Brief item and map on the language areas in Micronesia, written by the German district administrator in Yap.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1011. Steyler Mission. 1904. “Die deutsche Sprache im Ausland.” [The German language abroad]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 20, p. 191. Item abstracted from a letter by the Steyler Mission stating that they are very much concerned with the teaching of German in the colonies.

1012. Thalheimer, August. 1908. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pronomina personalia und possessiva der Sprachen Mikronesiens. [Contribution to the knowledge of the personal and possessive pronouns of the Micronesian languages]. Stuttgart: Metzler. PhD thesis discussing the nature and usage of personal and possessive pronouns in various Micronesian languages. The thesis arrives at a pattern of vowel shifts and provides a family tree of the various languages spoken in Pohnpei, Kosrae, Chuuk, Satawal, Woleai, Ulithi, Merir, Mortlock Is., Gilbert Is., Marianas and Yap.

1013. Werther, W. 1903. “Namensgebung und Schreibweise von Namen in den deutschen Kolonien.” [Naming and spelling of names in the German colonies]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 4, pp. 361–362. Commentary on the regulation attempting to curb the tendency of local administrators t o change geographic names. While it is lauded that the documentation and continued use of local names is to be pursued diligently, the limitations of the Latin alphabet with respect t o glottal stops and the like is mentioned. The author criticises the regulations for not being totally practicable.

1014. Krämer, Augustin. 1905. “Das neue Kolonialalphabet in seiner Anwendung auf die Südsee.” [The new colonial alphabet and its application to the South Seas]. Globus 87, nº 17, p. 294. Paper discussing the implications of the introduction of a series of principles on the nomenclature, translation, orthography and pronunciation of geographical names in the German Protectorates as decreed by the German Colonial Office. The implementation of these rules would lead to substantial name changes. Krämer makes acid comments on the implications this would have on the orthography of Micronesian, in particular Marshallese place names.

1015. Strauch, Franz. 1906. “Zur geographishen Nomenklatur unserer Südseeinseln.” [On the geographic nomenclature of our South Seas colonies]. Verhandlungen des deutschen Kolinialkongresses zu Berlin am 5., 6. und 7. Oktober 1905. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen). Pp. 107–114. Paper discussing the problems inherent in renaming (Germanising) geographical features i n the German colonies in the South Seas. The author is critical of such moves.

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ECONOMY Given Germany’s preoccupation with making its colonies pay, it is not surprising to find that the greatest number of publications deal with various aspects of the economy of the Marianas and of German Micronesia in general. Covered are aspects of general trade [cf 1016, 1089, 1090], trade statistics [cf 1017, 1022, 1024], customs statistics [cf 1041, 1042; 1053], taxation [cf 1057, 1085], budgets for the administration of the colony [cf 1023, 1032, 1073] as well as the economic value of the colonies to Germany [cf 1060, 1064, 1070, 1080]. Opportunities for settling on Saipan [cf 1027] and the experiences of actual settlers [cf 1061] are also commented on. The monetary system [cf 1019, 1065] as well as local banking and credit opportunities are discussed [cf 1106, 1128]. Sections on commerce detail statistics in general, plantation statistics [cf 1125, 1126, 1127], issues of labour supply and training [cf 1217, 1218] as well as specific industries such as rubber [cf 1097, 1103], livestock [cf 1100, 1112, 1228], raw materials for tanning [cf 1124, 1126] and agricultural cash crops [cf 1223, 1231, 1232]. Annual reports give evidence of the companies operating in the Marianas [cf 1141, 1145, 1146]. The far flung island empire required adequate communications to maintain political order and to facilitate commercial development. Thus items on communications are frequent, ranging from lists of steamer sailing dates from Europe [cf 1250, 1254, 1259, 1267], steamer time tables [cf 1244, 1263] and items on new ships [cf 1284, 1289] to information on changes in mail connections [cf 1255, 1277] and mail rates [cf 1239, 1240, 1243, 1247]. The laying of the telegraph cable between Yap and Guam provided a dramatic improvement in communications [cf 1280, 1294, 1200] as it connected Micronesia to the world network, later on improved through the establishment of wireless stations [cf 1333, 1351, 1399]. Annual statistics of shipping [cf 1447, 1450, 1451] and mail volume [cf 1446, 1448, 1449] are also available.

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The German government issued separate stamps for the Marianas, which changed repeatedly in design. Because colonial stamps were in high demand, and cancelled early stamps were rare, some postal clerks cancelled stamp stock on demand with a backdated cancel. There is a large body of philatelic literature addressing this issue.

General Economy 1016. Anon. 1901. “Deutschlands Handel mit den Kolonien.” [Germanys trade with the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, nº 34, p. 339. Brief item on the overall trade of Germany with its colonies. Data on the trade with New Guinea and the Islands Territory are given, but not broken down into districts.

1017. Anon. 1903. “Statistik des Warenverkehrs der Marianen im Kalenderjahr 1902.” [Statistics of trade in the Marianas for the calendar year 1902]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 16, pp. 441–442. Statistical table of the imports and exports of the Marianas, broken down by country of origin/destination.

1018. Anon. 1905. Deutscher Kolonialatlas. [German Colonial Atlas]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Atlas with maps and some economic and demographic statistics, covering all German colonies. A brief synopsis of the geography, demography, climate, flora and fauna as well as trade is given.

1019. Anon. 1905. “Das Geldwesen in den Schutzgebieten.” [The monetary system in the protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 4, pp. 113–114. Explanatory article regarding the regulations governing the use of Imperial German Marks i n the German colonies.

1020. Anon. 1905. “Guam.” Guam. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 10, p. 333. Brief item on the trade statistics of Guam for the period 1 July 1903 to 30 June 1904, taken from a US publication. Trade between Guam and the German Marianas is very limited, with only $536 of a total $58, 185 exported from Guam.

1021. Anon. 1906. “Der Außenhandel der Marianen im Jahre 1905.” [Foreign trade of the Marianas in the year 1905]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 23, nº 28, p. 280. Brief item on the statistics of foreign trade in the Marianas. Gives the number of ships calling at Saipan.

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Economy 1022. Anon. 1906. “Aussenhandel der Marianen im Kalenderjahr 1905.” [Foreign trade of the Marianas in the calendar year 1905]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, pp. 404–405. Statistical table for the imports and exports of the Marianas. Includes an entry for exports of bird plumes.

1023. Anon. 1907. “Aus der Südsee. Etat für die deutschen Kolonien der Südsee.” [From the South Seas. Budget for the German South Seas colonies]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 21, nº 24, pp. 1070–1071. Review of the proposed budget for the colonies for the financial year 1904.

1024. Anon. 1907. “Außenhandel der Marshall-Inseln 1906.” [Foreign trade of the Marshall Islands for 1906]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, nº 45, p. 455. Brief item on the economic development of the Marshalls in 1906. Mentions that phosphate production is coming on line (although no data were available).

1025. Anon. 1907. “Außenhandel der Westkarolinen, Palau und Marianen 1906.” [Foreign trade of the western Carolines, Palau and Marianas for 1906]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, nº 45, p. 455. Brief item on the economic development of western Micronesia in 1906.

1026. Anon. 1907. “Aussenhandel der Westkarolinen, Palau und Marianen im Kalenderjahre 1906.” [Foreign trade of the western Carolines, Palau and the Marianas during the calendar year 1906]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 21, pp. 1054–1057. Statistical tables on the economic development of western Micronesia in 1906.

1027. Anon. 1907. “Neues aus den Kolonien. Südseeschutzgebiete. Ansiedlungsmöglichkeiten auf den Marianen.” [News from the colonies. South Seas protectorates. Settlement opportunitis on the Marianas ]. Kolonie und Heimat 1, nº 1, p. 11. Item of the opportunities to establish a cattle industry in the Marianas.

1028. Anon. 1907. “Statistisches aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1906.” [Statistics from the German protectorates for the year 1906]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, p. 299. Statistical table summarising the economic development of the German colonies in 1908, includes data on demography, postal service, police force and budget items.

1029. Anon. 1908. “Aussenhandel der West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen im Kalenderjahre 1907.” [Foreign trade of the Western Carolines during the calendar year 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 16, pp. 808–809. Trade statistics (summary) of the western Carolines district.

1030. Anon. 1908. “Aussenhandel der West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen im Kalenderjahre 1907 im Vergleich mit dem Handel im Kalenderjahre 1906.” [Foreign trade of the Western Carolines during the calendar year 1907 compared to the trade during the calendar year 1906]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, pp. 806–809. Trade statistics (tables) of the western Carolines district.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1031. Anon. 1908. “Die Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete im Jahre 1906/07.” [Report on the development of the protectorates for the year 1906/07]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, pp. 106–107. Brief and uncritical summary of the government report on the development of the protectorates for the year 1906/07.

1032. Anon. 1908. “Die Schutzgebiets-etats für 1909.” [The 1909 budget for the protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, nº 49, pp. 851–852. Overview item on the 1909 budget for the German protectorates. The projected budget for the Islands Territory was predicted to be balanced, mainly because the general German New Guinea customs tariff would henceforth also apply to the Islands Territory, generating considerable customs and excise from the phosphate mines on Nauru, Angaur and Peleliu.

1033. Anon. 1908. “Statistisches aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1907.” [Statistics from the German protectorates for the year 1907]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, p. 533. Statistical table summarising the economic development of the German colonies in 1907, includes data on demography, postal service, police force and budget items.

1034. Anon. 1909. “Aus der Südsee. Karolinen und Marshall Inseln.” [From the South Seas. Carolines and Marshall Islands]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 23–1, nº 10, p. 477. Review of the 1908 annual report on the Carolines and the Marshalls, discussing the administrative reorganisation with the demotion of Saipan to a station and the economic impact of the devastation wrought by the typhoon of 1907. Reports that Saipan is the island best recovering from all adversity.

1035. Anon. 1909. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09. Teil FII Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet. Reichstag 12. Legislatur Periode, II. Session 1909/1910. [Annual report on the development of the protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1908/09. German New Guinea and Islands Territory]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics. Comments on the evaluation of the typhoon victims to Pohnpei and Saipan, upwelling of anti-German sentiment on Pohnpei as a result of land reforms and the requirement to build roads. The livestock production o n Kosrae is mentioned as well as livestock trade between Kosrae and Jaluit. The photograph section includes a picture of road and bridge en route the Madolenimwh, a view of Kolonia o n Pohnpei, a view of the school at Saipan, copra production on Saipan as well as the narrow gauge railway on Nauru and a view of phosphate mining in progress.

1036. Anon. 1909. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Teil FII Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet. [Annual report on the development of the protectorates in Africa and the South Seas 1907/08. German New Guinea and Islands Territory]. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics. Mentions that the western Caroline district imported Coccelinidae from New South Wales to combat the coconut scale insect infestations. Number of livestock held in Yap and Saipan is also given.

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Economy 1037. Anon. 1909. “Der Kolonialetat für 1910.” [The colonial budget for 1910]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 49, pp. 809–811. Brief discussion of the German budget for the colonies for the financial year 1908. Most of the discussion focusses on the colonies in Africa.

1038. Anon. 1909. “Statistisches aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1908.” [Statistics from the German protectorates for the year 1908]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 32, p. 535. Statistical table summarising the economic development of the German colonies in 1908, includes data on demography, postal service, police force and budget items.

1039. Anon. 1911. Kolonialpraxis. Handbuch für Kaufleute, Industrielle, Banken, Behörden und Kapitalisten. [Colonial Practice. A handbook for merchants, industrialists, banks, government departments and capitalists]. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. A handbook with concise information of various tropical (colonial) products and their market values over time.

1040. Anon. 1912. “Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes DeutschNeuguinea im 1. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1911 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the first quarter of the fiscal year 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 9, p. 408. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 1st quarter 1910 import RMk 2141.70; export RMk 1238.95. 1st quarter 1911 import RMk 4618.37; export RMk 2857.05.

1041. Anon. 1912. “Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes DeutschNeuguinea im 2. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1911 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the second quarter of the fiscal year 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 11, p. 453. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 2nd quarter 1910 import RMk 2832.09; export RMk 1722.81. 2nd quarter 1911 import RMk 1591.40; export RMk 719.34.

1042. Anon. 1912. “Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes DeutschNeuguinea im 3. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1911 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the third quarter of the fiscal year 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 22, p. 1098. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 3nd quarter 1910 import RMk 1729.33; export RMk 1979.74. 3nd quarter 1911 import RMk 3532.36; export RMk 991.32.

1043. Anon. 1912. “Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes Neu Guinea (altes Schutzgebiet) im IV. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1910 fällig gewordenen

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea (old protectorate) during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 1, p. 13. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station.

1044. Anon. 1912. “Nachweisung der bei der Zollstelle in Saipan im Rechnungsjahr 1909 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs office in Saipan during the fiscal year 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 1, pp. 15–16. Statistical table on the customs levied at Saipan. Does not provide detailed data.

1045. Anon. 1912. “Nachweisung der bei der Zollstelle in Saipan im Rechnungsjahr 1910 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs office in Saipan during the fiscal year 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 1, pp. 16–17. Statistical table on the customs levied at Saipan. Does not provide detailed data.

1046. Anon. 1912. “Nachweisung der bei der Zollstelle in Saipan in der Zeit vom 15. Juli 1908 bis 31. März 1909 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs office in Saipan for the period 15 July 1908 to 31 March 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 1, p. 15. Statistical table on the customs levied at Saipan. Does not provide detailed data.

1047. Anon. 1912. “Statistisches über die deutschen Schutzgebiete.” [Statistics on the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 38, p. 666. Statistical table of various attributes of the German colonies, such as population, number of post offices, length of railways and so forth.

1048. Anon. 1913. “Der Handel des westlichen Mikronesiens 1912.” [Trade of the western part of Micronesia for 1912]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 35, p. 581. Commerce in Micronesia.

1049. Anon. 1913. “Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes DeutschNeuguinea im 1. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1913 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the first quarter of the fiscal year 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 16, p. 1035. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 1st quarter 1913 import RMk 2451.69; export RMk 1733.31.

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Economy 1050. Anon. 1913. “Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes DeutschNeuguinea im 4. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1912 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 16, p. 1034. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 4th quarter 1912 import RMk 3910.02; export RMk 2458.27.

1051. Anon. 1913. “Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes DeutschNeuguinea im 4. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1911 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 1, p. 9. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 4th quarter 1910 import RMk 3926.47; export RMk 1450.70. 4th quarter 1911 import RMk 4083.95; export RMk 2273.86.

1052. Anon. 1913. “Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes DeutschNeuguinea im 1. und 2. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1912 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the first and second quarter of the fiscal year 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 10, pp. 442–443. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 1st quarter 1912 import RMk 3659.26; export RMk 2670.11. 2nd quarter 1912 import RMk 3865.20; export RMk 1724.53.

1053. Anon. 1913. “Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes DeutschNeuguinea im 3. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1912 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the third quarter of the fiscal year 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 16, p. 716. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 3rd quarter 1912 import RMk 4258.38; export RMk 2212.99.

1054. Anon. 1913. “Zur Frage der Verwendung von Sprengstoffen in der Fischerei.” [On question of the use of explosives for fishing]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 5, nº 11, pp. 134–136. Paper discussing the adverse effects of dynamite fishing on the fish stocks and why fishing with explosives was prohibited throughout the protectorate.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1055. Anon. 1914. “Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes DeutschNeuguinea im 3. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1913 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the third quarter of the fiscal year 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 15, p. 713. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 3rd quarter 1913 import RMk 3940.65; export RMk 1939.72.

1056. Anon. 1914. “Nachweisung der bei den Zollstellen des Schutzgebietes DeutschNeuguinea im 2. Viertel des Rechnungsjahres 1913 fällig gewordenen Zollbeträge.” [Summary of the customs revenues collected at the customs offices in the protectorate of New Guinea during the second quarter of the fiscal year 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 6, p. 233. Statistical table on the customs levied in German New Guinea, broken down by customs station. 2nd quarter 1913 import RMk 5515.77; export RMk 2284.30.

1057. Anon. 1914. “Steuerfragen in Deutsch-Neu-Guinea.” [Taxation matters in the German New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, nº 18, p. 299. Item outlining the financial problems faced by the German colony of New Guinea. The prohibition on the hunt for bird-of-paradise plumes will result in a substantial decrease in tax income, which has to be made from other sources.

1058. Anon. 1914. “Nachrichten aus den von den Japanern besetzten Südseeinseln.” [News for the South Sea Islands occupied by Japan]. Der Tropenpflanzer 28, pp. 620–621. Review item of news about the former German colonies in Micronesia. Comments that according to Hawaiian newspaper sources telegraph stations were established on Pohnpei, Jaluit, Chuuk and Saipan and that the phosphate mines at Angaur were exploited. According to Japanese sources the Japanese steamer Mariana Maru returned from a trading trip t o Micronesia on 28 July 1915. The vessel brought to Japan several chiefs from Chuuk, Pohnpei, Jaluit, Kosrae, Palau, Yap, Angaur and Saipan, where they would remain for a few months t o experience the wealth and might of the Japanese empire.

1059. Anon. 1920. “Allerlei aus früheren Südseekolonien.” [Varia from the former South Seas Colonies]. Der Tropenpflanzer 23, pp. 120–122. Paper discussing the fate of the German investment in Nauru, Samoa, Angaur and the other Micronesian islands. The article mentions that most missionaries were deported, that speaking German was prohibited, that Japanese was to be spoken instead, and that various chiefs had been taken to Japan on an ‘information tour’ to impress the superiority of the Japanese. All trade items were now of Japanese origin.

1060. Blum, Hans. 1899. “Das Wirtschaftsleben der deutschen Südseeinseln.” [The economy of the German South Sea Islands]. Preussische Jahrbücher 98, pp. 295–319. Overview of the state of economy and commerce of the German South Seas possessions at the eve of the German take over of Spanish Micronesia.

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Economy 1061. Dachsel, P. 1904. “Meine Erfahrungen auf den Marianen.” [My experiences on the Marianas]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 5, pp. 362–364. Very tendentious account by the second German settler on Saipan on his experiences in April and May 1904, trying to establish a farm. Dachsel had come out with little official information and had reacted to a friend’s (Costenoble) comments. Costenoble’s disappointment at Talofofo is described as is Dachsel’s ill-fated attempt to acquire a lease at Susupe. Dachsel then attacks the policy that Chamorro are given free land while German settlers cannot own land and have to lease property. Personal accusations of administrative and pecuniary impropriety are levelled at Fritz.

1062. Eckert, M. 1910? Wirtschaftsatlas der deutschen Kolonien. [Economic atlas of the German colonies]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Atlas with maps and some economic statistics, covering all German colonies. Includes detailed maps of Samoa, Upolu and the eastern Bismarck archipelago.

1063. Hassert, Kurt. 1903. Die neuen deutschen Erwerbungen in der Südsee: Die Karolinen, Marianen und Samoa-Inseln. [The new German acquisitions in the South Seas: the Caroline, Marianas and Samoa Islands]. Leipzig: Dr. Seele. Critical review of the economic value of the Carolines and Marianas after the initial euphoria of acquisition had receded. The author points out that the land mass of the islands is small which limits the agricultural productivity. Other products, such as timber, were seen as of low import given the transportation problems. The copra industry as well as the overall commerce are also discussed in less than glowing terms. The chapter ends with a discussion of the prospects of German Samoa.

1064. Hassert, Kurt. 1907. “Kolonialer Nutzwert der neuen deutschen Erwerbugen in der Südsee.” [Colonial values of the recent German acquisitions in the South Seas]. In: Scheel, Willy (ed.), Deutsche Kolonien. Koloniales Lesebuch zur Einführung in die Kenntnis von Deutschlands Kolonien und ihrer Bedeutung für das Mutterland. Berlin: C. H. Schwetschke und Sohn. Pp. 176–195. Critical review of the economic value of the Carolines and Marianas after the initial euphoria of acquisition had receded. The author points out that the land mass of the islands is small which limits the agricultural productivity. Other products, such as timber, were seen as of low import given the transportation problems. The copra industry as well as the overall commerce are also discussed in less than glowing terms. The chapter ends with a discussion of the prospects of German Samoa.

1065. Helmreich, Theodor. 1913. Das Geldwesen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. 2, Teil. Mikronesien. [On the monetary system in the German Protectorates. Part 2: Micronesia]. Fürth: L. Limpert & Sohn. Ethnographic treatise on the nature of traditional monies and items of value in the German protectorates. The Micronesian section deals with the introduction of German currency from 1888 (valid were all Imperial coins with the exception of the RMk 5 coin, but including the Taler and the nickel 20 Pfg coins) which left the other coinage in circulation (British, American, Chilean and Bolivian). From 1907 foreign coinage was no longer legal tender. The author quotes examples from Saipan and Pohnpei to show how the German government introduced German coinage (through wages) and discouraged the use of other coinage (by requesting taxes to be paid in German coins). A discussion of the Marshall islands gives a

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands general overview over the geography and social structure, showing how labour was exchanged and what kind of value accruing system was in place. He argues that money in the capitalist sense did not exist and that valuables, such as the red Spondylus necklaces can not be regarded as money sensu strictu. Describes the introduction of Peruvian and especially Chilean Dollars (at a nominal value of RMk 3, 60). Describes the Godeffroy system of Chilean coinage import (20% profit) to the South Seas Islands and money exchanges into British or American currency (for the traders) (5% profit for Godeffroys). The introduction of the cash economy is discussed, showing that the introduction of the copra tax was an astute way of ensuring that the chiefs could be taxed while being able to call upon the traditional provision of labour by the commoners.

1066. Henoch, Hubert. 1911. “Die wirtschaftliche Lage auf der Insel Guam.” [The economic situation on the island of Guam]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Wirtschaft 13, p. 123. Report by the German consul in Manila on the economic situation on Guam.

1067. Herfurth, Alfred. 1903. “Die deutschen nordpazifischen Inseln.” [The German North Pacific Islands]. Koloniale Zeitschrift 4, nº 23, pp. 435–436. Upbeat description of the potential of German Micronesia following the establishment of the mail steamer line by the Jaluit Gesellschaft and the Norddeutscher Lloyd. The cable to Yap i s seen as a further boon to a local economy, which is predicted to exceed in productivity that of Samoa. Potential problems with coconut pests are mentioned, but played down.

1068. Hermann, Rudolf. 1912. “Die Kolonialstatistik nach den amtlichen Jahresberichten.” [Colonial statistics from official annual reports]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 33, pp. 565–567. Brief discussion of the economic statistics for the German colonies for the previous financial year.

1069. [Hoffmann, Edler von. 1909. “Handelspolitik und Kolonien.” [Trade policy and the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 41, pp. 674–676. General item discussing the value of the colonies for Germany’s economy and trade politics.

1070. Jacobi, E. 1901. “Die Bedeutung unserer Südseekolonien für den Weltverkehr.” [The import of our South Sea colonies for world trade]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, nº 47, pp. 462–463. An upbeat paper arguing that the German South Seas colonies have great potential, as they lie in direct line between Japan and Sydney (Marianas) and Nicaragua and the Philippines (Carolines). All atolls of the Marshalls provide natural harbours that could be exploited. As t o the Marianas the author argues that the harbour at Tanapag is better than Apra harbour o n Guam, and that Managaha Islet could serve as a coal depot. An animal corral has been established at Tanapag which is destined to serve the passing trade of merchant ships desirous of replenishing the food supplies.

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Economy 1071. Kirchhoff, Alfred. 1886. Die Südseeinseln und der deutsche Südseehandel. [The South Sea Islands and the German South Seas Trade]. Berlin: Carl Habel. General geographical overview of the Pacific islands and their peoples with cursory references to the ethnography, social structure and natural environment. The second half of the booklet deals with the German trade with the South Pacific culled from various published sources.

1072. König, B. von. 1909. “Die Finanzverwaltung und Rechnungskontrolle in den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Fiscal administration and control in the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, pp. 267–268. Item discussing general concepts of fiscal management in the German colonies.

1073. König, B. von. 1912. “Der Kolonialetat für 1913.” [The colonial budget for 1913]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 48, pp. 805–808; 49 Supplement, pp. 841–842. Review of the colonial budget for 1913, mainly focussing on the projected developments i n the German African colonies. New Guinea and the Islands Territory are dealt with as one entity. Comments favourable on the increase in income derived from New Guinea (and islands) due t o increased economic activity. Further increases in income are predicted for 1913, mainly derived from the expansion of New Guinea-style head taxes to the Islands Territory and increases in the taxation levied on bird-of-paradise plumes. It is highlighted that New Guinea is the only German colony where the (tax) income is insufficient to cover the costs of the administration. The administration of the colony shall be expanded during 1913, including the establishment of agricultural research stations (all based in New Guinea). The public health system shall be strengthened (again on New Guinea) including the establishment of a separate women’s ward.

1074. König, B. von. 1913. “Die Entwicklung unserer Schutzgebiete.” [The development of our protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 7, pp. 98–101. Review of the 1911/12 trade figures and economic indicators for the German protectorates. Demonstrates the usefulness of the colonies as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for German goods.

1075. König, B. von. 1913. “Die Finanzlage unserer Kolonien nach der Schutzgebietsdenkschrift, 1911/12.” [The financial situation of our colonies according to the report on the protectorates for 1911/12]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 8 Supplement, pp. 130–131. Review of the 1911/12 trade figures and economic indicators for the German protectorates. Demonstrates the usefulness of the colonies as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for German goods.

1076. König, B. von. 1913. “Der Kolonialetat für 1914.” [The 1914 colonial budget]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 48, pp. 791–792; nº 49, pp. 811–813. Brief review of the colonial budget for 1914 limited to the main budget lines. Some items are pulled out separately. Most of the discussion focuses on the African colonies. For New Guinea and the Islands Territory higher income was predicted due to increased taxation. Health and education expenses were set to increase in line with demands by the Reichstags.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1077. Krieger, M. 1899. “Die Etats für die Schutzgebiete. 5. Die Südsee-Schutzgebiete.” [Budgets for the Protectorates. 5. South Seas Protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 16, nº 51, pp. 530–531. General summary of the 1900/1901 budget estimates for the New Guinea and the Islands Territory. A lengthy discussion of the need for and use of a government vessel is included. No detailed breakdown can be found.

1078. Müllendorf, P. 1914. “Zur Entwicklung unserer Schutzgebiete.” [On the development of our protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, nº 6, pp. 94–95. Review of the annual report for the colonies for the financial year 1912/13. The favourable review concentrates on the German colonies in Africa. The author stresses that as far as the development of the Pacific colonies is concerned, the government should place its highest priority on the expansion of colonial presence along the coastal region of New Guinea.

1079. Neubaur, Dr. 1907. “Die wirtschaftliche Grundlage der Kolonialbewegung.” [The economic basis of the colonial movement]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, pp. 24–26. Discussion paper outlining the economic value of the colonies for Germany and the need t o maintain an active colonial policy. Written in response to a growing crisis in German political circles over whether colonies should be maintained. The author argues that British infrastructure development in the African colonies draw German trade from German companies. Any non-pursuance of a colonial expansion policy would make Germany the laughing stock of the world.

1080. Preuß, Paul. 1916. “Wirtschaftliche Werte in den Deutschen Südseekolonien.” [Economic values of the German South Seas colonies]. Der Tropenpflanzer 19, nº 8, pp. 1–48. First part of a major review article on the economic significance of the German colonies i n Oceania, written during World War I in response to the confiscation of German colonial property not only in the colonies occupied by Japan, Australia and New Zealand, but also i n response to the capital confiscated in neutral countries. Reviews the products of the German colonies in Africa and the colonies in the Pacific and shows how the loss of the colonies has created problems for local supply of spices and raw materials. Expresses the opinion that Turkey (then an ally of the Germans) might be able to assist. Shows the level of German capital investment in Samoa and New Guinea and compares it favourably with the German investment in the African colonies. Provides a statistic (1899–1914) for the German government subsidies to the administration and development of the colonies of New Guinea, Samoa and the (1898 acquired) Micronesian territories as well as a table summarising the government earnings from these colonies. Preuß argues that the German South Seas colonies were never as well known and as popular as the German colonies in Africa, possibly due to the distances involved and the sparsity of communications. A summary of the history of acquisition and development of the colonies (until 1914) is given.

1081. Preuß, Paul. 1916. “Wirtschaftliche Werte in den Deutschen Südseekolonien.” [Economic values of the German South Seas colonies]. Der Tropenpflanzer 19, nº 9, pp. 491–514. Second instalment of a major review article on the economic significance of the German colonies in Oceania, written during World War I. Following a geographic overview Preuß discusses the shipping connections and other means of communications between the South

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Economy Seas colonies and Australia/ Europe, as well as within the German Pacific territories. Trade and production statistics are given for Samoa, New Guinea, the Island Territory (Inselgebiet). Most raw materials and produce is discussed at length, with special attention given to phosphate.

1082. Preuß, Paul. 1916. “Wirtschaftliche Werte in den Deutschen Südseekolonien.” [Economic values of the German South Seas colonies]. Der Tropenpflanzer 19, nº 10, pp. 539–561. Final instalment of a major review article on the economic significance of the German colonies in Oceania, written during World War I. Continuation of the discussion of individual types of raw materials and produce. The main emphasis of the paper is on the copra industry providing data on establishment costs, management costs, production returns and the like. The rubber industry had just commenced (since 1912) when the war broke out. A brief description of the agricultural experimental work is given. A discussion on population and the provision of paid labour concludes the paper.

1083. Reichskolonialamt. 1911. “Deutsch-Neu-Guinea. (Inselgebiet: Ost-Karolinen, WestKarolinen mit Palau und Marianen. Marshallinseln.).” [German New Guinea (Islands Territory: Eastern Carolines, Western Carolines with Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Berichtsteil, pp. 170–178. Annual report of the activities in German Micronesia, with a review of the economic situation, the health status (the conjunctivitis epidemic has receded), education system and enrolments. On Saipan and Yap hospital facilities were extended. An account of the Sokeh’s uprising and subsequent punitive action on Pohnpei is also included.

1084. Reinecke, Dr. 1907. “Die Entwicklung der Südsee-Schutzgebiete.” [The development of the South Sea protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, nº 14, pp. 136–137. Favourable review of the salient points of the annual report on the development of the protectorates issued by the Reichstag.

1085. S., R. 1908. “Deutsch-Neuguinea unter dem Drucke des neuen Zolltarifes.” [German New Guinea hard pressed by the new customs duties]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 25, nº 41, pp. 723–726. Discusses the implications of the new customs tariffs for German New Guinea on the future of trade. The German colonial office had directed that the colony of German New Guinea (and the island territory) had to pay for itself, and that subventions would be limited. Among them, subventions for the New Guinea-Singapore Shipping line were not renewed. The paper argues that the copra duty is particularly unfair.

1086. Seidel, A. 1902. “Die Insel Guam.” [The Island of Guam]. Beträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 4, pp. 6–9. Overview of the economical and political situation of Guam based an American reports.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1087. Sprigade, P and Moisel, M. 1912. Deutscher Kolonialatlas. [German Colonial Atlas]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Atlas with maps and some economic and demographic statistics, covering all German colonies. A brief synopsis of the geography, demography, climate, flora and fauna as well as trade is given.

1088. Volkens, Georg. 1903. “Etat für die Verwaltung der Karolinen, Palau und Marianen.” [The budget for the administration of the Carolines, Palau and Marianas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, nº 7, pp. 62–63. Review of the budget for the Carolines, Palau and Marianas for the financial year 1903/1904. Volkens criticises that even in this, the third budget, the positions of the administrators have not been formally created, but are paid from a one-line item ‘white assistants’ (weiße Hilfskräfte). The argument is advanced that white administrators would always be required. The budget also contains an allocation of RMk 20, 215 for a new administration building o n Pohnpei, as well as RMk 10, 000 for the dissemination of the German language. Fritz i s praised as a ‘shining example’ with his personal involvement in public education.

1089. Warnack, Dr. 1913. “Der Handel der Südseeinseln 1912.” [The 1912 trade of the South Sea Islands]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 50, pp. 828–830. Review of the trade of the German South Seas possessions in 1912.

1090. Wilkens, Th. 1903. “Der Handel der Marianen in Jahre 1902.” [The trade of the Marianas in the year 1902]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, nº 35, p. 355. Item on the trade of the Marianas in 1902, summarising information published in the Deutsches Kolonialblatt.

1091. Winkler, C. 1911. “Handel und Verkehr von Deutsch-Neuguinea im Jahre 1909.” [Trade and traffic of German New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, nº 21, pp. 357–361. Summary item on the development of trade in New Guinea and the Islands Territory. The trade volume for 1909 increased over 1908, with imports of RMk 382, 355 exceeding exports of RMk 146, 484. Western food items and ammunitions decreased, largely due to the reduction of the police troops in Micronesia. The Australian share of the trade increased (mainly in the construction materials sector). The preference by the locals for freshly minted currency, particularly 1 Mark pieces, is highlighted. It is reported that individual chiefs would possess sums of up to Mark 10, 000, all in 1 Mark pieces, which led to a shortage in circulating coins.

1092. Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1910. “Die wirtschaftliche Lage auf der Insel Guam.” [The economic situation on the island of Guam]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, nº 23, p. 947. Report by the German consul in Manila on the economic situation on Guam. The report contains statistical data on trade, shipping, population. Comments on the effects of government employment by the naval administration and the concomitant reduction i n agricultural production. Mentions that the Japanese companies Brothers Shimizu and South Seas Trading Co. have offices both on Saipan and Guam. The main imports from Saipan were dried meat, live fowl and tobacco to a value of $3240, 57 (or 3. 42% of the total import value), while Japan controls the imports with over 60% market share.

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Economy 1093. Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1910. “Wirtschaftliche Lage auf der Insel Guam.” [The economic situation on the island of Guam]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 24, nº 50, pp. 597–598. General description of the economic indicators and statistics of Guam for the financial year ending 30 June 1910. The data are embedded in the text.

Commerce 1094. Anon. 1895. “Hamburgs Handel mit den Kolonien.” [Hamburg’s trade with the colonies]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 6, pp. 442–446. Article demonstrating the volume of trade with the colonies and its importance for the economy of Hamburg.

1095. Anon. 1900. “Die Karolinen as Luginsland für den polynesischen Welthandel.” [The Carolines as a stepping stone for world trade with Polynesia]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 14, nº 16, pp. 277–278. Editorial arguing that the acquisition of the Carolines and the Marianas from Spain was of great economic importance. German Micronesia’s position in the North Pacific, combined with the new shipping routes to be developed after the opening of the Panama canal were seen as great opportunities. Further, the population decline of the Pacific islands was seen as beneficial, as the Pacific Islander population could be replaced by emigrants from Europe and China, which would create sizeable markets for German products.

1096. Anon. 1901. “Jahresbericht des Kolonial-Wirtschaftlichen Komitees für 1900/1901. II. Beschaffung und Verteilung von Saatgut, chemische und technische Untersuchungen kolonialer Produkte.” [Annual report of the Colonial Scientific Committee for 1900/1901. II. Provision and distribution of seed and chemical and technical investigations of colonial produce]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 11, pp. 397–399. Article on the report of the Colonial Scientific Committee mentions that Hemp seed sourced from India was shipped for trials to many colonies, among them the Marshalls, Carolines, Palau and the Marianas.

1097. Anon. 1903. “Guttapercha in Deutsch-Neuguinea.” [Guttapercha in German New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 13, p. 495. Item on the state of the colonial rubber industry in New Guinea, which at the time was heavily promoted in Micronesia.

1098. Anon. 1903. “Hamburgs Handel mit den Kolonien in Jahre 1902.” [Hamburg’s trade with the colonies during 1902]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, p. 356. Statistical table demonstrating the value of the colonies for the economy of the seaport and city of Hamburg.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1099. Anon. 1904. “Hamburgs Handel mit den deutschen Kolonien.” [Hamburg’s trade with the German colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, p. 389. Article demonstrating the volume of trade with the colonies and its importance for the economy of Hamburg.

1100. Anon. 1904. “Die verwilderte Viehherde auf Tinian.” [The wild herds of cattle on Tinian]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 43, p. 430. Item on the lease of Tinian to the Tinian-Gesellschaft owned by A. Stein and Lotze for RMk 2000 pa. The company intends to develop a dried meat market for export to Guam, as the live cattle trade to Saipan cannot be expanded due to market saturation.

1101. Anon. 1906. “Aussenhandel der Marianen.” [Foreign trade of the Marianas]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 20, nº 33, p. 317. Brief summary of the published trade statistics for 1905. Written for the expatriate business world in China.

1102. Anon. 1907. “Bergbauliche Verfügung für Mikronesien.” [Mining ordinance for Micronesia]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, p. 151. News item that the Imperial German colonial office had ruled that the administration of the Islands Territory had the sole authority to permit and license mining in Micronesia.

1103. Anon. 1908. “Kautschuk, Guttapercha und Balata.” [India rubber, Guttapercha und Balata]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, p. 686. Item on the state of the colonial rubber industry, which at the time was heavily promoted i n Micronesia.

1104. Anon. 1910. “Die Produktion unserer Kolonien im Jahre 1908/09. (auf Grund der Denkschriften des Reichskolonialamts). V. Südseeinseln.” [The production of our colonies in the year 1908/09 (based on the white papers of the Imperial colonial office). V. South Sea Islands]. Koloniale Rundschau pp. 382–387. Overview of the economy of the German South Sea colonies, with few statistical data. Mentions the impending development of the phosphate mines on Angaur and the changes t o land ownership on Pohnpei (including the threat of a rebellion). A summary of the copra exports is given. Cash crops of cocoa, tobacco, hemp and rubber are mentioned as new developments.

1105. Anon. 1911. “Gesamthandel des Schutzgebiets Neuguinea einschliesslich des Inselgebietes von 1900–1910.” [Total trade of the Protectorate of New Guinea including the Islands Territory 1909–1910]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea 3, nº 22, p. 241. Statistical table providing a summary of the trade.

1106. Anon. 1911. “Landeskreditanstalten in den Kolonien.” [Regional credit institutions in the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, nº 25, p. 25. Item discussing the need to establish loan and savings banks in the German colonies for the advancement of German settlers and their plantations. A call is made for the Imperial Colonial

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Economy Office to facilitate such establishments. No mention is made of the need for such institutions to be accessible to local, non-expatriate communities.

1107. Anon. 1912. “Ein und Ausfuhr des sogenannten alten Schutzgebietes.” [Import and export statistics of the so-called old protectorate]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 4, nº 20, pp. 210–212. Trade statistics for German New Guinea.

1108. Anon. 1913. “Handelsstatistik für das Kalenderjahr 1912. Inselgebiet westlicher Teil (West Karolinen, Palau und Marianen).” [Trade statistics for the calendar year 1912. Islands Territory, western part (Western Carolines, Palau und Marianas)]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 5, nº 13, pp. 161–162. Statistical tables on the commerce of the Western Carolines district, including the Marianas.

1109. Anon. 1914. “Hamburgs Einfuhr aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1913.” [Hamburg’s imports from the German protectorates for 1913]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, p. 496. Statistical table demonstrating the value of the colonies for the economy of the seaport and city of Hamburg.

1110. Deeken, Richard. 1912. “Der Handel Neuguineas im Jahre 1911.” [The trade of New Guinea in the year 1911]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 37, pp. 631–632. Very positive review of the annual trade figures for German New Guinea (including the Islands Territory), commenting on the good prospects for copra exports, as well as the income derived from bird-of-paradise plumes. Other tropical industries such as cacao, rubber, and mother of pearl were also doing well, while many others were still in developmental stages. An exceptional item among the imports was the new government steamer, the Komet, worth RMk 700,000. In addition, coinage worth RMk 320,000 was also imported to offset the shortage of coins in the territory (due to hoarding by locals).

1111. Eckert, Georg. 1936. “Die Zuckerproduktion auf den Marianen.” [The sugar production on the Marianas]. Koloniale Rundschau 27, pp. 219–221. A summary paper on the state of the sugar cane production in the Marianas, including statistical tables on the area under cultivation, the amount of government subsidies t o facilitate production (with per capita support for Japanese about ten times the support for Chamorro/Carolinians), the value of the sugar exports and the total number of Japanese on the islands.

1112. Fritz, Georg. 1904. “Bericht des Bezirksamtmannes Fritz in Saipan über die Viehherde auf Tinian.” [Report of the district officer Fritz on the herd of cattle on Tinian]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, pp. 642–643. Beginning 1 April 1904 the district administration leased the Tinian herds to a company formed by Albert Stein, E. Lotze and Juan de los Reyes for RMk 2000 pa lease payment. The paper contains the economic balance sheet for the operations 1900–1903.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1113. Hermann, Rudolf. 1899. Die Handelsbeziehungen Deutschlands zu seinen Schutzgebieten. [The commercial relationship between German and its protectorates]. Berlin: Deutscher Kolonial Verlag. Review of the economic potential of the German protectorates at the eve of the annexation of Central and Western Micronesia. The section on the South Seas reviews the shipping connections, trade balances in New Guinea and the Marshall Islands and the produce derived from plantations there. Statistical tables on shipping volume are included.

1114. König, B. von. 1912. “Der Handel mit den Kolonien.” [Trade with the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 29, p. 506. Brief summary item on the state of trade with the German colonies.

1115. Krieger, M. 1899. “Über die Handelsunternehmungen in unseren Südsee-Kolonien.” [On the trading companies in our South Seas colonies]. Beträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 1, p. 33–50. Overview of the activities of the German trading companies in Oceania, written on the eve of the German take-over of the rest of Micronesia. Provides a good overview of the level of activity, which is mainly concentrated on New Guinea.

1116. Reichskolonialamt. 1907. “Handelsstatistik für das Kalenderjahr 1906.” [Trade statistics for the calendar year 1906]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 4, pp. 39–46. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1117. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Handelsstatistik für das Kalenderjahr 1906.” [Trade statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 3, pp. 39–46. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1118. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Handelsstatistik für das Kalenderjahr 1907.” [Trade statistics for the calendar year 1907]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 3, pp. 34–38. Statistical data on the commerce with the German colonies in 1907.

1119. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Plantagenstatistik.” [Plantation Statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 37–38. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands Lists experimental plants used on the islands.

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Economy 1120. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Plantagenstatistik.” [Plantation statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 32–33. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands Lists experimental plants used on the islands.

1121. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Handelsstatistik.” [Trade statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 34–38. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1122. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Plantagenstatistik.” [Plantation statistics]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-NeuGuinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 5, pp. 32–33. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands Includes detailed statistics on plants grown for purposes of experimentation by the district office.

1123. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Plantagenstatistik.” [Plantation statistics]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 41–42. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands Contains a list of species planted in the Experimental Garden in Pohnpei.

1124. Reichskolonialamt. 1910. “Handel der einzelnen Schutzgebiete 1909. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), Ost-Karolinen. West-Karolinen, Palau und Marianen. Marschall-Inseln.” [Commerce in the individual protectorates 1909. New Guinea (Islands Territory), Eastern Carolines, Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. B. II. 2, pp. 226–237. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1125. Reichskolonialamt. 1910. “Plantagenstatistik 1910. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), WestKarolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln.” [Plantation Statistics 1910. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. A. IV, p. 54. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1126. Reichskolonialamt. 1911. “Plantagenstatistik 1911. Neu-Guinea (Inselgebiet), WestKarolinen, Palau und Marianen, Marshall-Inseln.” [Plantation Statistics 1910. New Guinea (Islands Territory) Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Statistischer Teil. A. IV, p. 54. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1127. Reichskolonialamt. 1912. “Handel der einzelnen Schutzgebiete 1910. Neu-Guinea.” [Commerce in the individual protectorates 1910. New Guinea (Islands Territory), Eastern Carolines, Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Statistischer Teil. B. III. 2, pp. 288–305. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1128. Reichskolonialamt. 1913. “Geld-, Kredit-, und Bankwesen.” [Money, credit and bank matters]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 2, p. 63. Statistical tables of the amount of currency as well as the overall capital of companies operating in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands.

1129. Reichskolonialamt. 1913. “Handel der einzelnen Schutzgebiete 1911. Neu-Guinea.” [Commerce in the individual protectorates 1911. New Guinea (Islands Territory), Eastern Carolines, Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. B. III. 2, pp. 312–339. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1130. Reichskolonialamt. 1914. “Geld- und Kreditwesen, Banken und Kapitalinvestition.” [Money and credit matters, banks and capital investments]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. A. II. 2, pp. 75–77. Statistical tables of the amount of currency as well as the overall capital of companies operating in the Eastern Carolines, the western Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Marshall Islands.

1131. Reichskolonialamt. 1914. “Handel der einzelnen Schutzgebiete 1912. DeutschNeuguinea.” [Commerce in the individual protectorates 1912. New Guinea (Islands Territory), Eastern Carolines, Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas, Marshall Islands]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. B. III. 2, pp. 348–375. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1132. Reichstag. 1907. “Handelsstatistik für das Kalenderjahr 1907.” [Trade statistics for the calendar year 1907]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika

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Economy und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 336–347. Detailed statistics of the imports and exports of the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1133. Reichstag. 1907. “Plantagenstatistik.” [Plantation Statistics]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 315–325. Detailed statistics of the plantations in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands. Lists experimental plants used on the islands.

1134. Reichstag. 1907. “Verzeichnis der im Inselgebiet tätigen kaufmännischen, landwirtschaftlichen und gewerblichen Unternehmungen.” [Register of the trading, agricultural and commercial companies]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 348–349. Detailed listing of the trading and plantation companies operating in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1135. Zache, Hans. 1924. “Mikronesien-Guam.” [Micronesia. Guam]. Wirtschafts-Dienst, Weltwirtschaftliche Nachrichten 9, p. 36. Report on the economic sistuation of Guam, compiled from published US sources.

1136. Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1910. “Wirtschaftliche Lage auf Guam.” [The economic situation on the island of Guam]. Koloniale Monatsblätter 13, p. 336. Brief item written by the German consul in Manila on the economic situation Guam i n 1910/11.

1137. Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1912. “Landwirtschaftliche Lage auf der Insel Guam.” [The agricultural Situation on Guam]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 4, p. 179. Brief item written by the German consul in Manila (dated 4 December 1911) on the agricultural production of Guam following the typhoon of 19 October 1911. The heavy reliance on imports and the lack of local production acerbated the problem. The coffee harvest is described as very low because the flowers had not set due to the heavy rain. The livestock populations declined in numbers due to fowl cholera and swine fever. Several horses also died due to veterinary illnesses.

1138. Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1912. “Wirtschaftliche Lage auf Guam.” [The economic situation on Guam]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe pp. 197–198. Brief item written by the German consul in Manila on the economic situation in Guam.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1139. Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1913. “Wirtschaftliche Lage auf Guam im Fiskaljahr 1911/12.” [The economic situation on Guam during the financial year 1911/12]. Deutsches HandelsArchiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe pp. 157–158. Brief item written by the German consul in Manila on the economic situation Guam. Provides a summary of the American administration’s budget as well as the statistics for copra exports (increased due to the wind thrown nuts by two typhoons) and building timber (sent t o Saipan). A new hospital as well as a school were erected during the year.

1140. Zitelmann, Franz Carl. 1914. “Volkswirtschaft auf Guam im Fiskaljahr 1912/13.” [The economy of Guam during the financial year 1912/13]. Deutsches Handels-Archiv. Zeitschrift für Handel und Gewerbe. P. 463. Brief item written by the German consul in Manila on the economic situation on Guam. Provides a summary of the American administration’s budget as well as the statistics for copra exports (reduced due to the wind damage by two typhoons) and building timber (sent t o Saipan). Highlights the increasing intermarriage of Japanese with Chamorro.

Companies 1141. Anon. 1903. “Verzeichnis der auf den Westkarolinen ansässigen Firmen und Händler.” [Register of the companies and traders resident on the Western Carolines]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 18, p. 496. Summary table of trading companies in the western Carolines.

1142. Anon. 1920. “Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen Gesellschaft der Südsee-Inseln und Jaluit Gesellschaft.” [Varia from the former South Seas Colonies]. Der Tropenpflanzer 23, pp. 53–54. Paper discussing the fate of the plantations and trade interests of the most powerful German trading company in the Pacific, the Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen Gesellschaft der SüdseeInseln in Samoa and Tonga, and of the Jaluit Gesellschaft in the Marshall Islands and the Carolines.

1143. Anon. 1921. “Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen-Gesellschaft der Südsee-Inseln und Jaluit-Gesellschaft.” Der Tropenpflanzer 24, pp. 53–54. 1144. König, B. von. 1912. “Die kolonialen Unternehmungen im Jahre 1912.” [Colonial companies for the year 1912]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 40, pp. 678–679. Overview on the state of the commercial colonial companies during 1912 (and the dividends paid out), drawing on the companies’ annual reports.

1145. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Verzeichnis der im Inselgebiet tätigen kaufmännischen, landwirtschaftlichen und gewerblichen Unternehmungen. (Nach dem Stande am 1. Januar 1908.).” [Register of the trading, agricultural and commercial companies]. Jahresbericht über

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Economy die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 4, pp. 39–40. Detailed listing of the trading and plantation companies operating in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1146. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Verzeichnis der im Inselgebiet tätigen kaufmännischen, landwirtschaftlichen und gewerblichen Unternehmungen nach dem Stande vom 1. Januar 1907.” [Register of the trading, agricultural and commercial companies (as of 1 January 1907)]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 7, p. 52. Detailed listing of the trading and plantation companies operating in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1147. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Verzeichnis der im Inselgebiet tätigen kaufmännischen, landwirtschaftlichen und gewerblichen Unternehmungen.” [Register of the trading, agricultural and commercial companies (as of 1 January 1909)]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 39–40. Detailed listing of the trading and plantation companies operating in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1148. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Verzeichnis der im Inselgebiet tätigen kaufmännischen, landwirtschaftlichen und gewerblichen Unternehmungen. (Nach dem Stande am 1. Januar 1908).” [Register of the trading, agricultural and commercial companies (as of 1 January 1908)]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 39–40. Detailed listing of the trading and plantation companies operating in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1149. Treue, Wolfgang. 1942. “Koloniale Konzessionsgesellschaften.” [Colonial concession companies]. Koloniale Rundschau 33, pp. 173–183. Paper discussing the nature of the colonial concession companies which were the vehicles used by the German government to administer both New Guinea and the Marshall Islands. Treue compares the system to that used by other colonial powers such as Belgium and France.

Companies–Jaluit Gesellschaft The Jaluit Gesellschaft was the single most powerful company in Micronesia, controlling the copra production in the eastern Carolines and the Marshalls, and having a stranglehold on the economy of the Marshalls. The company also operated the German mail steamer. Although not specifically operating in the Marianas, the Jaluit Gesellschaft looms large in German colonial history in

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Micronesia. This section provides a listing of the annual reports as well as news items on the company’s performance. 1150. Anon. 1890. “Der erste Jahresbericht der Jaluit Gesellschaft.” [The first annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 3, nº 18, p. 219. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1151. Anon. 1893. “Nach dem Jahresberichte der Jaluit-Gesellschaft für 1892.” [According to the annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft for 1892]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 4, p. 274. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1152. Anon. 1894. “Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft für 1893.” [Annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft for 1893]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 5, p. 376. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1153. Anon. 1895. “Jahresbericht der Jaluit Gesellschaft für 1894.” [Annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft for 1894]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 8, nº 30, p. 236. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1154. Anon. 1900. “Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft für 1899.” [Annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft for 1899]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, pp. 711–712. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1155. Anon. 1901. “Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft für 1900.” [Annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft for 1900]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, pp. 391–392. 1156. Anon. 1901. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg.” Der Tropenpflanzer 5, pp. 330–331. 1157. Anon. 1902. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft.” Deutsches Kolonialblatt 13, pp. 297–298. 1158. Anon. 1902. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg.” Der Tropenpflanzer 6, pp. 368–369. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1159. Anon. 1903. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft.” Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, pp. 240–241. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1160. Anon. 1903. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg.” Der Tropenpflanzer 7, pp. 267–268.

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Economy Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1161. Anon. 1903. “Pacific Phosphate Company, London.” Der Tropenpflanzer 7, pp. 133–134. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1162. Anon. 1904. “Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft.” [Annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft ]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 292. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1163. Anon. 1904. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg.” [Jaluit Company, Hamburg]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 16, pp. 157–158. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1164. Anon. 1905. “Auszug aus dem Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft für 1904.” [Extract from the annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft for 1904]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 386. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1165. Anon. 1905. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg.” Der Tropenpflanzer 9, pp. 461–462. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.


1167. Anon. 1906. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg.” Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, p. 291. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1168. Anon. 1907. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft.” Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, p. 529. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.


1170. Anon. 1908. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg.” Der Tropenpflanzer 12, pp. 440–441.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.







1177. Anon. 1914. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft.” Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, p. 590. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1178. Anon. 1914. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg.” Der Tropenpflanzer 18, p. 155. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1179. Anon. 1917. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft in Hamburg.” Der Tropenpflanzer 20, p. 422. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1180. Anon. 1917. “Pacific Phosphate Co. Ltd.” Der Tropenpflanzer 20, pp. 387–388. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1181. Er. 1907. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft.” Der Tropenpflanzer 11, p. 404.

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Economy Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1182. Fs. 1909. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft, Hamburg.” Der Tropenpflanzer 13, pp. 324–325. The items 1154 to 1182 are all brief summaries of the annual reports and performance of the Jaluit-Gesellschaft and its daughter company, the Pacific Phosphate Co. Ltd, extracted from the company’s annual reports

1183. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1887. Statuten der Jaluit Gesellschaft beschlossen in der constituierenden Versammlung vom 21. December 1887. [Statutes of the Jaluit Gesellschaft agreed upon at the constituent assembly of 21 December 1887]. Hamburg: J. F. Richter. Statutes of the Jaluit Gesellschaft spelling out that the Deutsche Handels- und Plantagengesellschaft der Südsee-Inseln zu Hamburg and Roberston & Hernsheim (also Hamburg) would merge their major trading stations in Jaluit, as well as their substations i n the Marshalls, Gilberts and Carolines, as well as Nauru, including all ships (Brazileira, Futuna [both Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen Gesellschaft], Estelle, Sybilly [both Roberston & Hernsheim]), station buildings, fittings and trade goods. It is assumed that the assets of the company were about RMk 980,000. The company will issue 240 shares of RMk 5,000 each. Robertson & Hernsheim and the Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen Gesellschaft will receive 5 0 shares each for the property and trade goods brought into the company. The remainder of the statutes are detailed legal regulations regarding the nature and payment of dividends, the make up and powers of the board of directors, the nature and conduct of the annual general meeting etc. etc. Includes the text of the contract between the Deutsche Handels- und Plantagengesellschaft der Südsee-Inseln and Roberston & Hernsheim regarding the merger of their Micronesian trading interests. A map of the German Marshalls is appended.

1184. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1890. Jahresbericht für 1889 vorgelegt in der ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 12. August 1890. [Annual report for 1889 presented at the annual general meeting on 12 August 1890]. Hamburg: W. Gente. First annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft. Mentions that the merger of the trading interest of the Deutsche Handels und Plantagen Gesellschaft and Robertson & Hernsheim commenced on 1 April 1888 as opposed to on 1 February. The reason was the unreliable shipping connections. The Jaluit Gesellschaft owned or operated 60 trading stations during its first year of operations. Although the move was deemed desirable in general, the company lost some funds when the German government changed the currency in the Marshalls from the previously prevalent Chilean and Bolivian Dollars to the Imperial German Mark. Mentions guardedly that not enough trade goods had been sent to the trading stations. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a loss of RMk 17,491. 03. The company lost two vessels i n 1888, which were replaced by the acquisition of a vessel and a newly built vessel. The company’s plantation on Ujelang was breaking even and was expected to turn substantial profits six years from hence. Since October 1888 Jaluit had joined the World Postal Union, but all mail had to be sent via Sydney or San Francisco, using sailing vessels as opportunities presented themselves. The company complained about the lack of education of the Marshallese and argued that the situation was not likely to change until the ABCFM missionaries were replaced by European missionaries. The Jaluit Gesellschaft identified the need for a government physician and stated that it would pay part of the salary once it had turned profits. Directors: F. Hernsheim & F. Gerdzen. Board members: H. Robertson, C. Godeffroy, H. E. Bense, H. Meyer-Delius, R. Böker.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1185. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1891. Jahresbericht für 1890 vorgelegt in der zweiten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 11 November 1891. [Annual report for 1890 presented at the second annual general meeting on 11 November 1891]. Hamburg: W. Gente. During 1889 and 1890 several of the larger islands suffered severely from drought. In addition a measles epidemic (introduced by the ABCFM mission vessel) decimated and weakened the population. The company is still trying to entice a German mission society t o take the place of the ABFCM. The appointment of a government physician could be arranged during this financial year. After tax and various write offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 73,046. 75, of which it paid RMK48, 000 in dividends and used the remainder to make up for last year’s loss and to pay into reserves. Directors: F. Hernsheim & F. Gerdzen. Board members: H. Robertson, C. Godeffroy, H. E. Bense, H. Meyer-Delius, R. Böker.

1186. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1892. Jahresbericht für 1891 vorgelegt in der dritten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 3. August 1892. [Annual report for 1891 presented at the third annual general meeting on 3 August 1892]. Hamburg: W. Gente. Many of the company’s vessels required repairs which increased the write-offs for vessels. Again, nothing had developed on the issue of establishing a German school operated by German missionaries. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 56, 517. 26, of which RMk 48, 000 were paid as dividends to the shareholders. Directors: F. Hernsheim & F. Gerdzen. Board members: H. Robertson, C. Godeffroy, H. E. Bense, H. Meyer-Delius, R. Böker.

1187. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1893. Jahresbericht für 1892 vorgelegt in der vierten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 10. Juni 1893. [Annual report for 1892 presented at the fourth annual general meeting on 10 June 1893]. Hamburg: W. Gente. One of the vessels chartered by the Jaluit Gesellschaft was stranded leading to the disruption of trading services even though none of the cargo was lost. In December 1891 the Jaluit Gesellschaft acquired all trading stations and goods of the American firm Crawford & Co, after the owner of that company had suddenly died in August 1891. Director F. Gerdzen commenced an inspection tour of the various trading stations in August 1891 and is expected to return i n late 1892. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 89, 693. 25, of which RMk 66, 900 were paid as dividends to the shareholders. RMk 18, 000 were put into the reserve to finance an expected expansion of the trading network. Directors: F. Hernsheim & C. Godeffro. yBoard members: H. Robertson, H. E. Bense, H. Meyer-Delius, R. Böker.

1188. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1893. Revidiertes Statut der Jaluit Gesellschaft beschlossen in der Generalversammlung am 10. Juni 1893. [Revised statute of the Jaluit Company agreed upon at the General Meeting of 10 June 1893]. Hamburg: W. Gente. Various legal regulations regarding the nature and payment of dividends, the make up and powers of the board of directors, the nature and conduct of the annual general meeting etc. etc.

1189. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1896. Jahresbericht für 1895 vorgelegt in der siebten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 17 September 1896. [Annual report for 1895 presented at the seventh annual general meeting on 17 September 1896]. Hamburg: W. Gente. A drought in the Gilbert Islands reduced the copra production there. The western Carolines were visited by typhoons in January and June 1895 also leading to substantial losses in the copra production. Financial losses were incurred by the mismanagement (malfeasance?) of two traders in the Carolines who were eventually sacked by the Jaluit Gesellschaft. After tax and

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Economy write-offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 6,000, which were paid into the reserve fund. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser. Board members: H. Robertson, H. E. Bense, C. Godeffroy, C. Scharf, H. Meyer-Delius, R. Böker.

1190. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1897. Jahresbericht für 1896 vorgelegt in der achten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 31. Juli 1897. [Annual report for 1896 presented at the eighth annual general meeting on 31 July 1897]. Hamburg: W. Gente. The company made a modest profit as the prices for copra were depressed in the European markets. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 66,703.97, of which RMk 60,000 were paid as dividends to the shareholders. Directors: F. Hernsheim & L. Müller. Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf Otto Thiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker.

1191. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1898. Jahresbericht für 1897 vorgelegt in der ordentlichen neunten Generalversammlung am 30. Juni 1898. [Annual report for 1897 presented at the ninth annual general meeting on 30 June 1898]. Hamburg: W. Gente. The Jaluit Gesellschaft shed some of her trading stations in the Carolines to the competition because the administration of these outer reaches could not be managed easily. Several schooners were fitted with auxiliary engines to allow a more regular communication (in view of the prevalent calms in the area). At the time the report was written it was unclear whether the Spanish-American war and the events in the Philippines would influence the trade in the Carolines. The only major disruption at the time was the termination of the mail service to and via Manila. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 127,356. 85, of which RMk 72,000 were paid as dividends to the shareholders and RMk 43,272 to the reserves. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser. Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf OttoThiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker.

1192. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1899. Jahresbericht für 1898 vorgelegt in der ordentlichen zehnten Generalversammlung am 27. Juni 1899. [Annual report for 1898 presented at the tenth annual general meeting on 27 June 1899]. Hamburg: W. Gente. The trading stations performed well in the past financial year with the exception of some of the Carolines where the disruption of the mail service was of concern as were uprisings b y some of the islanders following the collapse of the Spanish authority. The British competition is increasing, attempting to divert some of the trade to Australia. After tax and write-offs the company recorded a profit of RMk 232,280.21, of which RMk 120,000 were paid as dividends to the shareholders and RMk 89, 632 to the reserves. At the end of the financial year the total reserves were RMk 225,310.55. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser.Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf OttoThiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker.

1193. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1900. Jahresbericht für 1899 vorgelegt in der ordentlichen elften Generalversammlung am 25. September 1900. [Annual report for 1899 presented at the eleventh annual general meeting on 25 September 1900]. Hamburg: Gente. During this year the company faced stiff competition and the number of available vessels proved insufficient. A new vessel was ordered, also to be fitted with an auxiliary engine. Now that the Carolines, Palau and the Marianas are in German hands, the Jaluit Gesellschaft anticipates an expansion into those areas. A steamship connection operated by the Norddeutscher Lloyd is already in operation. The proposal by the Jaluit Gesellschaft t o operate a mail steamer running the route Sydney, Jaluit, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap, Palau,

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands HongKong was approved. A steamer has been purchased and shall be christened Oceana. RMk 144,000 were paid as dividends to the shareholders, RMk 20,000 were placed into a special write-off account and RMk 43,636 to the reserves. At the end of the financial year the total reserves were RMk 280,450. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser (L. Müller). Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf OttoThiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker.

1194. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1901. Jahresbericht für 1900 vorgelegt in der zwölften ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 15. Juni 1901. [Annual report for 1900 presented at the twelfth annual general meeting on 15 June 1901]. Hamburg: Gente. All island groups suffered from a drought which reduced the copra production. The phosphate (guano) finds on Nauru are reported, as are the negotiations with a British company having the rights to the phosphate deposits on Ocean I. The formation of a joint company (Pacific Phosphate Co.) to jointly exploit both deposits is suggested. RMk 48,000 were paid as ordinary dividend, and RMk 96,000 as super dividend to the shareholders. At the end of the financial year the total reserves were RMk 303,000. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser (L. Müller). Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf OttoThiemer, H. MeyerDelius, Robert Böker.

1195. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1902. Jahresbericht für 1901 vorgelegt in der dreizehnten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 15. Juli 1902. [Annual report for 1901 presented at the thirteenth annual general meeting on 15 July 1902]. Hamburg: W. Gente. The copra plantations in the Marshalls were extended. In addition, the new system to advance credits to Marshallese if they plant new copra plantations has borne fruit. The new German language school in Jaluit is commented on favourably. A contract has been signed with the German government to develop the Eastern Caroline Atolls. The Jaluit Gesellschaft acquired British trading interests in the Marshalls and the Eastern Carolines (Henderson & Macfarlane). RMk 48,000 were paid as ordinary dividend, and RMk 96,000 as super dividend to the shareholders. At the end of the financial year the total reserves were RMk 349,000. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser. Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf OttoThiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker.

1196. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1903. Jahresbericht für 1902 vorgelegt in der vierzehnten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 29. Mai 1903. [Annual report for 1902 presented at the fourteenth annual general meeting on 29 May 1903]. Hamburg: W. Gente. The Jaluit Gesellschaft now own a postal steamer, four schooners with auxiliary engines as well as a normal schooner. The postal steamer route has been amended to include Saipan. The Jaluit Gesellschaft intends to send a scientific mission to the Carolines to assess the potential of some islands for tropical agriculture. The trade in weapons has now been forbidden in the Carolines (previously mainly conducted by Japanese trading vessels as well as American whalers) which has made the region more peaceful. The presence of the German navy has also contributed to this. RMk 48,000 were paid as ordinary dividend, and RMk 96,000 as super dividend to the shareholders. At the end of the financial year the total reserves including special reserve funds were RMk 600,000. Directors: F. Hernsheim & H. Grösser. Board members: Alfred Kayser, Caesar Godeffroy, Adolf Otto Thiemer, H. Meyer-Delius, Robert Böker.

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Economy 1197. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1904. Jahresbericht für 1903 vorgelegt in der fünfzehnten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 23. April 1904. [Annual report for 1903 presented at the fifteenth annual general meeting on 23 April 1904]. Hamburg: W. Gente. 1198. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1906. Jahresbericht für 1905 vorgelegt in der siebzehnten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 4. Mai 1906. [Annual report for 1905 presented at the seventeenth annual general meeting on 4 May 1906]. Hamburg: W. Gente. 1199. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1907. Jahresbericht für 1906 vorgelegt in der achtzehnten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 31. März 1907. [Annual report for 1906 presented at the eighteenth annual general meeting on 31 March 1907]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. 1200. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1908. Jahresbericht für 1907 vorgelegt in der neunzehnten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 26. Juni 1908. [Annual report for 1907 presented at the nineteenth annual general meeting on 26 June 1908]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. 1201. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1909. Jahresbericht für 1908 vorgelegt in der zwantzigsten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 26. Mai 1909. [Annual report for 1908 presented at the twentieth annual general meeting on 26 May 1909]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. 1202. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1910. Jahresbericht für 1909 vorgelegt in der einundzwantzigsten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 10. Juni 1910. [Annual report for 1909 presented at the twenty-first annual general meeting on 10 June 1910]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. 1203. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1911. Jahresbericht für 1910 vorgelegt in der zweiundzwantzigsten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 30. Mai 1911. [Annual report for 1910 presented at the twenty-second annual general meeting on 30 May 1911]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. 1204. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1911. Revidiertes Statut der Jaluit Gesellschaft gemäss Beschluss der General Versammlung von 21. Juli 1911. [Revised statute of the Jaluit Company according to a resolution of the General Meeting of 21 July 1911]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. 1205. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1912. Jahresbericht für 1911 vorgelegt in der dreiundzwantzigsten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 10 Juni 1912. [Annual report for 1911 presented at the twenty-third annual general meeting on 10 June 1912]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. 1206. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1912. Revidiertes Statut der Jaluit Gesellschaft gemäss Beschluss der General Versammlung von 10. Juni 1912. [Revised statute of the Jaluit Company according to a resolution of the General Meeting of 10 June 1912]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1207. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1913. Jahresbericht für 1912 vorgelegt in der vierundzwantzigsten ordentlichen Generalversammlung am 25. Juni 1913. [Annual report for 1912 presented at the twenty-fourth annual general meeting on 25 June 1913]. Hamburg: Graefe & Tiedemann. 1208. Krauß, Emil. 1920. “Jaluit Gesellschaft.” [The Jaluit Gesellschaft]. In: Schnee, Heinrich (ed.), Deutsches Koloniallexikon. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. Vol. II (H-O), pp. 122–123. Encyclopedia entry on the history and economic status of the Jaluit Gesellschaft.

1209. Krieger, M. 1899. “Die Marshall Inseln und der Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft 1898. Teil I.” [The Marshall Islands and the annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft 1898 Pt 1]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 12, nº 22, p. 192. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1210. Krieger, M. 1899. “Die Marshall Inseln und der Jahresbericht der Jaluit-Gesellschaft 1898. Teil II.” [The Marshall Islands and the annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft 1898 Pt 2]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 12, nº 23, pp. 196–197. Brief account of the published annual report of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and its trading performance.

1211. Mensch, Franz and Hellmann, Julius. 1907. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft.” von der Heydts Kolonial-Handbuch. Jahrbuch der deutschen Kolonial- und Übersee-Unternehmungen. volume 1. Berlin und Leipzig: Verlag für Börsen- und Finanzliteratur AG. Pp. 121–122. A directory of all German companies with major overseas trading interests. Contains an entry on the Jaluit Gesellschaft, setting out trading interests, names of directors, financial status, levels of dividends paid.



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Economy 1214. Mensch, Franz and Hellmann, Julius. 1910. “Jaluit-Gesellschaft.” von der Heydts Kolonial-Handbuch. Jahrbuch der deutschen Kolonial- und Übersee-Unternehmungen. volume 4. Berlin und Leipzig: Verlag für Börsen- und Finanzliteratur AG. Pp. 172–174. A directory of all German companies with major overseas trading interests. Contains an entry on the Jaluit Gesellschaft, setting out trading interests, names of directors, financial status, levels of dividends paid.

1215. Treue, Wolfgang. 1940. “Der Erwerb und die Verwaltung der Marshall Inseln. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Jaluit Gesellschaft.” [The acquisition and administration of the Marshall Islands. A contribution to the history of the Jaluit Company]. Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Dissertation. Berlin. Dissertation assessing the role of the Jaluit Gesellschaft in the formation, administration and exploitation of the German colony of the Marshalls. The thesis could draw on archival material which was subsequently destroyed during World War II. In depth discussion of the development of the Jaluit Gesellschaft and the negotiations with the German Government t o run the Marshalls through a concession company rather than through direct administration. The role of import taxes and levies on the trading competition are discussed as is the fate of the Jaluit Gesellschaft following the restructuring of the administration after 1906. The publication of the PhD was forbidden by German Foreign Affairs at the time as it was seen as endangering the collaboration between the Axis powers Germany and Japan. Only a small section on Nauru could be published.

1216. Veritas. 1891. “Die Unterbilanz der Deutschen Jaluit-Gesellschaft.” [The underlying result of the Deutsche Jaluit-Gesellschaft]. Export1891. A summary assessment of the first year of operations of the Jaluit-Gesellschaft. Comments that the trade in the Marshalls is restricted to copra, but that the golden days of the copra trade are over. In 1891 the copra was worth £9 a ton in Europe. The vessels of the JaluitGesellschaft, chartered in Hamburg, are sent on a ten- to fifteen-months voyage. The article summaries the nature of the bulk copra transport, mentioning that copra can be easily transported and does not easily rot or become mouldy. Occasionally the cargo needs to be mixed and aired. Some loss occurs due to cockroaches and copra beetles. The author recommends catching a fair number of these beetles en route, preserving them in alcohol and selling them as a by-product to beetle collectors in Europe. The Jaluit Gesellschaft is mildly accused of inappropriate business acumen when the annual report of the Jaluit-Gesellschaft reports that many stores were out of stock. The British and American competitors seem t o make a profit, mainly trading in German goods. Crawford & Co (San Francisco) also lost money in the Marshalls, exacerbated by the loss of two trading vessels during 1890 (bringing to a total of seven the number of vessels lost by that company in the Marshalls trade). Likewise, the trade of a New Zealand Company (presumably Henderson & MacFarlane) also suffered. That company tried to sell an old schooner to a Marshallese chief, but the sale fell through when the purchaser realised that the newly white-washed vessel was no longer worth any real money. The Imperial regulations promulgated by the Kommissar Dr. Knappe are mentioned which stipulated that Marshallese were no longer permitted to buy any trade goods on credit (and where all old credits were declared null and void). Several Marshallese were apparently uneasy about this regulation as it suggested that they, as a rule, might be deemed delinquent repayers of loans. The writer recommends that the soon to be established DeutscheAustralische Bank (German Australian Bank) should extend its range of business t o Micronesia. The annual salary of the Imperial Commissar paid by the Jaluit Gesellschaft was RMk 15, 000, while the salary for the Secretary was RMk 4, 800.

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Labour Relations 1217. Anon. 1912. “Handwerkerausbildung von Eingeborenen in Neuguinea.” [Training of manual labourers among indigenous peoples of New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 33, pp. 573–574. Brief item on the training of trades people in German New Guinea. The numbers of trained craftsmen is too limited. A trade school is proposed, to commence with six Pohnpeians and seven Yapese as pupils. [The school established on Saipan is not mentioned in the item].

1218. Thilenius, Georg. 1900. “Die Arbeiterfrage in der Südsee.” [The issue of labour in the South Seas]. Globus 77, nº 5, pp. 69–72. Item discussing the shortage of unskilled labour in the Pacific and the need to import Chinese workers to conduct work that Pacific Islanders were not prepared to do. Also, the author highlights the problems of hiring mixed labour from various island groups and communities, which would lead to conflict based on traditional rivalries. The various implications of labour provision on traditional economies are discussed. [The paper is included here as it provides early context for some of the resettlement schemes of the 1907–1911 period].

1219. Winkler, C. 1912. “Die Arbeiterfrage in den Kolonien.” [The issue of local labour in the colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 29, pp. 503–504. A discussion of the nature of the local communities in the colonies and their suitability as a labour force for German plantations.

Tropical Agriculture and Produce 1220. Anon. 1904. “Aus der Südsee. Marianen.” [From the South Seas. Marianas]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 18, nº 15, p. 640. Item on the arrival of R. Dachsel as the second German settler on Saipan. Gives a brief rundown on the produce derived from farming on Saipan.

1221. Anon. 1911. “Westkarolinen, Palau, Marianen. Plantagen Statistik für 1910–11.” [Western Carolines, Palau and Marianas. Plantation statistics for 1910–11]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 3, nº 21, p. 229. Overview statistics showing the area under cultivation for various crops.

1222. Costenoble, Hermann H. L. W. 1908. “Einige Bemerkungen über Kulturmethoden und Betriebsformen der tropischen Landwirtschaft.” [Some comments on methods of cultivation and options of management of tropical agriculture]. Der Tropenpflanzer 12, nº 8, p. 372–384. The author responds to a call to share information of experiences made in other colonies t o avoid duplication of effort. Comments on his practical experiences in Guam and the Marianas,

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Economy with detailed discussion on the agricultural significance of soil and soil invertebrates. A discussion of fertilisation techniques is included. No specific reference to the Marianas with an exception of a description of his stables on Guam. A good overview of the intricacies of tropical agriculture from a practitioner’s point of view.

1223. Deeken, Richard. 1914. Die Landwirtschaft in den deutschen Kolonien. [The agriculture in the German Colonies]. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. Overview of the nature and extent of tropical agriculture in the German colonies. A brief chapter on New Guinea and the Islands Territory mainly concentrates on German New Guinea. Good example of the peripheral treatment of Micronesia and the Marianas in particular in the mid 1910s.

1224. Höfer, Herrmann. 1906. “Nochmals die Camatchil-Rinde aus Saipan.” [Further to the Kamatchili bark from Saipan]. Der Tropenpflanzer 10, p. 538. Brief rejoinder from Höfer on his intended use as a tanning agent of the sample of Camatchil bark sent for analysis to Berlin. He argues that the tree could be cultivated profitably i n German South-west Africa.

1225. Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches Kommittee. 1910. Unsere Kolonialwirtschaft in ihrer Bedeutung für Industrie, Handel und Landwirtschaft. [Our colonial economy and its significance of industry, commerce and agriculture]. Berlin: Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches Kommittee. General discussion of the importance of the colonies as a source of raw materials and as a destination for manufactured goods. The discussion is generic and treats the subject b y commodity rather than colony.

1226. Paeßler, Johannes. 1905. “Bericht über die Untersuchung und Prüfung der Camaschilrinde auf ihre Verwendbarkeit als Gerbmaterial.” [Report on an examination and test of the Kamatchili bark and its suitability as tanning agent]. Der Tropenpflanzer 9, nº 9, pp. 531–533. Various samples of Kamatchili (Pithecollobium ducle) bark (old, new, from stem and from branches) from Saipan were tested for suitability as tanning agents. Both chemical and practical analyses were carried out. The paper concludes that while the bark has a reasonable percentage of tanning agents (28%), cartage costs from the colonies would make it too expensive.

1227. Paeßler, Johannes. 1905. “Über Kamatschilrinde.” [On the bark of the Camatischil]. Deutsche Gerberzeitung 48, nº 135; nº 136; nº 139, pp. 10–21 (reprint). Report on the suitability tests of a sample of Kamatchili bark from Saipan as a tanning agent. While the quality was deemed satisfactory, the commercial viability was questioned.

1228. Prowazek, Stanislaus von. 1911. “Gutachten des Bakteriologen Dr. von Prowazeck über das Saipan Rind.” [Report by the bacteriologist Dr. von Prowazek on the Saipan cattle]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neuguinea 3, nº 15, p. 168. Report on a bacteriological investigation of the Saipan cattle, which seem to be dying of a parasitic disease (Texas fever). The blood tests brought no results. He warns of the uncontrolled introduction of livestock from China, the Philippines or Japan.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1229. Sadebeck, R. 1899. Die Kulturgewächse der deutschen Kolonien und ihre Erzeugnisse. [The cultivated plants of the German colonies and their products]. Jena: Gustav Fischer. Treatise on various commercially important plants as seen from an agriculturists point of view.

1230. Seidel, A. 1905. Die Aussichten des Plantagenbaues in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. [The prospects of plantation agriculture in the German protectorates]. Wismar: Hinstorffsche Hofbuchhandlung Verlagskonto. Discussion of the economic potential of various cash crops against the background of the geography and climate of the regions. For German New Guinea, coconuts are seen as the backbone of the economy, with expectations of profits from cocoa, vanilla and possibly sugar cane.

1231. Warnack, Dr. 1914. Unsere Kolonialwirtschaft in ihrer Bedeutung für Industrie, Handel und Landwirtschaft. [Our colonial economy and its significance for industry, commerce and agriculture]. Berlin: Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches Kommittee. General discussion of the importance of the colonies as a source of raw materials and as a destination for manufactured goods. The discussion is generic and treats the subject b y commodity rather than colony.

1232. Westermann, Diedrich. 1909. Die Nutzpflanzen unserer Kolonien und ihre wirtschaftliche Bedeutung für das Mutterland. [The commercial plants of our colonies and their economic importance for the motherland]. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Treatise on various commercially important plants. Includes statistics on imports.

Communications & Shipping 1233. Anon. 1890. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 1, nº 1, p. 10. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times.

1234. Anon. 1894. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 5, nº 3, p. 383. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times.

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Economy 1235. Anon. 1894. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 5, nº 7, p. 642. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times. Lists a special departure of a Jaluit Gesellschaft ship to Micronesia.

1236. Anon. 1895. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [News on the mail connections]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 6, p. 191. Overview of the shipping connections between Jaluit and Pohnpei, using sailing vessels, and between Pohnpei and Manila (via Guam) using Spanish steamers. List of mailing dates i s given.

1237. Anon. 1895. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [News on the mail connections]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 6, p. 390. Overview of the shipping connections between Jaluit and Germany.

1238. Anon. 1895. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 6, p. 216. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times.

1239. Anon. 1900. “Austausch von Postfrachtstücken ohne Wertangabe und ohne Nachnahme zwischen Deutschland und Deutsch-Neuguinea und den Karolinen, Marianen und Palau-Inseln einerseits und Ägypten andererseits.” [Exchange of postal freight items without value declarations and without cash-on-delivery between Germany the German New Guinea and the Carolines, Marianas and Palau-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 21, p. 840. Based on a treaty with the Egyptian government of 1 November, postal rates levied on postal freight items comprised the German domestic rate plus a RM 3.60 surcharge.

1240. Anon. 1900. “Austausch von Postpaketen ohne Wertangabe und ohne Nachnahme zwischen den Deutschland und den Schutzgebieten der Karolinen, Marianen und PalauInseln.” [Exchange of parcels without value declarations and without cash-on-delivery between Germany and the the protectorates of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, pp. 840–841. New tariff allows for domestic rates to the port of shipment (Bremen or Hamburg) and from there an overseas charge of RMk 3.60 for deliverey to the South Seas Protectorates.

1241. Anon. 1900. “Austausch von Postpaketen ohne Wertangabe und ohne Nachnahme zwischen Deutschland und den Karolinen, Marianen und Palau-Inseln.” [Exchange of parcels without value declarations and without cash-on-delivery between Germany and the Carolines, Marianas and Palau-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 16, pp. 651–652. Packages up to 5kg can be sent, mail routed via Bremen, Hamburg or Munich (to Naples). The Marianas mail is shipped by the mail steamer HongKong to Sydney, while the mail to Pohnpei and Yap will be shipped as opportunities arise.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Rates: up to 1 kg: RMk 1. 6, up to 5kg RMk 2. 40. Mail routed via Naples attracts a 80Pfg surcharge.

1242. Anon. 1900. “Briefkastenschlüsse von der Bahnpost München-Kufstein nach den Südsee-Schutzgebieten.” [Mail box closures of the rail post office München-Kufstein to the South Seas Protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 21, p. 841. Timetable for the closure of mail to Saipan, directed via Munich and Naples. Times are given for shipment via Sydney and via HongKong, depending on the run of the Norddeutscher Lloyd mail steamer. depart Munich 18 September 1900 to arrive 14 November 1900 (via Sydney); depart Munich 30 October 1900 to arrive 6 December 1900 (via HongKong); depart Munich 11 December 1900 to arrive 6 February 1901 (via Sydney); depart Munich 22 January 1901 to arrive 28 February 1901 (via HongKong); depart Munich 5 March 1901 to arrive 1 May 1901 (via Sydney); depart Munich 16 April 1901 to arrive 23 May 1901 (via HongKong).

1243. Anon. 1900. “Eröffnung von Postanstalten in Ponape, Yap und Saipan.” [Opening of postal facilities in Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, p. 122. Brief item stating that subsequent to the take over of the administration of Spanish Micronesia by Germany post offices had been opened on Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan.

1244. Anon. 1900. “Fahrplan der Reichspostdampfer-Linien des Norddeutschen Lloyd, Bremen.” [Timetable of the Imperial Mail Steamer Lines of the North German Lloyd, Bremen]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 13, pp. 480–481. Time table: two stop overs each direction at Saipan. Planned stops at Saipan were to occur en route from HongKong to Sydney via Pohnpei, New Guinea (3 stops) and Brisbane: 1 8 September 1900, 6 December 1900, 28 February 1901, 23 May 1901. En route from Sydney t o HongKong: 22 August 1900, 14 November 1900, 6 February 1901, 1 May 1901, and 24 July 1901.

1245. Anon. 1900. “Karolinen.” [The Carolines]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, nº 22, p. 244. Brief item discussing the commencement of the Norddeutscher Lloyd Shipping service connecting the East Asia line with a branch line running from HongKong via the Marianas and the Carolines to New Guinea.

1246. Anon. 1900. “Meistgewicht der Drucksachen im deutschen Kolonial- und im MarineBriefverkehr.” [Weight limitations of printed matter for German colonial and naval mail service]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 3, p. 122. Limits the application of the printed matter rate to parcels of 2 kgs. The rate for parcels between 1 and 2kg was set at 60Pfg. The postal agencies on Pohnpei was opened on 12 October, that of Yap on 6 November and the agency on Saipan was opened on 18 November. A table of rates for ordinary parcels is also given.

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Economy 1247. Anon. 1900. “Neuerungen im Postverkehr der Schutzgebiete.” [Developments in the mail service to the protectorates]. Afrika-Post. Zeitschrift für deutsche Interessen in Afrika 13, nº 7, pp. 102–103. A summary of the new postal regulations and tariffs.

1248. Anon. 1900. “Neuguinea.” [New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, p. 485. News items on the fact that the postal services in New Guinea, the Islands Territory and the Marshall Islands had been extended. Henceforth postal parcels up to 5kgs could be sent and received without restriction, while postal freight (5–10kgs) could be sent as items without value as long as they were routed via Bremen or Hamburg, and had been/were to be carried o n German vessels.

1249. Anon. 1900. “Post-Dampfschiffs-Verbindung mit den deutschen SüdseeSchutzgebieten.” [Mail steamer connections with the German South Seas Protectorates]. Archiv für Post und Telegraphie 13, pp. 541–543. During the Spanish administration the Carolines and the Marianas were in regular mail steamer connection (every two months) with Manila. This was terminated as a result of the Spanish-American war, and the mail service was upheld by sailing vessels. The German administration’s plans to extend an existing Norddeutscher Lloyd service from HongKong t o Sydney with additional stop-overs at Saipan and Pohnpei are outlined. This entailed a sixweekly service, which also would increase the mail service to German New Guinea. Yap, on the other hand would be reliant on a sailing connection to Pohnpei. The proposal of the Jaluit Gesellschaft to establish a heavily subsidised HongKong-Micronesia-Sydney route is also discussed.

1250. Anon. 1900. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen mit den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 2, p. 76. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. The mail to the Marshalls and the Carolines is routed via Sydney until further notice. No mention of any shipments to the Marianas.

1251. Anon. 1900. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen mit den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 3, p. 123. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies. The mail to the Marshalls and the Carolines is routed via Sydney until further notice. The mail connection to Saipan was routed via Yokohama, provided by two schooners about three to four times a year.

1252. Anon. 1900. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 9, p. 76. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times. Includes a commentary that from henceforth franking for Micronesian destinations has to use the (lower) rates used for the other German protectorates.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1253. Anon. 1900. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 9, p. 123. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times. Mentions that all mail to Saipan is to be directed via Yokohama.

1254. Anon. 1900. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 9, pp. 651–652. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times.

1255. Anon. 1900. “Postverbindung mit Saipan über Yokohama.” [Postal connections with Saipan via Yokohama]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 3, p. 123. The mail connection to Saipan was routed via Yokohama, provided by two schooners about three to four times a year.

1256. Anon. 1900. “Rundschau: Neuguinea.” [Review: New Guinea]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, nº 42, p. 485. Parcel service to Micronesia announced.

1257. Anon. 1900. “Rundschau: Neuguinea, Marianen, Samoa.” [Overview: New Guinea, Marianas, Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, nº 22, p. 244. Brief item on the commencement of the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping service to Saipan.

1258. Anon. 1900. “Rundschau: Neuguinea, Marianen, Samoa.” [Overview: New Guinea, Marianas, Samoa]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 17, nº 33, p. 380. Brief item on the parcel service now available to the Islands Territory.

1259. Anon. 1900. “Schiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Shipping connections to the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 16, pp. 652–653. Mail to the Carolines and the Marianas could be sent on English vessels via Brindisi or o n German vessels via Naples, departing on 16 and 19 September respectively. Estimated mail run time to Pohnpei was 51 days and to Saipan 56 days.

1260. Anon. 1901. “Austausch von Postpaketen ohne Wertangabe und ohne Nachnahme zwischen Deutsch-Neuguinea und den Karolinen, Marianen-, Palau-, und Marshall-Inseln einerseits und Ceylon andererseits.” [Exchange of parcels without value declarations and without cash-on-delivery between German New Guinea and the Carolines, Marianas-, Palau-, and Marshall-Islands on the one hand, and Ceylon on the other]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 21, p. 793. Agreement to exchange parcels. Postage: Carolines: RMk 3; Marshalls, RMk 3, 40; Marianas RMk 3, 80.

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Economy 1261. Anon. 1901. “Austausch von Postpaketen zwischen den Schutzgebieten der Karolinen, Marianen und Palau-Inseln sowie der Marshall-Inseln und Ceylon.” [Exchange of parcels between the protectorates of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau, as well as the Marshall Islands, and Ceylon]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, p. 793. Parcels can now be exchanged between the German Islands Territory and the post office at Colombo, Sri Lanka. This meant that British mail to German Micronesia could be sent o n British ships to Colombo, and from there on German ships to Germany (Saipan excepted as its mail went via Yokohama).

1262. Anon. 1901. “Austausch von Postpaketen zwischen den Schutzgebieten der Karolinen, Marianen und Palau-Inseln sowie der Marshall-Inseln und dem indischen Postamt in Aden.” [Exchange of parcels between the protectorates of the Carolines, Marianas and Palau, as well as the Marshall Islands, and the Indian postal service in Aden]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 5, p. 162. Mentions that an agreement had been reached regarding the exchange of postal parcels between the German Islands Territory and and the (British) Indian Post office at Aden. This meant that British mail to German Micronesia could be sent on British ships to Aden, and from there on German ships to Micronesia (Saipan excepted as its mail went via Yokohama).

1263. Anon. 1901. “Fahrplan des Reichspostdampfer ‘Oceana’ zwischen Sydney, und den Marshall-, Karolinen- und Palau Inseln.” [Timetable of the Imperial postal steamer ‘Oceana’ between Sydney, and the Marshall-, Caroline- and Palau-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 4, p. 129. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times. The steamer connects Sydney, Jaluit, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap with Rabaul and Singapore. The Marianas are not serviced.

1264. Anon. 1901. Koloniales Handels- und Verkehrsbuch. [Colonial trade and communications handbook]. Berlin: Deutscher Kolonial Verlag. Handbook on colonial trade listing all German post offices as well as the postal agents or postmasters. Includes a list of postal tariffs as well as a listing of German companies exporting to the colonies.

1265. Anon. 1901. “Portotaxe für Pakete nach den Marianen.” [Postal tariff for parcels sent to the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 11, p. 401. The onwards transport of parcels from Yokohama surcharge according to international regulations. cost RMk 2. 40 (up to 1kg) or RMk 3. 20 (up to shipment at Naples cost RMk 3. 20 (up to 1 kg) or

to the Marianas cost 1 Swiss Franc (80Pfg) Thus parcels sent via Hamburg or Bremen 5kgs). Items sent via Austria or Bavaria for MK 4 (up to 5kgs).

1266. Anon. 1901. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Kolonien.” [Steamship connections with the German colonies]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 5, pp. 162–164. The mail to the Marianas is routed to Yokohama, from where it is forwarded 8–10 times a years to Saipan, mail delivery time is not specified. Mail to Pohnpei 57 days, to Yap 69 days.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1267. Anon. 1901. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [News on the mail steam ship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 3, p. 86. Overview table of the shipping connections with the German colonies including mail departure times.

1268. Anon. 1901. “Vorläufige Einstellung des Postfrachtstückdienstes im Verkehr mit den Marianen.” [Temporary cessation of the parcel service with the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 5, p. 162. Items heavier than 5 kg can no longer be transported because the direct shipping line t o Saipan has been terminated and the Japanese postal service does not accept heavier items.

1269. Anon. 1902. “Mitteilungen der Auskunftsstelle (bzgl Zeitungen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten).” [Communication by the Information Bureau (on the newspapers in the German protectorates)]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, p. 77. Brief item enumerating the newspapers published in the German protectorates (1 in German South-west Africa, 1 in German East Africa, 2 in Qingdao and 1 in Samoa).

1270. Anon. 1902. “Nächste Absendungsgelegenheit und Tarif für Postpakete nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [The next opportunities and rates for mailing postal parcels to the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, nº 50, p. 516. Table showing the rates, frequency and duration of parcel mail connections with the German colonies. Mentions that all mail to the Marianas is still sent via Jiazhou and Yokohama.

1271. Anon. 1902. “Übersicht der nächsten Postverbindungen.” [Overview on the next mail connections]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 19, nº 50, p. 516. Table showing the frequency and duration of mail connections with the German colonies. Mentions that all mail to the Marianas is still sent via Yokohama.

1272. Anon. 1903. “Fahrplan des Postdampfers ‘Oceana’ zwischen Sydney, den Marshall-, Karolinen-, Palau-, und Marianen-Inseln und HongKong für das Jahr 1903.” [Timetable of the postal steamer ‘Oceana’ between Sydney, the Marshall-, Caroline-, Palau- and MarianasIslands and HongKong for the year 1903]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 1, p. 29. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times. The first stop at Saipan was planned for the HongKong-Sydney run on 3–4 April 1903.

1273. Anon. 1903. “Die Jaluit-Gesellschaft wird mit ihrem Dampfer ‘Oceana’ vom März 1903, versuchsweise vorläufig, den Hafen von Saipan anlaufen, staff der Häfen Herbertshöhe und Matupi.” [Starting March 1903 the Jaluit Company will make trial stops at Saipan with its steamer ‘Oceana’ instead of the harbours of Herbertshöhe and Matupi]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 1, p. 28. Brief item on the changed route and the inclusion of Saipan.

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Economy 1274. Anon. 1903. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Mail steamer connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 4, p. 97. Timetable for mail to the German protectorates.

1275. Anon. 1903. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Mail steamer connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 1, p. 29. Timetable for mail to the German protectorates.

1276. Anon. 1903. “Postfrachtstückverkehr nach den Marianen.” [Communication news. Postal parcel deliveries to and from the Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 4, p. 97. Item mentioning that the postal parcel service has reopened, using Norddeutscher Lloyd steamers to Sydney and the Jaluit Gesellschaft steamer to Saipan.

1277. Anon. 1903. “Wiederaufnahme des Postfrachtstückverkehrs nach den Marianen, beförderung durch den Postdampfer ‘Oceana’, auch Postpakete werden auf diesem Wege befördert; Ermässigung der Taxen für Postpakete nach den Marianen und Marshall-Inseln.” [Resumption of parcel post service to the Marianas; forwarding aboard the mail steamer ‘Oceana’; parcels will also be forwarded by this means; reduction in costs for parcels sent to the Marianas and the Marshall-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 4, p. 97. The renewal of the German postal steamer run meant a reduction in postage by 80Pfg to the Marianas.

1278. Anon. 1904. “Abgehen der Post nach und Eintreffen der Post aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Departure and arrival of the mail from and to the German Protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, pp. 144–145. Summary of deadlines for the departure and arrival of mail.

1279. Anon. 1904. “Absendungsgelegenheiten für Postpakete.” [Dispatch opportunities for postal parcels]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 1, p. 8. Table showing the frequency and duration of postal parcel connections with the German colonies.

1280. Anon. 1904. “Deutsch-Niederländische Telegraphen Gesellschaft.” [GermanNetherlands Telegraph Company]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 35, p. 350. Company founded to lay a cable, to be put in at Yap, to connect at Shanghai to the German Shanghai-Qingdao-Tschifu cable, the cable of the Nordic Telegraph Company and the cable of the Eastern Extension Telegraph Company, as well as at Guam to the American Transpacific cable.

1281. Anon. 1904. “Eintreffen der Posten aus den deutschen Schutzgbieten.” [Arrival of the mails from the German protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 1, p. 8. Table showing the frequency and dates of mail sent from the German colonies.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1282. Anon. 1904. “Fahrplan des Postdampfers ‘Germania’ zwischen HongKong, den Marianen-, Karolinen-, Marshall-Inseln und Sydney.” [Timetable of the postal steamer ‘Germania’ between HongKong, the Mariana-, Caroline-, Marshall Islands and Sydney]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, nº 23, pp. 716–717. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times.

1283. Anon. 1904. “Mitteilung daß die Kaiserlichen Postagenturen in Ponape, Yap, Saipan und Jaluit von jetzt ab Postpakete ohne Wertangabe und ohne Nachnahme bis 5kg für Italien in unmittelbare Paketposten auf das Postamt Neapel abzuweisen haben.” [Notice that the Imperial post offices in Pohnpei, Yap, Saipan and Jaluit are from now on authorised to send parcels without value and parcels without cash-on-delivery up to 5kg directly to Italy at the Naples post office]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, nº 1, p. 24. Postage RMk 2. 60.

1284. Anon. 1904. “Neuer Postdampfer.” [New steamer for mail service]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 39, p. 391. The Jaluit Company’s ‘Germania’ built at Kiel at the Germania dockyard has undergone its first sea trials. The vessel is to serve the Sydney-HongKong run.

1285. Anon. 1904. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Postal mail steamer connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 102–103. Timetable for mail to the German protectorates.

1286. Anon. 1904. “Postdampfschiffverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Postal mail steamer connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, nº 1, p. 24. Timetable for mail to the German protectorates.

1287. Anon. 1904. “Postpakete via Italien.” [Parcels via Italy]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, nº 1, p. 24. Item on a directive that postal parcels from German Micronesia have to be routed on German ships (Jaluit Line to Sydney or HongKong, and from there with the Norddeutscher Lloyd) t o Italy, and from there by rail to Germany. The new rates are RMk 2. 60 for parcels up to 5kg (to Italy).

1288. Anon. 1904. “Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1. Vierteljahr 1904.” [Mail connections to the German protectorates for the first quarter of 1904]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 21, nº 1, p. 8. Table showing the frequency and duration of mail connections with the German colonies.

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Economy 1289. Anon. 1904. “Probefahrt des neuerbauten Dampfers ‘Germania’ der JaluitGesellschaft.” [Sea trials of the newly built steamer ‘Germania’ of the Jaluit Gesellschaft]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 594. Description of the ‘Germania’, the new steamer to serve the Sydney-HongKong route operated by the Jaluit Gesellschaft. The ship was built as a replacement for the stranded ‘Oceana’.

1290. Anon. 1904. “Unfall der Postdampfers Oceana.” [Accident of the postal steamer Oceana]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 145. The Jaluit-Gesellschaft vessel ‘Oceana’ had an accident in Jaluit and is undergoing repairs i n Sydney. The mail run from Sydney to Jaluit will be made by the sailing vessel ‘Leto’, but the Jaluit to HongKong run will have to be cancelled. The mail to Saipan will be redirected t o HongKong where a replacement vessel is likely to pick up the run.

1291. Anon. 1904. “Verkehrs-Nachrichten.” [Communications News]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, p. 177. Item on the replacement of the damaged ‘Oceana’ by the chartered steamer ‘Medan’ commencing 1 April and starting in HongKong.

1292. Anon. 1905. “Aus der Südsee. Erstes Kabel der deutschen Besitzungen der Südsee.” [From the South Seas. First cable of the German possessions in the South Seas]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 19, nº 29, pp. 125–126. Report on the completion of a cable link between Yap and Menado (on Celebes). The Yap station and the construction method are described.

1293. Anon. 1905. “Deutsche Kabel im Stillen Ozean.” [German cables in the Pacific Ocean]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, nº 51, pp. 530–532. Description of the background and negotiations leading up to the German-Dutch Pacific cables as well as the technological requirements for the laying of the cables.

1294. Anon. 1905. “Kabelstation Jap.” [Cable station of Yap]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, nº 19, p. 186. Item on the opening of the cable station on Yap on 28 April 1905 with the connection t o Menado on Celebes and the connection to Guam. The item comments that German telegraphy has now become independent of the British cable network. The trans-Siberian cable had been blocked for private traffic since the outbreak of the Russian-Japanese war. The new connection now allows for independent traffic.

1295. Anon. 1905. “Kein deutsches Pacifickabel.” [No German Pacific cable]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 22, nº 33, p. 354. Item stating that plans for a German cable from Herbertshöhe to Port Moresby and then t o Cooktown in QLD have been dashed by the Australian government.

1296. Anon. 1905. “Nachnahmedienst für Postpakete und Postfrachtstücke.” [Cash on delivery for postal parcels and postal freight items]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 587. Effective October 1905 a cash-on-delivery service will be established between Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan and the German Empire. Parcels and postal freight up to 10kgs were permitted.

— 239 —

Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1297. Anon. 1905. “Postanweisungsdienst.” [Postal Money orders]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 462. Brief item on the introduction of postal money orders to and from Saipan, effective 1 September 1905.

1298. Anon. 1905. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach dem deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 587. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1299. Anon. 1905. “Postpaketdienst zwischen Australien und Mikronesien.” [Postal Parcel Service between Australia and Micronesia]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 513. Brief item on the establishment of a postal parcel service between Australia and Micronesia. The tariff was set at 2/8 for the first pound and 3d thereafter for each additional pound up to a maximum weight of 1 pounds.

1300. Anon. 1905. “Telegraphische Verbindung mit den Karolinen und Marianen.” [Telegraphic connections with the Carolines and the Marianas]. Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik 27, p. 45. Item on the founding of the Deutsch-Niederländische Telegraphengesellschaft, which had set as its aim to lay and operate a cable between Menado on Celebes to Yap, Guam and onwards t o Shanghai. Both the Dutch and the German governments are reported as subsidising the venture.

1301. Anon. 1905. “Vollendung des Kabels Shanghai–Jap.” [Completetion of the cable Shanghai–Yap]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, p. 647. Brief item on the completion of the Shangahi-Yap branchline of the cable, thus completing the Menado-Guam-Yap-Shanghai cable connnection.

1302. Anon. 1905. “Zulassung von Nachnahmen bis 800 Mark-Betrag im Verkehr zwischen Deutschland und den Postanstalten Ponape, Jap (Karolinen) und Saipan (Marianen).” [Authorisation for packages cash-on-delivery to a value of 800 marks to be delivered to the postal agencies of Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 18, p. 587. Post parcels up to 10kg weight can be sent COD.

1303. Anon. 1906. “Postanweisungsdienst mit Australien.” [Postal Money orders with Australia]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, p. 561. Brief item on the introduction of postal money orders between German New Guinea and the Commonwealth of Australia effective 1 March 1906 (Australia) and 1 July 1906 (Germany).

1304. Anon. 1906. “Die Reichspost in den deutschen Schutzgebieten und im Auslande.” [The German Imperial Mail Service in the German protectorates and abroad]. Deutsche Marine-Zeitung 13, nº 46 (Supplement), p. 1. An overview of the state of the German mail services. Lists the mail steamer lines and the post offices as well as the nature of the post office staff (government officers or local employees). In German Micronesia all mail is handled by German nationals, hired locally.

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Economy 1305. Anon. 1907. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Januar 1907.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of January 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 2, p. 93–95. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1306. Anon. 1907. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Februar 1907.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of February 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 4, p. 188–191. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1307. Anon. 1907. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat März 1907.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of March 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 6, p. 271–273. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1308. Anon. 1907. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat April 1907.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of April 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 7, p. 324–326. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1309. Anon. 1907. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Mai 1907.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of May 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 9, p. 422–425. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1310. Anon. 1907. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juni 1907.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of June 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 11, p. 543–545. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1311. Anon. 1907. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juli 1907.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of July 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 13, p. 649–651. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1312. Anon. 1907. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat August 1907.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of August 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 15, p. 784–786. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1313. Anon. 1907. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat September 1907.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of September 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 17, p. 876–878. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1314. Anon. 1907. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat October 1907.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of October 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 19, p. 974–977. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1315. Anon. 1907. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat November 1907.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of November 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 21, p. 1076–1079. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1316. Anon. 1907. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Dezember 1907.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of December 1907]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 23, p. 1173–1175. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1317. Anon. 1908. “Postanweisungen und Postpaket-Nachnahmedienst.” [Communications News. Money orders and Cash-on-delivery postal parcels]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, p. 43. Notice that the post office on Nauru is now authorised to accept and deliver cash-on-delivery post parcels and postal freight as well as postal money orders.

1318. Anon. 1908. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Januar 1908.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of January 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 2, p. 95–98. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.





— 242 —

Economy 1323. Anon. 1908. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juni 1908.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of June 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 12, p. 611–614. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.




1327. Anon. 1908. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat October 1908.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of October 1908]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, nº 19, p. 984–987. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.



1330. Anon. 1908. “Verbindung des Gouvenmentssitzes mit dem östlichen Teil des Verwaltungsbezirks der Karolinen, Marianen usw., durch Anlaufen des Postdampfers ‘Germania’ der Jaluit Gesellschaft von Simpsonhafen.” [Communications News. Connection of the Governor’s headquarters with the eastern part of the administrative district of the Carolines, Marianas etc, by means of the Jaluit-Gesellschaft postal steamer ‘Germania’ from Simpsonhafen]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 19, p. 1255. Notice on the altered route of the Germania. Commencing 1909 the route will include Simpsonhafen to ensure a regular contact between the seat of the Governor in German New Guinea and the eastern district (Pohnpei and Jaluit).

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1331. Anon. 1909. “Aus der deutschen Südsee.” [From the German South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, nº 18, p. 305. Information on the ‘Condor’ and the relocation of the Ulithi people. Comments on the unreliability of the current German communications system in the South Seas, as a vessel with mail for the Condor had been lost.

1332. Anon. 1909. “Die Bedeutung des Norddeutschen Lloyd für die deutschen Kolonien in der Südsee.” [The significance of the North German Lloyd for the German colonies in the South Seas]. Süsserott’s Illustrierter Kolonial-Kalender 1909. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. 199–201. Item highlighting the role of the Norddeutscher Lloyd mail steamer connections for German New Guinea and the expenditure invested in harbour infrastructure.

1333. Anon. 1909. “Funkspruch-Verbindungen in der Südsee.” [Wireless communications in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, pp. 289–290. Item discussing that the current system of telegraphic and other communications (a single station on Yap) was insufficient for the administration in New Guinea, but particularly bad for the eastern Carolines and the Marshall Islands, which had only six shipping connections per year. Discusses the options of setting up a wireless network.

1334. Anon. 1909. “Postanweisungen und Postpakete nach Nauru.” [Communications News. Postal money order and postal parcels to Nauru]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, p. 659. Notice that the German postal agency on Nauru was now authorised to accept and deliver postal money orders as well as postal parcels and postal freight items up to 10kg. The money orders were introduced to service the needs of the Chinese workers in the phosphate mines.





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Economy 1339. Anon. 1909. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Mai 1909.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of May 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, nº 9, p. 472–474. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.








1347. Anon. 1909. “Schiffbrüchige Ponapeleute in China.” [Castaway Pohnpeians in China]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 26, p. 619. News item describing the arrival of castway Pohnpeian fishermen off Shanghai and their subsequent repatriation.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1348. Anon. 1909. “Wertbriefdienst mit Deutsch Neu Guinea.” [Communications News. Insured mail]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, p. 645. Notice that German New Guinea (and the Islands Territory) had been included in the international agreements regarding registered letters with an insured content of value.

1349. Anon. 1910. “Brief-Nachnahmedienst.” [Communications News. Cash-on-delivery mail]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 367. Notice that all post offices in the Islands Territory (Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap, Saipan, Jaluit and Nauru) are now authorised to accept and deliver cash-on-delivery letters.

1350. Anon. 1910. “Deutsch-Neuguinea. Verschlagene Karoliner.” [German New Guinea. Castaway Carolinians]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, nº 9, p. 389. A group of canoes had left typhoon-stricken Ifaluk in search of food on Lamutrek. On the return voyage, the canoes were separated in a storm and one of them drifted to Shanghai (China). News item describing the arrival of castway Pohnpeian fishermen off Shanghai and their subsequent repatriation.

1351. Anon. 1910. “Drahtlose Verbindung mit der deutschen Südsee.” [Wireless communication with the German South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 22, p. 362. Item on the establishment of a wireless connection between Angaur and Yap.

1352. Anon. 1910. “Irrfahrten von Südsee-Insulanern.” [Odysseys of South Sea Islanders]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 21, p. 343. A group of canoes had left Lamutrek. On the voyage, the canoes were separated in a storm and one of them drifted to Shanghai (China). The item includes some general comments o n traditional voyaging and the ability to obtain food while at sea.

1353. Anon. 1910. “Neue Fahrpläne der Reichspostdampfer in der Südsee.” [New schedules for imperial steamers in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 50, p. 846. Notice that as of 1911 the Jaluit Gesellschaft steamer will no longer touch on the British colonies in Micronesia. This will reduce the run of the steamer, allowing a sixteen-week turn over, as opposed to a twenty-week one.



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Economy 1356. Anon. 1910. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat März 1910.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of March 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, nº 5, p. 203–205. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.









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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1365. Anon. 1910. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat November 1910.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of November 1910]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, nº 21, p. 873–876. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.


1367. Anon. 1911. “Brief-nachnahme dienst.” [Cash-on-delivery service for letters]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 9, p. 367. Notice that the post offices of Palau, Angaur, Saipan, Yap, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Jaluit and Nauru are permitted to accept mail with COD provisions.







— 248 —

Economy 1374. Anon. 1911. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juli 1911.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of July 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 13, pp. 537–539. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.






1380. Anon. 1911. “Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten 3. Vierteljahr 1911.” [Postal connections with the German protectorates in the third quarter of 1911]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, nº 26, p. 445. Table showing the frequency and duration of mail connections with the German colonies.

1381. Anon. 11. “Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten, Gebühren für Briefsendungen, Postanweisungen, Telegramme und Pakete.” [Mail connections with the German protectorates, and tariffs for mail, money orders, telegrams and parcels]. Süsserott’s Illustrierter Kolonial-Kalender 1911. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. Pp. 160–168. Schedule of mail tariffs for each of the protectorates. The nature of the mail connections is also given.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1382. Anon. 1911. “Verkehrsverbesserungen in der Südsee.” [Transportation improvements in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, nº 7, p. 111. Brief item on the improved service by the ‘Germania’, now running at 16 week (instead of 2 0 week) intervals. This could be achieved by dropping the stop overs in Kiribati from the route. Alterations to the Sydney-Yap-HongKong route of the Norddeutscher Lloyd are also mentioned (additions of Brisbane and Kobe).

1383. Anon. 1912. “Post und Telegraphie in den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1906 bis 1911.” [Post and Telegraphy in the German protectorates 1906 to 1911]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 2, pp. 44–50. Overview on the developments in and the state of the postal and telegraphic service in the German protectorates from 1906 to 1911. Post offices exist on Jaluit, Nauru, Yap, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Saipan, Angaur and Palau. All offices, with the exception of Angaur (staffed b y Südsee-Phosphat AG personnel) are staffed by government officers drawn from the local administration. Postal connections are with the Jaluit Gesellschaft steamer Germania connecting to mail services in HongKong and Sydney. Jaluit is also connected with Sydney every two months via the Burns Philp steamers. The Marianas have additional connections t o Yokohama using Japanese sailing vessels, while Angaur (every 8 weeks) and Yap (every 4 weeks) have connections via the Austral-Japan-Line of the Norddeutscher Lloyd to Sydney and HongKong. Yap is the cable node point of the Deutsch-Niederländischen Telegraphengesellschaft, connecting to Menado (on Celebes), Guam and Shanghai. Angaur and Yap are also connected by a wireless radio communications system owned by the SüdseePhosphat AG.



1386. Anon. 1912. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat März 1912.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of March 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, p. 241–246. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.


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Economy 1388. Anon. 1912. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Mai 1912.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of May 1912]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 23, nº 9, p. 425–428. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.








1396. Anon. 1912. “Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten 2. Viertel 1912.” [Postal services for the German protectorates, second quarter of 1912]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 13, p. 212. Table showing the frequency and duration of mail connections with the German colonies.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1397. Anon. 1912. “Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten 4. Vierteljahr 1912.” [Postal services for the German protectorates, second quarter of 1912]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 38, p. 667. Table showing the frequency and duration of mail connections with the German colonies, including the dates for parcel mail.

1398. Anon. 12. “Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten, Gebühren für Briefsendungen, Postanweisungen, Telegramme und Pakete.” [Mail connections with the German protectorates, and tariffs for mail, money orders, telegrams and parcels]. Süsserott’s Illustrierter Kolonial-Kalender 1912. Berlin: Wilhelm Süsserott. Pp. 209–217. Schedule of mail tariffs for each of the protectorates. The nature of the mail connections is also stated.

1399. Anon. 1913. “Funkentelegraphische Weltpläne.” [World plans for wireless telegraphy]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 30, nº 34, pp. 562–564. Overview paper on projected telecommunications networks. Discusses the problems of connecting the German Pacific with the rest of the world. a map shows the current and proposed radio-communications-network.


1401. Anon. 1913. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Januar 1913 [Printing error for ‘February’].” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of January 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 3, p. 129–132. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.




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Economy 1405. Anon. 1913. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juni 1913.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of June 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 11, p. 554–557. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.

1406. Anon. 1913. “Postdampfschiffsverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten für den Monat Juli 1913.” [Mail steamship connections with the German protectorates during the month of July 1913]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 24, nº 13, pp. 607–610. Timetable for mail delivery to the German colonies.






1412. Anon. 1914. “Deutsche Funkentelegraphie in der Südsee.” [German wireless telegraph in the South Seas]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, nº 21, pp. 21–22. Item announcing that the formal wireless stations on Nauru and Yap have been opened t o traffic.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1413. Anon. 1914. “Errichtung und Betrieb von Funkentelegraphenstationen in den deutschen Südsee Schutzgebieten.” [Establishment and operation of wireless telegraph stations in the German South Sea protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, nº 15, p. 251. Brief item on the establishment of wireless telegraph stations on Nauru, Yap and at Apia and Rabaul, to be operated by the Deutsche Südseegesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie. The service will be subsidised by both the German government (20 year contract) and various firms operating in the area. The stations on Nauru, Yap and Apia went into service on 1 December 1913, while Rabaul was expected to come on-line in autumn 1914.

1414. Anon. 1914. “Funkenstationen in Yap und Nauru nehmen Betrieb auf.” [Wireless stations on Yap and Nauru commence service]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, nº 2, p. 77. Brief item that the wireless communications stations on Nauru and Yap, operated by the Deutsche Südseegesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie AG, commenced their operations on 1 December 1913. Cable costs to German to Nauru were RMk 4. 90, government telegrams RMk 2. 95.

1415. Anon. 1914. “Postverbindungen nach den deutschen Schutzgebieten 1. Vierteljahr 1914.” [Postal services for the German protectorates, first quarter of 1914]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 31, nº 1, p. 17. Table showing the frequency and duration of mail connections with the German colonies, including the dates for parcel mail.

1416. Anon. 1915. “Funkentelegraphiestationen Jap und Nauru.” [Communications News. Wireless telegraph stations on Yap and Nauru]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 25, p. 367. Notice that the wireless station on Nauru and Yap are operational. Tariffs for telegrams are given.

1417. Anon. 1936. “Amerika im Pazifik.” [America in the Pacific]. Deutscher Lebensraum 4, p. 32. Item on Guam being selected as the station of the Pan American Airways clipper route from the USA to China.

1418. Behrens, Hermann. 1936. “Koloniale Luftfahrt in der Welt.” [Colonial avaitaion of the world]. Deutscher Lebensraum 4, nº 9, pp. 315–316. Article on the strategic significance for colonial governments to maintain a flying boat network. Raises the issue of the Japanese concerns regarding the PanAm route from San Francisco to Guam. Includes a brief entry on Guam.

1419. Berg, Victor. 1906. “Bekanntmachung des Bezirksamtmannes in Ponape betreffend die Fahr- und Frachtpreise auf dem Regierungsmotorschuner ‘Ponape’ vom 7. März 1906.” [Ordinance of the District Administrator in Pohnpei regarding the passenger and freight tariffs for the government motor schooner ‘Ponape’, dated 1 March 1906]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, p. 422. Passenger and freight tariffs for the government vessel Pohnpei are set out. The transportation of copra, trepang and shark fins is not permitted.

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Economy 1420. Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von. 1909. “Vertrag über die Unterhaltung von Postdampfschiffsverbindungen mit dem Schutzgebiete Deutsch-Neuguinea, vom, 2/9. Juli 1909.” [Agreement regarding the maintenance of postal steam ship connections with the protectorate of German New Guinea, dated 2/9 July 1909]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 20, pp. 1090–1091. The Norddeutscher Lloyd was given the mail steamer contracts to and from New Guinea. This included a four-weekly return service Sydney-Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen-Yap-HongKong; a eight-weekly service with the following route Rabaul-Finschhafen-Erimahafen/StephansortFriedrich Wilhelmshafen-Berlinhafen (Eitape)-Macassar-Singapore-Batavia-Macassar-AmbonBanda-Berlinhafen (Eitape)-Friedrich Wilhelmshafen-Erimahafen/Stephansort-FinschhafenRabaul; and a three-monthly service to smaller islands in the protectorate, with routes to be specified at a future date.

1421. Gesang, Othmar. 1908. “‘Germania’ aufgelaufen.” [Germania run aground]. Bericht über die Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln. Jahresbericht 1908. Limburg: Limburger Vereinsdruckerei. Pp. 37–39. Narrative of the stranding of the Germania on Pohnpei on 8 February 1908.

1422. Hahl, Albert. 1909. “Bekanntmachung betreffend die Fahr- und Frachtpreise auf dem Gouvernments-Schuner-dampfer ‘Delphin’.” [Notification of the Passenger and freight tariff for the Government Schooner-steamer ‘Delphin’]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 1, nº 4, p. 23. Example of a Government-run shipping line, detailing the passage and freight costs, including shipping within and to Micronesia.

1423. Hahl, Albert. 1911. “Bestimmungen über Fracht- und Personenbeförderung auf dem Gouvernementsdampfer ‘Komet’.” [Regulations regarding the transport of freight and passengers on the Government steamer ‘Komet’]. Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Deutsch Neuguinea 3, nº 18, pp. 196–197. Example of a Government-run shipping line, detailing the passage and freight costs, including shipping within and to Micronesia.

1424. Hahl, Albert and Norddeutscher Lloyd. 1911. “Vertrag zwischen dem Norddeutschen Lloyd, Bremen, und dem Landesfiskus des Schutzgebietes Deutsch-Neuguinea.” [Contract between the Norddeutscher Lloyd and the financial administration of the protectorate of German New Guinea]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 22, nº 18, p. 656–658. Contract for the operation of the protectorate owned steamer ‘Komet’. The contract specifies the mode of operations, the composition of the crew.

1425. Herzog, H. 1900. “Deutsche Post in Übersee.” [German Postal Service overseas]. Beträge zur Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 1, pp. 289–293. Summary of the establishment and operation of German post agencies in each of the colonies as well as Turkey and Morocco.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1426. Herzog, H. 1904. “Entwickelung des Post- und Telegraphenwesens der deutschen Kolonien seit 1899.” [Development of the Mail and Telegraph system by the German colonies since 1899]. Zeitschrift für Kolonialpolitik, Kolonialrecht und Kolonialwirtschaft 6, pp. 472–481. Summary of the establishment and operation of German post agencies in each of the colonies. Demonstrates the growth of the postal services broken down by colony. The fact that the newspaper rate for the colonies was the same as the newspaper rate for domestic Germany was seen as an important contributor to the colonisation process. The development of the telegraph service is also chronicled.

1427. Hoffmann, P. Theobald. 1927. “Das Kabelnetz der Erde in seine geschichtlichen Entwicklung.” [The cable network of the world and its historic development]. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in München 20, p. 312. The article discusses the development of the present cable network. It provides figures for the volume of cable traffic on Yap and Guam.

1428. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1901. “Fahrplan des Reichspostdampfers ‘Oceana’ zwischen Sydney, und den Marshall-, Karolinen- und Palau Inseln.” [Timetable of the Imperial postal steamer ‘Oceana’ between Sydney, and the Marshall-, Caroline- and Palau-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, p. 652. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times. Services Jaluit, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae and Yap.

1429. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1902. “Fahrplan des Reichspostdampfers ‘Oceana’ zwischen Sydney, den Marshall-, und Karolinen-Inseln, dem Bismarck Archipel und HongKong für 1902.” [Timetable of the Imperial postal steamer ‘Oceana’ between Sydney, the Marshall-, and Caroline-Islands, the Bismarck-Archipelago and HongKong for 1902]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 13, nº 1, p. 55. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times. Services Jaluit, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae and Yap en route to HongKong, with a additional calls at Herbertshöhe and Matupi o n the return voyage.

1430. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1903. “Fahrplan des Postdampfers ‘Oceana’ zwischen Sydney, den Marshall-, Karolinen-, Marianen-Inseln und HongKong.” [Timetable of the postal steamer ‘Oceana’ between Sydney, the Marshall-, Caroline-, Marianas-Islands and HongKong]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 23, p. 659. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times.

1431. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1903. “Fahrplan des Postdampfers ‘Oceana’ zwischen Sydney, den Marshall-, Karolinen-, Marianen-Inseln und HongKong für das Jahr 1903.” [Timetable of the postal steamer ‘Oceana’ between Sydney, the Marshall-, Caroline-, Marianas-Islands and HongKong]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 14, nº 3, p. 79. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times. The’ Germania’ was scheduled to be at Saipan on 3–4 April 1903 (via HongKong); 23–24 June 1903 (via Sydney); 7–8 August 1903 (via HongKong); 26–27 October 1903 (via Sydney); 11–12 December 1903 (via HongKong); 29 February-1 March 1904 (via Sydney); 15–16 April 1904 (via HongKong).

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Economy 1432. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1904. “Fahrplan des Postdampfers ‘Germania’ zwischen HongKong, den Marianen, Karolinen-, Marshall-Inseln u. Sydney.” [Timetable of the postal steamer ‘Germania’ between HongKong, the Marianas, Carolines, Marshall-Islands and Sydney]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 15, pp. 716–717. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times of Germania voyages I to VI.

1433. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1906. “Fahrplan des Postdampfers ‘Germania’ zwischen HongKong, den Marianen, Karolinen-, Marshall-Inseln und Sydney.” [Timetable of the postal steamer ‘Germania’ between HongKong, the Marianas, Carolines, Marshall-Islands and Sydney]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 2, pp. 58–59. Steamer timetable with departure dates and lay-over times of Germania voyages VII to XIV.

1434. Jaluit Gesellschaft. 1911. Fahrplan des Postdampfers ‘Germania’ zwischen Sydney, Rabaul, den Marshall-, Karolinen-, Marianen-, Palau Inseln und HongKong [Reisen 36–43]. [Timetable of the postal steamer ‘Germania’ between Sydney, Rabaul, the Marshall-, Caroline-, Marianas-, Palau Islands and HongKong (voyages 36–43)]. Hamburg: Jaluit Gesellschaft, Hamburg. Timetable of the postal steamer ‘Germania’.

1435. Lathe, Fritz. 1913. “Ursprung und Entwickelung des Post- und Telegraphenwesens der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee und in China.” [Genesis and development of the German mail and telegraph service in the German protectorates in the South Seas and in China]. Jahrbuch über die deutschen Kolonien 6, pp. 143–152. History of the mail service of Samoa, New Guinea, the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, the Marianas and Jiaozhou. Some generalised statistics of the mail volume are also given. Overall the history provides little detail.

1436. Lehmann, Gallus. 1912. “Meerestücken.” [Capriciousness of the sea]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1912. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 51–54. Describes a sea voyage on a sailing vessel from Guam to Saipan. On the occasion of the voyage the vessel experienced the outer perimeter of an advancing typhoon which was t o strike Rota on 19 October 1911 and a second, weaker typhoon on 1 November. The trip which normally would take 3 days took 17 days.

1437. Lenschau. 1902. “Der gegenwärtige Stand der Kabelunternehmungen.” [The current state of the cable developments]. Marine Rundschau 13, pp. 70–74. Paper citing difficulties encountered in laying the cable between Guam and Honolulu.

1438. Martens, Wilhelm. 1903. “Änderung der Postdampfschiffs-verbindungen.” [Alteration of the mail steamer’s connections]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, nº 3, p. 26. Comments on the fact that Saipan will now be included in the altered Sydney-HongKong connection serviced by the Jaluit Gesellschaft steamer Oceana. The New Guinea locations of Herbertshöhe and Matupi have been omitted from the route.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1439. Martens, Wilhelm. 1903. “Gouvernementsdampfer.” [Government steamer]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, p. 263. Description of the new Government steamer Seestern to be used mainly in German New Guinea, but also available for patrol visits to German Micronesia.

1440. Martens, Wilhelm. 1903. “Verbindung der Marianen mit Yokohama.” [The connection between the Marianas and Yokohama]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 20, nº 42, pp. 426–427. Item on the plans of the Nippon Yusen Kaisha to extend its steamer route to the Bonin Islands and also connect to Saipan and Guam.

1441. Neubaur, Dr. 1910. “Die Entwicklung der deutschen Schiffahrt und des deutschen Kabelwesens in den letzten 25 Jahren.” [The development of German shipping and cable systems in the last 25 years]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, pp. 867–872. Review paper on German shipping in general, and with the colonies in particular.

1442. Paulus, Hans. 1908. “Die Reisen deutscher Segelschiffe in den Jahren 1893 bis 1904 und ihre mittelere Dauer.” [The voyages of German sailing vessels in the years 1893 and 1894 and their average duration]. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie 36, pp. 23–30. Paper summarising a number of logs of sailing vessels plying the world. The section on Micronesia provides good examples of the actual times it took sailing ships to reach their destinations.

1443. Podbielski, von. 1900. “Anwendung der für die deutschen Schutzgebiete für Briefsendungen geltenden Taxen zwischen Deutschland und den deutschen Schutzgebieten einerseits und den Karolinen, Marianen und Palau Inseln andererseits.” [The application of the postage rates for the German protectorates between Germany and the protectorates on the one hand and the Caroline, Marianas and Palau Islands on the other]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 2, p. 76. Henceforth the standard mail rates between Germany and its colonies also apply to the Islands Territory of the Caroline, Marianas and Palau Islands.

1444. Podbielski, von. 1900. “Bekanntmachung.” [Notification]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 2, p. 76. Domestic mail rates will henceforth apply to Micronesia as a result of the take over of the Islands Territory by Germany.

1445. Puche, D. W. 1921. “Post und Telegraphie in den deutschen Schutzgebieten und bei den Postanstalten im Auslande 1903 bis 1914.” [Post and Telegraphy in the German protectorates and the postal agencies abroad 1903 to 1914]. Archiv für Post und Telegraphie 10, pp. 404–414; pp. 451–453. Overview on the developments in and the state of the postal and telegraphic service in the German protectorates from 1903 to 1914. Summaries of the postal connections for German New Guinea, Samoa and German Micronesia are presented. The levels of service available i n the various colonies (mail, postal money orders, parcels etc) as well the extent of the telegraph and telephone networks are discussed.

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Economy 1446. Reichskolonialamt. 1907. “Post und Telegraphie.” [Postal Services and Telegraphy]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 6, pp. 49–51. Statistical tables on the mail and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1447. Reichskolonialamt. 1907. “Schiffsverkehr.” [Shipping]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 5, pp. 47–48. Annual shipping statistics for German Micronesia.

1448. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Post und Telegraphie.” [Post and Telegraphy]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 6, pp. 43–45. Statistical tables on the mail and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1449. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Post und Telegraphie.” [Postal Services and Telegraphy]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 6, pp. 49–51. Statistical tables on the mail and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1450. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Schiffsverkehr.” [Shipping]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/07 Anlagen. F. II. 5, p. 47. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1451. Reichskolonialamt. 1908. “Schiffsverkehr im Kalenderjahr 1907.” [Shipping during the calendar year 1907]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08 Anlagen. F. II. 5, pp. 41–42. Annual shipping statistics for German Micronesia.

1452. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Post und Telegraphie.” [Postal Services and Telegraphy]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 7, pp. 47–49. Statistical tables on the mail and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1453. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Post und Telegraphie.” [Postal Services and Telegraphy]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 43–45. Statistical tables on the mail and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1454. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Schiffsverkehr.” [Shipping]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/08. Deutsch-Neu-Guinea, Inselgebiet Anlagen. F. II. 2, pp. 41–42. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1455. Reichskolonialamt. 1909. “Schiffsverkehr im Jahre 1908.” [Shipping in the year 1908]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/09 Anlagen. F. II. 6, pp. 43–46. Detailed Statitics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1456. Reichskolonialamt. 1910. “Post, Telegraphie und Fernsprechwesen 1909.” [Postal services, telegraphy and telecommunications 1909]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. B. III. 2, pp. angeb. S. 240–241. Statistical tables on the mail services (letters, parcels and money orders) and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1457. Reichskolonialamt. 1910. “Schiffsverkehr.” [Shipping communications]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1909/10 Statistischer Teil. B. III. 3, pp. 241–244. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1458. Reichskolonialamt. 1912. “Post, Telegraphie und Fernsprechwesen 1910.” [Postal services, telegraphy and telecommunications 1910]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 2, pp. angeb. S. 314–315. Statistical tables on the mail services (letters, parcels and money orders) and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1459. Reichskolonialamt. 1912. “Post, Telegraphie und Fernsprechwesen 1911.” [Postal Services, Telegraphy and Telephony 1911]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 2, pp. angeb. S. 350–351. Statistical tables on the mail services (letters, parcels and money orders), the telegraph volume and the usage of telephones in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1460. Reichskolonialamt. 1912. “Schiffs- und Hafenverkehr.” [Shipping and Harbour Traffic]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1910/11 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 3, pp. 315–319. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

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Economy 1461. Reichskolonialamt. 1913. “Schiffs- und Hafenverkehr.” [Shipping and Harbour Traffic]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1911/12 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 3, pp. 351–356. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1462. Reichskolonialamt. 1914. “Post, Telegraphie und Fernsprechwesen 1912.” [Postal Services, Telegraphy and Telephony 1912]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 2, pp. angeb. S. 388–389. Statistical tables on the mail services (letters, parcels and money orders), the telegraph volume and the usage of telephones in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1463. Reichskolonialamt. 1914. “Schiffs- und Hafenverkehr.” [Shipping and Harbour Traffic]. Jahresbericht über die Entwicklung der Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1912/13 Statistischer Teil. B. IV. 3, pp. 389–394. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1464. Reichstag. 1907. “Post und Telegraphie.” [Postal Services and Telegraphy]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 351–352. Statistical tables on the mail and telegraph volume in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1465. Reichstag. 1907. “Schiffsverkehr.” [Shipping]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 349–351. Detailed statistics of the shipping in the eastern and western Carolines, the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

1466. Rikisch, Emil. 1901. “Postdampferverbindung der deutschen Südseeinseln.” [Mail by steam ship for the German South Sea islands]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 18, nº 51, p. 503. Brief item on the establishment of a mail steamer connection between Sydney and HongKong, to be serviced by the Oceana of the Jaluit Gesellschaft. The discontinuation of the Norddeutscher Lloyd service via Saipan is mentioned.

1467. Röscher, Max. 1912. “Drahtlose Telegraphie in den deutschen Kolonien.” [Wireless telegraphy in the German colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29, nº 32, pp. 554–555. Item on the feasibility of wireless communications between Germany and its colonies. While direct communications between Germany and Togo were seen as possible, colonies further afield would require repeater stations.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1468. Röscher, Max. 1925. “Die Funkentelegraphie in den ehemaligen deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [The radio telegraphy in the former German protectorates]. Koloniale Rundschau 14, nº 3, pp. 110–119. Reviews the state of the German radio telegraphy network at the outbreak of World War I. The range of the Pacific stations is described, with Yap reaching San Francisco on good days. Describes the destruction of the Yap, Rabaul and Nauru radio and telegraph stations in the early days of World War I.

1469. Schumacher, Hermann. 1902. Deutsche Schiffahrtsintressen im Stillen Ozean. [German shipping interests in the Pacific Ocean]. Leipzig: Dunker & Humblot. Review of the shipping communication of the German Pacific colonies with the outside world. Includes a discussion of British and American Shipping lines. Much emphasis is given to the routes and ships employed by the Norddeutscher Lloyd. The implications of the Panama Canal are discussed.

1470. Senfft, Arno. 1905. “Besuch des amerikanischen Stationschiffes ‘Supply’ in Jap.” [Visit of the American Station vessel ‘Supply’ to Yap]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 15, p. 484. The Guam Station vessel ‘Supply’ paid a courtesy call on 13 April 1905 to celebrate the opening of the Yap-Guam cable link. Among the twelve Guamanian passengers were the sister and the daughters of the Governor of Guam. The festivities and surrounding activities are enumerated.

1471. Senfft, Arno. 1910. “Verschlagene Karoliner.” [Castway Carolinians]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 21, p. 389. A group of canoes had left typhoon-stricken Ifaluk in search of food on Lamutrek. On the return voyage, the canoes were separated in a storm and one of them drifted to Shanghai (China). Senfft makes some general comments on traditional voyaging and the ability t o obtain food while at sea.

1472. Solff, K. 1910. “Drahtlose Telegraphie zwischen dem Mutterlande und unseren Kolonien.” [Wireless telegraphy between the motherland and our colonies]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 27, nº 10, pp. 157–158. Item on the establishment of a wireless connection between Angaur and Yap.

1473. Solff, K. 1911. “Funkentelegraphische Verbindungen in der deutschen Südsee (hierzu 4 Abbildungen).” [Wireless telegraphy in the German South Seas (with 4 illustrations)]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 28, nº 3, pp. 40–41. Discusses the establishment of a wireless communications system. The stations on Nauru and Yap are operational and a station for Apia is in the planning stages. Photos of the telecommunications station on Angaur are included.

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Economy 1474. Traub. 42. “Südsee-Inseln.” [History of the German Mail Service in the Colonies and Abroad—South Sea Islands]. In: W. Schmidt and Hans Werner (eds), Geschichte der deutschen Post in den Kolonien und im Auslande. Second ed. Leipzig: Reinhold Rudolph. Pp. 343–356. Detailed history of the German mail service in Micronesia as well as Samoa, complete with descriptions of shipping connections and routing.

1475. Weller, Carl. 42. “Deutsch-Neuguinea.” [History of the German Mail Service in the Colonies and Abroad—New Guinea]. In: W. Schmidt and Hans Werner (eds), Geschichte der deutschen Post in den Kolonien und im Auslande. Second ed. Leipzig: Reinhold Rudolph. Pp. 293–343. Detailed history of the German mail service in New Guinea, complete with descriptions of shipping connections, routing, telegraph, wireless and telephone services. A list of post offices is included.

Philately 1476. Anon. 1899. “Die deutschen Kolonial-Postwertzeichen.” [The German colonial stamps]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘Germania-Ring’ 3, nº 8, pp. 97–99; nº 10, pp. 108–109; nº 11, pp. 119–121. Item describing the new colonial stamps (Eagle series with overprint showing the name of the colony). The paper gives the quantities of essays produced, as well as the quantity of stamps handed over as specimens to the World Postal Union in Berne.

1477. Anon. 1900. “Fälschungen. Marianen.” [Forgeries Marianas]. Deutsche BriefmarkenZeitung 11, nº 10, p. 149. A brief item on the occurrence of forged cancels on German Mariana Island stamps.

1478. Anon. 1900. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Deutsche Briefmarken-Zeitung 11, nº 3, p. 37. A brief item on the establishment of the first post office on Saipan, and the nature of the stamps and postcards available for sale there.

1479. Anon. 1900. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Deutsche Briefmarken-Zeitung 11, nº 5, p. 73. A brief item on the nature of the first stamps and postcards sold at the Saipan post office.

1480. Anon. 1900. “Die neuen Postwertzeichen für die deutschen Kolonien.” [The new stamps for the German colonies]. Deutsche Briefmarkenzeitung 11, nº 4, p. 62. Item critical of the recently published designs for the ship series German colonial stamps, arguing that the ship on the Pfenning values resembles a cheap theatre backdrop.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1481. Anon. 1901. “Die Kontrollzeichen auf den deutschen Kolonial-Postkarten der vorigen (Adler-) Emission.” [The control markings on the post cards of the previous (Eagle) issue of the German colonies]. Germania-Berichte 21, pp. 226–228. Item listing the markings on the colonial postal stationery post cards that allow one t o distinguish between the various issue dates.

1482. Anon. 1905. “Marianen mit falscher Entwertung vor Gericht.” [Mariana stamps with forged cancels feature in court case]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘GermaniaRing’ 46, p. 538. Brief item on a court case against Gustav Freyse for slandering Georg Kossack as the seller of Marianas stamps with forged cancels. Freyse was acquitted.

1483. Anon. 1910. “Bericht der Prüfungsstelle.” [Report of the certification bureau]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘Germania-Ring’ 7, nº 4, pp. 40–41. Brief note on the backdated cancels from the Marianas.

1484. Anon. 1910. “Bericht der Prüfungsstelle.” [Report of the certification bureau]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘Germania-Ring’ 7, nº 8/9, pp. 81–83. Brief note on the backdated cancels from the Marianas.

1485. Anon. 1911. “Ausbeutungen und Fälschungen. Bericht der Marken-Prüfungstelle.” [Exploitation and Forgeries. Report by the stamp expertisation bureau]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘Germania-Ring’ 8, nº 5, pp. 47–48. Report on forged cancels on Eagle series stamps from the Mariana Islands. Item on large numbers of cancel-to-order stamps from the Marianas as well as mass-produced registered letters for the philatelic market. These were reputedly produced by the German administrator Georg Fritz.

1486. Anon. 1911. “Ausbeutungen und Fälschungen. Marianen-Stempe und Aufrruckfälschungen.” [Exploitation and Forgeries. Forged cancels and overprints of Marianas stamps]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘Germania-Ring’ 8, nº 5, p. 48. Report on forged cancels on Eagle series stamps from the Mariana islands, as well as on forged overprints made by François Fournier.

1487. B., W. 1912. “Mariannen-Adlerausgabe.” [Marianas Eagle Series]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘Germania-Ring’ 5, pp. 56–57. [Item on the backdated cancellation of Eagle series stamps from the Marianas, with a list of suspect cancel dates].

1488. Düsterbehn, H. 1910. “Nochmals die Marianen Stempel.” [Again to the Marianas Cancels]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘Germania-Ring’ 7, nº 11, pp. 106–107. Discussion of the appearance of the cancel-to-order and backdated cancellations of the Eagles series stamps of the Marianas.

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Economy 1489. Freyse, Gustav. 1905. “Falsch gestempelte Marianen.” [Forged cancels on Marianas stamps]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘Germania-Ring’ 54, pp. 642–643. Brief item discussing the acquisition and cost of forged cancels on German Eagle series colonial stamps from the Marianas.

1490. Friedemann, Albert. 1906. “Die Gültigkeitsdauer der Adlermarken in den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [The period of validity of the Eagle series stamps in the German protectorates]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 3, pp. 42–43. The first German colonial series of stamps, the overprinted Eagle motif series, was replaced b y the permanent Yacht-type series in 1901. The paper discusses the period of validity of the Eagle series stamps for each of the German protectorates.

1491. Friedemann, Albert. 1906. “Interessantes über deutsche Kolonialmarken bezw. deren Fälschungen.” [Interesting observations on German Colonial Stamps and their Forgeries]. Germania-Berichte. Zentralblatt für alle Vereine und Mitglieder das Germania-Ringes 10, pp. 102–106. Paper presenting images of forged German Colonial Offices stamps, among them stamps of the Mariana Islands.

1492. Friedemann, Albert. 1906. “Neuentdeckte Druckfehler von Deutsch-Ostafrika 1. Ausg[abe].” [Newly discovered printing errors on German East Africa, first issue]. GermaniaBerichte 10, p. 105. Item on printing errors on the Eagle issue stamps of German East Africa. Contains comments on the forged Marianas Eagle issue stamps.

1493. Friedemann, Albert. 1907. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 9, pp. 117–122. Paper discussing the nature of backdated cancels as well as handwritten cancels on Eagle series stamps from the Marianas. Line cancels with ‘Rota’ described and shown to be forgeries.

1494. Friedemann, Albert. 1907. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte pp. 251–252. Preprint of the Friedemann handbook entry on the Marianas.

1495. Friedemann, Albert. 1907. “Marianen, Abstempelung Rota.” [Marianas, Rota cancel]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte p. 152. Brief item on the line cancels with ‘Rota’ described and shown to be forgeries.

1496. Friedemann, Albert. 1907. “Nochmals Abstempelung Rota, Marianen.” [Once more Rota cancel, Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte p. 213. Brief item on the line cancels with ‘Rota’ described and shown to be forgeries.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1497. Friedemann, Albert. 1908. “Falsche Abstempelungen deutscher Kolonialmarken.” [Forged cancels of German colonial stamps]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 1, nº 12, pp. 267–268. Illustrated item on forged cancels of Eagle series stamps.

1498. Friedemann, Albert. 1908. “Falsche Abstempelungen von Kamerun, Marianen und Marschallinseln.” [Forged cancels from Cameroon, Marianas and the Marshall Islands]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 1, nº 12, p. 240. Illustrated item on forged cancels of Eagle series stamps.

1499. Friedemann, Albert. 1908. “Der falsche Stempel: Saipan (Marianen).” [The forged cancel: Saipan (Marianas)]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 1, nº 3, p. 24. Brief item illustrating a forged Saipan cancel of the filed off ‘99’ year slug.

1500. Friedemann, Albert. 1908. “Ich sammele keine ungebrauchten Marken.” [I do not collect mint stamps]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 1, nº 1, pp. 5–6. Item on the German stamp collectors obsession with cancelled stamps which gave rise to a spate of forgeries and falsifications.

1501. Friedemann, Albert. 1908. “Die neuen deutschen Kolonialmarken.” [The new German colonial stamps]. Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 1, nº 19, p. 4. Item on the recently published essays for the ship series of German colonial stamps.

1502. Friedemann, Albert. 1908. Die Postfreimarken und die Entwertungen der deutschen Postanstalten in den Schutzgebieten und im Auslande. [The stamps and the cancels of the German post offices in the protectorates and in foreign countries]. Leipzig: Albert Friedemann. Discussion of the stamps and post cards produced for the German colony of the Marianas, as well as the cancels used. The well-illustrated chapter also includes a section of forged stamps and forged cancels.

1503. Friedemann, Albert. 1908. “Recht gefährliche Fälschungen: Marianen und Marshall Inseln.” [Quite dangerous forgeries: Marianas and Marshall Islands]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 1, nº 3, p. 24. Brief item illustrating forgeries of overprinted Eagle series stamps from the Marshall Islands and the Marianas.

1504. Friedemann, Albert. 1909. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 20, pp. 305–306. Item discussing the use of the ‘99’ year slug with filed-off descenders of the nines to serve as a temporary substitute for the ‘00’ year slug which had not yet been delivered. The paper provides some illustrations as well as a price list for 1909.

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Economy 1505. Friedemann, Albert. 1909. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte p. 467. Brief item on the occurrence of letters with the filed off ‘99’ year slug as substitute for the ‘00’ slug, and on the use of violet ink for the cancels.

1506. Friedemann, Albert. 1909. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte p. 496. Example of an advertisement for Mariana Islands stamps and the prices they fetched.

1507. Friedemann, Albert. 1909. “Marianen. Stempel Saipan mit abgeschnittenen Neunen von 1900.” [Marianas. Cancel Saipan of 1900 with the nines partially cut off]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 21, pp. 325–326. Item on the manufacture of an interim date cancel slug reading ‘00’ by cutting of the descenders of the two nines of the ‘99’ cancel slug. The paper also describes and illustrated the nature of German cancels.

1508. Friedemann, Albert. 1909. “Neue Fälschungen Deutscher Kolonialmarken.” [New forgeries of German colonial stamps]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte pp. 393–394. Item illustrating and describing forgeries of Eagle series overprinted German colonial stamps from the Marianas, Samoa, Togo and German South-west Africa.

1509. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Anzeige.” [Advertisement]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte p. 588. Example of an advertisement for genuine cancels on Marianas stamps.

1510. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Falsche Entwertungen deutscher Kolonialmarken.” [Forged cancels on German colonial stamps]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 29, p. 468. Brief item illustrating forged cancels on German Eagle series colonial stamps. Illustrated are some Fournier cancels as well as other forged cancels used on stamps from the Marshall Islands, the Marianas and the Carolines.

1511. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 30, pp. 497–501. Item on the stamps of the Eagle series Marianas with the various cancel variations and the prices they fetched in 1909. Details on shipping conditions as well as on the use of backdated cancels are given. The item is profusely illustrated.

1512. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 31, pp. 517–520. Item on the stamps of the Eagle series Marianas with the various cancel variations and the prices they fetched in 1909.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1513. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 30, pp. 536–537. Item on the ship mail cancels, particularly the Australische Hauptline. Some forgeries are also illustrated.

1514. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 30, p. 558. Item on the genuine dates of Marianas cancels.

1515. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 34, p. 575. Item on backdated Marianas cancels.

1516. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte p. 591. Item on the occurrence of backdated cancels on apparently genuine registered letters sent to addressees on Saipan.

1517. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 36, pp. 605–615. Detailed discussion on the nature, origin and appearance of genuine, cancel-to-order and backdated cancels, with cancel dates, dated of arrival backstamps, and the like. Illegally used handwritten cancels are also discussed.

1518. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 37, pp. 634–636. Detailed discussion on the nature, origin and appearance of genuine, cancel-to-order and backdated cancels, with cancel dates, dated of arrival backstamps, and the like. Illegally used handwritten cancels are also discussed.

1519. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Spanische Marianen.” [Spanish Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte p. 591. Item on the Spanish Phillippine Alphonso XIII stamps overprinted with ‘Marianas Espagnolas’. The overprint has a deep violet colour. The items were reputedly illegally produced to defraud stamp collectors.

1520. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Spanische Marianen.” [Spanish Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 37, pp. 637–638. Item on the Spanish Phillippine Alphonso XIII stamps overprinted with ‘Marianas Espagnolas’. The overprint has a deep violet colour. The article illustrates a genuine cover.

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Economy 1521. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Statistisches aus den Schutzgebieten und dem Auslande.” [Statistical information from the Protectorates and Foreign Parts]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 30, pp. 521–522. List of post offices in the German colonies as well as German postal agencies in Morocco, China and Turkey.

1522. Friedemann, Albert. 1910. “Über Neudrucke von Deutschen Kolonial-Marken.” [On reprints of German colonial stamps]. Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 30, pp. 522–523. Recent discoveries of official reprints of the Eagle issues of Marshall Islands stamps are discussed. Marianas stamps are also (wrongly) suspected as being reprinted.

1523. Friedemann, Albert. 1911. “Marianen. Ein kleiner Punkt im Stempel Saipan.” [Marianas. A small dot in the Saipan cancel]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 40, pp. 685–690. Detailed discussion of small changes in the Saipan cancel, which allow for the discrimination between genuine and backdated cancels.

1524. Friedemann, Albert. 1911. “Marianen. Saipan.” [Marianas. Saipan]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 40, p. 877. Brief description of a Saipan cancel of 1911 with omitted year slug. The year was written in b y ink. Also illustrated is a registered letter sent on 29 November 1899 to Manila, where the ink of the cancel was purple.

1525. Friedemann, Albert. 1911. “Marianen. Seepost Entwertungen.” [Marianas. Ship Mail Cancels]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 40, p. 717. Brief classification of the ship mail cancels on Mariana Islands stamps.

1526. Friedemann, Albert. 1911. “Sorteneinteilung der Marianen-Marken.” [Classification of the Marianas stamps]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 40, p. 690. Brief classification of the various types of genuine, cancel-to-order, backdated and forged Mariana cancels.

1527. Friedemann, Albert. 1912. “Falscher Aufdruck Marianen 5 Pfg.” [Forged overprint Marianas 5 Pfennig]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 30, p. 901. Brief item illustrating new forged overprints on Marianas Eagle Series stamps. The stamps reputedly originate from Belgium. The stamps can be distinguished by an overprint set at a lower angle. Similar stamps have also been reported for the Marshall Islands and the Carolines.

1528. Friedemann, Albert. 1912. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 3, pp. 650–651. Item on the various cancels which are known to have been used, legally and illegally, o n Marianas stamps of the Eagle series.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1529. Friedemann, Albert. 1912. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 3, p. 656. Item on the illegal nature of handwritten cancels with some remarks on the use of the former Spanish seals for Saipan and Rota.

1530. Friedemann, Albert. 1912. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 3, p. 676. Item with double cancel showing the transition from the ‘99’ cancel slug used for 1900 to the use of the ‘00’ slug.

1531. Friedemann, Albert. 1912. “Marianen-Postverbindungen und Stempelfragen.” [Marianas. Postal connections and matters of cancels]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 4, nº 3 (52), pp. 957–964. Detailed item discussing the various departures of ships carrying mail, the known cancel dates of mail carried on these ships as well as the numbers of registration labels which can be associated with some of the mail. The origin of the cancel-to-order items is also addressed.

1532. Friedemann, Albert. 1912. “Die Nummern der Einschreibzettel von Saipan 1899–1901.” [The numbers of the registration labels from Saipan 1899–1901]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 4, nº 1 (51), pp. 924–926. Paper listing the known registration labels for the period as well as the cancel dates and destinations of the letters on which these labels were used.

1533. Friedemann, Albert. 1913. “Die Abstempelung Ostasiatische Seepost auf Marianen.” [The cancel Ostasiatische Seepost on Marianas stamps]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 4, nº 4 (53), pp. 980–982. Item on the illegal use of genuine Ostasiatische Seepost cancel on Marianas stamps.

1534. Friedemann, Albert. 1913. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 4, nº 6 (56), pp. 1004–1005. Item on the identification of backdated cancels using small flaws in the cancel.

1535. Friedemann, Albert. 1913. “Marianen-Postverbindungen und Stempelfragen.” [Marianas. Postal connections and matters of cancels]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 4, nº 4 (53), pp. 973–979. Detailed item discussing the various departures of ships carrying mail, the known cancel dates of mail carried on these ships as well as the numbers of registration labels which can be associated with some of the mail. The origin of the cancel-to-order items is also addressed.

1536. Friedemann, Albert. 1915. “Warnung. Falsche Stempel auf Deutschen Marken!” [Warning. Forged cancels on German stamps!]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 6, nº (72), p. 1512. Item on the sale of forged cancels on various German and German colonial stamps, among the stamps of the Marianas and the Marshall Islands.

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Economy 1537. Friedemann, Albert. 1917. “Minderwertige Marianenmarken.” [Low-value stamps from the Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 6, nº (80), p. 1530. Item on Eagle series stamps from the Marianas which have been cancelled with backdated cancels.

1538. Friedemann, Albert. 1917. “Stempel-Fälschungen Marianen und Marshall-Inseln.” [Forged cancels on Mariana and Marshall Islands stamps]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 6, p. 1579. Item illustrating forged cancels on Eagle series stamps from the Mariana and the Marshall Islands.

1539. Friedemann, Albert. 1921. Die Postfreimarken und die Entwertungen der deutschen Postanstalten in den Schutzgebieten und im Auslande. [The stamps and the cancels of the German post offices in the protectorates and in foreign countries]. Leipzig: Albert Friedemann. Discussion of the stamps produced for the German colony of the Marianas, as well as the cancels used. The well-illustrated chapter also includes a section of forged stamps and forged cancels.

1540. German. 1909. “Die ersten deutschen Kolonialmarken.” [The first German colonial stamps]. Germania-Berichte 5, pp. 53–54. Describes the state of knowledge on the first issues of German colonial stamps.

1541. H., H. 1909. “Marianen mit 10. 1. 01.” [Marianas with cancel of 10 January 1901]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘Germania-Ring’ 6, p. 63. Item discussing the genuine nature of cancels with the date 10 January 1901.

1542. Haunroth, W. 1910. “Altes und neues über die Marianenmarken der Adlertype.” [Old and new on the Eagle series stamps of the Marianas]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘Germania-Ring’ 7, nº 1, pp. 6–7; 17–18. Review of the edition of the Eagle Series stamps of the Marianas and their cancels (genuine, cancel-to-order, backdated and forged).

1543. Huch, M. 1910. “Marianen. Adler-Type mit Saipan-Entwertung.” [Marianas, EagleType with Saipan cancels]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘Germania-Ring’ 7, nº 10, pp. 92–96. Detailed discussion on the origin and appearance of the cancel-to-order and backdated cancellations of the Eagles series stamps of the Marianas. The author demonstrates how Georg Fritz, in conjunction with Woitschek used his access to the post office to create large numbers of cancelled items.

1544. K., Dr. 1898. “Postverkehr mit den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Postal communications with the German protectorates]. Deutsche Briefmarkenzeitung 9, nº 3, p. 50. Statistical table of the level and volume of postal services with the German colonies in 1897.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1545. K., Dr. 1899. “Postverkehr mit den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Postal communications with the German protectorates]. Deutsche Briefmarkenzeitung 10, nº 2, pp. 31–32. Statistical table of the level and volume of postal services with the German colonies in 1898. Gives a good snaopshot of the situation immediately before the acquisition of Spanish Micronesia by the German authorities.

1546. K., Dr. 1900. “Postverkehr mit den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Postal communications with the German protectorates]. Deutsche Briefmarkenzeitung 11, nº 3, pp. 46–47. Statistical table of the level and volume of postal services with the German colonies in 1899.

1547. K., Dr. 1904. “Postverkehr mit den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [Postal communications with the German protectorates]. Deutsche Briefmarkenzeitung 15, nº 2, pp. 31–32. Statistical table of the level and volume of postal services with the German colonies in 1903.

1548. Kalckhof, F. 1921. “Die Ganzsachen für die deutschen Schutzgebiete sowie für die deutschen Postanstalten im Auslande.” [The postal stationery for the German protectorates as well as the German post offices abroad]. In: Friedemann, Albert (ed.), Die Postfreimarken und die Entwertungen der deutschen Postanstalten in den Schutzgebieten und im Auslande. Leipzig: Albert Friedemann. Discussion of the post cards produced for the German colonies and the printing marks that allow one to distinguish between the various printing dates.

1549. Kossack, Georg. 1905. “Falsch abgestempelte Marianen.” [Forged cancels on Marianas stamps]. Germania Berichte. Zentralmitteilungen des ‘Germania-Ring’ 53, pp. 627–633. Brief item discussing the acquisition and cost of forged cancels on German Eagle series colonial stamps from the Marianas. Kossack justifies his sales practices in this paper.

1550. Krüger, Joseph. 1909. “Über die Vorläufer der Marken für die deutschen Auslandspostämter und Schutzgebiete. 7. Marianas.” [On the predecessors of the stamps for the German foreign post offices and protectorates. 7. Marianas]. Illustriertes BriefmarkenJournal 9, nº 729, pp. 205–206. Item detailing the commencement of the German postal service on Saipan.

1551. Ohrt. 1903. “Beiträge zu den deutschen Adler-Kolonialmarken.” [Contributions on the German Eagle issues colonial stamps]. Germania-Berichte 30, pp. 367–368. Discusses the newly issued colonial stamps with the different angles of overprint.

1552. Pirl. 1906. “Bericht der Kommission der Marianen-Frage.” [Report of the Commission on the Marianas question]. Germania-Berichte 11, p. 130–133. Report discussing the nature of genuine and backdated cancels on German Marianas Eagle issue stamps. The matter of backdated stamps had reached serious proportions as various stamp dealers had been accused of having them cancelled-to-order as demand developed.

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Economy 1553. Pirl. 1913. “Der violette Senf-Katal[og] 1914 u[nd] die Abstempelungsfrage.” [The violet Senf Catalogue of 1914 and the question of the cancels]. Germania-Berichte 11, p. 122–123. Report discussing the nature of genuine and backdated cancels on German Marianas Eagle issue stamps and how the matter is addressed in the most recent issue of the then leading German stamp catalogue.

1554. Priwe. 1911. “Marianen.” [Marianas]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 40, p. 900. Item on the actual shipping connections of Saipan until 31 March 1900. A list of ships i s given.

1555. Priwe. 1912. “Deutsche Südsee-Dampferposten.” [The German South Seas Steamship Post]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 2, nº 13 (50), pp. 893–897. Article on the German ship mail in the South Seas. Discusses the shipping connections between HongKong and Sydney, as well as between Singapore and Sydney as run by the Norddeutscher Lloyd, the Micronesia route operated by the Jaluit Gesellschaft. A brief history of the short-lived service to Pohnpei and Saipan is given. The article illustrates the cancels used by the ship-based post offices.

1556. Priwe. 1912. “Die Postverbindungen der Marianen 1899–1901.” [The Postal connections of the Marianas 1899–190]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 4, nº 1 (51), pp. 917–924. Paper giving details of the actual shipping connections of Saipan until end of 1901. A list of ships and cancel dates is given.

1557. Priwe. 1913. “Die Bewertung der Marianenstempel.” [The valuation of the Marianas cancels]. Germania-Berichte 12, p. 133–135. Paper discussing the value of the various cancels on Marianas stamps.

1558. Priwe. 1913. “Deutsche Schutzgebiete. Fehlende Zahlen in Kolonialstempeln.” [German Protectorates. Missing numbers in colonial cancels]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 3, nº 17 (54), pp. 1019–1022. Brief item summarising the state of knowledge on omitted year indicators in the colonial cancels. Gives a list of dates, including some for the Marianas.

1559. Priwe. 1913. “Die Stempel der Marianen-Adlermarken.” [The cancels of the Marianas Eagle issues]. Germania-Berichte 4, nº 11, pp. 121–122; nº 12, pp. 130–133. Paper discussing the nature of cancels on Marianas stamps, attempting to sort out genuine cancels from backdated cancels. A large amount of individual detail is given.

1560. Priwe. 1914. “Rückdatierter Stempel Stephansort.” [Backdated cancel Stephansort]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 4 nº 15, pp. 1267–1269. Item on the backdated use of a genuine cancel of Stephansort (German New Guinea). Comparison is made to the backdated cancellations of Marianas stamps.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1561. Priwe. 1914. “Schlusswort zu Ostasiatische Seepost auf Marianen.” [The final word on Ostasiatische Seepost cancels on Marianas stamps]. Albert Friedemann’s Philatelistische Berichte 4, nº 13 (63), pp. 1168–1171. Stamps are known to exist with cancels of the Ostasiatische Seepost. These cancels are genuine cancels, affixed illegally to genuine stamps. The paper outlines the detective work required t o bring this issue to a conclusion.

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MISSIONS As a former Spanish colony, the Marianas were predominantly Catholic. After the purchase of Spanish Micronesia and the establishment of the German administration, Spanish missionaries continued to minister. By 1906 they were replaced by German Capuchin monks. In addition to news reports in the colonial press [cf 1567, 1568] there are government annual reports [cf 1564, 1565] and the detailed annual reports of the Capuchin monks [cf 1569, 1583, 1584, 1585] which include narrative vignettes of mission life on Saipan [cf 1578] and Rota [cf 1580]. The Capuchins produced a number of religious texts in Chamorro.

Missions General 1562. Acker, Amandus. 1909. “Die Aufgabe der katholischen Mission in den Kolonien.” [The Aims of the Catholic missions in the colonies]. Jahrbuch über die deutschen Kolonien 2, pp. 119–134. 1563. Anon. 1889. “Die evangelische Mission in den deutschen Schutzgebieten in der Südsee.” [Protestant missions in the German South Sea protectorates]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 6, pp. 101–102. State of affairs for the Protestant missions in German New Guinea and the Marshall Isslands.

1564. Anon. 1900. “Die Missionsthätigkeit in den deutschen Schutzgebieten in Afrika und der Südsee.” [The Mission activity in the German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 11, nº 21, p. Beilage zu nr. 21. Summary statistics of the Mission activities in the colonies. Includes lists of priests active i n the regions. Mentions that the Catholic mission is in transition with German missionaries replacing the Spanish ones. SAIPAN. —Stations on Guam, Rota, Saipan and Tinian. Includes the names of the priests and the number of births and deaths. Pater Tomas Cueva (Saipan); Pater Cornelia Garcia (Tinian);

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Pater Mariano Alegre (Rota); Pater Crisogono Ortin (Meriso, Guam); Pater José Lamban (Inarajan, Guam); Pater Ildefonso Cabamilles (Agat, Guam); Pater Francisco Resano (Agaña, Guam). POHNPEI. —Thomas Grey at Oa. Mentions ABCFM schools at Oa, Ronkiti, Madolenimwh, U, Mant and Pala (Kiti) as well as on Mokil, Pingelap, Ngatik and Nukuoro. —Four Catholic stations. CHUUK. —Rev. Martin L. Stimson at Kutua, Toloas. YAP. —Catholic mission stations with Pater Daniel de Arbegazui and Pater Salesius. MARSHALLS.—Clinton F. Rife. Lists the mission stations in the Marshalls as Jaluit, Ebon, Namorik, Mile, Arno, Majuro, Aur, Maloelap, Mejit, Ailuk, Wotje, Ailinglaplap, Namu, Kwajalein, Lai, Ujae. Wotho and Rongelap.

1565. Anon. 1901. “Die Missionsthätigkeit in den deutschen Schutzgebieten in Afrika und der Südsee.” [The Mission activity in the German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 12, nº 23, p. Beilage zu nr. 23. Summary statistics of the Mission activities in the colonies. Includes lists of priests active i n the regions. Mentions that the Catholic mission is in transition with German missionaries replacing the Spanish ones. SAIPAN. —Stations on Guam, Rota, Saipan and Tinian. Includes the names of the priests and the number of births and deaths. Pater Tomas Cueva (Saipan); Pater Cornelia Garcia (Tinian); Pater Mariano Alegre (Rota); Pater Crisogono Ortin (Meriso, Guam); Pater José Lamban (Inarajan, Guam); Pater Ildefonso Cabamilles (Agat, Guam); Pater Francisco Resano (Agaña, Guam). POHNPEI. —Thomas Grey at Oa. Mentions ABCFM schools at Oa, Ronkiti, Madolenimwh, U, Mant and Pala (Kiti) as well as on Mokil, Pingelap, Ngatik and Nukuoro.—Four Catholic stations. CHUUK. —Rev. Martin L. Stimson at Kutua, Toloas. YAP. —Catholic mission stations with Pater Daniel de Arbegazui and Pater Salesius. MARSHALLS.—Clinton F. Rife. Lists the mission stations in the Marshalls as Jaluit, Ebon, Namorik, Mile, Arno, Majuro, Aur, Maloelap, Mejit, Ailuk, Wotje, Ailinglaplap, Namu, Kwajalein, Lai, Ujae. Wotho and Rongelap.

1566. Anon. 1905. “Die Missionsthätigkeit in den deutschen Schutzgebieten in Afrika und der Südsee.” [The Mission activity in the German Protectorates in Africa and the South Seas. I. Protestant Missions. F. Marshall-Islands]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 16, nº 2 (Supplement), p. 9. Summary statistics of the Mission activities in the colonies. Includes lists of priests active i n the regions. Mentions that the Catholic mission is in transition with German missionaries replacing the Spanish ones. SAIPAN. —Stations on Guam, Rota, Saipan and Tinian. Includes the names of the priests and the number of births and deaths. Pater Tomas Cueva (Saipan); Pater Cornelia Garcia (Tinian); Pater Mariano Alegre (Rota); Pater Crisogono Ortin (Meriso, Guam); Pater José Lamban (Inarajan, Guam); Pater Ildefonso Cabamilles (Agat, Guam); Pater Francisco Resano (Agaña, Guam). POHNPEI. —Thomas Grey at Oa, Ms Ida C. Foss and Ms. A. A. Palmer, teachers. Mentions ABCFM schools at Oa, Ronkiti, Madolenimwh, U, Mant and Pala (Kiti) as well as on Mokil, Pingelap, Ngatik and Nukuoro. —Four Catholic stations, Pater Viktorinus and Peter Luis with additional staff. CHUUK. —Rev. Martin L. Stimson at Kutua, Toloas; Albert A. Jagnow and Elizabeth and Jane D. Baldwin, teachers. Alfred Snelling, roving missionary.

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Missions KOSRAE. —Clinton F. Rife, Irving M. Channon. J. R. Hoppin and Louise E. Wilson teachers. YAP. —Catholic mission stations with Pater Daniel de Arbegazui and Pater Salesius. MARSHALLS.—Clinton F. Rife, Mrs Isadora Rife, Jenny Olin and Jessie Hoppin mentioned. Lists the mission stations in the Marshalls as Jaluit, Ebon, Namorik, Mile, Arno, Majuro, Aur, Maloelap, Mejit, Ailuk, Wotje, Ailinglaplap, Namu, Kwajalein, Lai, Ujae, Wotho and Rongelap. Operates 28 schools with 28 native teachers, among them 9 ordained priests, claim 1100 Marshallese pupils and about 3100 church members. NAURU.— Dr. Phillip De La Porte and his wife Salome Delaporte, with 3 local teachers, teaching 300 pupils in four schools. About 750 members in the congregations.

1567. Anon. 1907. “Apostolische Präfektur auf Saipan.” [Apostolic Prefecture on Saipan]. Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 24, nº 34, p. 345. The Apostolic prefecture of the Marianas was established effective 18 June 1907. The Westphalian Capuchins are in charge, with P. Paul Kirkhausen as prefect.

1568. Anon. 1907. “Apostolische Präfektur auf Saipan.” [Apostolic prefecture on Saipan]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 16, p. 810. Effective 18 June 1907 the Marianas were separated from the Apostolic prefecture on Cebu (Philippines) and a separate Apostolic prefecture was established on Saipan.

1569. Anon. 1907. Jahresbericht über die Tätigkeit der Kapuziner der rheinischwestfälischen Ordensprovinz in der Mission der Karolinen. [Jahresbericht] 1906. [Annual report on the activities of the Capuchins of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the order in the mission to the Caroline Islands. [Annual report] for 1906]. Saarlouis: Hausen & Co. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. As this i s the first annual report by the German missionaries it covers a range of general information. Covers an overview and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors.

1570. Anon. 1911. “Errichtung zweier Apostolischer Vikariate in der Südsee.” [Creation of two Apostolic Vicariates in the South Seas]. Gott Will Es! 23, pp. 190–192. Report on the creation of the Apostolic Vicariate of the Carolines and the Marianas as well as the Apostolic Vicariate of Guam.

1571. Anon. 1912. “Die Mission der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuzinerprovinz auf den deutschen Marianen-, Karolinen- und Palau-Inseln.” [The mission of the RhinelandWestphalian Province of the Capuchins on the German Caroline, Mariana, and Palau Islands]. Gott Will Es! 24, pp. 91–93. Annual report on the activities of the mission. The size of each congregation is given. Comments that Catholic priests are barred from providing religious education in the German government school on Saipan.

1572. Anon. 1914. “Apostolisches Vikariat der Marianen-, Karolinen- und Palau-Inseln (Kapuziner). Statistik für 1912/13.” [Apostolic Vicariate for the Mariana, Caroline and Palau Islands. Statistics for 1912/13 (Capuchins)]. Gott Will Es! 26, p. 53. Statistical table giving mission stations, size of the congregation, number of missionaries, number of sermons preached, Christenings, confessions, communions, confirmations, marriages, last rites, and funerals. Also the number of pupils under instruction at schools.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1573. Clericus, Albertus. 1903. “Die katholische Kirche auf den Inseln der Südsee.” [The Catholic Church on the islands of the South Seas]. Kreuz und Schwert im Kampfe gegen die Sklaverei und Heidentum 12, nº 4, pp. 105–107, nº 5, pp. 130–132. Brief history of the Apostolic Vicariates in Oceania.

1574. Freytag, W. 1937. “Deutsche evangelische Missionsarbeit in den deutschen Kolonien.” [German Protestant mission in the German colonies]. Archiv für Wanderungswesen und Auslandskunde 9, nº 1/2, pp. 58–62. General overview of the Protestant missionary activities in the former German colonies.

1575. Hespers, Karl. 1906. “Die katholischen Missionen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten.” [The Catholic Missions in the German protectorates]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 1, p. Supplement. The catholic mission statistics reproduced in the 1906 report are still those of 1897, indicating the flow of information between the church and the German colonial authorities.

1576. Lehmann, Eusebius. 20. “Spanische Missionsmethoden auf den Karolinen und Marianen.” [Spanish mission methodology on the Carolines and the Marianas]. In: Schwager, Friedrich (ed.), Der Düsseldorfer Missionskursus für Missioner und Ordenspriester 7. –1. Oktober 1919. Aachen: Xaverius Verlag. Pp. 161–168. Review of the successes and failures of the Spanish mission in Micronesia. The financial and political support of the missions as provided by the Spanish government is lauded. Any failure of the Spanish missionaries is sheeted home to overly ambitious or arrogant Spanish administrators. The fact that the Spanish administration in the Carolines and the Marianas compelled children to attend school is regarded by the author as a very powerful tool in the missionisation process. However, the Christianisation was seen as superficial and when the Spanish administration withdrew from Micronesia (and with it the government support) church attendance waned immediately. Despite the seemingly beneficial arrangement of political backing and funding, the author argues that the mission is better served if politics and church are kept separate. A discussion of the paper by various conference participants i s included.

1577. Lehmann, Gallus. 1913. “Die Insel Saipan.” [Pictures from mission life. The Island of Saipan]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1913. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 35–37. Description of mission life on Saipan, commenting on the plethora of people and the Babylonian mix of languages spoken there. Argues that a uniform language was desirable, and the German should be language of instruction for both school pupils and adults.

1578. Lehmann, Gallus. 1913. “Weihnachtsdarstellung in Saipan.” [Nativity scene on Saipan]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1913. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 50–52. Narrative of Christmas 1911 and the ongoings prior to and during a nativity play staged b y the pupils.

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Missions 1579. Lopinot, Callistus. 1907. “Das neue Missionshaus auf Jap.” [The new mission building on Yap]. Jahresbericht über die Tätigkeit der Kapuziner der rheinischwestfälischen Ordensprovinz in der Mission der Karolinen. Jahresbericht 1906. Saarlouis: Hausen & Co. Pp. 34–42. Description of the construction of the mission house on Yap (photographs show a communal building under construction as well as an ox cart). Includes a description of making concrete under local circumstances, using the left over materials from the construction of the cable station on Yap.

1580. Madre, Corbinian. 1913. “Dreiviertel um Rota herum.” [Pictures from mission life. Three quarters around Rota]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen KapuzinerOrdensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1913. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 45–50. Account of a school excursion attempting to walk around Rota in May 1912. The article describes the latte sites at Mochong, the former rice fields at Matmos and the heavily vegetated area along the eastern and southeastern shores (includes a map of Rota and photographs of the church on Saipan showing the latte columns in the foreground).

1581. Mai, Richard. 1937. “Die katholischen Missionen in den deutschen Kolonien.” [German Catholic mission in the German colonies]. Archiv für Wanderungswesen und Auslandskunde 9, nº 1/2, pp. 62–69. General overview of the Catholic missionary activities in the former German colonies.

1582. Mirbt, Carl. 1910. Mission und Kolonialpolitik in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. [Missions and Colonial politics in the German protectorates]. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr. Review of the history of the various missions in the German colonies and the role they play i n the health and education system. The interplay between government and mission school i s discussed, as is the denominational conflict. The volume also contains example curricula.

1583. Müller, Kilian. 1908. Bericht über die Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln. Jahresbericht 1908. [Report on the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands. Annual Report 1908]. Limburg: Limburger Vereinsdruckerei. P. 48pp. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. Covers an overview of the mission history of the Carolines and the Marianas, listing of all missionaries in the field and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors. Includes photographs of locales in Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan.

1584. Müller, Kilian. 1910. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen KapuzinerOrdensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1910. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1910]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 63 pp. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. Covers an overview and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1585. Müller, Kilian. 1911. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen KapuzinerOrdensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 63 pp. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. Covers an overview and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors.

1586. Müller, Kilian. 1912. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen KapuzinerOrdensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1912. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1912]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 64 pp. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. Covers an overview of the mission history of the Carolines and the Marianas, an account of the elevation to Bishop of Pater Salvator Walleser, listing of all missionaries in the field and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors. Includes photographs of locales i n Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan.

1587. Müller, Kilian. 1913. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen KapuzinerOrdensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1913. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1913]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 63 pp. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. Covers an overview of the mission history of the Carolines and the Marianas, an account of the elevation to Bishop of Pater Salvator Walleser, listing of all missionaries in the field and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors. Includes photographs of locales i n Pohnpei, Yap and Saipan.

1588. Müller, Kilian. 1914. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen KapuzinerOrdensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1914. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1914]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 16 pp. Annual report of the missionary activities of the German Capuchins in Micronesia. Covers an overview and individual descriptions of mission life by various contributors.

1589. Müller, Placidus. 1912. “Die Schule in Koror (Palau-Inseln).” [The school in Koror (Palau-Islands)]. Gott Will Es! 24, p. 60–63. Account of the education provided at the Catholic school on Koror. Three grades were taught simultaneously, with the language of instruction, to the extent feasible, being German. Palauan was written in Latin script, while German was written in Sütterlin. Describes the problems faced by the pupils as they cannot expect any parental help in their school problems. Homework per se is impossible to police and thus has to be completed while at school. (Included here as an example of a German Catholic school in Micronesia).

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Missions 1590. Paul, C. 1908. Die Mission in unseren Kolonien. Vierter Teil: Die deutschen SüdseeInseln. [The mission in our colonies. Part four: The German South Sea islands]. Dresden: C. Ludwig Ungelenk. Various vignettes of the mission history of Micronesia including a section on the various vessels Morning Star, the Spanish treatment of the Pohnpeians and the development of Capuchin missions on the Carolines and the Marianas.

1591. Reichstag. 1903. “Missionsberichte.” [Mission reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee. Berichtsjahr 1901/1902. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages X. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session, 1900/1903. VIII. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 5301–5311. Annual report on the state of the mission in the Islands Territory with general statistics and lists of congregations.

1592. Reichstag. 1907. “Missionsberichte.” [Mission Reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1905/1906. Aktenstücke zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstages 1907 XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 239. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 326–331. Annual report for the Islands Territory with general statistics.

Religious Texts 1593. Anon. 1909. Kijin Pun en kol jaraui kan etc Sammlung von Kirchenliedern in Ponapesprache. [Collection of church hymns in Pohnpeian]. Freiburg: Herder. Example of the Catholic missionaries’ work at collecting and publishing material in local languages.

1594. Anon. 1915. Kanta siha para i Gima Yuus gi Jslas Marianas pot i Mamale Capuchino. [Hymn Book for the Marianas compiled by the Capuchin Order]. Pohnpei: Katholische Mission. Capuchin Hymnal for the Marianas, printed by the Catholic mission on Pohnpei.

1595. [Fischer, Paulus and Lopinot, Callistus]. 1910. Catesismon i Dottrina Cristiana mapublica para i Islas Marianas gi fino Chamorro pot i mamale Capuchino. [Catechism and Christian doctrine produced for the Mariana Islands in the Chamorro language for use by the Capuchins]. HongKong: Typis Societatis Missionum ad Exteros. 112p. Chamorro-language publication of the Catholic catechism produced by the German priests i n Saipan and printed by the regional missionary press in HongKong.

1596. Lehmann, Eusebius. 1909. Gebetbüchlein in der Japsprache. [Prayerbook on the Yap Language]. Freiburg: Herder. Prayerbok inYapese. Included as an example of Capuchin texts in Micronesian languages.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1597. Lehmann, Eusebius. 1911. Chep nizozup. Freiburg: Herder. Summary of the Biblical history according to Dr. Knecht. In Chamorro.

1598. Lehmann, Eusebius. 1911. Katekismo ni machiben e Kristiano. [Catechism for Christians]. Freiburg: Herder. Cathechism according to Deharde. In Chamorro.

1599. [Lopinot, Callistus]. 1910. Debosionario Leblon Tinaitai Para Islas Marianas gi fino Chamorro pot i mamale Capuchino. [Devotional reading book for the Mariana Islands in Chamorro about the Capuchin Priests]. HongKong: Typis Societatis Missionun ad Exteros. 128pp. Devotional book translated into Chamorro by Father Callistus Lopinot.

1600. [Lopinot, Callistus]. 1910. Historia Sagrada i Antiguo Yan i Nuevo Testamento. [The Old and New Testament]. (Second printing?) Freiburg im Breisgau: B. Herder. The Old and New testaments translated into Chamorro by Father Callistus Lopinot.

1601. [Lopinot, Callistus]. 1910. I Yiniusan na pinelo na Sacramenton Cumonfesta. Mapiula i tautau Marianas. [Holy Giving of the Sacrament Confession, Translated for the People of the Mariana Islands]. HongKong: Typis Societatis Missionun ad Exteros. A discussion of the meaning and importance of the holy sacrament.

1602. [Lopinot, Callistus and Schuster, Dr. I. 1909. Historia Sagrada i Antiguo Yan i Nuevo Testamento. [Holy History of the Old and New Testament]. Freiburg im Breisgau: B. Herder. 272 pp. The Old and New testaments translated into Chamorro by Father Callistus Lopinot.

1603. Paulus and Lopinot, Callistus. 1910. Gebetbuch in der Chamorro Sprache. [Prayer book in Chamorro Language]. HongKong: Typis Societatis Missionum ad Exteros [Kloster Nazareth]. Prayer book in Chamorro Language by Father Callistus Lopinot and Pater Paulus Fischer

1604. Paulus and Lopinot, Callistus. 1910. Katechismus in der Chamorro Sprache. [Catechism in Chamorro Language]. HongKong: Typis Societatis Missionum ad Exteros [Kloster Nazareth]. Catechism in Chamorro Language by Father Callistus Lopinot and Pater Paulus Fischer

1605. [Price, Francis M.] 1908. A catechism of Christian doctrine and practice in which the answers are given in exactly or substantially in the words of the Holy Scripture. Boston: Fort Hill Press. English-Chamorro Cathechism for the Catholic Church. While predominantly produced for the Guam market (hence the English text), this catechism was used in the Northern Marianas until a new edition by the German Capuchins could be compiled.

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Missions 1606. Price, Francis M. 1908. Y cuatro evangelio sija yan y checho y apolstoles siji qui Testamento nuebo y senotta yan y sabadotta si Jesuchristo; yan y samo sija. Un trinadux y fino griego yan hebrea qui fino y tano Guam pat y Chamorro. [Bible. The Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles of the New Testament or Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and the Psalms. A translation from Greek and Hebrew into the Chamorro language spoken on Guam]. New York: American Bible Society. Bible translated in Chamorro, with English text given as well.

1607. Walleser, Salvator. 1911. A Kedung el Kristiano. [Prayer book in Yapese language]. Freiburg: Herder.

Mission History 1608. Anon. 1899. “Die Marianen.” [The Marianas]. Die Katholischen Missionen 27, nº 11, pp. 241–246. Review paper on the state of the mission in the Marianas, written on the eve of the annexation of Micronesia from Spain. Includes a summary of the mission history.

1609. Anon. 1900. “Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Marianen.” [News from the Missions. The Marianas]. Die katholischen Missionen 28, p. 283. Brief summary of mission stations, priests in charge and the size of the congregations, based on Spanish records.

1610. Anon. 1902. “Die Marianen.” [The Marianas]. Gott Will Es! 14, nº 11, p. 339. Statistics of the Catholic missions on the Marianas, with names of priests and the size of the congregations.

1611. Anon. 1903. “Die Marianen.” [The Marianas]. Gott Will Es! 15, nº 12, pp. 374–375. Statistics of the Catholic missions on the Marianas, with names of priests and the size of the congregations.

1612. Anon. 1907. “Karolinen. Rückblick auf die spanische Periode.” [Review of the Spanish Period]. Die Katholischen Missionen 35, nº 8, pp. 189–190. Overview of the state of the mission in the Carolines and Marianas on the occasion of the German Capuchins taking over the running of the missions.

1613. Anon. 1907. “Die Marianen.” [The Marianas]. Die Katholischen Missionen 36, nº 2, pp. 30–34. Overview of the state of the mission in the Marianas on the occasion of the German Capuchins taking over the running of the missions. Includes some environmental and geographical information, largely focussed on Guam.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1614. Anon. 1908. “Apostolische Präfektur der Marianen-Inseln.” [Apostolic prefecture of the Marianas]. Gott Will Es! 20, nº 5, pp. 174–148. Statistics of the Catholic missions on the Marianas, with names of priests and the size of the congregations.

1615. Anon. 1910. “Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Marianen.” [News from the Missions. The Marianas]. Die katholischen Missionen 39, p. 204. Brief item mentions that a Catholic school had been opened on Rota. The furniture of the former government school had been lent to the church to facilitate operations. Prior to the Catholic priests taking over the school, a Chamorro held the government teacher position, employed at RMk 50 per month and free housing.

1616. Anon. 1910. “Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Ozeanien. Apostol[ische] Präfektur der Karolinen und Marianen. Das Wirken der deutschen Kapuziner.” [News from the Missions. Oceania. The Apostolic Prefecture of the Carolines and the Marianas. The work of the German Capuchins]. Die katholischen Missionen 39, pp. 260–262. Summary of the activities of the Capuchin monks in the Carolines and the Marianas. Relationships to Guam are mentioned.

1617. Anon. 1910. “Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Ozeanien. Die deutschen Kapuziner auf den Karolinen und Marianen.” [News from the Missions. Oceania. The German capuchins on the Carolines and the Marianas]. Die katholischen Missionen 38, pp. 202–204. Summary of the annual reports of the Capuchin monks regarding their activities in the Marianas. An example of how such annual report data were spread to a wider Catholic audience.

1618. Anon. 1911. “Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Apostolisches Vikariat der deutschen Karolinen und Marianen.” [News from the Missions. Apostolic Vicariate of the German Carolines and Marianas]. Die katholischen Missionen 40, p. 151. Brief item on the establishment of the vicariate with census of religious personnel posted t o the vicariate. Mentions that Catholic priests are still barred from entering the government school on Saipan, and that religion is not taught there.

1619. Anon. 1912. Festschrift zur Konsekration des Hochwürdigen Herrn Salvator Walleser aus der rhein[isch]-westf[älischen] Kapuzinerordensprovinz, Titular-Bischoff von Tanagra und Apostolischer Vikar der Marianen und Karolinen. Am Feste der Unbefleckten Empfängnis, Achten Dezember 1912. [Commemorative volume on occasion of the consecration of the Honourable Salvator Walleser of the Rhine-Westphalian Province of the Capuchin order, titular-Bishop for Tanagra and Apostolic Vicar for the Marianas and Carolines]. Ehrenbreitstein: Rheinisch-west[älische] Kapuzinerordensprovinz. Biographical sketch of Salvator Walleser and his work in Micronesia. Contains biographical data as well as information on shipping connections and living conditions in Palau. When appointed Apostolic Vicar for the Marianas and Carolines he was also appointed titularBishop for Tanagra, a former diocese in Greece (mission bishops were allocated a former diocese now held in non-Christian hands). Part of the commemorative volume provides an overview of the history of the Catholic mission in the Carolines and Palau with a summary

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Missions account of the Spanish mission to Guam and the rest of the Marianas. The Catholic missionaries’ position on the causes of Sokeh’s rebellion are outlined.

1620. Anon. 1915. “Kleine Missionschronik und Statistisches. Ozeanien.” [Brief mission chronicle and statistics. Oceania]. Die katholischen Missionen 45, p. 13. Comments on the establishment of the Japanese rule in Micronesia. Mentions that Japanese shipping lines are systematically undercutting British competition. Japan had established a school in Singapore to train Japanese citizens who wish to work for the new government i n Micronesia. Two hundred boys from the Marianas and the Carolines are being educated i n Japanese in a school on Saipan (?). Fifteen of these have been taken for further education t o Tokyo.

1621. Anon. 1915. “Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Ozeanien. Marianen und Karolinen.” [News from the Missions. Oceania. The Carolines and the Marianas]. Die katholischen Missionen 45, p. 13. Comment on the tightness of the Japanese mail censorship resulting in a dearth of information on the state of the mission.

1622. Anon. 1915. “Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Südsee-Missionen.” [News from the Missions. South Sea Missions]. Die katholischen Missionen 45, p. 68. Brief item on the fate of the missions during World War I.

1623. Anon. 1919. “Aus der Südsee.” [From the South Seas]. Die Katholischen Missionen 47, p. 164. Item outlining the paucity of information on the state of the mission in Japanese occupied Micronesia.

1624. Anon. 1919. “Der deutsche Glaubensbote in der Südsee.” [The German messenger of faith in the South Seas]. Die Katholischen Missionen 47, p. 164. Item summarising the success of the German Catholic mission to the South Seas before the outbreak of World War I, and the limited state of news since the Japanese occupation of Micronesia.

1625. Anon. 1929. Erinnerungen an die Ehrwürdige Mutter M. Alexia, Stifterin und erste General-Oberin und Geschichte der Schulschwestern des heiligen Franziskus. [Remembrances of the honourable Mother M. Alexia, founder and first Mother Superior General and a History of the school sisters of St. Francis]. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: St. Josephs Konvent. Item on church history, detailing the establishment and involvement of the Franciscan nuns in the Carolines (pp. 110–143) with some references on the Marianas. Includes a narrative of the Japanese take-over in Palau.

1626. Duffner, Venantius. 1911. “Zur Missionschronik. Aussichten der Mission auf Jap und Palau.” [The mission chronicles. Prospects of the missions on Yap and Palau]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 38–40. Paints a not very promising picture of the mission on Yap, with low conversion rates (except among low-ranking women). The situation on Palau was seen as not much better. Contains photo of Br. Lucius Keller of Rota.

1627. Fischer, Paulus. 1910. “Zur Missionschronik. Jahresbericht über die Marianen.” [The missionary chronicles. Annual Report on the Mariana Islands]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und PalauInseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1910. [From the missions of the RhineWestphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1910]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 14–18. Annual report of the activities of the Capuchin missionaries on Saipan, Rota and Guam. Discusses the level of service provided (spiritual and teaching) as well as the development/construction of and staffing of the missions. Statistics of missionaries and members of the congregations are given. Contains a photo of the church at Garapan and a list of missionaries. Contains a brief report on an attempt to visit people on the northern islands on board of the government vessel Delphin. Some comments on tropical storms and earthquakes are made.

1628. Fliedner, Fritz. 1889. Römische Missionspraxis auf den Karolinen. [Rome’s Mission Practices in the Carolines]. Second Thousand. Flugschriften des Evangelischen Bundes 27. Halle (Saale): Evangelischer Bund. Protestant treatise critical of the missions of the Catholic church in the Caroline Islands against the backdrop of Protestant mission endeavour. Includes a Protestant view of the arrest of Revd Doane and his trial in Manila with excerpts from Catholic sources. The item gives a good description of the Catholic-Protestant conflict during the Spanish period and informs on missionary conditions at the time.

1629. Hespers, Karl. 1906. “Die Katholischen Missionen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. F. II Apostolisches Vikariat der Marshall-Gruppe (1905).” [The Catholic missions in the German protectorates. F. II Apostolic Vicariate of the Marshall Group (1905)]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 1, p. Beilage zu nr. 1. Annual report on the state of the Catholic Mission in the Marshall Islands.

1630. Hespers, Karl. 1906. “Die Katholischen Missionen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. H. Karolinen und Palau.” [The Catholic missions in the German protectorates. H. Carolines and Palau]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 1, p. Beilage zu nr. 1. Annual report on the state of the Catholic Mission in the Carolines and Palau.

1631. Hespers, Karl. 1906. “Die Katholischen Missionen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. I. Marianen.” [The Catholic missions in the German protectorates. I. Marianas]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 17, nº 1 Supplement, pp. 7–8. No new data, 1897 data reprinted.

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Missions 1632. Huonder, Anton. 1899. Deutsche Jesuitenmissionare des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts. Ein Beitrag zur Missionsgeschichte und zur deutschen Biographie. [German Jesuit missionaries of the 17th and 18th century. A contribution to mission history and German biography]. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Item on the history of the Jesuit mission, with brief biographical sketches of missionaries sent to the Philippines and Guam (pp. 166–173).

1633. Hüskes, J. 1932. Pioniere der Südsee: Werden und Wachsen. Der Herz Jesu Mission von Rabaul zum Goldenen Jubiläum 1882–1932. [Pioneers of the South Seas: Creation and growth. To the Sacred Heart Mission of Rabaul for its Golden Jubilee 1882–1932]. Hiltrup (Düsseldorf): [Hiltruper Misionare]. Reminiscences and discussion of the history of the Catholic Sacred Heart Mission in the Marshall Islands. Unlike the Marianas with an almost exclusively Catholic population the Marshalls were a mainly Protestant community and Catholic missionaries faced covert oppostion from (Protestant) German administrators.

1634. Lehmann, Gallus. 1911. “Zur Missionschronik. Stand der deutschen Mission auf den deutschen Marianen 1910.” [The mission chronicles. State of the German missions on the German Marianas]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 44. Statistical table setting out the key indicators of missionary activity on Saipan and Rota.

1635. Lehmann, Gallus. 1911. “Zur Missionschronik. Statistik von Saipan-Marianen.” [The mission chronicles. Statistics of Saipan, Marianas]. Aus den Missionen der rheinischwestfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. P. 44. Provides demographic data on the congregation on Saipan (Garapan, Neuheim and Tanapag) from 1905 to 1910. The data include births and deaths (by age classes) and the number of marriages.

1636. Madre, Corbinian. 1910. “Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Tagesordnung the Pater Corbinian.” [Pictures from Missionary life. The daily life of Pater Corbinian]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1909. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1909]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 28–32. Narrative of a usual day in the life of Pater Corbinian on Rota. Provides some information o n the religious and school instruction, including Chamorro phrases. Contains a photo of Pater Corbinian in front of the stone church of Tanapag.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1637. Möhring, Catharina. 1910. “Bilder aus dem Missionsleben. Im Dysenterie-Haus.” [Pictures from Missionary life. In the Dysentery Station]. Aus den Missionen der rheinischwestfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1909. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1909]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 32–33. Describes the treatment of dysentery victims of the German New Guinea police force o n Pohnpei. Contains a letter from Georg Fritz.

1638. Müller, Kilian. 1910. “Der Missionsgedanke und seine Verwirklichung.” [The concept of missions and its realisation]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen KapuzinerOrdensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1910. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1910]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 1–6. Overview of the missionary rationale in general and in Micronesia in particular. Some discussions of the contributions to be made by donors.

1639. Müller, Kilian. 1910. “Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Ozeanien. die Kapuzinermission auf den Marianen, Karolinen und Palauinseln.” [News from the Missions. Oceania. The Capuchin mission on the Mariana, Caroline and Palau Islands]. Die katholischen Missionen 39, p. 204. Summary of the occupation of German Micronesia by the Japanese and the fate of missions. The difficulties with the postal service are highlighted.

1640. Müller, Kilian. 1910. “Zur Missionschronik.” [Missions chronicles]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1909. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1909]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 7–18. Overview of the missionary activities on Palau, Yap, Pohnpei and Saipan. A list of all missionaries and their postings, as well as congregational statistics are given. With pictures of Brother Georg who died on Yap shortly after his arrival in Micronesia; the old and the new mission houses on Palau; the missionaries on Pohnpei; the hand-over of the Marianas from Spanish to German missionaries; a house on Saipan.

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Missions 1641. Müller, Kilian. 1911. “Die Mission im Allgemeinen.” [The concept of missions and its realisation]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 1–8. Overview of the missionary rationale in general and in Micronesia in particular. Some discussions of the contributions to be made by donors. Contains images of Brothers Severin Oppermann and Placidus Müller.

1642. Müller, Kilian. 1911. “Zur Missionschronik. Errichtung zweier Apostolischen Vikariate.” [The mission chronicles. Establishment of two apostolic vicariates]. Aus den Missionen der rheinisch-westfälischen Kapuziner-Ordensprovinz auf den Karolinen, Marianen, und Palau-Inseln in der deutschen Südsee. Jahresbericht 1911. [From the missions of the Rhine-Westphalian province of the Capuchins to the Carolines, Marianas and Palau Islands of the German South Seas. Annual Report 1911]. Oberginginen, Lothringen: Druck der Waisen-Lehrlinge. Pp. 43–44. Item on the establishment of an apostolic vicariate for Guam, and a vicariate for the (northern) Marianas and the Carolines. Comprises a brief history of the Capuchin mission. Contains a photograph of a Chamorro family.

1643. Reichstag. 1904. “Missionsberichte.” [Mission reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1902–1903. Stenographische Berichte über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XI. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session, 1. Sessionsabschnitt, 1903/1904. I. Anlageband. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 347. Annual report on the state of the mission in the Islands Territory with general statistics and lists of congregations.

1644. Reichstag. 1908. “Appendix E II: Missionsberichte.” [Mission reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1906/1907. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 245. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 4137. Annual government report on the state of the protectorate. Provides a state of the missons i n the region. The section on the Marianas repeats outdated Spanish sources.

1645. Reichstag. 1909. “Missionsberichte.” [Mission reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1907/1908. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 1. Session vol. 252. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. P. 7169. Annual report on the state of the mission in the Islands Territory with general statistics and lists of congregations.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1646. Reichstag. 1911. “Missionsberichte.” [Mission reports]. Denkschrift über die Entwicklung der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika und der Südsee 1908/1909. Anlagen zu den Stenographischen Berichten über Verhandlungen des Reichstages XII. Legislaturperiode, 2. Session vol. 271. Berlin: Julius Sittenfeld. Pp. 1033–1034. Annual report on the state of the mission in the Islands Territory with general statistics.

1647. Schmidlin, Joseph. 1913. “Die Kapuziner Mission auf den Karolinen und Marianen.” [The Capuchin mission on the Carolines and the Marianas]. In: Schmidlin, Joseph (ed.), Die Katholischen Missionen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Münster: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Pp. 197–206. Brief overview of the Catholic mission history in Western Micronesia. Includes among others photographs of the mission at Melegeok (Palau) and of the Catholic church in Garapan.

1648. Walleser, Salvator. 1915. “Die Besetzung der Marianen und Karolinen durch die Japaner.” [The occupation of the Marianas and Carolines by the Japanese]. Die Katholischen Missionen 44, pp. 64–66. Brief eyewitness account of the Japanese occupation of Pohnpei. Mentions the arrival of the German squadron on 17 July which stayed until 5 August. The news of the declaration of war was received via the radio transmitters of the warships, and quickly relayed to all on the island. The Japanese occupation on 7 October is described. Given the arrival of six warships resistance was not an option. Describes the Japanese searching mission property and the fact that nothing had been taken despite abundant opportunity. The difficulties with the postal service are highlighted.

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APPENDIX OTHER PUBLICATIONS BY AND ABOUT GEORG FRITZ Of all administrators in the Marianas, Georg Fritz (24 November 1865-18 November 1944) looms large. He was the first district administrator (‘Bezirksamtmann’) on Saipan starting on the day of the hand-over on 17 November 1899 and serving until March 1907. After the administrative restructuring of 1907 he was transferred to Pohnpei and tasked with the implementation of very unpopular measures. Trying to solve the local resistance to German plans through persistent and patient negotiations, he did not perform to the expectations of a colonial office desirous of obtaining quick results. While on recreation leave to Japan in 1909, Fritz was removed from his post and put in charge of the enlarged district of the Western Carolines and Saipan, based in Yap—the position he had previously sought. Taking this transfer as a criticism of his administrative capabilities, Fritz retired from the colonial service in late 1910 citing health reasons. In October 1912 Fritz went for eighteen months t o Java to manage a plantation. Although Fritz expressed some antisemitic sentiments while in office, they did not come to the fore until after his retirement from the colonial service. In 1915, during World War I, he published an item arguing that Germany’s colonial efforts had been a waste of effort and that Germany would have been better advised to concentrate in expansionist polices in Europe and Africa. In 1916 he joined the staff of the Deutsche Zeitung and later became its editor. In the early 1930s he worked as editor of a journal concerned with advertising. The items in this section are comprised of books addressing the events on Pohnpei after his departure [1653, 1655] and treatises on colonial and emigration policy [33, 35, 1656, 1694] as well as vignettes of his travels before

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[cf 1651, 1662], during [cf 1666, 1668] and after his position in Micronesia [cf 1658, 1659].

Georg Fritz

1649. Anon. 1912. “Die Vorgeschichte des Aufstands in Ponape.” [From the South Seas. The pre-history of the uprising on Pohnpei]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 26, nº 10, pp. 210–211. Review of Fritz’ book ‘Ad majorem Dei Gloriam! Die Vorgeschichte des Aufstandes von 1910/11 in Pohnpei. (see item 1653).

1650. Anon. 1925. “Zum 60. Geburtstag von Geheimrat Georg Fritz.” [On the 60th birthday of Councillor Georg Fritz]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). 1925, 24 November. Brief item on Fritz’ anniversary, with a pastel sketch.

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Publications by and about Georg Fritz 1651. Fritz, Georg. 1892. “Aus dem Chaco.” [From the Chaco]. Tägliche Rundschau (Berlin). Unterhaltungsteil. 1892, 19 May. Review of the scheme to sell shares in land and companies operating in the Chaco region of Argentina. Comments on the capabilities of German and German-speaking emigrants as settlers. Much of the commentary is based on the author’s own experiences. Included because of Fritz’ life experiences prior to coming to the Marianas.

1652. Fritz, Georg. 1907. “Eine Reise nach Palau, Sonsol, und Tobi (mit vier Abbildungen).” [A trip to Palau, Sonsorol and Tobi (with four illustrations)]. Deutsches Kolonialblatt 18, nº 14, pp. 659–668. In August 1906 Georg Fritz, as acting administrator of the western Carolines, undertook a patrol voyage to the southern atolls of Palau aboard the government schooner Pohnpei, which had been made available to him for a three months period. Fritz mentions that a hydrographic survey had been carried out of Tanapag harbour by SMS Condor. The first stop of Fritz patrol visit was Rota where he ordered road building to recommence and where he introduced travel restrictions for entire families to reduce revenue loss caused by extended shopping expeditions to Saipan and especially to Guam. The harbour entrance to Rota had been cleared by explosive on a previous visit by SMS Condor. En route the vessel reached (by accident) Feis, which is described in detail. On Yap he critically comments of the ill chosen location of the cable station and the inadvisability of having chosen Yap over Palau as the seat of the German administration. Fritz speculates on the need to relocate to Palau. A description of Palau is included. On Yap and Palau he took on board nearly 100 people from the southern atolls, whose work contracts had expired and whom he offered to take back. The atolls and their inhabitants are described.

1653. Fritz, Georg. 1912. Ad majorem Dei Gloriam! Die Vorgeschichte des Aufstandes von 1910/11 in Ponape. [To the highest glory of the lord! The prehistory of the 1910/11 rebellion on Pohnpei]. Leipzig: Dietrich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Theodor Weicher. 107 pp. Book discussing the social and political conditions leading up to the Sokeh’s rebellion of 1910/11. Comments on the German attempts to change the traditional system of servitude and obligations towards the chiefs. Fritz as district administrator was charged with the implementation, As he tried to develop a consensus approach, the progress was slower than desired by Berlin. Fritz was eventually recalled and transferred to Yap, with Gustav Boeder taking his place and pushing reforms, which eventually led to the rebellion. Fritz is very critical of the role of the Catholic church. [Included here because of Fritz’ prior involvement in the Marianas].

1654. Fritz, Georg. 1912. “Leserbrief an den Herausgeber des Ostasiatischen Lloyd.” [Letter to the editor of the Ostasiatische Lloyd]. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd 26, nº 10, p. 210. Letter accompanying a review copy of Fritz’ book ‘Ad majorem Dei Gloriam! Die Vorgeschichte des Aufstandes von 1910/11 in Pohnpei’.

1655. Fritz, Georg. 1913. Die Kapuziner in Ponape. [The Capuchins in Pohnpei]. Leipzig: Dietrich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Theodor Weicher. 30p. Booklet responding to the Capuchin’s criticism of is portrayal of their role in Fritz’s book o n Pohnpei prior to the Sokeh’s rebellion. Fritz uses this booklet to defend his views (vindicated

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands by a court decision regarding libel by his opponents) and continued to criticise the church. [Included here because of Fritz’ prior involvement in the Marianas].

1656. Fritz, Georg. 1915. Die Ostjudenfrage. Zionismus & Grenzschluß. [The question of the eastern Jews. Zionism and Closed Borders]. München: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag. A treatise on the need for Germany to have colonies, and the danger posed by having too far flung colonial empires. He argues that the acquisition of vast colonial empires caused a weakening of German power in Europe. He further argued that the greatest mistake would be the reacquisition of the former German South Seas colonies from Japan, as Japan was a future necessary ally. Much of the treatise deals with racial purity and the need to keep German and Germanic traits in good shape. He identifies the Jewish community as the greatest threat to the well-being of Germany. Given that the Jewish population of Germany was in numerical decline, this ‘problem’ would solve itself as long as one closed off the eastern borders and prevented new immigration.

1657. Fritz, Georg 1915. Die Ostjudenfrage. Zionismus und Grenzschluß. [The question of the eastern Jews. Zionism and Closed Borders]. 4–6th Thousand. München: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag. Reprint of the item above

1658. Fritz, Georg. 1925. “Der Tempel der Weisheit.” [The temple of wisdom]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). vol. 29, nº 3. 1925, 23 February. Travel description of the Borobudur on Java, based on Fritz’ personal observations. Includes photographs taken by Fritz.

1659. Fritz, Georg. 1925. “Bali-Insulinde.” [Bali and Island Indonesia]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). vol. 29 Nº 6. 1925, 15 March. Popular item on the ethnography and travels on Java based on Fritz’ personal observations. Includes photographs taken by Fritz.

1660. Fritz, Georg. 1925. “Ceylon.” Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). vol. 30, nº 19. 1925, 14 June. Popular item on the ethnography and travels on Ceylon based on Fritz’ personal observations. Includes photographs taken by Fritz.

1661. Fritz, Georg. 1925. “Die Inseln des Salomo (Buchbesprechung).” [The island of Solomon (book review)]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). S 342. 1925, 28 July. Book review included as an example of Fritz’ journalistic work.

1662. Fritz, Georg. 1925. “Nach Buenos Aires.” [To Buenoa Aires]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). vol. 30, nº 30. 1925, 30 August. Popular item on the emigration opportunites and travels in South America based on Fritz’ personal observations. Includes photographs taken by Fritz.

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Publications by and about Georg Fritz 1663. Fritz, Georg. 1925. “Bilder aus Argentinien.” [Pictures from Argentina]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). vol. 30, nº 25. 1925, 4 October. P. 1, col. 3. Popular item on the emigration opportunites and travels in South America based on Fritz’ personal observations. Includes photographs taken by Fritz.

1664. Fritz, Georg. 1925. “Der Befreiungskampf Indiens.” [India’s fight for liberation].[Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). vol. 30, nº 529A Morning Issue. 1925, 11 November. P. 1, col. 3. Book review of A. Caihill, Verlorene Herrschaft (1924).

1665. Fritz, Georg. 1927. “Ein Paradies of wankendem Boden. Jap und die Südsee.” [A paradise on shifting ground. Yap and the South Seas]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). 1927, 2 January. Popular item on the ethnography and German period on Yap.

1666. Fritz, Georg. 1929. “Geldsymbole in Mikronesien.” [Symbols of money in Micronesia]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). 1929, 25 May. Description of forms of money in Micronesia, with reference to the stone money on Yap, Spondylus and other shell monies as well as Palau valuables.

1667. Fritz, Georg. 1929. “Das Maternalrecht.” [The matriarchical law]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). nº 142. 1929, 20 June. Popular item on the ethnography of the matriarchical law based on Fritz’ travels in Indonesia.

1668. Fritz, Georg. 1930. “Ein Jakaufest auf Ponape.” [A sakau feast on Pohnpei]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). 1930 April. A description of a sakau ceremony written for a general audience, aimed at dispelling the myth that sakau was a dangerous drug leading people to become cannibals (as had been asserted i n an article Fritz is responding to).

1669. Fritz, Georg. 1930. “Zwischen Wüste und Urwald. Die Wirtschaft als Grundlage der Gesellschaft und Kultur.” [Between desert and jungle. The economy as the basis of society and culture]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). 1930, 25 November. Review of a public lecture on the ethnography of the region of the White Nile.

1670. Fritz, Georg. 1930. “Vergifting einer Missionsschule in Indien.” [Poisoning of a mission school in India]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). 1930, 9 December. News comment on events in India.

1671. Fritz, Georg. 1931. “Was lebt auf den Sternen by Desiderius Papp (Buchbesprechung).” [What lives on the star, by Desiderius Psapp (book review)]. Deutsche Zeitung (Berlin). 1931, 6 January. Book review included as an example of Fritz’ journalistic work.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1672. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Die Anzeigen und Bevölkerungspolitik.” [Advertisements and population policy]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) . (Berlin). 26, p. 666. Article discussing the relevance population politics will have on advertising.

1673. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Anzeigen werben für Anzeigen.” [Advertisments advertise for advertisments]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 683. Item discussing the fact that the placement of advertisments in one sector will attract further advertisments from competitors.

1674. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Aus der Exportwerbung.” [About advertising for export]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 578. Item describing the current advertising to reach export markets.

1675. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Bevölkerungspolitik und Werbug.” [Population policy and advertising]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 632. Article demonstrating the relevance population politics will have on advertising.

1676. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Die deutsche Presse.” [The German press]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 649. Article on the state of the German press in relation to the advertising industry.

1677. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Deutsche Sitten und Gebräuche.” [German Habits and Customs]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 523. Item on German customs and how they form part of a market.

1678. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Gesetzliche Regelung der Werbe und Verkaufsmethoden in den USA.” [The legislative regulation of advertising and sales methods in the USA]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 688. Description of the legislation of the USA, comparing it to the German situation.

1679. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Der Internationale Reklame-Kongress in Rom–Mailand.” [The Internation Congress on advertising in Rome and Milan]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 535. Report on the International Advertising Congress.

1680. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Der Kalender.” [The calendar]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 457. Calendar of events.

1681. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Die Kamera.” [The camera]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 586. Item on advertising via films.

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Publications by and about Georg Fritz 1682. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Die Kinobesucher.” [The Cinema goers]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 710. Item discussing cinema goers as a suitable captive market for advertising.

1683. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Licht und Ton.” [Light and sound]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 693. Article discussing the power of advertising via film.

1684. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Made In Germany.” Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 544. Item discussing the value of a brand name.

1685. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Die Prüfungspflicht der Wirtschaftsbetriebe in öffentlicher Hand.” [The auditing requirements of companies in public hand]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 442. Item on advertising by companies in the public hands.

1686. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Rumänien.” [Romania]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 572. Article on business and advertising opportunities in Romania.

1687. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Der Rundfunk als praktisches Werbemittel.” [The radio as an effective advertising medium]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 416. Article advocating the use of radio advertising.

1688. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Schutzmarken für ausländische landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnise.” [Trademarks for foreign agricultural products]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 516. Article discussing how foreign agricultural products (and produce) can be protected from undue competition.

1689. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Unberechtigte Werbefeindlichkeit im Heilmittelwesen.” [Unwarranted reticence to advertise by the pharmaceutocal industry]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 598. Article making the point that the reluctance of the pharmaceutical industry to engage i n advertising was unfounded.

1690. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Von A bis Z durch die Gastronomie.” [The A to Z of Gastronomy]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 615. Item discussing the special needs of advertising in the gatsronomic industry.

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1691. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Was muss der Werbefachmann von der Wirtschaftswerbung ab 1. 11. 1933 wissen?” [What does the advertising specialist need to know about business advertising as of 1 November 1933?]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 605. Overview of the legislatiive changes effected 1 Nov. 1933.

1692. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Werbung in den Auges des Auslandes und der Wirklichkeit.” [Advertising as seen from abroad, and its reality]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 412. Paper discussing the need to advertise so that foreign markets will take notice.

1693. Fritz, Georg. 1933. “Das Zugabe Gesetz.” [Legislation regarding Promotions]. Die deutsche Werbung (Die Reklame) (Berlin). 26, p. 402. Discussion of recent legal changes regulating the opportunities to provide free additional services and goods.

1694. Fritz, Georg. 1935. Südwanderung das Ende der nordischen Rasse. [Migration to the South-the end of the Nordic race]. Berlin: Richard Stahl. Discussion of German colonial policy in the 1930s and the need for a selective approach to colonies.

1695. Fritz, Georg. 1939. “Guanchen, eine wiedergefundene Rasse.” [The Guanches, a rediscovered race]. Deutsche Zeitung. Unterhaltungsblatt (Berlin). 246, p. 2. Newspaper item on the physical anthropology of the Guanches of the Canary Islands (Atlantic). Contains some racial comments in line with Nazi ideology at the time.

1696. Will, Hans. 1926. “Jap im Landesmuseum.” [Yap in the State Museum]. Darmstädter Tageblatt (Darmstadt). 1926 July. Item on the exhibition of a series of artefacts and ethnographica collected by Georg Fritz o n Yap.

— 298 —

AUTHOR INDEX Acker, Amandus: 1562 Allgemeiner Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschtums im Auslande: 530 Anson, George: 596, 597 B.: 993 B., F.: 598 B., W.: 1487 Barschdorff: 540, 541 Bartels, Ed.: 253 Barth, Christian B.: 542 Bassenge: 705 Bastian, Adolf: 971 Beccari, Odoardo: 919, 920 Beck, C. von: 144, 145 Becker, Alexander: 706 Behrens, Hermann: 1418 Benedict, Ch.: 943 Bennigsen, Rudolf von: 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 644, 645, 646 Berg, Victor: 265, 266, 1419 Beta, Ottomar: 795 Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von: 267, 268, 269 Bezirksamtmann Yap: 270 Bismarck, Otto von: 174, 175 Bitter, G: 930 Block, Magnus H: 796 Blum, Hans: 1060 Blumentritt, Ferdinand: 599, 610 Bonani, Joseph: 600, 601, 602, 603 Born, Ludwig: 707, 886

Bornhak, Conrad: 271 Brandeis, Antonie: 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 Bratring, F.W.A.: 604, 797 Brose, Maximilian: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Buchhorn, Josef: 31 Buchka, von: 272 Bülow, Bernhard Fürst von: 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 1420 Bunsen, von : 891 Buse: 708, 709, 710, 711, 712 Busse, W.: 284 Büttner, R.: 144, 145 Chamisso, Adalbert von: 605, 606, 607, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937 Christmann, Friedrich: 798 Clericus, Albertus: 1573 Conze: 285, 286 Costenoble, Hermann H.L.W.: 799, 994, 1222 Cox, L.M.: 800 Dachsel, P: 1061 Daiber, Albert: 647 Damm, Otto: 543 Danckelmann, von: 887 Däubler, K: 713 De Candolle, C.: 938 Deeken, Richard: 32, 69, 130, 176, 939, 1110, 1223 Deimling, Kapitänleutnant: 144, 145 Dernburg, Bernhard: 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294

— 299 —

Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft: 801 Deutscher Flottenverein: 177 Diels, L: 940, 941, 942 Dieterlen: 714 Dietzel, Karl H.: 678 Doerr, Dr.: 295 Domnick, Karl: 890 Dove, Kurt: 144, 145, 802 DS: 679 Duffner, Venantius: 544, 1626 Düsterbehn, H: 1488 Dwucet, F.: 545, 648, 803, 888, 921, 984 Ebert, Paul: 649 Eckert, Georg: 680, 681, 682, 683, 755, 855, 985, 1111 Eckert, M: 1062 Engler, A: 584, 585 Er.,: 1181 Evers: 715 Ewerlien, E: 586 Falkenstein, Karl: 608 Fendler. G.: 744 Finck, L.: 859 Finsch, Otto: 804, 922, 976 Fischer, Paulus: 1595, 1627 Fitzner, Rudolf: 756, 805 Flemke, Hugo: 105 Fliedner, Fritz: 1628 Freyse, Gustav: 1489 Freytag, W.: 1574 Friedemann, Albert: 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1548 Friedemann, Hugo: 806 Friederichsen, Ludwig: 131 Friedrich Wilhelm II, Emperor: 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308

Fritz, Georg: 33, 34, 35, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 546, 556, 609, 650, 651, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 886, 889, 890, 891, 892, 972, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1112, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695 Fs.,: 1182 Fuchs, Karl: 856 Fürth: 716 Galvagni, E.: 923 Gayl, Freiherr von: 36 German: 1540 Gerstmeyer: 282, 288, 292, 333, 334, 341, 342, 344, 347, 349, 358, 384, 397, 398, 399, 423, 428, 476 Gesang, Othmar: 1421 Geyer, Albert: 547, 549 Gibbon, James: 890 Gilg, E.: 943 Girschner, Max: 178, 179, 717, 718, 719, 890, 891, 1001 Graf, Basilius: 893, 894 Grapow, Admiral von: 132, 867 Gründl, F.: 548 Grunwald, H: 573 Guerra, Alvarez: 610 Gulick, Luther: 757 H., H.: 1541 H., P: 684 Haas, Salesius: 973, 974 Haber, E: 133 Hager, Carl: 977 Hahl, Albert: 134, 135, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378,

— 300 —

Author Index 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 685, 686, 720, 815, 1422, 1423, 1424 Hahl, Louise: 180 Halem, G. A. von: 21 Hambruch, Paul: 988 Hänel, Karl: 687 Harms, H: 816 Hartwig, Georg: 611, 612 Hassel, Ulrich von: 817 Hassert, Kurt: 818, 1063, 1064 Haunroth, W.: 1542 Heidke, P: 895, 896 Helfferich, D: 37, 523 Hellmann, Julius: 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214 Helmreich, Theodor: 1065 Heng, Hans: 136 Henoch, Hubert: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 1066 Herfurth, Alfred: 181, 1067 Hermann, Rudolf: 477, 758, 1068, 1113 Herzog, H: 1425, 1426 Hespers, Karl: 1575, 1629, 1630, 1631 Hesse, Hermann: 385, 478, 479 Hessler, Carl: 819, 820 Höfer, Herrmann: 821, 822, 901, 1224 Hoffmann, Edler von : 38, 480, 1069 Hoffmann, Florian: 182 Hoffmann, P. Theobald: 1427 Hogrefe, L: 524 Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Herrmann Fürst zu: 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391 Holtsch, Maria: 688 Huch, M.: 1543 Huonder, Anton: 1632 Hüskes, J: 1633 Hutter, Hauptmann a.d.: 144, 145 Irmer, Georg: 70, 137, 549 Jacobi, E.: 138, 550, 1002, 1070 Jaluit Gesellschaft: 421, 422, 423, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434

Jeschke, Carl: 613 Jöhlinger, Otto: 139 Jordan, Ilse: 689 Jung, Karl Emil: 823, 824, 825 K., Dr.: 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547 Kaiser, Erich: 857, 858 Kalckhof, F: 1548 Karlowa, Hans: 481 Karstedt-Steglitz, (Dr.): 39 Kausch, Otto: 826 Kayser: 392 Kerp, Heinrich: 827 Kersting: 393 Kiderlen-Wächter, Alfred von: 394 Kindt, Ludwig: 759, 1003 Kirchhoff, Alfred: 652, 1071 Kirn, Karl: 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 915 Kittlitz, F.H. von: 614 Knake: 395, 396 Kneucker, A: 944 Knorr: 615 Köbner, Otto: 282, 288, 292, 333, 334, 341, 342, 344, 347, 349, 358, 384, 397, 398, 399, 423, 428, 482 Koch, Dr. Robert: 721 Koelliker, Oscar: 616, 617 Koert, W.: 859 Kolonial-Abteilung: 400 Kolonial-Abteilung des Auswärtigen Amts: 718, 719 Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches Kommittee: 1225 Koloniale Reicharbeitsgemeinschaft: 570 Kommandant SMS ‘Cormoran’: 902 König, B. von: 183, 184, 401, 402, 551, 653, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1114, 1144 Königer: 730 Kopp, Karl: 760 Kossack, Georg: 1549 Közle, Johann Friedrich Gottlob: 828 Kraetke, Reinhold: 403 Krämer, Augustin: 761, 860, 1004, 1014 Krasser, Fridolin: 945 Krause, R: 978

— 301 —

Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Krauß, Emil: 552, 654, 1208 Krebs: 829 Krebs, Wilhelm: 924 Kreher, Hugo: 553 Krieger, M.: 554, 830, 1077, 1115, 1209, 1210 Krüger, Joseph: 1550 Krüger, Karl A.: 40 Krulle: 731 Kucklentz, Karl: 525 Kükenthal, G.: 946 Külz, L.: 71 Kurze, G.: 618 Kutzing, F.T.: 947 Laile, Raymund: 140 Lam, H.J.: 948 Lang, John D.: 141 Lange, Fritz: 690 Langhans, Paul: 831 Laslo, Paul: 691 Lathe, Fritz: 1435 Lauterbach, Carl: 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 966 Leber, A.: 732, 733 Lehmann, Eusebius: 555, 1576, 1596, 1597, 1598 Lehmann, Gallus: 762, 986, 1436, 1577, 1578, 1634, 1635 Lenschau: 1437 Lenz, Gustav: 556 Lesser, Richard: 619 Leutwein, Paul: 130 Leutz, Heinrich: 41 Levy, Berthold: 142 Lewis, Ewan: 890, 891 Liebert, E. von: 42 Lignitz, von: 43 Lindequist, Friedrich von: 404, 405 Lion, (Dr.): 44, 722 Loesener, Th: 957 Lopinot, Callistus: 903, 987, 1005, 1579, 1595, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604 Lüders, Ewald: 406 Mackay, Freiherr von: 45, 692

Madre, Corbinian: 557, 861, 862, 904, 908, 1580, 1636 Mai, Richard: 29, 1581 Malet, Edward: 174, 175 Markgraf, Franz: 958 Marquardsen, H.: 832, 905, 906, 907 Martens: 886, 890 Martens, Wilhelm: 558, 763, 1438, 1439, 1440 Mayer, Anton: 655 Mayer, Joseph: 712, 734, 735, 736 Meinecke, Carl: 559 Meinecke, Gustav: 185, 186, 187 Meinicke, Carl: 833, 834, 835 Meissner, Hans Otto: 693 Melander, J.V.: 890 Mensch, Franz: 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214 Mense, Carl: 723, 737 Metzger: 783 Meyer, Felix: 483 Meyer, Hans: 46 Mirbt, Carl: 1582 Mirbt, Karl: 560 Moellendorff, O.F. de: 925 Möhring, Catharina: 1637 Moisel, M: 1087 Mühlens: 724 Müllendorf, P: 1078 Müller, J.P: 543, 553 Müller, Kilian: 908, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642 Müller, Placidus: 909, 1589 Müller-Ross, Dr: 694 Neubaur, (Dr.): 1079, 1441 Norddeutscher Lloyd: 384, 1424 Oberhummer, Eugen: 620 Oberländer, Richard: 621 Oberländer, Robert: 798 Ohrt: 1551 Olkiewicz, Erich: 72 Osswald, Arthur: 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415 Paeßler, Johannes: 1226, 1227

— 302 —

Author Index Paul, C: 1590 Pauli, Carl: 574, 575 Paulsen, Fr: 561 Paulus: 1603, 1604 Paulus, Hans: 1442 Peill, Leopold: 656 Perels, Kurt: 484 Perleitz, P.: 840 Peters, Emil: 485 Petersen, E: 890 Pirl: 1552, 1553 Plate, A.G.: 657 Plehn, F: 188 Podbielski, von: 1443, 1444 Posadowsky, Artur Graf von: 416, 417, 418 Pöschel, H: 695 Prager, Erich: 189, 486, 836 Preuß, Paul: 1080, 1081, 1082 Price, Francis M. transl: 1605, 1606 Price, Willard: 696, 697 Priwe: 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561 Prowazek, Stanislaus von: 733, 837, 1228 Puche, D.W.: 1445 Quadras, J. F.: 925 Quessel, Ludwig: 47 Radlauer, Ernst: 48, 487 Radowitz, Joseph von: 419 Range, Paul: 863, 864 Rautenberg Garczynski, Paul von: 658 Ree: 190 Reichel, Volker: 745, 890 Reichs General Postamt: 420 Reichsamt des Inneren: 191, 192 Reichskanzler: 421, 422, 423 Reichskolonialamt: 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 562, 563, 564, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 715, 727, 746, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 1083, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452,

1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463 Reichskolonialbund: 49, 75 Reichsmarineamt: 868, 869 Reichstag: 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 496, 587, 725, 777, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1464, 1465, 1591, 1592, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646 Reinecke, Dr.: 144, 145, 1084 Riebow, G: 424 Rikisch, Emil: 73, 1466 Ritter, Paul: 50 Rittlinger, Herbert: 838 Rohrbach, Paul: 659 Röscher, Max: 1467, 1468 Rudolph, Herbert: 659 Rummel, Walter Freiherr von: 576, 660, 661 Ry, von: 698 S., R.: 1085 Sadebeck, R: 1229 Safford, William E: 989 Sajo, Karl: 784 Salecker, Dr: 738 Sander, L: 51 Sapper, Karl: 622, 839 Schack, Friedrich: 497 Schanz, Moritz: 565 Scharoth, Marie M.: 143 Scheel, Willy: 1064 Schkopp, Eberhard von: 588 Schlaginhaufen, Otto: 979 Schlechtendal, Diedericus de: 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937 Schlechter, R: 959, 960, 961, 962, 963 Schlesing, Heiner: 699 Schlimm, K: 425 Schmeltz, J.D.E: 589 Schmidlin, Joseph: 1647 Schmidt, Otto C: 964 Schmidt, Wilhelm: 1006 Schnee, Heinrich: 52, 53, 54, 55, 218, 284, 476, 522, 622, 654, 700, 794, 839, 896, 950, 988, 1208

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Schnee, Paul: 662, 726, 727, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 926, 927, 928 Schoen, Ludwig: 701, 702, 703 Schönstedt: 426 Schott, G.: 840 Schreiber: 498, 499, 500, 1007 Schroeder, Hans: 663 Schulte im Hofe, A.: 590 Schultz, Dr.: 623 Schultz-Ewert, Erich: 815 Schumacher, Hermann: 1469 Schumann, Karl: 949, 965, 966 Schuster, Dr. I: 1602 Schwabe, Gustav: 910, 911 Schwager, Friedrich: 1576 Seidel, A.: 144, 145, 559, 1086, 1230 Seidel, Heinrich: 144, 145, 219, 664, 665, 666, 667, 778, 779, 841, 842, 843, 844, 865, 866, 912, 913, 1008, 1009 Sell, Manfred: 704 Sembritzki, Kurt: 74 Senfft, Arno: 427, 428, 429, 624, 845, 846, 914, 1010, 1470, 1471 Sievers, Wilhelm: 146 Silvela, Francisco: 419 Singer, Hans: 220 Solf, Wilhelm: 147, 148, 221, 430, 431, 432, 433, 501, 502, 591 Solff, K.: 1472, 1473 Spillmann, Joseph: 625 Splett: 566, 567, 568 Sprigade, P: 1087 Stengel, Karl Freiherr von: 503, 504 Steudel, Dr.: 728 Steyler Mission: 1011 Stöcklein, Joseph: 593, 600, 601, 602, 603 Strauch, Franz: 1015 Stübel, Oskar: 434, 435, 436, 437, 438 Suchan-Galow, Erika: 626 Supan, A: 149, 847 Tesch, Johannes: 526 Thalheimer, August: 1012 Thiel, Friedrich: 527, 528, 592 Thilenius, Georg: 988, 1218

Traub: 1474 Treue, Wolfgang: 1149, 1215 Vahl, Karl Julius: 135 Valeton, Th.: 967 Veritas: 1216 Viereck, Louis: 668 Virchow, Rudolf: 980, 981, 982, 983 Volkens, Georg: 222, 223, 1088 Volz, Berthold: 150 W. Schmidt: 1474, 1475 Walleser, Salvator: 1607, 1648 Walther, A.: 569 Warburg, Otto: 968 Warnack, (Dr.): 56, 1089, 1231 Weber, Friedrich: 529 Wegener, Georg: 151 Weller, Carl: 1475 Wende, Gustav: 57 Wenzel, Getrud: 75 Werner, Hans : 1474, 1475 Werther, W.: 1013 Westermann, Diedrich: 570, 1232 Weyhmann, Horst: 152 Wiedemann, M: 153 Wiese, J: 545, 793, 803, 984 Wilkens, Th.: 1090 Will, Hans: 1696 Winkler: 890, 891 Winkler, C: 154, 1091, 1219 Wohltmann, F: 224 Woitschek, Hermann: 890, 891, 892, 915 Woltmann, (Dr.): 58 Wünsche, Alwin: 669 Zache, Hans: 66, 1135 Zayas, Sanches y : 627 Zelewski, von : 891, 892 Zimmermann, Alfred: 232, 256, 258, 259, 296, 297, 298, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 391, 417, 419, 439, 440, 441, 442 Zimmermann, Emil: 59 Zitelmann, Franz Carl: 1092, 1093, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140

— 304 —

Author Index

— 305 —

SUBJECT INDEX Aden Postal service: 1262 Shipping: 663 Administration Agricultural Experiment Stations: 207, 586, 587, 590, 811, 842, 1073, 1082, 1096, 1222 American: 609, 630, 650, 651, 668, 671, 784, 807, 808, 822, 845, 848, 849, 850, 1020, 1066, 1092, 1093, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1417, 1470 Annual Reports: 48, 161, 188, 197, 199, 220, 539, 641, 642, 705, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 715, 716, 718, 719, 723, 724, 727, 1032, 1078, 1089, 1139, 1140 Birth Registry: 71, 473, 474 Budget: 48, 159, 160, 165, 169, 183, 193, 197, 199, 202, 204, 205, 206, 244, 539, 639, 653, 1032, 1057, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1085, 1139, 1140 Carolines (general): 8, 9, 39, 55, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 117, 121, 122, 137, 143, 144, 145, 147, 158, 159, 160, 161, 168, 169, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 205, 206, 222, 223, 225, 230, 231, 232, 233, 242, 244, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 265, 266, 276, 277, 282, 288, 294, 296, 297, 298, 300, 324, 336, 337, 339, 342, 343, 347, 348, 349, 351, 360, 363, 383, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 395, 396, 408, 411, 416, 417, 418, 419, 425, 427, 428, 429, 432, 434, 445, 453, 457, 460, 466, 467, 472, 523, 524, 525, 526,

527, 528, 529, 539, 580, 628, 632, 633, 634, 637, 638, 641, 642, 652, 653, 684, 686, 728, 788, 805, 826, 830, 870, 1029, 1030, 1032, 1034, 1037, 1039, 1057, 1073, 1077, 1078, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1088, 1095, 1110, 1219, 1249, 1292, 1470, 1649, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655 Chuuk (General): 143, 144, 145, 168, 181, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 197, 199, 383, 408, 523, 529, 689, 1037, 1249 Civil Unrest: 108, 653 Colonial (General): 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 44, 47, 55, 56, 71, 112, 117, 121, 122, 132, 135, 137, 138, 139, 143, 149, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 168, 170, 177, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219, 224, 225, 231, 232, 233, 241, 245, 253, 255, 257, 259, 261, 262, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275, 277, 279, 286, 293, 296, 297, 298, 302, 303, 304, 318, 324, 326, 327, 328, 330, 332, 336, 337, 339, 343, 346, 360, 363, 365, 367, 383, 385, 395, 396, 405, 406, 408, 409, 416, 417, 419, 425, 426, 430, 432, 434, 437, 444, 447, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 460, 461, 466, 467, 469, 470, 473, 474, 477, 478, 481, 487, 497, 505, 512, 514, 520, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 544, 552, 563, 564, 570, 571, 575, 578, 580, 586, 628, 637, 638, 639, 643, 653, 655, 659, 660, 661, 670, 673, 674, 679, 694, 696, 697, 699, 700, 706, 722, 747, 759, 761, 786, 805, 826, 845, 875, 1004,

— 307 —

Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1015, 1019, 1020, 1023, 1031, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1039, 1047, 1069, 1070, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1078, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1084, 1095, 1149, 1219, 1225, 1231, 1249, 1439, 1474, 1475, 1582, 1591, 1592, 1643, 1645, 1646, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1657, 1694 Concession Companies: 144, 145, 287, 292 Consular duties: 33, 34, 176, 181, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 225, 232, 245, 253, 261, 262, 270, 295, 304, 326, 330, 332, 339, 343, 346, 351, 409, 430, 434, 471, 481, 516, 517, 523 German: 55, 174, 175 German Advisory Council (Kolonialrat): 512 German Colonial Society: 143, 144, 145, 180, 181, 185, 186, 187, 512, 523, 1145 German Consul Shanghai: 1347, 1350 German Consulate: 159, 160, 163, 165, 181, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 523, 1035, 1036, 1039 Japanese Mandate: 112, 120, 122, 132, 137, 485, 670, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 688, 689, 690, 691, 693, 694, 696, 697, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 755, 760, 855, 863, 864, 1058, 1111, 1418, 1623, 1624 Jiaozhou (General): 39, 112, 121, 137, 479, 529, 534 Marianas (General): 8, 9, 33, 34, 39, 40, 43, 46, 47, 51, 59, 109, 110, 112, 117, 121, 122, 137, 138, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 168, 169, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 223, 225, 226, 230, 231, 232, 233, 242, 244, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 265, 266, 271, 276, 277, 278, 282, 288, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 300, 309, 310, 313, 315, 316, 318, 319, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 336, 337, 339, 342, 343, 348, 349, 351, 360, 363, 377, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 395, 396, 408, 411, 416, 417, 418, 419, 425, 426, 427, 428, 432, 434, 447, 448, 449, 450, 452, 464, 468, 472, 497,

502, 507, 515, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 538, 539, 556, 563, 564, 575, 593, 600, 601, 602, 603, 609, 615, 623, 630, 632, 633, 634, 636, 637, 638, 640, 641, 642, 645, 650, 651, 652, 653, 664, 665, 673, 674, 676, 679, 684, 686, 689, 694, 696, 697, 699, 728, 788, 795, 803, 805, 807, 808, 811, 818, 819, 820, 822, 825, 826, 830, 837, 839, 842, 843, 845, 849, 850, 870, 874, 875, 877, 884, 885, 888, 900, 1023, 1027, 1032, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1039, 1057, 1058, 1061, 1067, 1073, 1077, 1078, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1088, 1095, 1100, 1110, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1249, 1265, 1276, 1292, 1470, 1591, 1592, 1643, 1645, 1646, 1647 Marshalls (General): 8, 9, 39, 47, 55, 62, 64, 66, 107, 109, 110, 112, 117, 121, 122, 137, 143, 144, 145, 147, 150, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 168, 169, 171, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 242, 244, 257, 271, 293, 294, 339, 342, 347, 348, 349, 351, 358, 366, 383, 395, 396, 398, 399, 400, 408, 411, 421, 422, 423, 425, 432, 443, 447, 451, 455, 457, 460, 461, 466, 469, 470, 472, 497, 523, 524, 525, 526, 529, 539, 575, 632, 634, 637, 638, 641, 642, 645, 652, 653, 673, 674, 679, 684, 686, 689, 691, 694, 696, 697, 699, 700, 728, 825, 870, 983, 1032, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1039, 1057, 1073, 1078, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1110, 1113, 1149, 1208, 1216, 1249, 1591, 1592, 1643, 1645, 1646 Military Force (Schutztruppe): 38, 722 New Guinea (General): 39, 55, 109, 110, 112, 117, 121, 122, 137, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 153, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 168, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 230, 231, 232, 233, 250, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 263, 271, 278, 293, 296, 297, 298, 300, 324, 336, 337, 339, 343, 351, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 377, 382, 383, 384, 395, 396, 398, 399, 410, 411, 416,

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Keyword Index 417, 419, 425, 426, 432, 434, 456, 461, 467, 472, 497, 516, 517, 518, 523, 529, 539, 541, 575, 629, 637, 638, 641, 642, 653, 684, 686, 728, 754, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1039, 1057, 1073, 1078, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1085, 1102, 1110, 1113, 1115, 1149, 1219, 1249, 1420, 1424, 1439, 1474, 1475, 1591, 1592, 1643, 1645, 1646 Naval inspection tours: 523 Palau (General): 8, 9, 39, 47, 112, 117, 121, 122, 137, 143, 144, 145, 158, 159, 160, 163, 165, 169, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 222, 223, 230, 232, 233, 242, 244, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 265, 266, 276, 277, 278, 293, 294, 300, 324, 337, 339, 342, 343, 348, 349, 360, 363, 377, 383, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 395, 396, 408, 411, 418, 425, 426, 429, 432, 434, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 628, 641, 642, 653, 673, 674, 679, 686, 694, 696, 697, 699, 728, 830, 831, 1032, 1035, 1036, 1073, 1077, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1249, 1591, 1592, 1643, 1645, 1646, 1652 Pohnpei (General): 8, 9, 39, 106, 108, 112, 117, 121, 122, 137, 143, 144, 145, 148, 158, 159, 160, 163, 165, 168, 179, 180, 181, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 294, 408, 425, 523, 527, 528, 529, 580, 629, 632, 634, 645, 660, 661, 686, 825, 831, 870, 1029, 1030, 1032, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1088, 1219, 1249, 1347, 1350, 1591, 1592, 1643, 1645, 1646, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1655 Police Force: 38, 72, 446, 507, 653, 657, 1028, 1033, 1038, 1091 Registration of foreigners: 71, 215, 343, 425, 473, 474, 755 Research: 159, 160, 165, 193, 202, 204, 205, 206, 577, 578, 579, 591, 637, 781, 837, 860, 975, 979, 1073, 1096 Saipan (General): 46, 55, 137, 197, 199, 294, 321, 343, 427, 428, 454, 529, 562, 629,

657, 662, 799, 807, 808, 837, 875, 1023, 1061, 1652 Salaries: 48, 177, 267, 269, 274, 275, 278, 279, 286, 426, 520, 569, 1216 Samoa (General): 39, 55, 112, 117, 121, 137, 143, 161, 168, 181, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 197, 199, 385, 464, 468, 475, 487, 501, 502, 523, 529, 532, 747, 759, 761, 1037, 1039, 1078, 1218, 1219, 1249 Scientific Research: 128, 161, 247, 287, 292, 392, 435, 523, 577, 579, 580, 581, 583, 588, 592, 807, 808, 837, 852, 854, 863, 887, 929 Solomon Islands (General): 144, 145, 529 Spanish: 189, 256, 318, 598, 615, 616, 622, 623, 627, 628, 635, 644, 645, 646, 654, 797, 804, 807, 808, 825, 983, 1576, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1655 Staff: 30, 39, 48, 59, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 117, 121, 144, 145, 147, 159, 160, 163, 165, 177, 180, 181, 182, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 221, 267, 269, 274, 275, 278, 279, 286, 300, 301, 386, 387, 392, 404, 426, 435, 445, 506, 508, 509, 510, 511, 513, 520, 523, 524, 525, 526, 529, 545, 569, 650, 651, 654, 660, 661, 795, 797, 803, 818, 837, 1020, 1035, 1036, 1216 Structure: 32, 33, 34, 48, 59, 144, 145, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 177, 181, 182, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 231, 260, 265, 266, 277, 282, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 300, 301, 304, 311, 321, 346, 357, 358, 367, 383, 386, 387, 398, 399, 411, 416, 417, 418, 419, 427, 428, 430, 432, 445, 464, 468, 471, 482, 497, 502, 504, 505, 506, 507, 510, 512, 513, 514, 523, 524, 525, 526, 529, 538, 630, 645, 650, 651, 654, 795, 797, 803, 807, 808, 818, 825, 831, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1073, 1243, 1304, 1582 Yap (General): 8, 9, 39, 107, 112, 117, 121, 122, 137, 143, 144, 145, 158, 159, 160, 163, 165, 181, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216,

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 217, 231, 288, 294, 296, 297, 298, 300, 342, 347, 383, 416, 417, 419, 425, 427, 428, 523, 527, 528, 529, 544, 629, 645, 673, 674, 679, 686, 694, 696, 697, 699, 805, 825, 826, 831, 875, 882, 973, 974, 1023, 1035, 1036, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1249, 1301, 1591, 1592, 1643, 1645, 1646, 1652 Women’s Organisation: 180 Agriculture Agriculture see Natural Resources, Agriculture; see also individual crop types under ‘Plants’ Agrihan 576, 660, 661 Demography: 46, 748, 753, 768, 770, 773, 774, 805, 826, 837 Description of: 46 Economy: 805 Geography: 46, 615, 780 Geology: 795, 818, 859 Oceanography: 868 Typhoons: 660, 661, 876, 878, 914 Ailinginae Demography: 768, 770, 773, 774 Ailinglaplap Demography: 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Aimelik Missions: 1572 Alamagan Demography: 46, 748, 753, 768, 770, 773, 774, 805, 826, 837 Description of: 46 Economy: 805, 826 Geography: 46, 615, 780, 837 Geology: 795, 818, 837 Oceanography: 868

Alcohol see Legislation, Liquor Laws; see also Commerce, Alcohol; see also Products, Tuba Anatahan Demography: 46, 748, 805, 826, 837 Description of: 46 Economy: 805, 826 Geography: 46, 837 Geology: 795, 818, 837 Angaur 1331 Customs And Excise: 1032 Demography: 753 Mining: 287, 292, 670 Oceanography: 868 Phosphate: 637, 1032, 1104 Rainfall: 895 Telegraph: 1468 Telegraphy: 1351, 1414, 1472 Animals Bats: 795, 799, 803, 809, 818, 837, 926, 972 see also Animals, Fruit Bats Bees: 545, 837, 917, 921 Birds: 382, 611, 612, 795, 798, 803, 809, 810, 812, 813, 818, 821, 823, 833, 834, 835, 837, 916, 922, 926, 972, 1057, 1081 Butterflies: 582, 923 Cats: 799, 809, 812, 821, 837, 926, 927 Cattle: 59, 189, 195, 252, 257, 327, 328, 381, 615, 624, 628, 644, 645, 646, 662, 749, 781, 788, 795, 797, 803, 804, 805, 807, 808, 809, 810, 818, 821, 825, 837, 888, 926, 927, 972, 1035, 1036, 1070, 1082, 1100, 1112, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1133, 1222, 1228 Chicken: 195, 196, 198, 200, 615, 788, 795, 797, 799, 803, 809, 810, 813, 818, 821, 837, 926, 927, 972, 987, 1035, 1652 Corals: 799, 833, 834, 835 Deer: 328, 582, 610, 795, 797, 799, 803, 807, 808, 809, 810, 818, 821, 837, 842, 926, 972, 1086

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Keyword Index Dogs: 312, 320, 322, 381, 795, 797, 799, 803, 809, 812, 818, 821, 837, 926, 927 Dolphins: 576, 660, 661, 799 Domestic: 46, 142, 159, 160, 193, 205, 206, 252, 381, 472, 615, 644, 645, 646, 781, 788, 797, 799, 804, 809, 821, 825, 833, 834, 835 Donkeys: 797, 799, 1120, 1133 Ducks: 788, 797, 799, 821, 837 Feral: 46, 644, 645, 646, 781, 799, 821, 825, 972 Fish: 380, 726, 813, 833, 834, 835, 837, 972, 1054 Flying Foxes see Fruit Bats Fruit bats: 799, 810, 812, 837 Geese: 142 Goats: 195, 610, 788, 795, 797, 799, 803, 812, 818, 821, 927, 972, 1086, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1133 Health: 248, 370, 371, 374, 376, 837, 1137 Horses: 142, 610, 797, 803, 837, 888, 972, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1133, 1222 Insects: 200, 429, 579, 582, 781, 795, 803, 810, 812, 818, 833, 834, 835, 921 Introductions: 142, 159, 160, 193, 195, 196, 198, 200, 205, 206, 252, 374, 429, 472, 749, 804, 807, 808, 809, 833, 834, 835, 837, 888, 921, 926, 987, 1035, 1036 Invertebrates: 429, 579, 610, 743, 781, 809, 925, 928 Llamas: 610 Mammals: 159, 160, 193, 205, 206, 812, 833, 834, 835, 926 Marine Invertebrates: 682, 740 Megapodes: 799, 821, 837 Mules: 797, 799, 837, 1120, 1133, 1222 Owls: 813, 837 Parrots: 837 Pets: 69, 837 Pigeons: 788, 795, 799, 803, 809, 813, 818, 837, 926 Pigs: 59, 195, 196, 198, 200, 381, 576, 610, 660, 661, 662, 781, 788, 795, 797, 799, 803, 809, 810, 812, 813, 818, 821, 837, 926, 927, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1133

Rats: 610, 795, 799, 803, 809, 813, 818, 821, 837, 926, 927 Ravens: 837 Reptiles: 582, 610, 810, 812, 833, 834, 835, 926 Rhinoceros beetle: 200, 837 Sea Birds: 615 Shellfish: 682, 739 Snails: 925 Snakes: 610, 799, 837 Trepang: 682 Trochus: 682 Turkeys: 195, 1035 Turtles: 331, 333, 797, 799, 809, 972 Water Buffalo: 610, 972 Annual Reports 1151, 1152, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1162, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1181, 1182 Anthropology (Physical) 799, 833, 834, 835, 837, 977, 978, 980, 981, 982, 983, 1652 Osteology: 807, 808, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 1695 Race Debate: 796, 972, 976, 977, 978, 980, 981, 982, 983, 1219 Somatology: 809, 977, 978, 980, 981, 982, 983 Apia School: 532 Telegraph: 1468 Archaeology Borobudur: 1658 Caves: 807, 808 Houses of Taga on Tinian: 40, 51, 627, 662, 805, 812, 821, 837, 972 Latte Sites: 142, 219, 627, 809, 813, 821, 857, 972, 1580 Mochong: 1580 Nan Madol: 142, 144, 145, 662, 697 Pottery Scatters: 813, 972

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Rice terraces: 1580 Rockart: 837 Architecture Administration Building: 636, 657, 660, 661, 662, 871, 880, 884, 885, 888, 889, 1580 Churches: 904 Concrete: 1579 European Bridges: 575 European Buildings: 62, 64, 66, 144, 145, 152, 272, 556, 573, 575, 576, 635, 636, 660, 661, 662, 803, 809, 842, 888, 904, 910, 911, 1580, 1627, 1640 Houses: 152, 573, 660, 661, 662, 837, 888, 904 Palau: 656 Public Infrastructure: 122, 144, 145, 152, 195, 196, 198, 200, 425, 636, 660, 661, 803, 809, 871, 880, 889 Religious: 576, 660, 661, 803, 1580, 1627, 1640 Schools: 904 Spanish: 805 Traditional: 144, 145, 576, 660, 661, 803, 809, 842, 871, 880, 889 Argentina German settlement in: 1651 Arno Birth And Death Rates: 758 Demography: 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Influenza: 758 Asongsson Demography: 46 Description of: 46 Geography: 46 Geology: 795, 818, 837 Mining: 287, 292 Aurepik Demography: 753, 758

Bibliography 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 Bikini Demography: 768, 770, 773, 774 Biology see ‘Animals’, ‘Plants’ Bonin Islands Contact with: 921, 1440 Plants: 585 Bougainville 144, 145 British interests in: 174, 175 German interests in: 174, 175 Buka 144, 145 Carolines 31, 37, 45, 52, 58, 129, 133, 134, 154, 155, 161, 167, 172, 184, 358, 398, 399, 421, 422, 423, 444, 486, 488, 490, 493, 551, 558, 565, 618, 619, 635, 644, 645, 646, 652, 656, 669, 670, 678, 680, 682, 683, 684, 686, 692, 693, 695, 704, 707, 746, 760, 765, 772, 825, 855, 863, 864, 918, 924, 992, 1048, 1068, 1104, 1111, 1118, 1119, 1145, 1163, 1256, 1284, 1353, 1383, 1412, 1441, 1445, 1447, 1448, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1473, 1563, 1575 Commerce, Trade: 1081, 1114 Flora: 939 Geography: 804, 868 Japanese Mandated Territory: 677 Losap Atoll: 613 Missions: 618, 804, 1628 Mixed marriages: 71, 473, 474 Nama Atoll: 613 Shipping: 1095, 1263, 1272, 1282, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1330, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433 Spanish observations: 593, 600

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Keyword Index Trade: 804, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1055, 1056 Typhoon: 1189 Carolinians See also Ethnic Groups, Carolinians Chuuk: 792, 831 Discovery: 617 Guam: 792, 831 Maps: 46, 144, 145, 156, 617, 786, 792, 794, 847, 868, 1015, 1018, 1062, 1087 Pohnpei: 792, 831 Saipan: 794, 831 Sonserol: 792 Ulithi: 792 Voyages: 593, 600, 601, 972 Castaways Shanghai: 1352, 1471 Caves As Teo: 807, 808 Cemetery Carolinian: 837 Ceylon See Sri Lanka Chamorro See also Ethnic Groups, Chamorro Chuuk 421, 422, 423, 618, 635, 644, 645, 646, 825 Anthropology (Physical): 978, 982, 983 Cattle: 1035 Climate: 890, 891 Demography: 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777, 792 Geography: 142 Linguistics: 1012 Livestock imports: 1035 Maps: 144, 145 Mining: 287, 292 Missions: 618, 1572

Money (traditional): 1065 Oceanography: 868 Postal Service: 1239, 1240 Rainfall: 895 Shipping: 1193 Climate 46, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 784, 804, 873, 896, 972, 1035, 1036, 1071, 1083 Barometric pressure: 717, 837, 868, 892, 895, 897, 906, 907, 912, 913 Drought: 144, 145, 795, 799, 803, 818, 833, 834, 835, 837, 868, 892, 895, 896, 897, 900, 1185, 1189, 1194 Rainfall: 144, 145, 717, 795, 799, 803, 805, 818, 833, 834, 835, 837, 868, 879, 881, 887, 890, 891, 892, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 901, 905, 906, 907, 912, 913, 915, 972 Temperature: 144, 145, 717, 795, 796, 799, 803, 805, 818, 833, 834, 835, 837, 842, 868, 887, 892, 895, 897, 906, 907, 912, 913 Typhoons: 46, 144, 145, 576, 632, 633, 634, 635, 660, 661, 664, 665, 717, 758, 784, 795, 796, 799, 803, 805, 818, 833, 834, 835, 837, 862, 868, 870, 871, 873, 874, 876, 877, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 892, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 905, 906, 907, 908, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 972, 1189 Winds: 717, 795, 799, 803, 805, 818, 837, 868, 879, 881, 890, 891, 892, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 901, 905, 906, 907, 910, 911, 912, 913, 915 Colombo Postal service: 1261 Colonial Policy Australian attitude towards: 33, 34 British: 33, 34, 37, 44 China: 33, 34, 138

— 313 —

Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Currency: 233, 255, 259, 280, 318, 437, 529, 1019 Education: 539, 542, 551, 566, 567, 568, 1011 Emigration to the Colonies: 32, 36, 44, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 141, 152, 153, 250, 253, 343, 747, 759, 761, 842, 1027, 1651, 1662, 1663 French: 33, 34, 37 German (general): 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 44, 55, 56, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 130, 132, 137, 138, 139, 141, 152, 161, 164, 166, 170, 173, 189, 224, 253, 280, 344, 375, 512, 529, 550, 566, 567, 568, 628, 643, 652, 660, 661, 670, 678, 698, 747, 759, 761, 817, 822, 990, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1007, 1069, 1079, 1084, 1085, 1095, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1694 Independence movements: 33, 34, 108, 148, 196, 198, 462, 463, 465, 501, 637, 1035, 1104, 1619 India: 33, 34 Japanese: 37, 137, 138, 672, 677, 678, 681, 689, 690, 691, 704 Land acquisition: 276 Languages: 179, 235, 550, 551, 990, 991, 993, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1007, 1011, 1013 Medical support: 713, 722 Military Forces: 38, 39, 112, 117, 121 Mining: 287, 292 Missionaries: 1582, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1655 Penal Colony: 219 Race relations: 33, 34, 138, 176, 444, 464, 468, 502, 658, 747, 759, 761, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1694 Role of the Navy: 38 Scientific Research: 159, 160, 193, 205, 206 Commerce 32, 57, 152, 701, 702, 703, 806, 827, 1024, 1025, 1060, 1141 Agricultural implements: 355, 410

Agriculture: 152, 197, 199, 241, 323, 329, 545, 584, 585, 610, 681, 688, 690, 697, 744, 745, 750, 797, 809, 811, 814, 921, 972, 1091, 1115, 1222, 1224, 1226, 1228, 1230 Agroforestry: 152, 197, 199, 323, 329, 395, 396, 811 Alcohol: 315, 361, 378, 681, 690, 746, 749, 1029, 1030, 1110, 1215, 1628 Animals: 197, 199, 749, 921, 1070, 1419 Bananas: 693, 784 Banking: 159, 160, 163, 165, 181, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 268, 324, 337, 360, 403, 1035, 1036, 1039, 1065, 1081, 1091, 1106, 1128, 1130, 1139, 1140, 1215, 1216, 1317, 1334, 1348, 1349 Bird plumes: 171, 382, 1022, 1057, 1073, 1081, 1085, 1091, 1101, 1110, 1115 Boats: 197, 199, 749, 1022, 1026, 1029, 1030, 1101, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1419 Books and Paper: 356, 1029, 1030, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Building materials (timber, cement): 355, 356, 410, 749, 1022, 1026, 1029, 1030, 1091, 1101, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1139, 1140 Cacao: 32, 46, 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 666, 784, 1018, 1035, 1036, 1039, 1062, 1067, 1082, 1087, 1110, 1122, 1123, 1144, 1221, 1230 Cloth: 242, 348, 349, 749, 1026, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Coal: 749 Coffee: 32, 197, 199, 628, 666, 784, 1067, 1115, 1122, 1123, 1144, 1230 Commerce, Trade: 36, 37, 52, 138, 144, 161, 222, 223, 398, 644, 1021, 1024, 1025, 1031, 1065, 1069, 1074, 1075, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1110 Companies: 130, 144, 145, 161, 181, 185, 186, 187, 196, 215, 358, 395, 396, 398,

— 314 —

Keyword Index 399, 425, 610, 665, 666, 804, 807, 808, 813, 817, 833, 834, 835, 842, 1065, 1071, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1091, 1115, 1143, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1162, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1181, 1182, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1189, 1215, 1216 Concession Companies: 1149 Copra Production: 46, 130, 131, 137, 142, 144, 145, 152, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 181, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 246, 263, 369, 395, 396, 429, 598, 610, 628, 664, 665, 666, 688, 690, 784, 788, 804, 807, 808, 811, 813, 814, 817, 822, 833, 834, 835, 842, 871, 880, 884, 885, 889, 972, 1018, 1021, 1022, 1026, 1029, 1030, 1035, 1036, 1039, 1059, 1060, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1067, 1069, 1071, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1084, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1090, 1101, 1110, 1113, 1115, 1122, 1123, 1139, 1140, 1144, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1215, 1216, 1221, 1223, 1225, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1419, 1628 Cotton Production: 152, 197, 199, 628, 797, 1115, 1122, 1123, 1230 Deutsche Handels- und Plantagengesellschaft der Südsee-Inseln: 1143 Dyes: 1227 Ethnographica: 581, 1110, 1652 Fishing: 380 German-Australian rivalry: 1215 Grain: 1029, 1030, 1110 Guano: 1080, 1081, 1082, 1194, 1215 Guttapercha: 46, 197, 199, 637, 1018, 1062, 1081, 1087, 1110, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Hides: 821, 1067, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Hotels: 144, 145, 395, 396, 1215, 1216 Ice: 356 Illegal trade in weapons: 1196, 1215

Improprieties: 1189, 1215 Influence of missionaries: 1215 Kava: 1081 Labour generation schemes: 900 Labour (Market): 32, 142, 197, 199, 350, 354, 393, 499, 571, 690, 747, 751, 759, 761, 765, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 784, 1035, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1070, 1071, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1115, 1134, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1215, 1218, 1219, 1223, 1334 Labour (Occupations): 197, 199, 393, 398, 575, 691, 714, 751, 763, 765, 766, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 797, 1031, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1134, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1215, 1217, 1219, 1615 Labour (Wages): 181, 185, 186, 187, 197, 199, 311, 354, 822, 1065, 1086, 1215, 1615 Livestock: 197, 199, 257, 313, 319, 327, 328, 370, 371, 374, 376, 381, 472, 628, 662, 749, 821, 888, 927, 1022, 1027, 1029, 1030, 1035, 1036, 1066, 1082, 1092, 1100, 1101, 1112, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1137, 1419 Mango: 693, 784 Manioc: 693 Marshallese seamen: 1215 Meat: 197, 199, 472, 821, 1091 Mineral Water: 356 Minerals: 152, 287, 292, 395, 396, 635 Money: 181, 185, 186, 187, 324, 337, 360, 1019, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1069, 1071, 1072, 1081, 1184, 1215 Mother of Pearl: 46, 197, 199, 395, 396, 788, 1018, 1022, 1026, 1029, 1030, 1062, 1087, 1101, 1110, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1652 Natural History Items: 581 Nauru: 687, 759, 761, 1035, 1081 Opium: 1215 Pearl fishing: 682, 1029, 1030, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1215 Phosphate: 52, 132, 152, 197, 199, 393, 395, 396, 398, 635, 637, 670, 681, 687, 690,

— 315 —

Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 701, 702, 703, 853, 863, 1029, 1030, 1032, 1035, 1069, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1084, 1089, 1091, 1102, 1104, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1144, 1161, 1180, 1194, 1196, 1215, 1652 Plantations: 161, 181, 185, 186, 187, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 215, 323, 329, 584, 585, 587, 688, 809, 813, 842, 871, 880, 889, 1035, 1059, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1158, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1189, 1195, 1196, 1215, 1223, 1224, 1226, 1230 Rice: 1082 Rubber: 32, 197, 199, 395, 396, 637, 1082, 1097, 1103, 1104, 1110, 1115, 1144, 1223, 1230 Sago: 1081 Saipan & Guam trade: 1139, 1140 Seeds (plants): 356 Shark Fins: 395, 396, 1022, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1101, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1215, 1419, 1652 Ship building: 1215 Shipping: 73, 161, 195, 196, 198, 200, 358, 374, 398, 399, 681, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1215, 1422, 1447, 1450, 1451, 1457, 1460, 1461, 1463 Sisal: 1082, 1110, 1230 Spices: 1082 Stamp trade: 1478, 1479, 1482, 1489, 1549 Stone nuts: 788, 1110, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Sugar Cane Production: 628, 678, 681, 688, 690, 691, 693, 701, 702, 703, 1067, 1111, 1230 Tanning: 1227 Tapioca see Manioc Taro: 693 Timber: 197, 199, 1029, 1030, 1063, 1064, 1081, 1113, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1221, 1225, 1231

Tobacco: 197, 199, 598, 749, 784, 1022, 1026, 1029, 1030, 1066, 1067, 1089, 1090, 1092, 1101, 1110, 1113, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1137, 1144, 1215, 1230 Trade: 130, 137, 145, 181, 185, 186, 187, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 215, 364, 379, 588, 594, 645, 646, 652, 749, 796, 817, 825, 972, 1020, 1024, 1025, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1055, 1056, 1059, 1060, 1063, 1064, 1071, 1077, 1081, 1093, 1105, 1107, 1114, 1136, 1138, 1141, 1142, 1215, 1224, 1226, 1442 Trade (American): 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 749, 784, 822, 1017, 1021, 1022, 1026, 1029, 1030, 1035, 1036, 1060, 1063, 1064, 1066, 1092, 1093, 1101, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1215, 1652 Trade (Australian): 144, 145, 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 687, 749, 822, 1017, 1021, 1022, 1026, 1029, 1030, 1035, 1036, 1059, 1071, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1091, 1101, 1107, 1110, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1192, 1215, 1216, 1620 Trade (British): 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 621, 687, 822, 1017, 1022, 1026, 1035, 1036, 1059, 1071, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1101, 1107, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1192, 1215, 1620 Trade (China): 1022, 1026, 1066, 1092, 1095, 1101, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1137, 1139, 1140 Trade (German): 43, 131, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 621, 628, 640, 654, 664, 665, 666, 678, 687, 749, 784, 804, 833, 834, 835, 842, 1017, 1022, 1026, 1035, 1036,

— 316 —

Keyword Index 1066, 1067, 1071, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1084, 1089, 1091, 1092, 1094, 1095, 1098, 1099, 1101, 1107, 1109, 1110, 1113, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1144, 1215, 1216, 1652 Trade (German-Australian rivalry): 1080, 1081, 1082, 1091 Trade (Hawaiian): 1215 Trade (Japanese): 43, 138, 171, 197, 199, 485, 628, 640, 654, 682, 687, 688, 701, 702, 703, 749, 788, 804, 807, 808, 842, 1017, 1022, 1026, 1029, 1030, 1058, 1059, 1066, 1067, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1090, 1092, 1093, 1101, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1196, 1215, 1620, 1652 Trade (Norwegian): 1215 Trade Statistics: 43, 144, 145, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 222, 223, 701, 702, 703, 1016, 1017, 1020, 1022, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1033, 1035, 1036, 1038, 1060, 1066, 1071, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1092, 1094, 1098, 1099, 1101, 1108, 1109, 1113, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1215 Trade (Whalers): 1196, 1215 Trading Stations: 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 1026, 1035, 1036, 1060, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1141, 1215 Trepang: 43, 788, 1029, 1030, 1081, 1110, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1652 Turtle shell: 331, 333, 788, 1029, 1030, 1081, 1110, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Wages see Labour (Wages) Weapons: 37, 230, 254, 258, 261, 262, 310, 316, 359, 373, 413, 415, 644, 645, 646, 1029, 1030, 1065, 1079, 1215 Weights and Measures: 243, 368, 372 Western food items: 355, 410, 746, 1029, 1030, 1089, 1091

Communications 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 1035, 1036, 1083 Aviation: 681, 693, 1417, 1418 Cars: 574, 691 Chuuk: 1193 HongKong: 1193 Kosrae: 1193 Mokil: 613 Narrow gauge railway: 1215 Ox Carts: 610, 660, 661, 718, 784, 822, 837, 888, 984, 1579 Palau: 1193 Passengers: 32, 46, 69, 111, 142, 153, 278, 354, 421, 422, 423, 663, 693, 788, 838, 1018, 1028, 1033, 1038, 1087, 1215, 1263, 1272, 1278, 1282, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1330, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1439, 1469 Paths & Roads: 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 377, 574, 575, 610, 615, 660, 661, 691, 807, 808, 1035, 1036, 1086 Pingelap: 613 Pohnpei: 1193 Postal Service: 46, 61, 69, 73, 122, 142, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 181, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 384, 403, 420, 421, 422, 423, 438, 636, 647, 663, 680, 788, 822, 826, 837, 843, 1018, 1028, 1033, 1035, 1036, 1038, 1047, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1085, 1087, 1184, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1196, 1215, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312,

— 317 —

Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1348, 1349, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1415, 1416, 1420, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1438, 1439, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1448, 1449, 1452, 1453, 1456, 1458, 1459, 1462, 1464, 1466, 1469, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1558, 1560, 1561, 1619, 1621, 1639, 1648 Railway: 37, 56, 1047, 1079 Shipping: 32, 46, 69, 73, 111, 122, 137, 142, 153, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 181, 182, 185, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 222, 223, 239, 240, 245, 251, 261, 262, 270, 278, 301, 330, 332, 335, 338, 344, 354, 375, 384, 393, 401, 402, 409, 411, 412, 414, 421, 422, 423, 464, 468, 502, 575, 610, 613, 636, 640, 645, 650, 651, 653, 654, 660, 661, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 689, 693, 749, 786, 788, 791, 799, 804, 807, 808, 821, 822, 825, 837, 838, 842, 843, 845, 848, 868, 872, 903, 1018, 1021, 1023, 1028, 1033, 1035, 1036, 1038, 1047,

1063, 1064, 1066, 1067, 1070, 1077, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1087, 1089, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1098, 1099, 1109, 1113, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1193, 1196, 1215, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1257, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1297, 1298, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1350, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1415, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1436, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1454, 1455, 1465, 1466, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1474, 1475, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1542, 1543, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1554, 1556, 1560, 1619, 1620 Stamps: 39, 112, 117, 121, 663, 1248, 1264, 1381, 1398, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1493, 1494, 1495,

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Keyword Index 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1549, 1550, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1558, 1560, 1561 Telegraph & Cable: 39, 112, 117, 121, 122, 159, 160, 163, 165, 181, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 576, 660, 661, 665, 681, 822, 840, 845, 1035, 1036, 1058, 1067, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1215, 1249, 1264, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1300, 1331, 1333, 1351, 1383, 1399, 1413, 1414, 1416, 1426, 1427, 1435, 1437, 1445, 1446, 1448, 1449, 1452, 1453, 1456, 1458, 1459, 1462, 1464, 1467, 1468, 1470, 1472, 1474, 1475, 1579, 1652 Telephone: 822, 1035, 1435, 1468, 1475 Traditional: 593, 600, 613, 796, 821, 903, 972, 985, 1215, 1347, 1350, 1352, 1471, 1652 Traditional canoe voyages: 593, 598, 600, 613, 985, 1215, 1347, 1350, 1352, 1471, 1579 Travel restrictions by Japanese: 1215 Yap: 1193 Companies Ada, Pedro: 813 Astrolabe Kompagnie: 1113, 1115 Burns Philp: 119, 153, 1115, 1134, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1215, 1383, 1445, 1452, 1453, 1456 Capelle & Co: 144, 145, 626, 1115, 1134, 1147, 1148, 1215, 1264 Capelle & Ingalls: 1215 Capelle, Ingalls & deBrum: 1215 Charles Douglas: 1215 Commercial Pacific Cable Co.: 845 Crawford & Co: 215, 1187, 1215, 1216 Deutsch-Australische Bank: 1216 Deutsch-Niederländische Telegraphengesellschaft: 196, 845, 1144,

1300, 1301, 1426, 1427, 1435, 1446, 1449, 1452, 1453, 1456, 1464, 1474 Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen Gesellschaft: 131, 152, 181, 185, 186, 187, 621, 626, 830, 1065, 1071, 1115, 1142, 1144, 1183, 1184, 1215 Deutsche Ostasien Linie: 663 Deutsche Südsee-Phosphat AG: 117, 152, 637, 685, 715, 1035, 1383, 1445 Deutsche Südseegesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie: 1413, 1427 Deutsche Telefunken Gesellschaft: 1351, 1414, 1468, 1472 Factoria Española Fernandez y Zarza: 1115, 1134, 1146, 1147, 1148 Godeffroy & Sons: 131, 621, 626, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1071, 1215 Henderson & MacFarlane: 621, 1215, 1216 Hernsheim & Co: 144, 145, 152, 621, 626, 830, 1115, 1183, 1184, 1215, 1474, 1475 Hiki Co: 196, 198, 200, 1035, 1134, 1147, 1148, 1446, 1449, 1452, 1453, 1456, 1464 Jaluit Gesellschaft: 43, 69, 142, 152, 153, 158, 181, 185, 186, 187, 189, 196, 198, 200, 215, 239, 421, 422, 423, 425, 497, 628, 664, 665, 666, 830, 910, 911, 1023, 1063, 1064, 1067, 1071, 1113, 1115, 1134, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1162, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1208, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1245, 1248, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1267, 1272, 1273, 1276, 1282, 1284, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1330, 1380, 1382, 1383, 1396, 1397, 1415, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1438, 1445, 1446, 1449, 1452, 1453, 1456, 1464, 1469, 1474, 1475, 1555 Kaiser-Wilhelms Plantagengesellschaft: 1115 Koshin Co.: 1141

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Level of investment: 1128, 1130 Marianen Gesellschaft: 640, 1134, 1147, 1148 Marutani Co.: 1141 Mouton & Co: 1115 Murayama: 1035, 1146 Nanyo Boeki Kaisha: 688, 1093, 1136, 1138 Nanyo Shokussan Kaisha: 670 Navigazione Generale Italiana: 1469 Neu Guinea Compagnie: 1113, 1115, 1149, 1215, 1475 Nippon Yusen Kaisha: 219, 689, 693, 1440, 1469 Norddeutscher Lloyd: 153, 158, 189, 196, 198, 200, 384, 628, 636, 647, 663, 708, 805, 826, 1023, 1035, 1067, 1115, 1134, 1144, 1147, 1148, 1242, 1245, 1248, 1249, 1257, 1268, 1276, 1287, 1288, 1332, 1380, 1382, 1383, 1396, 1397, 1415, 1420, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1435, 1445, 1446, 1449, 1464, 1469, 1474, 1475, 1555 O’Keefe: 142, 621, 1115, 1134, 1141, 1147, 1148 Ou Chong & Co: 1146 Pacific Islands Co.: 69, 1215, 1264 Pacific Mail Steamship Co: 1469 Pacific Phosphate Company: 152, 196, 398, 1032, 1142, 1144, 1161, 1180, 1194, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215 Pagan Gesellschaft: 640, 811, 813, 1134, 1147, 1148 Pan American Airways: 1417, 1418 Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Co.: 1469 Robertson & Hernsheim see Hernsheim & Co. Rotterdam Lloyd: 1469 Ruge, H.M. : 621 Shimizu: 1066, 1092, 1137 Societe des Messagieres Maritimes: 1469 South Seas Trading Company: 1066, 1092, 1093, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140 Stapenhorst & Hoffschläger: 144, 145, 1215 Stoormvaart Maatshappij: 1469 Tejada, J.B. : 1141 Tiernan Venture: 1215 Tinian Gesellschaft: 640, 1134, 1147, 1148

Westkarolinen Gesellschaft: 198, 200 Currencies Bolivian Dollar: 807, 808, 1019, 1065, 1184, 1215 Chilean Dollar: 807, 808, 1019, 1065, 1184, 1215 German coins: 1065 Hoarding of coinage: 1091, 1110 Imperial German Mark: 122, 437, 807, 808, 1019, 1065, 1091, 1128, 1130, 1184, 1215, 1622 Japanese: 122, 688, 807, 808 Peruvian Dollar: 807, 808, 1019 Traditional: 1065, 1652, 1666 Customs Burials: 833, 834, 835,980, 986 Cockfights: 987 Dance: 144, 145, 833, 834, 835, 888 Dress: 62, 64, 66, 144, 145, 640, 809, 815, 833, 834, 835, 888 Dress (European): 62, 64, 66 Inheritance: 425, 833, 834, 835 Law: 444 Music and songs: 986 Navigation: 796, 833, 834, 835, 1347, 1350 Sport and games: 648, 987 Tattooing: 62, 64, 66, 833, 834, 835 Warfare: 601, 611, 612, 798, 823, 833, 834, 835 Demography 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 758, 760, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777, 796, 804, 988, 1035, 1036, 1047, 1083 Birth And Death Rates: 46, 683, 750, 756, 758, 762, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 795, 796, 803, 818, 837, 985, 1028, 1033, 1038, 1634, 1635, 1652 Carolines: 641, 642, 680, 693, 751, 752, 753, 755, 756, 763, 804, 1071 Carolinian Community: 195, 196, 198, 200, 599, 610, 615, 640, 693, 748, 757, 762,

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Keyword Index 763, 765, 778, 779, 795, 803, 809, 818, 837, 972, 1082 Census: 46, 59, 161, 181, 185, 186, 187, 644, 645, 646, 683, 750, 752, 756, 758, 760, 762, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 795, 803, 809, 818, 825, 837, 972, 985, 1028, 1033, 1038, 1066, 1082, 1092, 1137 Chamorro Community: 195, 196, 198, 200, 599, 601, 610, 615, 693, 748, 757, 762, 763, 778, 779, 795, 803, 809, 818, 822, 837, 972, 973, 974, 1141 Chinese Community: 358, 398, 399, 747, 755, 758, 759, 761, 1035, 1082 Chuuk: 751, 755, 756, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Evacuation: 196, 632, 634, 635, 729, 758, 791, 875, 1035 Expatriate Community: 36, 56, 71, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 195, 196, 198, 200, 215, 250, 336, 343, 351, 354, 358, 385, 398, 399, 473, 474, 475, 487, 594, 599, 610, 615, 637, 640, 641, 642, 683, 685, 748, 749, 750, 751, 754, 755, 757, 762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 837, 842, 1028, 1033, 1035, 1038, 1066, 1082, 1092, 1137, 1141, 1694 Fiji: 755 Guam: 755, 824, 1066, 1092, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1627 Hawaii: 755 Immigration: 44, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 336, 343, 344, 350, 351, 358, 375, 398, 399, 683, 690, 693, 751, 755, 758, 762, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 791, 795, 803, 807, 808, 818, 836, 842, 973, 974, 1082, 1694 Indians: 44, 755 Indochinese: 755 Japanese: 685, 693, 701, 702, 703, 748, 750, 751, 755, 985, 1111

Japanese Community: 1035, 1141 Malays: 748 Marianas: 641, 642, 748, 750, 752, 753, 755, 756, 762, 763, 791, 804, 824, 985, 1028, 1033, 1038, 1071, 1627 Marshall Islands: 641, 642, 750, 752, 755, 756, 1028, 1033, 1038, 1071 Mortlockese Community: 635, 762, 795, 803, 818, 837, 900, 1627 Nauru: 985 New Caledonia: 755 New Guinea: 750, 752, 754, 756, 1028, 1033, 1038, 1071 Non-Census Estimates: 150, 215, 601, 688, 823, 833, 834, 835, 1627, 1634, 1635 Palau: 750, 751, 756, 985, 1652 Pingelapese Community: 632, 634, 791 Pohnpei: 791, 985 Pohnpeian Community: 196, 753 Population decline: 756, 758, 760, 778, 779, 796, 833, 834, 835, 1082, 1095, 1652 Population programmes: 758, 1652 Samoa: 750, 755, 756, 758, 1028, 1033, 1038, 1071 Samoan Community: 501, 729, 837 Woleaian Community: 875 Yap: 750, 753, 756, 763, 985 Disasters Drought: 837, 886, 900 Earthquakes: 46, 784, 791, 837, 843, 848, 849, 850, 851, 856, 861, 879, 881, 890, 891, 895, 896, 898, 899, 901, 904, 905, 906, 907, 915, 1627 Typhoons: 150, 196, 198, 239, 576, 598, 615, 632, 633, 634, 635, 660, 661, 662, 664, 665, 758, 784, 788, 791, 799, 837, 862, 868, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 880, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 888, 889, 893, 894, 895, 900, 902, 903, 904, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 913, 914, 1034, 1035, 1084, 1137, 1331, 1352, 1436, 1471, 1627, 1648 Vulcanic eruptions: 615, 856

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1057, 1060, 1065, 1072, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1085, 1088, 1114 Typhoons impact: 239, 1035

Ebon Demography: 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Oceanography: 868 Economy 32, 42, 46, 130, 152, 170, 243, 368, 372, 652, 654, 687, 701, 702, 703, 817, 1031, 1059, 1069, 1074, 1075, 1090, 1106, 1142 Budget: 48, 161, 164, 166, 168, 181, 185, 186, 187, 197, 199, 222, 223, 529, 1023, 1028, 1033, 1037, 1038, 1047, 1060, 1063, 1064, 1072, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1085, 1088, 1110 Church Taxes: 181, 185, 186, 187, 197, 199, 529 Copra Tax: 181, 185, 186, 187, 197, 199, 215, 529, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1080, 1081, 1082 Currencies: 233, 255, 259, 318, 437, 529, 1019, 1128, 1130 Customs And Excise: 161, 181, 185, 186, 187, 197, 199, 215, 243, 247, 340, 345, 364, 368, 372, 379, 529, 688, 795, 803, 818, 1032, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1055, 1056, 1060, 1065, 1072, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1089, 1114 Economic Development: 32, 46, 105, 170, 243, 368, 372, 578, 687, 755, 1069, 1074, 1075, 1077, 1084, 1089, 1102, 1128, 1130 Finance (private): 48, 324, 337, 360, 529, 788 Inquiries about Emigration to Colonies: 32, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 788, 1095 Production: 37, 52, 150, 181, 185, 186, 187, 215, 688, 795, 803, 818, 842, 1020, 1024, 1025, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1071, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1218, 1224, 1226 Regulation of companies: 395, 396, 529 Taxation: 48, 161, 168, 181, 185, 186, 187, 215, 249, 314, 317, 347, 355, 356, 358, 362, 366, 382, 398, 399, 408, 410, 425, 529, 571, 688, 691, 795, 803, 807, 808, 818, 822, 1032, 1035, 1037, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1055, 1056,

Education Establishments in Germany: 566, 567, 568 Professional education: 536, 537, 551, 552, 680 Public: 224, 536, 537, 552, 560, 1582 Religious: 72, 144, 145, 198, 200, 539, 541, 544, 550, 551, 552, 555, 557, 560, 563, 564, 610, 809, 814, 822, 1002, 1005, 1007, 1083, 1184, 1195, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1571, 1572, 1577, 1578, 1580, 1582, 1589, 1594, 1595, 1599, 1601, 1602, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1628, 1634 Schools: 144, 145, 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 224, 530, 532, 536, 537, 542, 543, 546, 547, 549, 551, 553, 560, 561, 566, 567, 568, 570, 652, 822, 843, 921, 1004, 1035, 1036, 1139, 1184, 1195, 1576, 1577, 1580, 1582 Schools (American): 822, 1564, 1565, 1566 Schools (German): 36, 72, 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 530, 534, 535, 536, 537, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 547, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 556, 557, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 569, 571, 648, 652, 662, 667, 814, 822, 846, 917, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1005, 1007, 1035, 1036, 1083, 1217, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1571, 1572, 1577, 1578, 1582, 1589, 1594, 1599, 1601, 1602, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1634, 1652 Schools (Japanese): 680, 688, 1620 Schools (Religious): 531 Technical College: 196, 534, 536, 537, 538, 551, 554, 560, 563, 564, 571, 680, 1217, 1582 Universities: 536, 537, 538, 551, 560, 1582 Egypt Postal Service: 1239

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Keyword Index Nukuoro: 1065 Palau: 1065 Pohnpei: 916, 1065 Yap: 1065

Elato Demography: 753, 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Oceanography: 868 Enewetak 156 Environmental Management see Natural Resources; see also Legislation, Environmental Protection Etal Demography: 758 Etan (Chuuk) Rainfall: 895 Ethnic Groups Carolinians: 507, 576, 598, 615, 627, 640, 660, 661, 662, 732, 735, 738, 809, 837, 842, 888, 1001, 1009, 1577 Chamorro: 507, 598, 615, 627, 640, 662, 732, 735, 738, 809, 837, 842, 888, 986, 1001, 1009, 1577 Chinese: 750, 1095 Japanese: 644, 645, 646, 1577 Jewish: 1656, 1657 Mogmogese: 738, 1577 Mortlockese: 733, 738, 741, 837, 871, 880, 889, 900, 1577 Oleaiese: 738, 837, 1577 Palauans: 1577 Pingelapese: 733 Pohnpeians: 1577 Samoans: 464, 465, 468, 501, 502, 733, 738, 837, 1577 Ethnographica Chuuk: 1065 Commerce, Trade in: 1110 Kiribati: 1065 Kosrae: 1065 Marianas: 1065 Marshalls: 1065 Nauru: 1065

Ethnography 644, 645, 646, 652, 825 Egypt: 1669 Sudan: 1669 Fais Demography: 753, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 History: 593, 600 Mining: 287, 292 Oceanography: 868 Phosphate: 1652 Trepang: 1652 Fananu Demography: 758 Farallon de Medinilla Description of: 46 Geography: 46 Geology: 795, 818 Farallon de Pajeros 697 Demography: 46 Description of: 46 Geography: 46, 615 Geology: 795, 818, 857, 859 Oceanography: 615, 868 Faraulep Demography: 753, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Oceanography: 868 Food see Health, Nutrition Food Preparation see Tradtional Skills, Food Preparation; see also Material Culture, Food Preparation

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Food Preservation see Tradtional Skills, Food Preservation; see also Material Culture, Food Preservation Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen Commerce: 1115 Garapan Anchorage: 829, 867 Climate: 890, 891 Demography: 748, 749, 837 Description of: 615, 662, 837 Missions: 1572 Oceanography: 868 Plants: 948, 959, 960, 962 Rainfall: 895 Geography 40, 41, 42, 46, 51, 146, 150, 151, 436, 559, 652, 701, 702, 703, 787, 793, 796, 802, 806, 816, 827, 830, 839, 868, 869, 1015, 1230 Agrihan: 813, 833, 834, 835, 868 Aguijan: 40, 51, 833, 834, 835, 837, 868 Alamagan: 813, 833, 834, 835, 837, 868 Anatahan: 813, 833, 834, 835, 837, 868 Asuncior: 813, 833, 834, 835, 837, 868 Carolines: 151, 804, 830, 868, 1081 Fais: 868, 1652 Farallon de Mendinilla: 813, 833, 834, 835, 837, 868 Farallon de Pajeros: 813, 833, 834, 835, 837, 868 Farallon de Torres: 813, 837, 868 Guam: 40, 51, 610, 617, 784, 822, 824, 833, 834, 835, 837, 841, 847, 868 Guguan: 813, 837, 868 Internationl Date Line: 786 Jaluit: 150 Marianas: 151, 479, 659, 801, 804, 813, 824, 830, 868, 1081 Marshalls: 479, 659, 801, 868, 1081 Maug: 813, 837, 868 Names: 797, 837 New Guinea: 659, 796, 801, 1081

Pagan: 40, 51, 813, 833, 834, 835, 837, 868 Palau: 479, 804, 830, 868 Pohnpei: 479, 868 Rota: 610, 833, 834, 835, 837, 868, 1652 Saipan: 151, 610, 785, 813, 832, 833, 834, 835, 868 Samoa: 659, 1081 Sarigan: 813, 833, 834, 835, 868 Tinian: 624, 810, 812, 833, 834, 835, 837, 844, 868 Zealandia Bank: 813, 837, 868 Geology 40, 51, 559, 863, 864, 1071 Bismarck-Archipelago: 863 Carolines: 863 Caves: 795, 803, 809, 813, 818, 837 Earthquakes: 837, 848 Erosion: 1222 Fais: 1652 Guam: 837, 849, 850 Island Formation: 59, 150, 795, 803, 809, 813, 818, 837, 849, 850, 859, 860, 861 Kaiser-Wilhelmsland: 863 Marianas Islands: 577, 824, 837, 863 Marshall Islands: 863 Meteors: 1036 Mineral Resources: 287, 292, 853, 863 Nauru: 863 New Guinea: 863 Palau: 577, 863 Pedology: 577, 796, 809, 813, 837, 859, 865, 866 Petrography: 813, 837, 857, 859, 863, 865, 866 Phosphate: 195, 196, 198, 200, 635, 863 Pohnpei: 849, 850 Rota: 809, 837, 852 Saipan: 577, 610, 824, 837, 849, 850, 858, 865, 866 Samoa: 852, 863 Solomon Islands: 863 Tinian: 624, 824, 837, 852 Vulcanology: 615, 795, 803, 818, 856, 863

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Keyword Index Yap: 577, 852 German Colonies Cameroon: 157, 166, 167, 168, 201, 406, 445, 529, 542, 551, 560, 637, 638, 746, 768, 769, 770, 771, 773, 774, 775, 776, 1016, 1031, 1037, 1076, 1094, 1288, 1380, 1381, 1383, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1415, 1425, 1426, 1445, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1468, 1575, 1582 Carolines: 39, 71, 112, 117, 121, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 406, 473, 474, 529, 560, 637, 638, 750, 804, 1016, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1288, 1380, 1381, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1415, 1425, 1426, 1435, 1468, 1582 German East Africa: 39, 106, 112, 117, 121, 148, 157, 164, 166, 167, 168, 201, 406, 445, 473, 529, 542, 551, 560, 578, 637, 638, 746, 1016, 1031, 1037, 1076, 1269, 1288, 1380, 1381, 1383, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1415, 1425, 1426, 1445, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1468, 1492, 1575, 1582 German New Guinea: 39, 75, 112, 117, 121, 129, 157, 167, 168, 201, 406, 529, 551, 560, 578, 635, 637, 638, 746, 760, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 863, 864, 1016, 1037, 1076, 1094, 1104, 1288, 1380, 1381, 1383, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1415, 1425, 1426, 1445, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1468, 1575, 1582 German South-west Africa: 39, 44, 112, 117, 121, 148, 157, 164, 166, 167, 168, 201, 406, 473, 529, 551, 560, 578, 637, 638, 746, 1016, 1031, 1037, 1076, 1094, 1269, 1288, 1380, 1381, 1383, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1415, 1425, 1426, 1445, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1468, 1575, 1582 Marshall Islands: 39, 71, 112, 117, 121, 159, 160, 163, 165, 168, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 406, 473, 474, 529, 560, 637, 638, 750, 768, 769, 770, 771, 773, 774, 775, 776, 804, 1016, 1035, 1036,

1037, 1381, 1398, 1425, 1426, 1435, 1468, 1582 New Guinea: 39, 46, 71, 112, 117, 121, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 406, 473, 474, 529, 560, 637, 638, 750, 768, 769, 770, 771, 773, 774, 775, 776, 1016, 1018, 1023, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1062, 1076, 1085, 1087, 1288, 1380, 1381, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1415, 1425, 1426, 1435, 1468, 1582 Qingdao-Jiaozhou: 39, 112, 117, 121, 138, 166, 168, 406, 529, 536, 537, 560, 637, 638, 704, 863, 864, 1016, 1037, 1076, 1269, 1288, 1380, 1381, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1415, 1425, 1426, 1435, 1468, 1582 Samoa: 39, 46, 71, 112, 117, 121, 129, 157, 159, 160, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 406, 430, 462, 463, 464, 465, 468, 473, 474, 501, 502, 529, 532, 551, 560, 637, 638, 746, 747, 750, 758, 759, 761, 863, 864, 1016, 1018, 1023, 1031, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1067, 1076, 1081, 1085, 1087, 1104, 1142, 1143, 1269, 1288, 1380, 1381, 1383, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1415, 1425, 1426, 1435, 1445, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1468, 1575, 1582 Solomon Islands: 144, 145, 1016, 1425, 1426, 1468 Tanzania: 1094 Togo: 39, 112, 117, 121, 157, 166, 167, 168, 201, 406, 529, 542, 551, 560, 637, 638, 746, 1016, 1031, 1037, 1076, 1094, 1381, 1383, 1398, 1425, 1426, 1445, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1468, 1575, 1582 Gilbert Islands see Kiribati Guam 144, 145, 576, 611, 612, 658, 660, 661, 671, 697, 845, 848, 972, 989, 1135, 1280 Agaña, Description of: 610, 615 Agriculture: 668

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Aviation: 1418 Botany: 784, 795, 818, 822, 837, 938, 940, 941, 943, 946, 948, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 967 Carolinians: 593, 600, 784, 822 Church, Congregation: 181, 185, 186, 187 Climate: 784, 1135 Deer: 1086 Demography: 599, 784, 792, 800, 837, 1086, 1135, 1139, 1140 Economy: 668, 784, 800, 822, 824, 837, 1066, 1086, 1092, 1093, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140 Flora: 784, 944 Geography: 784, 800, 841, 1135 Geology: 784, 795, 818, 822, 849, 850 German naval visits: 649 Missions: 784, 807, 808, 822, 837, 1135, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1570, 1575, 1619, 1627 Oceanography: 867, 868 Piti: 845 Plants: 784, 800 Shipping: 649, 671, 1135 Telegraph: 668, 1135, 1427, 1470 Typhoons: 784, 908, 1139, 1140 Value as naval base: 671 Guguan Geology: 795, 818 Hall Islands Typhoons: 791 Hamburg Trade: 1094, 1098, 1099, 1109 Health Alcoholism: 746 Animal bites: 709, 711, 712 Asthma: 712, 718, 719, 727, 799, 837 Beriberi: 710, 711, 714, 758, 837 Chickenpox: 215, 711, 715, 727 Cholera: 240, 401, 402

Conjunctivitis: 198, 708, 709, 711, 712, 718, 719, 727, 729, 837 Dengue Fever: 198, 711 Dental problems: 709, 710, 711, 712, 727 Dermatology: 712, 730 Diabetes: 715 Diet (European): 63, 65, 67, 68, 746, 809, 833, 834, 835, 837 Diet (Traditional): 63, 65, 67, 68, 742, 744, 745, 796, 799, 809, 833, 834, 835, 837, 926, 1668 Diseases: 144, 145, 195, 196, 198, 200, 707, 730, 731, 732, 735, 736, 796, 833, 834, 835 Dispensaries: 365, 405 Dysentery: 195, 196, 198, 200, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 715, 718, 727, 758, 837, 1637 Epidemics: 195, 196, 198, 200, 215, 240, 401, 402, 708, 729, 758, 807, 808, 833, 834, 835, 837, 972, 985, 1185, 1637 Epilepsy: 719 Fevers: 837 Filariosis: 711, 715, 837 Fish Poisoning: 726, 727, 739, 740 Framboesia: 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 717, 718, 719, 737 Gonorrhoea: 708, 709, 710, 712, 715, 718, 727, 758 Gynaecology: 711, 718, 727, 985, 1073 Hospitals: 196, 572, 709, 713, 714, 720, 722, 727, 822, 837, 845, 910, 911, 1139, 1637 Influenza: 708, 709, 710, 712, 715, 717, 718, 727, 758, 972 Leprosy: 708, 709, 711, 712, 717, 727, 731, 759, 761, 837 Local Attitude towards: 741, 837 Malaria: 709, 710, 711, 712, 715, 727 Measles: 837 Noxious animals: 726, 740, 743 Ophthalmology: 200, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 715, 718, 719, 723, 724, 727, 733, 734, 741, 837, 1083 Parasites: 708, 709, 710, 711, 715, 718, 727, 736, 799, 837 Plague: 240, 401, 402, 712 Plant poisoning: 742

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Keyword Index Pseudoinfluenza: 837 Public: 161, 178, 195, 196, 198, 200, 215, 240, 247, 272, 365, 393, 400, 401, 402, 405, 412, 414, 705, 706, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 741, 742, 747, 752, 759, 761, 805, 809, 822, 833, 834, 835, 837, 842, 845, 848, 849, 850, 910, 911, 928, 972, 985, 1073, 1083, 1185, 1228 Quarantine: 240, 245, 248, 251, 257, 261, 262, 270, 330, 332, 335, 338, 401, 402, 409, 472, 709, 727 Ring worm: 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 717, 727, 730, 737, 799 Rubella: 711, 712, 715 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 715, 718, 719, 723, 724, 727, 732, 735, 758, 985 Smallpox: 196, 240, 401, 402, 837 Statistics: 400, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 715, 718, 719, 723, 724, 727, 985 Suicides: 709 Syphilis: 644, 645, 646, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 715, 718, 719, 727, 732, 735, 758, 759, 761, 799, 825, 837 Tetanus: 712, 718 Traditional Medicine: 837 Tuberculosis: 196, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 715, 717, 718, 719, 727, 738, 837 Typhoid: 200, 215 Vaccinations: 196, 200, 712 Veterinarians: 248 Whooping Cough: 598, 837 Yaws: 732, 735, 799 Yellow Fever: 240, 401, 402 Herbertshöhe German administration: 357 Shipping: 1438

Discovery: 49, 144, 145, 596, 597, 604, 608, 611, 612, 614, 616, 620, 622, 624, 625, 797, 798, 823, 833, 834, 835, 1608 Early Traders: 49, 141, 144, 145, 594, 596, 597, 608, 611, 612, 614, 618, 622, 624, 796, 798, 804, 823, 833, 834, 835, 837, 983, 1080 German Annexation: 49, 50, 72, 135, 141, 144, 145, 150, 156, 425, 546, 628, 630, 652, 655, 796, 804, 837, 842, 983, 1080, 1243, 1246, 1590 India: 1664 Japanese Annexation: 122, 132, 152, 670, 684, 1080, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1639, 1648 Japanese Mandated Territory: 50, 673, 674, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 682, 683, 684, 686, 688, 689, 693, 694, 696, 697, 699, 701, 702, 703, 704, 760, 855, 863, 864, 1059, 1111, 1142 Missions: 625, 797, 804, 833, 834, 835, 837, 1574, 1581, 1594, 1595, 1599, 1601, 1602, 1608, 1624, 1628 New Zealand Annexation: 132, 152 Spanish: 546, 604, 622, 623, 624, 625, 628, 797, 804, 837, 1590, 1608, 1628 Spanish-American War: 609, 650, 651 Uruguay: 1662 World War I: 39, 47, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 129, 132, 139, 148, 152, 221, 308, 433, 643, 670, 695, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1624, 1639, 1648 Hok Demography: 758 HongKong 421, 422, 423 Shipping: 1193, 1272, 1282, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1330, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433 Hotels see Tourism, Hotel

History Argentinia: 1662, 1663 Australian Annexation: 132, 152 Australian Mandated Territory: 686, 695, 855 Beachcombers: 594

Hydrography Agrihan: 868 Aguijan: 868 Alamagan: 868

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Anatahan: 868 Asuncior: 868 Farallon de Mendinilla: 868 Farallon de Pajaros: 868 Farallon de Torres: 868 Guam: 868 Guguan: 868 Maug: 868 Pagan: 868 Rota: 868, 1652 Saipan: 868, 1652 Sarigan: 868 Tinian: 868 Zealandia Bank: 868

Paths & Roads: 37, 377, 571, 574, 575, 635, 657, 660, 661, 822, 1028, 1033, 1035, 1038, 1061, 1079 Piers: 575, 635, 636, 660, 661, 678, 693, 697, 822, 868, 1332 Power plant: 574, 822 Railways: 37, 1079

Ifaluk Communications: 1350, 1352, 1471 Demography: 753, 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Immigration Chinese: 1218 Mortlockese (forced): 195, 196, 198, 200, 741 Pingelapese (forced): 733 Imroi 70 India History: 1670

Institutions Abteilung für Tropenkrankheiten und Tropenhygiene des Berliner Instituts für Infektionskrankheiten: 247 Botanische Zentralstelle für die Kolonien: 159, 160, 193, 205, 206, 207, 586, 590, 592 Geologische Landesanstalt: 852 Geologische Zentralstelle: 854 Institut für Schiffs- und Tropenkrankheiten, Hamburg: 247 Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches Kommittee: 207 Köngliches Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin: 392, 435 Königliches Museum für Völkerkunde see Museum für Völkerkunde (Berlin) Königliches Zoologisches Museum: 159, 160, 193, 205, 206, 582, 583 Museum für Völkerkunde (Berlin): 159, 160, 193, 205, 206, 392, 435, 592, 975, 979 Museum Godeffroy: 131, 592 Zoologischer Garten (Berlin): 159, 160, 193, 205, 206

Indonesia Ethnography: 1667 Travellogue: 1667

Jabwat Demography: 768, 770, 773, 774

Infrastructure see also Health, Hospitals Bridges: 574, 575, 822 Cable Stations: 697, 1293 European buildings: 272 Harbours: 37, 574, 635, 636, 697, 843, 868, 1079, 1332 Houses (European): 196, 357, 572, 573, 574, 575, 635, 657, 660, 661, 697, 822 Military defences: 676

Jaluit 62, 64, 66, 69, 70, 144, 145, 421, 422, 423, 758, 910, 911, 980, 982, 1208 Anthropology (Physical): 980, 982 Architecture: 62, 64, 66 Birth And Death Rates: 758 Climate: 890, 891, 910 Commerce: 1024 Demography: 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Geography: 1208 Germania Hotel: 1216

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Keyword Index Hotel Germania: 144, 145 Island Formation: 860 Japanese annexation: 122 Livestock imports: 1035 Missions: 1629 Oceanography: 868 Postal Service: 1283, 1302, 1435 Schools: 680 Shipping: 421, 422, 423, 1330 Typhoons: 198, 632, 634, 635, 910, 911 Japan Consul: 516 Java Borobudur: 1658 Ethnography: 1659 Kili Demography: 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Oceanography: 868 Plantations: 215 Kiribati Anthropology (Physical): 978, 980, 983 British interests in: 174, 175 Communications: 1382 Drought: 1189 German interests in: 174, 175 Linguistics: 1012 Money (traditional): 1065 Shipping: 1382 Kolonia (Pohnpei) Rainfall: 895 Kolonialrat 157 Koror Missions: 1572 Oceanography: 868 Rainfall: 895

Kosrae 52, 421, 422, 423, 644, 645, 646, 825 Climate: 890, 891 Demography: 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Description of: 662 Geography: 142, 644, 645, 646, 825 History: 594 Japanese Mandate: 697 Linguistics: 1012 Livestock exports: 1035 Mining: 287, 292 Missions: 1628 Money (traditional): 1065 Oceanography: 868 Rainfall: 895 Shipping: 1193 Tropical Agriculture: 1196 Typhoons: 632, 634, 635, 791, 872 Kwajalein 758 Birth And Death Rates: 758 Demography: 758, 768, 770, 773, 774 Influenza: 758 Oceanography: 868 Lai Demography: 768, 770, 773, 774 Oceanography: 868 Lamotrek Climate: 890, 891 Communications: 1352, 1471 Demography: 753, 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Oceanography: 868 Rainfall: 895 Spanish observations: 593, 600 Communications: 1350 Land Ownership Cadastral Registers: 486, 1104 Carolinian: 479, 796, 814

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 461, 466, 467, 469, 470, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496 Traditional: 480, 483, 498, 499, 500

Chamorro: 302, 303, 479, 667, 796, 814, 1027, 1061 Foreign (Non-German): 404, 425, 667, 814 German: 158, 271, 302, 303, 404, 425, 479, 486, 660, 661, 814, 842, 1027, 1061 Government: 302, 303, 404, 425, 667, 688, 814, 1027, 1061, 1104 Marshallese: 271, 302, 303, 425, 479 Palauan: 479, 796 Pohnpeian: 302, 303, 660, 661, 796, 1104 Terra Nullius: 271, 425 Land use see Natural Resources, Land use Law Enforcement Corporal Punishment: 264, 476, 477 Deportation: 219, 465, 501, 615 Disciplinary action: 341 Exilees (Samoa): 64, 66 Extradition: 64, 66 Imprisonment (prison islands): 219, 477 Police: 118, 179, 507, 688, 1637 Punitive Expeditions: 629 Sovereignty: 171, 688 Traditional: 425, 480, 483, 500 Legal System Deportation: 196, 464, 468, 502, 1652 Judiciary (Appointments): 443 Judiciary (Jurisdiction): 215, 299, 447, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 460, 461, 464, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 481, 482, 502, 503, 504 Judiciary (Powers): 299, 342, 503 Judiciary (Structure): 215, 273, 281, 288, 291, 294, 298, 299, 304, 305, 346, 427, 428, 430, 431, 443, 446, 458, 459, 471, 477, 481, 482, 497, 503, 504, 514 Ownership of slaves: 499 Police force: 431, 446 Punishment: 484 Sentencing: 342 Statistics: 161, 215, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 460,

Legislation 228, 234, 236, 237, 238, 334, 397, 400, 421, 422, 423, 424, 439, 440, 441, 442, 504, 1423 Administration: 231, 241, 272, 289, 290, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 304, 346, 353, 367, 416, 417, 419, 430, 432, 477, 478, 497 Agreements (Bilateral): 156, 174, 175, 189, 425, 478, 485, 497, 516, 517, 518 Agreements (International): 425, 478, 485, 497 Arms and Ammunition: 226, 230, 254, 258, 310, 316, 359, 373, 380, 413, 415 Building codes: 272 Churches: 425, 498 Citizenship: 71, 253, 271, 289, 290, 344, 375, 473, 474, 487 Consular powers: 225, 232, 281, 291, 299, 304, 326, 335, 338, 434, 459, 485, 497 Copyright: 283, 306, 307, 394 Currencies,& Financial: 233, 255, 259, 268, 273, 318, 324, 337, 360, 403 Customs: 242, 245, 261, 262, 270, 330, 332, 340, 345, 348, 349, 355, 356, 362, 382, 409, 410 Disciplinary actions: 264, 341 Dog Tax: 312, 320, 322 Emergency, State of: 308, 433 Environmental laws: 246, 284, 325, 331, 333, 369, 380, 383, 406, 429, 436, 799, 811, 814, 926 German: 71, 158, 284, 289, 290, 304, 346, 364, 379, 425, 430, 444, 473, 474, 480, 483, 484, 485, 498, 499, 500 German Colonial: 71, 225, 233, 243, 253, 255, 259, 260, 267, 271, 273, 274, 275, 279, 281, 284, 286, 289, 290, 291, 293, 295, 299, 304, 314, 317, 318, 326, 346, 364, 368, 372, 379, 406, 411, 418, 425, 426, 430, 443, 444, 459, 464, 468, 473, 474, 479, 480, 481, 483, 484, 485, 497, 498, 499, 500, 502, 1423 Health: 240, 365, 374, 401, 402, 405, 720

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Keyword Index Hunting & Fishing: 226, 284, 313, 319, 328, 380, 406, 782, 783, 799, 926 Immigration: 71, 245, 250, 261, 262, 270, 330, 332, 336, 344, 350, 351, 375, 393, 409, 412, 414, 473, 474, 485, 499 Immovable property: 158, 228, 265, 266, 276, 277, 302, 303, 323, 329, 383, 388, 389, 390, 391, 404, 425, 479, 486, 499 Indigenous Laws: 271 Indigenous Rights: 271, 305, 433 International Agreements: 499 Interracial Marriages: 385, 473, 475, 487, 658 Japanese: 485, 688 Judiciary: 299 Labour Laws: 264 Land Management: 263, 321, 323, 329, 436, 799 Liquor Laws: 229, 309, 315, 361, 378, 822, 1063, 1064 Livestock: 327, 328, 374 Livestock movements: 257, 370, 371, 374, 376, 381, 799 Marriage: 289, 290 Mining: 1102 Passports: 289, 290 Penal Code: 260, 418, 431, 485, 499 Police Regulations: 464, 468, 485, 502 Quarantine: 240, 245, 251, 257, 261, 262, 270, 330, 332, 370, 371, 374, 376, 401, 402, 409, 429, 472 Road & Traffic Laws: 377 Slaughter Tax: 313, 319, 381, 799 Taxation: 226, 249, 313, 314, 317, 319, 352, 355, 356, 362, 364, 366, 379, 382, 407, 408, 410, 485, 688, 1085 Terra nullius: 276 Trade: 242, 243, 335, 338, 348, 349, 364, 368, 372, 374, 379, 393, 411, 412, 414, 485, 688, 1423 Traditional: 480, 483, 484, 499, 500 Weights and Measures: 243, 368, 372 Lib Demography: 768, 770, 773, 774

Libraries 871, 880, 889 Life Style Marriages: 385, 473, 475, 487 Likiep 613 Demography: 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Oceanography: 868 Plantations: 215 Linguistics 588, 1012 Animal Names: 926, 996 Carolinian: 159, 160, 193, 205, 206, 837, 1000, 1006, 1010, 1577 Chamorro: 59, 159, 160, 193, 205, 206, 546, 556, 601, 667, 795, 799, 803, 809, 818, 833, 834, 835, 837, 843, 972, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1001, 1005, 1006, 1008, 1009, 1012, 1577, 1596, 1603, 1636 Chuukese: 1000, 1001, 1009, 1012 Dictionaries: 159, 160, 193, 205, 206, 601, 994, 996, 997, 1000, 1005, 1006, 1014 Etymology: 1001, 1009 German: 60, 179, 235, 535, 544, 550, 551, 556, 667, 990, 991, 993, 996, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1007, 1011, 1013, 1014, 1577 Gilbertese: 1009, 1012 Grammar: 799, 972, 994, 995, 997, 1000, 1005, 1008, 1012 Japanese: 1577 Kosraean: 1009, 1012 Marshallese: 1001, 1009, 1012, 1014 Mortlockese: 1001, 1009, 1012, 1577 Nauruan: 1009 Nukuoro: 1009 Orthography: 995, 996, 998, 999, 1000, 1005, 1006, 1008, 1014 Palauan: 1006, 1009, 1012, 1577 Phonetics: 996, 1001, 1009, 1014 Place Names: 235, 601, 972, 996, 1001, 1009, 1013, 1014, 1015

— 331 —

Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Plant Names: 742, 744, 745, 797, 809, 837, 938, 941, 943, 946, 948, 951, 952, 954, 955, 956, 957, 961, 967, 996, 1006 Pohnpeian: 1001, 1009, 1012 Yapese: 555, 1001, 1009, 1010, 1012 Literature & Libraries Music: 74 Newspapers: 60, 61, 73, 283, 306, 307, 394, 1269, 1426 Publishing: 1, 2, 21, 60, 74, 283, 306, 307, 394, 546, 555, 1005, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604 Religious Texts: 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604 Schoolbooks: 546, 555 Lossap Demography: 758 Lukunor Demography: 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Missions: 1572 Oceanography: 868 Typhoons: 635 Majuro 758 Birth And Death Rates: 758 Demography: 758 Oceanography: 868 Malakal Rainfall: 895 Maloelap Demography: 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Oceanography: 868 Manila 1191, 1192

Marshall Islands 31, 37, 45, 58, 133, 134, 154, 155, 161, 172, 184, 444, 531, 558, 565, 619, 656, 669, 670, 692, 695, 918, 924, 992, 1048, 1068, 1143, 1151, 1156, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1163, 1165, 1170, 1174, 1178, 1179, 1181, 1182, 1256, 1284, 1353, 1412, 1441, 1473, 1563 Commerce, Trade: 621, 1114 Drought: 1185 Flora: 939 Japanese Mandated Territory: 677 Missions: 1628, 1633 Mixed marriages: 71, 473, 474 Money (traditional): 1065 Shipping: 1263, 1272, 1282, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431 Material Culture Armrings: 815, 833, 834, 835, 837 Belts: 815, 833, 834, 835 Bone Tools: 833, 834, 835 Canoes: 144, 145, 601, 611, 612, 795, 798, 803, 815, 818, 823, 833, 834, 835, 837, 984, 1652 Dress: 685, 697, 815, 837, 888, 972, 984, 1652 Fishing: 144, 145, 697, 795, 803, 809, 815, 818, 833, 834, 835, 837, 972, 989, 1054 Food Preparation: 63, 65, 67, 68, 796, 833, 834, 835, 837, 927, 972, 984 Food Preservation: 63, 65, 67, 68, 796, 837, 927, 972, 984 Houses: 144, 145, 611, 612, 615, 640, 648, 662, 697, 795, 798, 803, 815, 818, 822, 823, 833, 834, 835, 837, 888, 972, 984, 1579, 1652 Light: 972 Mats: 144, 145, 815, 833, 834, 835, 837, 972 Necklaces: 144, 145, 815, 833, 834, 835, 837, 1065, 1652 Ornaments: 815, 833, 834, 835, 837, 972 Stamps: 1476, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507,

— 332 —

Keyword Index 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1520, 1521, 1523, 1524, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1549, 1555, 1556, 1558, 1560, Stick charts: 833, 834, 835

1512, 1518, 1525, 1531, 1537, 1550, 1561

Matupi Shipping: 1438 Maug Geology: 780, 795, 818 Mining: 287, 292 Oceanography: 868 Mejit 758 Birth And Death Rates: 758 Demography: 758 Influenza: 758 Oceanography: 868 Melegeok Missions: 1572, 1647 Menado (Celebes) 1300 Merir Demography: 758 Ethnography: 1652 Geography: 1652 Linguistics: 1012 Patrol visit: 710 Typhoons: 710 Meteors see Geology Micronesia British interests in: 174, 175 German interests in: 174, 175 Kiribati: 1161, 1180 Ocean-Island: 1161

1513, 1519, 1526, 1532, 1538, 1554,

Mille Demography: 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Mille, Oceanography: 868 Missions 70, 195, 196, 198, 200, 804, 807, 808, 1083, 1573, 1628, 1670 ABCFM: 161, 181, 185, 186, 187, 425, 531, 539, 552, 570, 706, 828, 1184, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1574, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1625, 1628, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1655 Building materials: 1647 Capuchins: 625, 1123 Carolines: 544, 625, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1568, 1574, 1581, 1647 Catholic: 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 552, 625, 706, 1035, 1036, 1575, 1581, 1591, 1592, 1643, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1655 Catholic (German): 140, 161, 181, 185, 186, 187, 198, 200, 539, 544, 552, 555, 557, 570, 625, 706, 753, 762, 828, 861, 862, 883, 893, 894, 903, 904, 909, 972, 986, 987, 991, 1421, 1436, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1594, 1597, 1599, 1601, 1602, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1655 Catholic (Spanish): 161, 181, 185, 186, 187, 425, 552, 570, 593, 600, 601, 602, 603, 618, 623, 804, 807, 808, 828, 893, 909, 972, 1567, 1568, 1573, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1580, 1581, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1595, 1596, 1598, 1600, 1603, 1604, 1608, 1612, 1613, 1618, 1619, 1625, 1626, 1628, 1634, 1635, 1640, 1642,

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1655 General: 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 498, 550, 552, 593, 600, 601, 602, 603, 618, 706, 828, 972, 1035, 1036, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1574, 1581, 1591, 1592, 1625, 1633, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646 Liebenzell: 552, 706, 1123 Marianas: 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 570, 623, 625, 807, 808, 972, 1035, 1036, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1568, 1612, 1613, 1619, 1644, 1647 Marshall Islands: 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 198, 200, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 539, 1035, 1036, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1574, 1581, 1633, 1644 Palau: 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 883, 1035, 1036, 1619 Protestant: 159, 160, 163, 165, 193, 194, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 570, 828, 972, 1035, 1036, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1574, 1582, 1591, 1592, 1628, 1643, 1645, 1646 Schools: 531 Yap: 973, 974, 1619, 1644

Typhoons: 635

Mokil Demography: 758 Geography: 142 Marshallese: 613 Oceanography: 868 Typhoons: 632, 634, 791, 872

Natural Resources Agriculture: 159, 160, 161, 193, 195, 196, 198, 200, 205, 206, 577, 586, 691, 744, 745, 796, 822, 833, 834, 835, 836, 972, 1039, 1063, 1064, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1096, 1111, 1196, 1224, 1226, 1228 Aquaculture: 1081 Birding: 833, 834, 835, 1081 Burning of Grasslands: 325 Fishing: 380, 833, 834, 835, 972, 1081 Land use: 325 Land clearing: 814, 842, 1061, 1229, 1232 Mining: 287, 292, 425, 688, 853, 855, 863, 864, 1069, 1081, 1102, 1104

Morocco German Post offices: 1425, 1426 Mortlocks 635 Anthropology (Physical): 978, 983 Linguistics: 1012 Missions: 1628 Oceanography: 868

Murilo Demography: 758 Oceanography: 868 Typhoons: 791 Museums Collections: 980 Nama Demography: 758 Namibia 1094 Namoluk Demography: 758 Namorik Demography: 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Oceanography: 868 Namu Demography: 768, 770, 773, 774 Oceanography: 868 Natural History General: 922 Species Descriptions: 925

— 334 —

Keyword Index Phosphate: 195, 196, 198, 200, 287, 292, 425, 635, 681, 687, 853, 1032, 1035, 1081, 1104, 1194, 1652 Reafforestation: 657 Tropical Agriculture: 1196 Nauru 635, 686, 695, 1142, 1161 British occupation: 122 Chinese workers: 393, 635 Commerce: 1081 Commerce, Trade: 1024, 1081 Communications: 1416 Customs And Excise: 1032 Demography: 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Health: 714 Money (traditional): 1065 Oceanography: 868 Phosphate: 635, 714, 1032, 1194, 1196 Postal Service: 1334, 1435 Telegraph: 1351, 1413, 1414, 1468 World War I: 39, 112, 117, 118, 121 New Britain Anthropology (Physical): 980 New Caledonia German colonial movement: 141 New Guinea 1104 Bird trade: 1081 Bismarck-Archipelago: 421, 422, 423 British interests in: 174, 175 Commerce, Trade: 621, 1081, 1114 Communications: 1333, 1399 Customs: 119 Demography: 758 Education: 540 German interests in: 174, 175 Herbertshöhe: 421, 422, 423 Matupit: 421, 422, 423 Mixed marriages: 71, 473, 474 Rainfall: 895

Shipping: 1330, 1423 Telegraph: 1413 World War I: 39, 112, 117, 118, 121 Ngatik Demography: 758 Oceanography: 868 Typhoons: 632, 634, 791 Ngulu Demography: 753, 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Oceanography: 868 Nomuin Oceanography: 868 Typhoons: 791 Norddeutscher Lloyd

1193 Norway Consul: 517 Nukuoro Demography: 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Money (traditional): 1065 Oceanography: 868 Occupations Carpenter: 116 Engineer: 116 Forester: 116 Gunsmith: 116 Nurse: 116 Physician: 116 Printer: 116 Road builder: 116 Surveyor: 116 Teacher: 116 Veterinarian: 116 Ocean Island Phosphate: 1194

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Japanese Architecture: 697 Japanese Mandate: 697 Malakal: 1652 Missions: 883, 1619, 1626, 1630, 1647 Money (traditional): 1065 Oceanography: 868 Phosphate: 714 Pohnpeians: 883 Rainfall: 895 Schools: 680 Shipping: 1193, 1263, 1272, 1423, 1428, 1429 Spanish observations: 593, 600, 601 Traditional money: 1652 Tropical Agriculture: 1196 Typhoons: 883, 894

Oceanography 840, 868, 869 Drift voyages: 1352, 1471 Oleai see Woleai Olol Demography: 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Oceanography: 868 Typhoons: 791 Oral traditions Dolphin catches: 576, 660, 661 Ornithology 611, 612, 798, 823, 833, 834, 835, 922

Peleliu Customs And Excise: 1032 Phosphate: 1032

Pagan 576, 660, 661, 972 Demography: 748, 753, 768, 770, 773, 774, 805, 826 Economy: 805, 826 Geography: 40, 46, 51, 219, 615, 780 Geology: 40, 51, 780, 795, 818, 859 Oceanography: 868 Typhoons: 660, 661, 871, 876, 878, 914 Palau 52, 167, 358, 398, 399, 488, 490, 493, 644, 645, 646, 656, 825, 863, 864, 1104, 1575 Arakaluck: 1652 Babeldoab: 1652 Chamorro: 883 Climate: 890, 891 Commerce: 1025 Commerce, Trade: 1025 Demography: 753, 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Ethnography: 1652 Geography: 644, 645, 646, 825, 1652 Health: 714 Houses: 815 Idebul of Koror: 1652

People Abringer (Yap): 122 Ada, Pedro: 813 Adelina: 1640 Agun, R.: 1141 Alegre, Pater Mariano: 1564, 1565, 1566, 1575 Alfaro, L: 1141 Alpen, Mrs von : 118 Alpen, von: 118 Anson, George: 596, 597, 913 Antonio, F.: 1141 Arbinger (Yap): 117 Augar (Rabaul): 116 Baldwin, Ms Elizabeth: 1564, 1565, 1566 Baldwin, Ms. Jane D.: 1564, 1565, 1566 Balkan, H: 125 Banse: 1435 Bansleben (Rabaul): 116 Bartola: 973, 974 Bastian, A.: 592 Bauck (Rabaul): 124 Bauer (Jaluit): 117, 122

— 336 —

Keyword Index Baumert (Rabaul): 116 Baumert, Mrs (Rabaul): 116 Becke (Rabaul): 116 Becker, A: 125 Begas (commander SMS Condor): 1652 Behr (Rabaul): 116 Benda, Dr.: 980 Bendixen, Dr. Fr.: 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214 Bennigsen, Rudolf von: 109, 110, 147, 182, 650, 651, 825, 913 Bense, H.E.: 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1189, 1190, 1191 Berg (Rabaul): 116 Berg, Victor: 106, 142, 181, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 358, 398, 399, 508, 792 Berghausen (Rabaul): 116 Bernhardt, G: 125 Binder (Rabaul): 116 Blanco, Eugenio: 609, 645, 650, 651, 807, 808, 825 Blumenstengler (Rabaul): 116 Blumenthal, von (Rabaul): 124 Bock, Otto: 117, 122, 1123 Boeder, Gustav,: 39, 108, 513, 660, 661 Böhme: 118 Böker, Robert: 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214 Bonani, Pater Joseph: 1632 Boranga, Pater Karl: 1632 Born, Ludwig: 115, 116, 191, 192, 518, 521, 886 Born, Max: 181, 186, 187 Bosch (Rabaul): 124 Both (Rabaul): 116 Brandeis, Eugen: 69, 181, 186, 187, 191, 192 Braunert, Dr (Rabaul): 116 Bredemann, Dr.: 115, 116 Brucker (Rabaul): 116 Brucker, Mrs (Rabaul): 116 Brückner (Rabaul): 116, 521 Brückner: 518 Brüdner (Rabaul): 116

Brüggemann, Arthur: 117, 122, 1134, 1141, 1147, 1148 Byron: 913 Cabamilles, Pater Ildefonso: 1564, 1565, 1566, 1575 Calvanese, Carlos: 1632 Capelle, Adolph: 595, 613, 626 Chamisso, Adalbert von: 611, 612, 798, 823, 833, 834, 835 Channon, Irving M.: 1564, 1565, 1566 Corbinian: 118 Cornelio, Pater: 1640 Costenoble, Hermann: 40, 51, 665, 667, 836, 842, 940, 941, 962, 1220 Cuculn, Pater Matthias: 1632 Cueva, Pater Tomas: 1564, 1565, 1566, 1575 Cuydolff, Petro: 601 Dachsel, P.: 836, 1061, 1220 Dalibor, H: 125 Dammin (Rabaul): 116 Davis, John: 1474 De Freycinet: 913 de Arbazegui, Pater Daniel: 1564, 1565, 1566, 1619 de Artajona, Pater Saturnin: 1619 de Boranga, Carolus: 601 de los Reyes, Juan: 1112 de Magallanes, Fernando: 616 Deecken, Richard: 761 del Cano, Juan Sebastian: 616 Delaporte, Ms Salome: 1566 Delaporte, Phillip: 1566 Dempwolff, Dr (Rabaul): 116 Derbsch (Rabaul): 116, 521 Derbsch: 518 Dieterle, Fidelis: 1640 Dieterlen, Dr.: 115, 116 Doane: 1619, 1628 Döllinger (Rabaul): 115, 116 Döllinger, Mrs (Rabaul): 115, 116 Domnick, Carl: 117, 122, 1134, 1146, 1147, 1148 Dreibholz (Rabaul): 116 Dubbenkropp (Jaluit): 117, 122

— 337 —

Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Duffner, Venantius: 1619, 1640 Dulk (Rabaul): 116 Duns (Rabaul): 116 Dwucet, Dr.: 509, 530, 545, 553, 561, 648, 917 Eckert (Rabaul): 116, 521 Eckert, (Jaluit): 117, 122 Eckert: 518 Etscheidt, Domnick: 207, 1123, 1134, 1146, 1147, 1148 Ewest (Rabaul): 116 Ewest, Mrs (Rabaul): 116 Fabian (Rabaul): 116 Fackel, Georg: 118, 518, 521 Faulenbach (Rabaul): 116 Faulenbach, Mrs (Rabaul): 116 Feinäugle: 117, 518, 521 Flügge (Rabaul): 124 Foss, Ms. Ida C.: 1566 Fournier, François: 1485, 1486, 1497, 1498, 1510, 1538 Frank (Rabaul): 116 Freyse, Gustav: 1482, 1552 Friedländer, Robert: 117, 122, 1134, 1141, 1147, 1148 Fritsch (Rabaul): 115, 116 Fritz, Georg: 136, 181, 182, 186, 187, 191, 192, 285, 508, 510, 511, 522, 527, 528, 535, 546, 579, 582, 583, 584, 585, 609, 636, 645, 647, 650, 651, 657, 665, 667, 691, 780, 781, 825, 843, 848, 849, 850, 852, 857, 859, 867, 886, 938, 940, 941, 946, 948, 951, 955, 959, 961, 962, 975, 979, 1002, 1006, 1088, 1531, 1535, 1637, 1650, 1651, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1695, 1696 Fuebig (Rabaul): 116 Garcia, Pater Cornelia: 1564, 1565, 1566, 1575 Gebhard (Rabaul): 124 Gentner (Pohnpei): 117, 122 Georg: 1640 Geppert, Paul: 181, 186, 187, 191, 192 Gerdzen, F.: 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187

Gerster, Gereon: 1640 Gesang, Othmar: 1640 Gibbon, Ch.: 942, 943, 946, 963, 967 Gibbon, W.: 1141 Giensch, Hugo: 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214 Gilbert, Thomas: 797 Girnus (Rabaul): 115, 116, 518, 521 Girschner, Max: 117, 122, 181, 186, 187, 191, 192, 518, 521, 636 Girschner, Mrs: 636 Glitz (Rabaul): 116 Godeffroy, Johann Cesar: 131, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214 Goetsch, H: 125 Gottschalk (Rabaul): 116 Gray, Rev. Thomas: 1564, 1565, 1566 Grigat, Bruno: 125 Grösser, Hermann: 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214 Grumbach (Rabaul): 115, 116, 518, 521 Grundler (Rabaul): 115, 116 Grundler, Mrs. (Rabaul): 115, 116 Guerrero, Jesus: 691 Guppa: 518 Gusmann, V.: 1141 Haas, Salesius: 1564, 1565, 1566 Haber (Rabaul): 116 Haeberlein, H: 125 Haenke: 946, 948 Häer (Rabaul): 116 Haes: 613 Hagen, P.: 125 Hahl, Albert: 190, 191, 192, 358, 398, 399, 506, 527, 528, 636, 645, 825, 990 Haller, Brother Johann: 1632 Hambruch, Paul: 39 Hammann (Pohnpei): 117, 122 Hammer (Rabaul): 116 Hammerstein (Jaluit): 117, 122 Haus, Anton: 813 Häuser (Jaluit): 117, 122

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Keyword Index Häusler, Mrs (Rabaul): 115, 116 Heide (Rabaul): 116 Heipe, Pater Jakob: 1632 Heisig (Rabaul): 116 Heisig, Mrs (Rabaul): 116 Hellvoigt (Pohnpei): 117, 122 Hermann (Yap): 117, 122 Hernsheim, Eduard: 592, 626 Hernsheim, Franz: 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1216 Heynitz, von: 649, 895 Hoek: 518 Höfer, Hermann: 117, 122, 895, 930, 938, 941, 943, 946, 948, 956, 957, 962, 964, 967, 1226 Hoffer, R.: 1669 Hoffmann (Rabaul): 116 Hoffschneider, C.: 1141 Hoffschneider, Conrad: 1134, 1147, 1148 Hollborn, Otto: 1134, 1147, 1148 Holmes (Nauru): 117 Hopp (Pohnpei): 117, 122 Hoppin, Jessie R.: 117, 122, 1564, 1565, 1566 Hoshino, Dr.: 697 Huster, Crescentius: 1640 Ignatius, Pater: 117, 122 Inga Pisa: 501 Ingalls, Charles: 626 Irmer (Rabaul): 116 Irmer, Georg: 132 Ishigawa: 1141 Isoda (Jap. trader Garapan): 576, 660, 661 Jagnow, Albert A.: 1564, 1565, 1566 Jahn (Rabaul): 116 James, J: 1141 Jancke, Franz: 142 Janssen, Friedrich: 117, 122, 1213, 1214 Jensch, G.: 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214 John (Rabaul): 115, 116 Junke (Rabaul): 116 Kabua: 69, 613 Kaiser (Rabaul): 116

Kaiser, Ludwig: 69, 191, 192 Kammerich (Pohnpei): 117 Karlowa, Rudolf: 191, 192 Katzer (Rabaul): 124 Kayser, Alfred: 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196 Kempf (Rabaul): 116 Kerler (Rabaul): 116, 518, 521 Kerschbaumer, Pater Anton: 1632 Kersting, Herrmann: 859 Kessler, Eustachius: 1640 Kirkhausen, Paul: 1567 Kirn, Karl: 515, 519 Kleffling (Rabaul): 116 Klewitz, von(Rabaul): 124 Klink (Rabaul): 124, 125 Klug, Dr (Rabaul): 116 Knorr: 913 Koch, Robert: 636, 717, 721 Köhler (Rabaul): 115, 116 Köhler, Karl: 117, 122 Köhler, Max: 117, 122 Köning (Rabaul): 116 Konradt (Rabaul): 124 Kopp, Dr. (Jaluit): 117, 122 Kossack, Georg: 1482, 1489, 1549 Kotzebue, Otto von: 606, 607, 611, 612, 798, 823, 833, 834, 835 Kraft (Rabaul): 116 Kraft, Mrs (Rabaul): 116 Krakowski, J.: 125 Kraus (Rabaul): 116 Kröning, Dr.: 115, 116 Kröning, Mrs: 115, 116 Krümling, Justus: 122 Kubary, Johann Stanislaus: 580, 589, 592, 815 Kuhl, Pater Adam: 1632 Kühn (Rabaul): 116 Kusserow, E.: 545 Kusserow, Ms.: 545 Lachmann (Rabaul): 116 Lachmann, Mrs (Rabaul): 115, 116

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Lamban, Pater José: 1564, 1565, 1566, 1575 Lange (Rabaul): 116 Langelittig, Artur: 117, 122 Lauati: 462, 463, 464, 465, 468, 501, 502, 837 Lauer (Rabaul): 116 Le Gobien: 913, 971 Lederer, Dr (Rabaul): 116 Ledermann, C: 967 Lehfeld, Sister Charlotte: 115, 116 Lehmann, Gallus: 118 Lehnert (Rabaul): 116 Leier (Rabaul): 115, 116, 518, 521 Leist (Rabaul): 124 Lembach, August: 125 Lenz, Dr.: 51 Lewis, E.: 1141 Lichtenstein (Rabaul): 116 Lichtenstein (Rabaul): 518 Lippert, Heinrich: 117, 122 Lois, Pater: 1564, 1565, 1566 Loleit, Louise: 117, 122 Lopinot, Callistus: 1006, 1640 Lößner, Otto: 207 Lotze, E: 1112 Lotze, Erhard: 118 Lucius, Brother: 904, 1580 Ludwig (Pohnpei): 122, 521 Ludwig: 518 Lützendorf (Jaluit): 117, 122 MacGregor, R.C.: 962 Magellan, Ferdinand: 617, 620, 797 Mahler (Rabaul): 116 Mahler, Mrs (Rabaul): 116 Majewsky, Melchior: 1640 Marche, Alfred: 785, 913, 969, 970 Martens, Captain: 886, 1652 Martinez, Antonia: 1141 Mässenhausen, Mrs von (Rabaul): 115, 116 Mässenhausen, von (Rabaul): 116 Mata’afa: 64, 66, 462, 463, 464, 465, 468, 501, 502 Math (Palau): 1652 Mauderer (Rabaul): 116

Mayer (Rabaul): 124 Mayer, Dr J. (Chuuk): 117, 122 McGregor, RA: 967 McGregor: 946, 948, 957 Melander, Johann Victor.: 207, 1123, 1134, 1147, 1148 Mencke (Jaluit): 117, 122 Meyer-Delius, H.: 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1211, 1212, 1213 Miki, Saito: 516 Minikichi Marulami: 1134, 1147, 1148 Miuru Kyiotoshi: 1134, 1147, 1148 Morgan: 791 Mucke (Rabaul): 116 Müller, L.: 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214 Müller, Placidus: 1641 Münz (Rabaul): 116 Narruhn (Palau): 117, 122 Natalia: 1640 Nedelec, Pierre: 649 Nusser (Chuuk): 117, 122 O’Keefe, David: 142, 628 Odilio, Pater: 1619, 1640 Odonikus, Pater: 118 Oehmichen (Rabaul): 116 Olin,Jenny: 1564, 1565, 1566 Ollwig: 636 Oppermann, Severin: 1641 Ortin, Pater Crisogono: 1564, 1565, 1566, 1575 Osswald, Arthur: 148, 221 Owandner (Rabaul): 116 Palmer, Ms. A.A.: 1566 Patsch, Hugo: 125 Paul (Rabaul): 116 Paulitsch (Rabaul): 115, 116 Paulitsch, Mrs (Rabaul): 115, 116 Paur, E.: 125 Pechstein (Palau): 118 Pechstein, Mrs: 118 Peter (Jaluit): 117, 122 Peters (Rabaul): 116

— 340 —

Keyword Index Petersen, Ernst: 117, 122 Petry, Joachim: 1627 Pettinati, Jacobus: 601 Prager, Max: 30 Quadras, J.F.: 925 Reichel, B: 515 Reichel, Volker: 1227 Resano, Pater Francisco: 1564, 1565, 1566, 1575 Rife, Clinton F.: 1564, 1565, 1566 Rife, Mrs. Isodora: 1564, 1565, 1566 Ritzen (Rabaul): 116 Ritzen, Mrs (Rabaul): 116 Robertson, H.: 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196 Rüdell, Gebhard: 1640 Rudolf: 128 Rudolph (Rabaul): 116, 124 Runge (Rabaul): 116 Ruperti, O.: 1214 Ruppert, Ignatius: 1640 Sablan, Gregorio: 691 Safford, William Edwin: 784 Salecker, Dr.: 117, 118, 122, 518, 521 Salecker, Mrs: 117, 118 Scale (Rabaul): 116 Schäfer (Rabaul): 116 Schaper (Rabaul): 116 Schaper, Mrs (Rabaul): 116 Scharf, C.: 1189 Scharlauch, Max: 518, 521 Schenk (Rabaul): 116, 521 Schenk: 518 Scherer (Rabaul): 116 Schermling (Rabaul): 116 Schirmayer, Pater Johann: 1632 Schirmeisen, Pater Johann: 1632 Schlaginhaufen, Otto: 975 Schleift: 518 Schlettwein (Rabaul): 116 Schmeltz, J.D.E.: 592 Schmidt (Rabaul): 116

Schmidt (Yap): 117, 122 Schnee: 943, 948, 967, 1619 Schultz-Ewert: 501 Schulze (Rabaul): 116 Schumacher (Pohnpei): 117, 122 Schumacher (Rabaul): 116 Schuppert (Rabaul): 116 Schwabe, Ludwig: 181, 186, 187, 191, 192 Schwieder, Sister Margot: 115, 116 Scott (Yap): 117, 122 Seibert, Dr.: 191, 192 Seidel, Hans: 51 Senfft, Arno: 107, 162, 181, 186, 187, 191, 192, 515, 527, 528, 582, 583, 645, 792, 825 Siegbert, Pater: 117, 122 Sigwanz, Joseph: 191, 192 Silvester, Pater: 1619 Smith, Ch.: 1141 Snelling, Alfred: 791, 1564, 1565, 1566 Solf, Wilhelm: 464, 468, 502 Stegmann, Heinrich: 125 Stein (Rabaul): 116 Stein, Albert: 515, 1112 Steinhauer (Yap): 117, 122 Stimson, Martin L.: 1564, 1565, 1566 Stöber (Rabaul): 116 Streiber (Rabaul): 116 Strobach, J: 625 Strobach, Pater Augustin: 1632 Stübel, Dr. (Rabaul): 115, 116, 518, 521 Stübel, Mrs (Rabaul): 116 Stüben (Rabaul): 116 Stuckhardt, Wilhelm: 191, 192 Suppa (Rabaul): 521 Tafel (Rabaul): 115, 116 Tanabe: 118 Tejada, Juan B: 1134, 1147, 1148 ter Horst (Yap): 117, 122 Thiemer, Adolph Otto: 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214 Thurm, Gustav: 125 Tielske, K: 125

— 341 —

Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Tilpe, Brother Johann: 1632 Timm, Emil: 517 Tölke (Rabaul): 116 Traube: 1435 Trost, Mrs: 117 Ueberhorst (Chuuk): 117, 122, 518, 521 Untalan, Jesus: 697 Vahlkampf, Albert: 181, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 916 Valderamo, B.: 1141 Victorinus, Pater: 1564, 1565, 1566 Villacon, J (Pohnpei): 117, 122, 1141 Villacon, Therese: 1134, 1147, 1148 Vogt: 518 Voigt (Saipan): 122, 521 Voigt, Mrs: 117, 118, 521 Voigt: 117, 118 Volkens, Georg: 577, 578, 591, 645, 825, 857, 858, 929, 940, 948, 953, 957, 960, 964, 967 Völz (Rabaul): 116 Wagner (Rabaul): 116 Walleser, Salvator: 1586, 1587 Walleser, Sixtus: 1619 Walter, Bruno: 125 Walter, Pater Victor: 1632 Warnecke: 191, 192 Weber, Theodor: 1184 Wegener, Georg: 636 Weller (Rabaul): 115, 116, 118 Wettrock, F: 125 Wheeler, Admiral: 1086 Whitehead: 649 Wiegand, Koloman: 1640 Wiegmann (Rabaul): 116 Wiel, Dr.: 115, 116 Wietfeld (Rabaul): 124 Wiggert (Rabaul): 115, 116 Wilson, Ms. Louise E.: 1564, 1565, 1566 Winkler: 118, 140, 518, 521 Winter (Rabaul): 116, 521 Wocke (Rabaul): 116 Wocke, Mrs (Rabaul): 116

Woitschek: 636, 732, 735 Wolfhagen, R.: 1211, 1212 Worbs: 191, 192 Wortmann, Otto: 125 Wostrack (Rabaul): 116, 518, 521 Wostrack, Mrs (Rabaul): 116 y Zayas, Sanchez: 627 Young, James Lyle: 626 Zelewski, von: 636, 1504 Zerbe, Konrad: 1640 Zerezao, Pater Anton: 1632 Zerssen, H.H.W.: 125 Zimmermann (Chuuk): 122 Petrology Rota: 858 Saipan: 858 Philippines 1191, 1192 Photography Copyright: 394 Piherar Typhoons: 791 Pingelap Demography: 758, 791 Geography: 142 Marshallese: 613 Missions: 1628 Typhoons: 632, 634, 791, 872 Plants: 590, 742, 797, 809, 833, 834, 835, 929, 930, 938, 940, 941, 942, 943, 945, 946, 948, 949, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 965, 966, 967, 1082, 1224, 1226 Abies firma: 1120, 1122, 1123 Agava sisal: 1120, 1122, 1123, 1125, 1126, 1133, 1225, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232 Algae: 947, 964 Aloe vera: 697 Arrowroot: 584, 657

— 342 —

Keyword Index Balata: 1120, 1133 Bananas: 189, 610, 615, 657, 784, 797, 799, 809, 813, 837, 900, 1122, 1123, 1125, 1126 Beans: 799, 837, 1086 Betelnut: 795, 799, 803, 818, 972 Breadfruit: 610, 615, 744, 745, 784, 797, 813, 821, 837, 900, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 972 Cacao: 837, 1039, 1082 Callophyllum sp.: 610, 809 Camphor: 584, 585, 1036 Cardamom: 1125, 1126 Cashew nuts: 697 Castilloa: 1120, 1133 Casuarina: 657, 813, 821 Cinnamon: 697, 1125, 1126 Citrus: 610, 615, 784, 797, 799, 809, 821, 1086, 1221 Cloves: 697 Cocoa: 657, 784, 788, 797, 799, 809, 811, 837, 842, 1066, 1067, 1086, 1092, 1104, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1125, 1126, 1133, 1137, 1221, 1230 Coconut: 161, 189, 198, 200, 207, 215, 246, 369, 610, 615, 657, 784, 788, 795, 797, 799, 803, 804, 809, 813, 818, 822, 833, 834, 835, 837, 842, 871, 880, 884, 885, 889, 900, 919, 920, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 972, 1035, 1039, 1063, 1064, 1067, 1081, 1082, 1086, 1115, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1125, 1126, 1133, 1221, 1225, 1230, 1231, 1652 Coconut (Pests): 198, 200, 207, 246, 369, 429, 837, 1034, 1036, 1067, 1652 Coffee: 207, 657, 697, 784, 788, 799, 809, 811, 837, 842, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1125, 1126, 1133, 1221, 1230 Copernicia cerifera: 1120, 1122, 1123 Cotton: 797, 799, 813, 1115, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1125, 1126, 1133, 1221, 1230 Cryptomeria japonica: 1120, 1122, 1123 Cucumbers: 788, 799, 837 Ficus: 1125, 1126 Ficus elastica: 1120, 1122, 1123, 1133, 1230

Food: 63, 65, 67, 68, 159, 160, 193, 205, 206, 610, 744, 745, 795, 797, 799, 803, 809, 810, 812, 813, 818, 833, 834, 835, 837, 842, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 1082 Gooseberry: 697, 799 Grasses: 944 Guava: 784, 799, 810, 812, 837 Hemp: 1067, 1086, 1096, 1221, 1225, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232 Hemp (Manila): 195, 610, 657, 788, 1067, 1086, 1104, 1125, 1126, 1225, 1231 Hemp (Mauritius): 1125, 1126, 1225, 1231 Hevea brasiliensis: 1120, 1133, 1229, 1230, 1232 Hibiscus: 799, 813 Ifil: 325 Ilex crenata: 1120, 1122, 1123 Indigo: 610, 784, 1067 Introduced: 46, 159, 160, 193, 205, 206, 207, 356, 578, 584, 585, 590, 657, 784, 795, 797, 799, 803, 813, 818, 833, 834, 835, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 944, 949, 965, 966, 972, 1067, 1071, 1082, 1096, 1221, 1230 Kamatschil: 1227 Kapok: 784, 1120, 1125, 1126, 1133, 1230 Kastilloa: 1125, 1126 Kava: 1125, 1126 Kickxia: 1120, 1125, 1126, 1133 Kickxia elastica: 1122, 1123 Lemons: 784, 788, 810, 812, 837, 1086 Lychees: 697 Maize: 615, 784, 788, 795, 797, 799, 803, 809, 813, 818, 837, 842, 871, 880, 889, 900, 972, 1067, 1086, 1122, 1123, 1125, 1126, 1221, 1652 Mango: 693, 784, 799, 837, 842 Mangosteen: 697 Manihot: 1125, 1126 Manihot Glaziovii: 1122, 1123 Manioc: 693, 784, 813, 837, 842, 1221 Melons: 797, 972 Native: 821, 1071 Nutmeg: 697, 1120, 1125, 1126, 1133

— 343 —

Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Oil palms: 1125, 1126 Oranges: 697, 784, 788, 799, 810, 812, 821, 837, 842, 1221 Ornamentals: 799, 837 Other: 945 Palms: 919, 920 Pandanus: 784, 799, 809, 813, 837, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937 Papaya: 784, 799, 809, 813, 837 Para nuts: 697 Peanuts: 657, 799, 809 Peas: 788, 799, 837 Pepper: 697, 799, 1120, 1125, 1126, 1133, 1230 Peru balsam: 1120, 1133 Pineapple: 189, 610, 657, 697, 784, 788, 795, 797, 799, 803, 813, 818, 837, 1125, 1126, 1222 Pumpkin: 837 Quercus cuspodata: 1122, 1123 Quercus supidada: 1120 Research: 586, 592 Rhus massoniana: 1122, 1123 Rhus scedanea: 1122, 1123 Rice: 610, 615, 697, 795, 797, 799, 803, 807, 808, 809, 811, 818, 1067, 1086, 1125, 1126, 1580 Ricinus: 799, 842, 1225, 1231 Rubber: 657, 1104, 1122, 1123, 1125, 1126, 1229, 1230, 1232 Sadopilla Plums: 697 Sago: 189, 615, 657 Stonenut: 697, 788, 799 Sugar Cane: 189, 610, 657, 693, 784, 795, 797, 799, 803, 804, 809, 811, 813, 818, 837, 842, 1067, 1086, 1125, 1126, 1221, 1230 Sweet Potatoes: 615, 784, 788, 795, 803, 809, 813, 818, 837, 842, 889, 1120, 1133, 1652 Tapioca see Manioc Taro: 693, 784, 795, 799, 803, 809, 813, 818, 837, 883, 1652 Tea: 837, 1122, 1123 Teak: 1120, 1133

Tectonia grandis: 1122, 1123 Tobacco: 189, 598, 657, 784, 797, 799, 803, 804, 811, 813, 837, 842, 884, 885, 889, 1066, 1086, 1092, 1104, 1115, 1122, 1123, 1125, 1126, 1137, 1221, 1230, 1652 Tomatoes: 1086 Uses: 159, 160, 193, 205, 206, 809, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 940, 942, 943, 946, 948, 956, 957, 959, 960, 962, 963, 967, 989, 1082, 1096, 1224, 1226 Vanilla: 697, 1067, 1120, 1125, 1126, 1133, 1230 Vines: 1036 Wheat: 797 Yams: 837, 1652 Zelkova keaki: 1120, 1122, 1123 Zitronella Grass: 1125, 1126 Pohnpei 421, 422, 423, 486, 618, 635, 644, 645, 646, 660, 661, 707, 825, 922, 1083 Agricultural Experiment Station: 697 Anthropology (Physical): 978, 983 Castaways: 1347, 1350 Cattle: 1035 Climate: 890, 891 Deer: 926 Demography: 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777, 792 Description of: 662 Dress: 144, 145 Geography: 644, 645, 646, 825 History: 594 Japanese Mandate: 697 Linguistics: 1012 Livestock imports: 1035 Mining: 287, 292 Missions: 618, 1572, 1619, 1627, 1628, 1630 Money (traditional): 1065 Oceanography: 868 Ornithology: 922 Plants: 1668 Postal Service: 1239, 1240, 1283, 1302, 1435 Rainfall: 895

— 344 —

Keyword Index Sakau: 1668 Schools: 680 Shipping: 1193, 1330 Social customs: 1668 Sokehs: 108, 144, 145, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1655 Sokehs Rebellion: 39, 108, 148, 196, 198, 445, 637, 653, 662, 712, 815, 1104, 1619 Spanish Period: 1628 Tropical Agriculture: 1196 Typhoons: 632, 634, 635, 791, 872 Pohnpeians Palau: 883 Politics Antisemitism: 1656, 1657 Poloot Demography: 758, 764, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Poloot, Oceanography: 868 Polowat Demography: 766 Polowat, Oceanography: 868

Ironware: 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Music instruments: 888 Newspapers and Books: 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Petroleum: 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Pottery: 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Salt: 837, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Seed Material: 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Swallow nests: 830 Tobacco and Tobacco Products: 1066, 1092, 1137 Trepang: 830 Tuba: 799, 837 Vinegar: 1222 Weapons: 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Wine & Spirits: 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Property Confiscation 1143

Port Said Entertainment: 663

Pulap Demography: 758

Products Alcohol: 799 Beer: 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Boats: 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Building Materials: 1066, 1092, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1137 Clothes: 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Coal: 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Drugs and Medicine: 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132 Food items: 1066, 1092, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1124, 1127, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1137

Pulo Anna Demography: 758 Ethnography: 1652 Geography: 1652 Patrol visit: 710 Typhoons: 710 Queensland Germans: 153 Rabaul German administration: 357 Telegraph: 1413, 1468 Telegraphy: 1351, 1414, 1472 Relations American-German: 1470

— 345 —


Religion Christianity: 140, 557, 623, 753, 861, 862, 903, 986, 987, 1421, 1436, 1562, 1563, 1569, 1579, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1640, 1641, 1642 Conflict between denominations: 557, 861, 862, 986, 987, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1569, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1655 Conflict between traders and missionaries: 557, 861, 862, 986, 987, 1569, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1626, 1627, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1640, 1641, 1642 Other: 557, 861, 862, 986, 987, 1569, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1626, 1627, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1640, 1641, 1642 Traditional: 833, 834, 835, 1640 Rongelap Demography: 768, 770, 773, 774 Rongerik Demography: 768, 770, 773, 774 Oceanography: 868 RonKiti (Pohnpei) Rainfall: 895 Rota 611, 612, 884, 885, 950, 972 Botany: 795, 818, 959, 962, 967 Church, Congregation: 181, 185, 186, 187 Deer: 781, 807, 808, 926 Demography: 46, 599, 748, 749, 753, 768, 770, 773, 774, 805, 826, 846 Description of: 46 Earthquakes: 861 Economy: 805, 826 Geography: 46 Geology: 795, 809, 818, 859 Harbour: 846, 1652

History: 625 Infrastructure: 1652 Mining: 287, 292 Missions: 601, 602, 603, 846, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1572, 1575, 1627, 1631, 1636 Mochong: 219 Petrology: 858 Public Health: 795 Rainfall: 895 Rice paddy: 807, 808 Schools: 846, 1580, 1615 Seal of the Spanish administration: 1529 Trade: 1652 Typhoons: 121, 198, 884, 885, 902, 904, 908 Saipan 486, 515, 533, 576, 611, 612, 631, 636, 644, 645, 646, 660, 661, 707, 825, 848, 871, 880, 889, 921, 950, 972, 1300, 1331, 1567 Botany: 795, 818, 930, 938, 940, 941, 942, 943, 946, 948, 951, 953, 955, 956, 957, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 967 Burials: 636 Carolinians: 1000 Cattle: 927, 1228 Church, Congregation: 181, 185, 186, 187 Communications: 1058, 1196 Deer: 926 Demography: 46, 599, 748, 749, 753, 762, 768, 770, 773, 774, 805, 826 Description of: 46 Economy: 805, 826 Geography: 46, 615, 636, 644, 645, 646, 647, 785, 825, 865, 866 Geology: 795, 818, 857, 865, 866 History: 636 Invertebrates: 743 Latte sites: 857 Livestock exports: 1035 Magicienne Bay: 829 Maps: 794, 832 Mining: 287, 292 Missions: 986, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1575, 1619, 1627, 1631, 1647

— 346 —

Keyword Index Oceanography: 615, 795, 818, 829, 867, 868 Petrology: 858 Piers: 693 Pigs: 927 Plants: 584 Postal Service: 1435 Rainfall: 895 Schools: 535, 680 Seal of the Spanish administration: 1529 Tanapag Harbour: 1652 Tropical Agriculture: 1196 Typhoons: 121, 871, 880, 884, 885, 889 Samoa 31 Butterflies: 923 Civil Unrest: 464, 468, 502 Commerce, Trade: 131, 621, 1081 Demography (Exilees): 464, 468, 502 Education: 543 Flora: 939 Mixed marriages: 71, 473, 474, 487 Political Situation: 464, 468, 502 Telegraph: 1413 Telegraphy: 1351, 1414, 1472 Trade: 1142 World War I: 39, 112, 117, 118, 121 Sarigan Botany: 795, 818, 942 Demography: 46, 748, 749, 753 Description of: 46 Geography: 46, 219 Geology: 219, 795, 818, 859 Satawal Demography: 753, 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Linguistics: 1012 Satawan Demography: 758 Schools Chuuk: 1564, 1565, 1566

Etal: 1564, 1565, 1566 Lossop: 1564, 1565, 1566 Lukunor: 1564, 1565, 1566 Melegeok: 893, 909 Mokil: 1564, 1565, 1566 Nama: 1564, 1565, 1566 Namoluk: 1564, 1565, 1566 Ngatik: 1564, 1565, 1566 Nukuoro: 1564, 1565, 1566 Pingelap: 1564, 1565, 1566 Pohnpei, Madolenimwh: 1564, 1565, 1566 Pohnpei, Mant: 1564, 1565, 1566 Pohnpei, Oa: 1564, 1565, 1566 Pohnpei, Pala (Kiti): 1564, 1565, 1566 Pohnpei, Ronkiti: 1564, 1565, 1566 Pohnpei, U: 1564, 1565, 1566 Rota: 846, 1580 Saipan: 680 Satawan: 1564, 1565, 1566 Shanghai 1300 Castaways: 1347, 1350, 1352, 1471 Telegraph: 1301 Shipping Coaling Station: 644, 645, 646, 825 Harbours: 688 HongKong: 1193 Navigation Modern: 613 Navigation Traditional: 613 New Guinea: 411 Tinian: 821 Traditional Drift voyages: 613 Volume: 181, 185, 186, 187, 215, 688, 1263, 1272, 1282, 1290, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433 Wrecks: 1289, 1290, 1291 Ships Brazileira: 1183 Canton: 118 Carl and Ella: 791 Dayski Maru: 838

— 347 —

Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Delphin: 117, 122, 195, 196, 200, 710, 1035, 1422, 1627 Diana: 632, 634, 791 Donau: 813 Eanijen Rakijen: 196 Estelle: 1183 Futuna: 1183 Germania: 196, 198, 200, 654, 662, 667, 791, 872, 886, 888, 910, 911, 1263, 1272, 1282, 1289, 1330, 1382, 1421, 1428, 1429, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1446, 1449, 1452, 1453, 1456, 1464, 1555, 1648 Halnacker: 1235, 1238 Hampshire: 112 Heinrich von Stephan: 1293, 1470 Hermes: 117, 122 HMS Melbourne: 117 HMS Minotaur: 112, 117, 122 HMS Sydney: 117, 122 IJN Satsuma: 122 Jun-ho Maru: 1554, 1556 Justin: 848, 849 Kamakura Maru: 117, 122 Kenkon Maru: 112 Komet: 653, 1110, 1423, 1424 Kudat: 807, 808, 1554, 1556 Leto: 1290 Lübeck: 1435, 1555 Mariana Maru: 670 Medan: 1291 Messina: 117 Mongolia: 117 Morning Star: 872, 1590 München: 153, 636, 647, 708, 1242, 1554, 1555, 1556 Oceana: 69, 142, 153, 718, 749, 842, 1023, 1193, 1273, 1277, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1430, 1438, 1466, 1555, 1556 Planet: 117, 1468 Ponape: 886, 1035, 1036, 1450, 1454, 1455, 1465, 1652 Prinz Sigismund: 1332 Pronto: 122 Satsuma: 117

Seestern: 632, 634, 635, 653, 1035, 1450, 1454, 1455, 1465 SMS Arcona: 64, 66, 501 SMS Bussard: 64, 66 SMS Condor: 576, 660, 661, 749, 846, 878, 1652 SMS Cormoran: 196, 649, 815, 1556 SMS Emden: 196 SMS Gneisenau: 117, 1648 SMS Jaguar: 501, 1035, 1554, 1556 SMS Komet: 200 SMS Leipzig: 501 SMS Möwe: 633 SMS Nürnberg: 196, 1648 SMS Peiho: 195 SMS Planet: 195, 196 SMS Scharnhorst: 1648 SMS Seeadler: 632, 634, 791, 870 SMS Seestern: 1439 Southport: 117 Stettin: 153 Stuttgart: 663 Supply: 1470 Sybilly: 1183 Titania: 196 Tokai Maru: 1554, 1556 Tora Maru: 576, 660, 661, 813 Tsingtau: 117 Uranus: 1554, 1556 Vilma: 613 Ysabel: 153 Social Structure Gender Roles: 795, 803, 818, 971, 972, 973, 974, 985, 1071 Inheritance: 271, 425, 795, 803, 818, 833, 834, 835, 971, 972, 985, 1071 Interpersonal relations: 998, 999 Land Tenure: 271, 425, 833, 834, 835, 971, 972, 973, 974, 1071 Marriages: 176, 271, 971, 985, 1071, 1652 Rank: 425, 795, 803, 818, 833, 834, 835, 971, 973, 974, 1071

— 348 —

Keyword Index

Solomon Islands 863 British interests in: 174, 175 Commerce, Trade: 621 German Interests: 174, 175, 864, 1575 Sonserol Demography: 753, 758 Patrol visit: 710 Sonsol Demography: 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Ethnography: 1652 Geography: 1652 Sorol Demography: 792 Spanish-American War 1191, 1192 Sri Lanka Ethnography: 1660 Travellogue: 1660 Stephansort Commerce: 1115 Sydney 421, 422, 423 Communications: 1333, 1399 Shipping: 1263, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1330, 1428, 1429, 1432, 1433 Tanapag Demography: 748, 749 Tanapag Harbour: 615, 829, 867 Missions: 1572 Plants: 941 Tinian 611, 612, 644, 645, 646, 825, 972 Animals: 59, 189, 624, 628, 781, 821, 844, 1100 Architecture: 662 Botany: 795, 818, 821, 948, 953, 967

Cattle: 662, 805, 807, 808, 810, 844, 927, 1112 Church, Congregation: 181, 185, 186, 187, 821 Deer: 810 Demography: 46, 748, 749, 753, 768, 770, 773, 774, 805, 826, 927 Description of: 46 Dogs: 805, 844, 927 Economy: 805, 826, 844 Fauna: 628, 821, 844, 1100 Geography: 46, 615, 844 Geology: 795, 818, 821, 844, 859 Goats: 927 History: 611, 612, 624, 636 Missions: 1564, 1565, 1566, 1575, 1627 Oceanography: 844, 867, 868 Pedology: 795, 818, 844 Pigs: 810 Tradtional houses: 662 Tobi Demography: 753, 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Ethnography: 1652 Geography: 1652 Oceanography: 868 Patrol visit: 710 Toloas Missions: 1572 Tonga British interests in: 174, 175 German interests in: 174, 175 Trade: 1142 Tourism 111 Hotels, Germania Hotel: 1216 Trade goods Coffee: 63, 65, 67, 68 Flour: 63, 65, 67, 68 Rice: 63, 65, 67, 68 Sugar: 63, 65, 67, 68

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Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands Tea: 63, 65, 67, 68 Traditional Skills Agriculture: 744, 745, 795, 803, 818 Boats building: 795, 803, 818 Dolphin catching: 576, 660, 661 Fishing: 682, 795, 803, 818, 989 Food Preparation: 63, 65, 67, 68, 795, 803, 818, 833, 834, 835 Food Preservation: 63, 65, 67, 68, 795, 803, 818, 833, 834, 835 House construction: 62, 64, 66, 795, 803, 818, 972 Mat Weaving: 62, 64, 66 Tattooing: 833, 834, 835 Warfare: 833, 834, 835 Travel, to Japan 1059 Treaties see Legislation, Bilateral Agreements Tropical Agriculture see Natural Resources, Agriculture Turkey German Post offices: 1425, 1426 Ujae Demography: 768, 770, 773, 774 Oceanography: 868 Ujelang Demography: 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Oceanography: 868 Plantation: 1184, 1185 Plantations: 215 Ulithi 1331 Demography: 753, 758, 792 Linguistics: 1012 Oceanography: 868

Ululfi Demography: 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Oceanography: 868 Uracas see Farallon de Pajeros Veterinarians see Animals, Health Wake Island Aviation: 1418 Oceanography: 868 Woleai Demography: 753, 758, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Linguistics: 1012 Oceanography: 868 Typhoons: 886 Wotho Demography: 768, 770, 773, 774 Yap 52, 421, 422, 423, 486, 576, 644, 645, 646, 660, 661, 707, 825, 972, 1280, 1300 Cable Station see Telegraph Chamorro: 697 Churches: 1579 Climate: 890, 891 Commerce: 1025 Commerce, Trade: 1025 Communications: 384, 576, 660, 661, 1293, 1294, 1333, 1399, 1416, 1420, 1579 Demography: 753, 764, 766, 767, 768, 770, 773, 774, 777 Economy: 142 Ethnography: 1665, 1696 Geography: 142, 644, 645, 646, 825, 973, 974 Japanese annexation: 122 Japanese Mandate: 697 Linguistics: 1012 Missions: 1572, 1579, 1619 Money (traditional): 1065

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Keyword Index Oceanography: 868 Ox carts: 1579 Postal Service: 1239, 1240, 1283, 1302, 1435 Radio station: 122 Rainfall: 895 Schools: 555, 680 Shipping: 1193, 1423 Stone money: 144, 145, 697, 1665, 1666, 1696 Telegraph: 122, 1301, 1413, 1427, 1468, 1470

Tropical Agriculture: 1196 Typhoons: 903 Yokohama 1253, 1254, 1267 Postal Service: 1255, 1268 Shipping: 1255, 1268 Postal service: 1261, 1262, 1265, 1266, 1446, 1449, 1452, 1453, 1456, 1464 Shipping: 1266, 1438, 1440

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