Oscms.rgu.ac.uk. The. Robert. Gordon. University ..... Eclair. Fire. **. ~. FireClient. Figure. 3: Correspondence between application views and the class. Service.
An
Architecture
Extensible
for
Implementing
Information-Seeking David
G.
Hendry
and
{d.hendry,d.harper} The
Environments David
J.
Harper
Oscms.rgu.ac.uk
Robert
Gordon
Aberdeen,
UK
Abstract
University AB1
lHG
and
is being
implemented
Designing A user-interface It
consists
architecture,
building
information
example
application,
ordinate
access
Works
is
Grid.
to
to
stractions
for
The
bv. first
is designed on-line
an
Second,
Fire-
called
Info-
for
implementing
information
seeking.
on what
software
a range
Architectures say
the
tecture
of effective
systems tinue
1970s
the
has been for
need
recognized
simplicity
broad
range
Shaw,
1991,
diverse
IR
to
and
simplify
Information
[Williams,
1986];
IR
systems
that
of information-seeking Vickery
better
activities
& Vickery,
technology
still,
1993].
be offered,
yet
calls
laborate.
support [Bates,
How
can
a
1990,
access
in a task-oriented
col
provide
the
developer
be aLmroach ..
The
applications, a user-interface is to shorten improving do this
in
can
[Myers
where
the
seeking
effects
called
[Jones
of are
different to
et al.,
FireWorks,
be
impact In
ures
measured,
1995].
The
is part
toolkit and
can
conceptual
‘content’
and
st ante,
example-based
With
on
architecture part
authorities The
work,
have goals
information-
tains
all
development
the we
more
of
can
be
which
used
to
that that
Permission to make digitallhard copy of all part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, the copyright notice, the title of the publication and its date appw, and notice is given that copying is by permission of ACM, Inc. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or fee. 0-89791-792ACM SwitzerlandQ1996 Zurich. SIGIR96. 8/96/08.$3.50
IR
In
[Rao
their
and
our
&
Frek,
FIRE
M a framework
for
underlies
tbe
p.
28].
be
This
All
Thus,
and
on the
1995]. toolkit
con-
applicable
in
components,
each
searchers
frameworks
applications.
We
be used to implement than InfoGrid and
the how-
frameworks, how
the
incap-
user-centered
The
different for
a minfor
emphasis
what
widely
claims
to
feedback,
These
of
kept
through,
similar.
we
argue
the
environments,
[Sonnenberger It
imobjects
are
to
can
be
shall
see
applications its successor
1993].
FIRE and
to
work.
section,
we
1992,
to
image
applications
Marchionini,
are
families
information-seeking 1Certainly,
impleneed
system
are
is just
through
et al.,
next
display.
[e.g.,
strong
implement
the
for
et al.,
applications.
the architecture can are rather different
Labrador
94
for
deployed in
principle, structural
concrete the
col-
proto-
methods
controls
system,
FireWorks
embodies
be supported
provide
relevance
on the
designed
of
in
broad,
is supported,
queries,
called
components
ever,
intro-
framework,
system
on the
for
the
base of user interface
search
activity than
they
an Electronic File Cabinet or Encyclo. similar user-interface elements, where
iterative
rather
an con-
classes)
how
Thus,
[Rao
col1993,
abstract
with
model
and 1992],
with
1 schematizes
is emphasized,
of search
task,
ar-
development driven
is
ture
between
user-interface
Rao
for
a dozen
“narrow
technical
framework
together
is to
abstractions?’
imum,
1992].
job
conceptual
the
software
on this
the
through
and
the
her
Figure
distance
empirically
interfaces
or
an archi-
its
et al.,
(i.e.,
be concerned
classes—about
applications, whether pedia Browser, have
also
classes
his
summarizes
and
classes operations)
the
cognitive
consuming time,
a significant
while
for
plemented
architecture
Architect the
typically
1992].
this
rather,
and
Mackinlay,
[Rao
abstract
not
to
application
implementation.
need
stakeholders,
of how
&
InfoGrid
framework
key
developer,
by Ramana
framework
(i.e.,
implemented.
and
of IR
is to design
[Krueger,
development
have
for
domain
a program
&z Rosson,
behavior
important
be called
programming
effectiveness
applications,
usefulness.
can
in
aim IR
a problem
of application
chitectures
The and
what
the
development,
to develop
usability
needed
user-interface
duce,
time
concepts
40-60%
their
architecture. the
their
abstractions
to immove
to sim~lify
by reducing
between
time
we adoDt
and
major
help
addition
Russel,
is an
the
collaborations.
example in
Rae,
1995].
their can
redesign.
1.
reported
work,
a default
mentations
ion?
al.,
The
design;
to
fash-
et
of their
a protocol
and
a superb
1992,
and about
application
communicate
work
al.,
Rao of five
and
con-
is the
result
Retrieval
design
discussion,
et
reuse,
and
developer,
community,
[Rao
also
early
good
improve
contributions,
sisting the
IR
techniques. an evolutionary
a consensus
domain
designer,
can
leagues
Introduction
Since
a problem
codify
In the
ab-
creation,
embodies
search-engine
user-interface
see 1
in
object-oriented is, of course,
component
architecture
abstractions
co-
with
architecture
of software
A mature
architec-
searchers
architecture, debate
process for
describing
to help sources.
a similar focuses
are required
environments
frameworks
applications.
multiple
comparison
is described.
and
is demonstrated which
compared
The
FireWorks,
toolkit
retrieval
exrmessiveness ,
ture’s
called
of a domain-specific
an
collaborators, 1995],
implementing
document
and
case
for
follow
up
who
have
found
are this
multimedia
representation
used
extensible with
lmplernentmg to
be
retrieval m
a de-
the
case!
systems,
FmeWorks,
SearchEvent
N
c
History
l-!
Create SetScope SpecityQuery Start copy
Process
-k stop
Prune Annotate
Searchea
Continue Discard
m
:j!~\
Status
Scope
Sesrch Result
ListMore tema
T
Fimre
1:
The
right
(redrawn
once
created,
pruned
can
and
History.
be
for by it
buttons
for
actions,
and
scription
the
siveness
of the
itself.
architecture
See Hendry
&
describe
the
FireWorks
compare
its
abstractions
The
goal
how
IR
tively
for
this
search
through
justify
the
Harper
~n
box
to
and
paper
is to can
to the
task-oriented
ones
then,
in
contribute
to
the
2.
Extensible
Being
a problem-solver,
itoring tion
Info-Seeking
we
section
5,
3.
debate more
progress, quality
involving
in the the
time
look-up
Alternatively, ferent
explaining
it
sources,
might
and
rect
search.
further
with
an information-seeking 1.
Medicate to
discuss
available.
Search target
be
‘complex’,
iteratively intermediate
To support
the
environment
communication. ‘searching’
It
for
(e.g.,
in
IR
default
being
dif-
goals
At
and
to
di-
in searching,
and
one
a set
of
of user
)
should
allow
of different
interaction It
IR
offer
if
the tech-
styles.
should
even
only
means
by
range
for
providing
search-engines
that like
radicallg
compelling and
useful
the
is to
enable should
artifacts,
emphasize that this,
more
aspects
are such
tailorable evidence, environments
by
[Malone that
able
which
the
themselves,
require a
interac-
repositories, searcher.
1995], can
one tactic
construct
spreadsheet, et al.,
power.
not to
of queries, to
should
customize
is meant
end-users for
to
should
relevant as the
and
searchers be
very
of tasks
come
Customization
be able
knowing
scalability
should
searchers
search
displays
able
95
of
time,
should
without
are under-constrained,
them
yet
and coined
with
issues
Searchers
quickly,
experience
to
tive
is
learninq.
searches
workspaces.
vironments
searcher
progress)
It
a variety
engines,
the same
design
own
large
retrieval used
the
any
of command
a name,
technologies.
incremental
programming,
should: allow
in the object,
behavior.
‘simple’
responding
their
source.
several
different
variegation
for
be ‘routine’,
using
return
an association.
technologies. search
Smwort ..
These
SOIU-
a single
results
be the
or clients.
with
Simplify effective
mon-
optimizing
might
IR
visualizations,
be high—with goals,
involving
should
many
nologies,
much.
and
of a known
searched
technology,
solutions,
be filed general
consists into
mentors,
can from
effec4.
is setting
could
indicates
to interact
simplifying
searcher.
searcher
peers,
Represent
Environments
the
line
can
is a very
ControlPanel vertically
plain
searcher
to do 2
The
his or her
our
items
Item
the
which
which
or discarded
These
Result
is divided the
a History,
a SearchEvent
searcher.
model
in
continued,
is produced.
relations,
InfoGrid.
and
is posted
on
a query,
expres-
Next,
underlying
be simplified,
conceptual
application
that.
it
Thus,
the
model
scope
Importantly,
to
part-of
1992) , and conceptual and by specifying
al.
be stopped,
Doc~entpart.
applica-
of the for
the
reifies the
an exemplary press]
the
in
can
ResultItems,
presented
indicate
et their
is created
a Visualizer. and
are
that
design
architecture
with
RaO
which
of one or more
arrows
from
by setting
a SearchEvent
Doc~ent,
is to illustrate
technology
deployed
with
SketchTrieve,
discussion
to rigorously
Set,
(redrawn
in a Process,
be viewed
(Each
Lines
called
of this
When
abstractions
application.
a set of attributes.
goal
not
these
left
SearchEvents
consists
can
Document
InfoGrid,
operating
The
they
the
results
which
and
Repository,
of a prototype,
ideas.
as copied.
a SearchResult,
are
on
create
a SearchEvent
reference,
Through
image
Searche~s
as well
Starting
later
objects.
Smtem
et al.,1993).
started,
Eventually
subsumed
tion,
Rao
annotated.
ItemStash these
desi.m. -.
InfoGrid from
been
and
there
construct given
En-
have
the
usright
I
1
Isuubb!!
myibas
. 1!
Iim
onjuhers
be boldng?
%
w
E%
m%
0,
.s
Figure and
2: The
SketchTrieve
DocumentViewer.
information These
about
services,
work-to-do, which At
tools
[e.g.,
major plement To
for
ation
of IR the
of
design
study
drop
a data
could
walk-throughs,
that
more
searchers and
central
idea
sults,
filters,
dialogs
so on
can
be
On
the
for
these
hand,
data
by visual
formative sonable fluidly
and,
how
evaluations and, [Hendry
elements
with
can
be
very
efficiently
can
suggest Harper,
that
practice,
the
use
learning
searchers
it? time
use the
instance
services.
queries
relevant
signals
documents
set of documents new
results
at (8).
(10).
Searchers
the
on-line
of
documents
shown
visually
selects
a service,
When
to
searchers
can
will
‘green’ caution,
for
ready,
it
shown changing for
number
a color
its data.
In this
the set-
example,
represent
2. When
from in
maximum
those
data
ing;
picking
highlights
presses
is rea-
select
(An 3.)
for
To
rubric
accept
valid
searcher
also
service’s
Initial,
for
so on.
SketchTrieve
together.
settings; the
it, them
in figure by
a dialog
searched, and
of the
them
for
With
position
menu
appropriate be
with
editor
2).
later,
created
provide
between connected services state of a service is indicated
notation
is
return,
in the
the
or dock
as a pull-down
select
that
figure
is shown
a service
source to
(see
wire
Services
are informed
task
either
of
hand-in-hand a graphic
of search-services,
services
implemented
on the display
as
high. On the to use such a
searchers
a new
artifacts
and
of docked
customizations,
nota-
Thus,
holds
SketchTrieve,
instances
display,
tings.
to produce
languages.
retrieval
is proceeding
of
search
a palette,
and
expressive,
could be potentially the costs of learning
a little &
flow
to communicate
of future
to generate
FireWorks
create
An
us
of re-
visual
together
of
ControlPanel.
engines,
a box-and-line
programming
scalability y in searching other hand, what are notation,
search
best-match
a container
used
a Controlpanel
is used
a stack
to generate
is being
design
on the
were
views
(5),
(7),
implementation
example
retrieval,
queries,
to two
At
At
be used
one
searchers
to them.
one
demonstrated
‘docking’.
saved.
constructing
early
convinced
and
wired
with
ser~ice
Sketchl’rieve
the
mock-
displays
of information
views,
with
3
multiple
stable
to ‘wiring’
elements
to
been
together
a Notes
rubrics).
will
and
(1),
im-
drag-n-
However,
skeptics
parameterizing
connect
relevant
from visually
document
represented
Searchers
art ifacts
turned
A
has
been
is installed
At
circular
these
locality,
the
an
than
access
1995].
criticism
is that
of text,
more
to coordinate
and
we have
as bits
nothing
In
been
The
investigating
searching.
& Harper,
expressiveness
thus,
we are for
how
the
SketchTrieve activity.
have
and
same
1993].
supports
has
services
at (3)–(4),
Nardi,
it
view,
versus
are customizable.
concerns,
notation
square
in the
and
that
query
the
shown
out
of searching
a free-text
by different
views
is that
types
(notice
positioned
1988
then,
applications
such
tion.
Lemke
[Hendry
ups,
The
been
explored
allow
sources
needed;
of the
above
(2),
sets produced
out
&
flow
we
At
zoomed
several
types
have
FireWorks,
address
merits
on-line
dragged
documents
see Fischer
goal
problem.
result
in the
reveals
are different
at (6),
been
some
As shown
example
a search
(3)–(4),
and
have
(9),
design.
This
a set and
the
searcher
other way
of
shape, services
searchers
flows. the
Run
and results by lights:
data
flows
are computed. ‘red’ for busy,
button,
The work-
new-results-to-inspect;
output-is-inconsistent-with-input.
and
‘yellow’
(Represent-
in press]. 2A indicate played
96
rubric
is
a heading
a division. by
a service.
Rubrics
in
a book
or
in Sketch’11-ieve
manuscript are for
done indicating
in
color the
to role
. ““-” -”””’’’’
””””” ”IiiWidget
““”oserT’o-’’N”” /\
1 Requ stServ t
+“”
TemplateReq
I Outpu Serv /
A
Notes
Figure
3:
Correspondence
between
docked
an instance
TemplateReq abridged
sketch
of the
in an application indicate
ing
and can
vide
a grouping
lapsed
copied
so just
their
selecting SketchTrieve the
control
that
gether,
but
searchers full
and
locality;
should
description
thus,
compatible
beyond
that, do.
yet
can
to
See Hendry
&
of SketchTrieve
The
FireWorks
to by
that
problem
grams,
small
even
ware
architectures
right
[Garlan
is to
comparisons
oper
to-
on what press]
the
FireWorks
for
class for
VObj ect
rendering
and
in
(i.e.,
It
all graphical
provides
visual
elemente
describe parts
own
engines
built
Eclair
et al.,
second
and by
FireWorks
The
toolkit
tant
class,
in search provide
tasks, dialogs
service’s ing
consists Service,
state;
queries
send ments
requests
on these
methods
of class
Service
also
is not
of five
abstract
to
a
a color, the
class events,
are derived
from
shape, (see figure
An
instance
for
a particular The
thickness
by effectively class
role
of a Service variables
attributes;
Using
play the
New
instances
as a rubric).
a set
settings
a Service
T as a prototype
to be customized
attributes,
default
of
and
of services,
by searchers
a
now,
in his or her
it is shown records
has for
for
these
services
say T,
allows
DoRun,
operation,
of a document
instance
of line.
using
ServType
developer,
is It
programmer
content
instance
has
.ServType
Service.
which
DoOnBegin,
as visual
the
3 where
Service
engine. each
as well
indicate
serServ,
services.
application
text
which
of ServType,
constructed
it.
and can
class
ServNet,
an abstract
the
the
is that
description,
searcher
work
The
general mouse
and
allow
ServType,
and
between
between
Service:
search
idea
flow
providee
that
a boolean
important
name
rooted
blocks.
most
classes.
encapsulates
and
collaborates
that
allow
state with:
searchers
inspecting
to servers
are represented
sent
to
including 1995]
Request
of
named
data
DoOnEnd.
example,
of data
classes:
Instances class,
and
for
of IrMachine.
& Frei,
service
FilterServ.
IsValidLink,
re-
a devel-
engines,
the flow
different
propagating
pa-
are
cloning
installed
by
at run-time.
tool~lt
2) IrWidgets,
and
for
to ensure,
with
is to manage
a singleton
to
process
1992].
calls
the The
job
are three
subclass
[Sonnenberger
the typed,
engine
best-match
state
needed and
retrieval
& Walker,
any
words
data
a concrete with
FIRE
[Harper
OutputServ,
it. 4.1
below,
example,
holding
requests,
a particular
with
There
An
1989], but
single
accepting
in FireWorks
diamonds
hold For
for
send
worked
are managed
armchair
of MacApp,
is the
appear
and
they
encapsulates
to implement
an associated
building
and
IrMachine
we have
named
is the
of Fire-
that
a (mostly)
object)
objects
its
description
[Weinand
of user-interface
graphical
of softin
To
space,
style
-SenrType,
operation.
a buffer
represent
responsible
are possible.
the
in the
are elaborated
First,
a retrieval
contains
To
The
of
framework
limited
ET-I-+ in
innovation. hierarchy
and in
and
class
**
responsibility
jobs.
search-engines,
needs
with
a
pro-
description
level
the
a * and
triangles
FireWorks
main
in
To date,
rationale.
of study
modest:
frameworks
is coded
class
is
toolkit
enough,
framework
significant
What
goal
from
by
3.
delegating two
class
eponses.
man-
is describing
the
a field
1995]. the
to other
user-interface
recently
instance
classes,
extending
FreeText
and
enforces
[in
design
Science
become
of the
thoroughly
C++
and
has Here,
structure
Works
ones,
& Perry,
appropriate? broad
in Computer
an
marked
-IrWidget
of figure
is needed
rametrize
Architecture
A recurrent
is
abstract
for help
do
vices. 4
left
variables,
Service:
Services
searchers
constraints
its
the
respectively
indicate
the
class
connected
Harper
and
instance
4.1.1
place
gives
can
few
On are
FireClient
col-
need
SketchTrieve
it imposes
the
in italic
with
button.
search,
services
services
abstractions
pro-
be
often
It
predominates:
only
not
Info
environments.
Service.
k
**Fire ~
)
so are available
the
Eclair
two
how
lrCliqnt
r--’%
FreeText
class
names
search-
in an under-investigated
IR
~n~ormalitg
rule
pressing
for
of layout,
age space. the
space
doing
lrMsqhine
ControlPanel,
does
Services
then
indicate
be eelected,
services
is visible.
the These
(Class
and can
in the
for
and Fire.
lines
estimates,
buttons
is positioned
design
class
respectively.
Services
controls
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of a search-engine
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work
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problem
appear
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attributes.
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processing
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ma-
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Items
in press].
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monitoring
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work.
playing
to encode and
this
coordi-
direct
expected
information
annotating
sum,
she
spatial
searcher
and
claims
1994]. Service
of such
searchers
Because
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emphasized
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We imagine
in more
[Sandstrom,
instances
In InfoGrid History,
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with
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other how
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need
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sions
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by
& Harper,
search
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result
FireWorks
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activity
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on Services.
search
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not,
a search work.
is encoded
of searches mation
of
his colleagues’
it is shown
kling’
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is a Processor
progress
information
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for
disdav. .
of learning,
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problem
formative
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conceDt
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or
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over
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layout,
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thus,
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is unclear
set
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amount
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display;
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functions
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ture
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to use
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and
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created
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manipulations
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for
be manipulated been
searcher
searchers
or projects
decisions
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to implement
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be searched.
‘environment’,
side-by-side
for
reduce
one
retrieval
flexibility
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sign FireWorks
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learning
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on a simzle
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searcher
Moreover,
aspects
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idea
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1993,
understanding,
with
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.
al.,
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et
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updating.
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pruning,
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then
required.
searchers
a new
activity aud
for
way,
[Rao
search
get
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model,
in this
repositories. such
be filed
means
inter-
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positioned
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offers
of query
different
was
were
could
‘repository’
offer?
layout
are
of
quickly
according
‘environment’
search
can
pruning,
2) manual
modest.
nipulation.
granularity. both
and
nating
meta-information
history
it
searchers
a graphical,
of SearchEvents
recorded”
behalf,
acquire
necessarily
ing,
less
and
the
are
searcher’s
in which
iterations
view
1993].
in Sketch-
lnfoGrid,
sequence
history
pruning
criteria;
sources.
notion
represents
granularity
query
in figure
the
on the
In
records
automatic
objects.
to frequently
concerns
to separate
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deletes
tion. it is possible
for
choices:
manner
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objects
defined
can effectively
information
1, is referred
search
dif-
or conceptual,
searchers
“The
strategies
two
of repositories,
how
all
the
History
& Green,
of difference
work.
captures the
Repo,
by Repo.
for
if
p.32],
the
their
Because
[see Hendry point
concerns
called
role,
on Z39.50
disparate
in figure
two
techniques
is an interaction,
about
multiple
summarized
are
search
structure
activity.
moved
about
what
and
The
Rather,
first,
documents
are counting
thus,
et al.,
specified The
and
contents
The
what
History
submitted;
difference.
have
together.
IrClients
developed—we
[Rao
meta-information
information,
on the
colleagues work
tree-based
1992]
level
significant
InfoGrid
to coordinate
ques-
underly-
FireWorks.
and
are able
these
understanding.
and
Trieve
in
et al.,
architecture
does
of overlap
represent
the
new
and
searchers
[Rao
Labrador
than
points
structure,
Works
derive
successor,
that
servers,
is their
its
Rao
models
InfoGrid
at a winner—the
maturity
Ramana ferent
of FireWorks,
to support To answer
against
them,
arrive
has
best
environment?
tions goal
weaknesses
on how
description
the most
can
toolkit
can
frameworks be well
be
extended
that
supported.
embody Thus,
and
its
ob-
claims
for
alternative
design
claims
than
would
Grid
focus
can
be reified
otherwise the
architecture
be
debate
on what
should
tures,
such
work
towards
and
and
These
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