Sep 18, 2016 - four medicinal plants studied in aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in rats and their effects ...... throat, mouth ulcer and gum inflammations. Also used ...
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ETHNOBOTANICAL PLANTS OF KALAPANI HILLS, DISTRICT ABBOTTABAD
An Ethnobotanical Approach Raesa Abbas & Waqas Khan 9/18/2016
The study was under taken in spring 2016, in Kalapani Hills Abbottabad to record the information on important medicinal plants from study area. Inhabitants of study area, especially old people, who had knowledge about the plant was interviewed by questionnaire. Common name, part used and medicinal uses were recorded by interview. A total of 39 species belonging to 27 families were identified. The most important families identified were Lamiaceae with 4 species followed by Asteraceae with 3 species then Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Fabiaceae, Moraceae, Polygonaceae and Rutaceae with 2 species each, followed by Euphorbiaceae, Berberidaceae, Asclepidaceae, Cannabaceae, Menispermaceae, Thymalaceae, Convolvolaceae, Verbenaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Piperaceae, Punicaceae, Boraganaceae, Rhamnaceae, Apiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Saxifraganaceae, Sapindaceae and Violaceae with 1 species each. These plants were used in different ailments by local inhabitants. They used these plants for the treatment of common diseases like skin diseases, cough and cold at local level. The parts of the plants used were categorized as the leaves 34% was the most commonly used plant part, followed by fruit 20%, then whole plant and seed 11% each, then root, stem, flower and bark 4% each and then rhizome only 1%.
ETHNOBOTANICAL PLANTS OF KALAPANI HILLS, DISTRICT ABBOTTABAD BY RAESA ABBAS
BS-BOTANY 4 YEARS
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY GOVT. POST GRADUATE COLLEGE NO 1 ABBOTTABAD SESSION 2016 I
A Thesis submitted to the Hazara University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BS (HONS) in Botany.
Supervisor:
MR. WAQAS KHAN Department of Botany Government Postgraduate College No 1 Abbottabad
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY GOVT. POST GRADUATE COLLEGE NO.1 ABBOTTABAD Session 2016
II
“In the name of ALLAH, most Gracious, Most Compassionate” III
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Dedication
i
Table of contents
ii
List of figures
iii
List of tables
v
Acknowledgement
vi
Abstract
vii
Chapters
Page No
1. Introduction 1.1. General 1.2. Study area 1.2.1. Climate 1.2.2. Rainfall 1.2.3. Snowfall 1.2.4. Temperature 1.2.5. Geology and soil 1.3. Flora and fauna of the area 1.4. Objectives 2.
1 2 3 3 6 7 8 9 10 12
Review of literature 13-18
3. 3.1. 3.2.
Materials and methods Materials Methodology 20 3.2.1. Collection of plants 3.2.2 Preservation of plants
19 20
20 21
Appendix
22 ii
4.
Results
24-56
Plates
69-79
5. Discussion and recommendation 5.1. Discussion 5.2. Conclusion 5.3. Recomendation 6. Reference
80 81 83 84 85-94
iii
7. LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1-Generalized view of Kalapani
4
Fig. 2-Top view of Kalapani
4
Fig. 3-Part of plant used
65
Fig. 4-Family wise distribution
68
Fig. 5-Amaranthus viridis L.
70
Fig.6-Artemisia absinthium L.
70
Fig.7-Berberis lycium Royle.
70
Fig.8-Bergenia ciliata-(Haw)stern
70
Fig.9-Calatropis procera(Aiton) Dryand
71
Fig.10-Canabis sativa L.
71
Fig.11-Cassia fistula L.
71
Fig.12-Cissampelos pareira L.
71
Fig.13-Coriandrum sativum L.
72
Fig.14-Conyza canadensis L.
72
Fig.15- Daphne mucronata Royle.
72
Fig.16- Dodonea viscosa (L.)Jacq.
72
Fig.17-Ficus carica Linn.
73
Fig.18-Fragaria nubicola Lindl.ex. lacaita
73
Fig.19-Galinsoga parviflora Cav
73
Fig.20- Indigofera heterantha-wall.ex. brandis
73
Fig.21- Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth.
74
Fig.22- Lantana camara L.
74
Fig.23- Melia azedarach L.
74
Fig.24- Mentha longifolia (L.) L.
74
Fig.25- Morus alba L.
75
Fig.26- Ocimum basilicum L.
75
Fig.27- Piper nigrum L.
75 iv
Fig.28- Plantago lanceolata L.
75
Fig.29- Punica granatum L.
76
Fig.30- Ricinus communis L.
76
Fig.31- Rubus fruticosus L.
76
Fig.32-Rumex dentatus L.
76
Fig.33- Rumex hastatus D.Don.
77
Fig.34- Rydingia limbata (Benth) Scheen & V.A.Albert
77
Fig.35-Skimmia laureola D.C.
77
Fig.36-Solanum nigrum L.
77
Fig.37-Solanum pseudocapsicum L.
78
Fig.38-Tagetes minuta L.
78
Fig.39-Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm.
78
Fig.40-Viola odorata L.
78
Fig.41-Vitex negundo L.
79
Fig.42-Zanthoxylum armatum D.C.
79
Fig.43-Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
79
v
LIST OF TABLES Table No.1 Relative humidity
5
Table No.2 Monthly average rainfall
6
Table No.3 Average monthly minimum temperature
7
Table No.4 Average monthly maximum temperature
8
Table No.5 Important flora of Kalapani Hills
10
Table No.6 List of medicinal plants of used for different diseases of Kalapani Hills 57 Table No.7 Percentage of plants used for specific disease
61
Table No. 8 Percentage of part of plant used for different diseases
64
Table No. 9 List of ethnobotanical families of plants of Kalapani Hills
66
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am thankful to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the most Gracious, the creator of te universe, worthy of all praises, who pulled us out of darkness, ignorance and who has blessed me with the knowledge, potential and strength to complete my research work. My sincere thank to Our Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) who enable us to recognize our creator and who is forever guidance for humanity as whole. I gratefully thank to my supervisor Waqas Khan, Department of Botany, for offering me the opportunity to carry out this under his encouragement, and guidance. I wish to express my sincere regards to Dr. Zafar Jamal Chairman of Department of Botany, who is extremely supportive and providing all the facilities for my research to continued in department. My special thanks to my family including my father (may ALLAH bless his soul), my mother, whose encouragement and guidance help me throughout my carrier. I am thankful to my brother and sister who supported me during my research work. I wish to express my sincere thanks to my teachers of Post Graduate College Muhammad Sajid, Mustajab Ahmed and my special thanks to my supervisor Waqas Khan. My thanks to my class fellows Zainab Asif and Mehwish Hameed for their immortal love, prayer and enjoyable company. RAESA ABBAS
vii
ABSTRACT The study was under taken in spring 2016, in Kalapani Hills Abbottabad to record the information on important medicinal plants from study area. Inhabitants of study area, especially old people, who had knowledge about the plant was interviewed by questionnaire. Common name, part used and medicinal uses were recorded by interview. A total of 39 species belonging to 27 families were identified. The most important families identified were Lamiaceae with 4 species followed by Asteraceae with 3 species then Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Fabiaceae, Moraceae, Polygonaceae and Rutaceae with 2 species each, followed by Euphorbiaceae, Berberidaceae, Convolvolaceae,
Asclepidaceae, Verbenaceae,
Cannabaceae, Meliaceae,
Menispermaceae,
Moraceae,
Piperaceae,
Thymalaceae, Punicaceae,
Boraganaceae, Rhamnaceae, Apiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Saxifraganaceae, Sapindaceae and Violaceae with 1 species each. These plants were used in different ailments by local inhabitants. They used these plants for the treatment of common diseases like skin diseases, cough and cold at local level. The parts of the plants used were categorized as the leaves 34% was the most commonly used plant part, followed by fruit 20%, then whole plant and seed 11% each, then root, stem, flower and bark 4% each and then rhizome only 1%.
viii
CHAPTER NO: 1 INTRODUCTION
1
1. INTRODUCTION:
1.1. General: Plant resources are bestowed with materials for survival which is economic, medicinal, forage values. The documentation of indigenous knowledge and conservation of plant species, both are basic burning issues. It was revealed that several threats to plant bio-diversity in Pakistan including habitat loss ,deforestation, grazing, illegal trade, industrial pollution, growing demand for natural resources and lack of adequate training. The rural people of the area depend on the traditional ethno medicine for their day-to-day primary health care. These medicinal plants gain further importance in the regions where modern medicinal health facilities are either not available or not easily accessible. (Khan et al, 2014) Ethno-botanical study was begun in 1873 with the work Stephen Power who used the term Aboriginal botany, which elucidated the total aboriginal dependence on plants for food and medicine. The term Ethno-botany was first introduced by an American botanist John W. Harshburger (1896) as “The study of plants used by primitive and aboriginal people. Before the introduction of the term “Ethno-botany”, the study of traditional botanical knowledge was found almost entirely on the applications and economic potential of the plants by native people. Later in middle of the 20th century anthropological and ecological aspects were also included with it. Ethno-botanical study
was
escalade
during
1980s and
the subject
became
multidisciplinary (Cotton 1996). Since time immemorial man has used various parts of plants in the treatment and prevention of many ailments (Chah et al 2006). The study of all forms of vegetation which aborigine use for commodities such as medicine, food, textile and ornaments. The studies of all plants which were describe by local people interaction with the natural environment (Martin 1995). Plant resources provide materials for survival, medicinal, forage values, but also possess and preserve cultural heritage, biological information and indigenous knowledge (Morgan, 1981; Hameed et 2
al., 2011). Ethnobotany understands the dynamic relationships between biological diversity and social and cultural systems (Ahmad et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2008). Unfortunately, very little attention has been paid to the ethnobotanical aspects of plants as only hakims are associated with medicinal plants (Shinwari, 1996; Ahmad et al., 2008; Ahmad et al., 2011; Shinwari et al., 2011). People in mountainous areas of Pakistan use plants for various ailments and for long time they have been dependent upon plant resources for their food, health, shelter, fuel and other purposes (Hussain and Khaliq, 1996; Ahmad et al., 2009; Alam et al., 2011). Ethnobotany is the study of how people of a particular culture and religion making the use of plants products and indigenous plants growing around them. While the ethnobotanical study explores how plants are used for food, medicine, shelter, timber, fuel, clothing, hunting and religious ceremonies. The significance of the study is to document the plants with their medicinal value in the particular area as the value of the plant varies from culture to culture and area to area. Some plants are considered as poison in one area but similar is taken as medicine in the other area. So the significance of this study is to highlight the plants with their medicinal usage in the study area so that the medicinal importance of the plants will be known. 1.2.
STUDY AREA:
The Kalapani Hills are located in Galis Forest division, Abbottabad, KPK. The villages around the study area include Danna, Maira Rehmat khan, Rawalkot, Galibarian. It has a diversity of valuable plant and animal species. The Kalapani Hills geographical coordinates are 34° 12’ 30” N, 73° 19’ 20” East near District Abbottabad. It is nearest place to the Thandiani which is another important place in case of tourism, forests and medicinally important vegetation.
3
1.2.1. Climate: The tract generally forms the western outskirts of the great North Western Himalayan series and its climate represents temperate vegetation. January and February are the coldest months. While March and April are pleasant, May and June are hot and dry months. Monsoon rains start from middle or early July and continue up to the end of August or middle of September. Rainfall, temperature and humidity areas are highly conductive for rich vegetation.(Khan et al, 2011).
4
Fig No. 1 Generalized view of Kalapani Hills
Fig No. 2 Top view of Kalapani Hills 5
TABLE NO: 1 RELATIVE HUMIDITY Months
Percent humidity at 0300 Percent humidity at 1200 hrs hrs
January
64
55
February
71
55
March
68
52
April
62
47
May
52
35
June
50
34
July
79
65
August
83
72
September
70
5
October
59
45
November
60
47
December
66
52
6
1.2.2. Rainfall: According to the record available by the Director Regional Meteorological Centre, Abbottabad, the average monthly rainfall data for Kalapani as under: (Khan et al 2011) TABLE NO:2 MONTHLY AVERAGE RAINFALL
Months
Rain in mm
January
76.8
February
103.9
March
141.3
April
128.1
May
79.9
June
93.3
July
305.5
August
268.3
September
89.3
October
46.0
November
33.3
December
43.7
7
1.2.3. Snow fall: During the winter heavy snow falls. The usual period of snowfall is December to March. The range of snow fall is from few inches to 2 ft. (Khan et al, 2011) 1.2.4. TEMPERATURE: TABLE NO: 3 AVERAGE MONTHLY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
Months
Min Mean
January
0.6 °C
February
1.7 °C
March
5.7 °C
April
10.7 °C
May
14.7 °C
June
16.8 °C
July
19.3 °C
August
18.8 °C
September
15.7 °C
October
11.1 °C
November
6.3 °C
December
2.4 °C 8
TABLE NO: 4 AVERAGE MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE Months
Max Mean
January
11.7 °C
February
12.7 °C
March
16.8 °C
April
23.0 °C
May
28.3 °C
June
31.8 °C
July
28.5 °C
August
27.8 °C
September
27.7 °C
October
24.7 °C
November
19.9 °C
December
14.7 °C
1.2.5. Geology and soil: Formation of thick lime stone, shale and sand stones range in age from Triassic to Eocene. These formations are well developed, intricately faulted and intimately folded with rocks of Hazara slate formation in Nathiagali, Majuham and Pattan areas. No
9
metamorphosis occurred. Alternating outcrops of limestone and shale occur frequently (Khan et al 2011). 1.2.6. Society and culture: Most of the people residing here belong to the Jadoon, Gujjar, Karlal, Qureshi and Dhund. All of these tribes are local and indigenous origin and speak either a kind of rough hindko. Due to lack of educational and job opportunities most of them have moved to cities for better chances of employment and educational opportunities. The mother language of the people is hindko. They can also speak and understand Urdu and Punjabi. People living in the area are mostly farmers. They grow crops according to climatic conditions and cultivate only one crop per season. The other occupation is cattle breeding. They keep cows, goats and sheep for milk and also supply it to other houses for daily use. For the sake of better jobs and economic development people seek jobs opportunities in cities and plains. Due to developed tourism hotels are providing source of employment to the local people at their doors. 1.2.7. Forests: The area is rich in temperate forests. These are the main forest source of Pakistan. The forests are rich in trees like deodar, blue pine, chir pine forests which are rich in plants having important medicinal value. These plants are the main source for the different ailments at local level.
10
1.3.
Flora and Fauna of the area:
a) Flora of the area: The area has thick vegetation including herbs and shrubs. A variety of shrubs and herbs are found in the Kalapani Hills. Most of them have medicinal importance. TABLE NO: 5 IMPORTANT FLORA OF KALAPANI HILLS Shrubs
Herbs
Medicinal plants
Dodonea viscose
Plantago lanceolata
Artemisia indica
Berberis lycium
Bergiana ciliata
Daphne mucronata
Indigofera gerardiana
Frageria nubicola
Plantago lanceolata
Vibernum grandiflorum
Cannabis sativa
Rumex dentatus
Sarcococa salinga
Verbescum thepsus
Zanthoxylum armatum
Ziziphus jujube
Amaranthus viridis
Skimmia laureola
Rubus fruticosus
Rumex nepalansis
Valeriana officinalis
11
b)
Fauna of the area: A. Birds: Scientific name
English name
Aquila chrysaetos
Golden Eagle
Gyps fulvus
Griffon vulture
Pernis apivorus
Honey buzzard
Columba rupestris
Hill Pigeon
Zenaida macroura
Dove
Falco tinnunculus
Kestrel
B. Mammal: Scientifec name
English name
Caris mesomeles
Jackal
Panthera pardus
Leopard
Macaca mullata
Rhesus monkey
Halopetes fimbriatus
Flying squirrel
Hyaena hyaena
Hyena
Martes flavigula
Yellow throated marten
12
OBJECTIVES:
1. To conduct ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Kalapani Hills.
2. To study the contribution of medicinal plants in our daily life.
13
CHAPTER: 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
14
Karunanayake et al (1984) investigated the oral hypoglycemic activity of some Sri Lankan medicinal plants. He found 40 plants of which the most widely used were Salaria reticulate (Celastraceae), Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) and Momordica charantia (cucurbitaceae) Jain et al (1994) worked on different plant species some of which were used as hypolipidaemic agents. He also worked on Picrorhiza, Bacopa, Curcuma and Asclepias. Akhtar et al (1995) worked on the anti-ulcerogenic activity of the methanol extracts of four medicinal plants studied in aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in rats and their effects were recorded. Buhinia racemosa (flower bud) decreased the ulcer Index significantly and Moringa pterygosperma (flower bud) showed some decrease. Trianthema pentandra (whole plant) did not show any decrease in pepsin content, however showed significant decrease in ulcer index. Cordial latifolia (ripened fruit) did not decrease the ulcer index. McCutcheon et al (1995) worked on 100 methanolic plant extracts which were screened for antiviral activity against virus. 12 extracts were found active. The plants which were active against virus were Rosa nulkana, Amelanchier ainifolia, Potentilla arguta, Sambucus racemosa, Oplopanax horridus, Lomatium dissectum, Cardamine angulata, Conocephalum conicum, Lysichiton americanum, Polypodium glycerrhiza and Verbascum Thapsus. Taylor et al (1996) worked on ethno-pharmacological screening of selected medicinal plants used in Nepal. Methanol extracts of 20 plant species were assayed for activity against bacteria and fungi. The bark of Terminelia alata (combretaceae) and Mallotus phillppensis (Euphorbiaceae) was active against bacteria. Jager et al (1996) screened 39 plants which were used in traditional zulu medicine for prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors. The high inhibition was obtained with ethanolic extracts of Bidens pilosa, Eucomis autumnalis, Harpephyllum caffrum, Helichrysum 15
nudifolium, Leonolis intermedia, Leonolis leonorus, Ocotea bullata, Rumex saggitatus, Solannum mauritianum, Synadenium cupulare and Trichilia dregeana. Rabe et al (1997) worked on 21 plants which were screened for in-vitro antibacterial activity using agar diffusion and dilution methods. The highest activity was found in Warburgia salutaris, Bidens pilosa, Psidium guajava and Artemisia afra. Shinwari and khan recorded 50 species of herbs belonging to 27 families used medicinally by inhabitants of Margalla Hills National Park Islamabad, among which 10 species were being sold in the local market. Asparagus adesendeus Roxb., and Viola canesence Wall. Ex Roxb. Were found vulnerable to harvesting. Hussein et al (2000) screened 71 plants for their inhibitory effects on hepatitis C virus protease. He found that the methanol extracts of Acasia nilotica, Boswellia carterii, Embelia schimperi, Quercus infectoria, Trachyspermum ammi and water extracts of Piper cubeba, Quercus infectoria and Syzygium aromaticum were the most active. Masika et al (2000) reported total of 38 plant species belonging to 31 families which were commonly used in herbal remedies against various diseases of farm animals. Out of these, 21 plant species from 17 families were used to treat gall-sickness, while 13 species from 13 families were used to treat red-water disease. Kala (2003) found 60 threatened medicinal plant species in which 22% were critically endangered, 16% were endangered and 27% were vulnerable. 22 plant species were endemic to Himalayan region. Amebia euchroma and Ephedra gerardiana were the most common threatened medicinal plant species. The indigenous groups of healers used these threatened species in curing about 45 different ailments. Hamayun et al (2006) observed 49 medicinal plants belonging to 32 families which were collected and traded in herb market in Swat. Most of plants were used by local 16
population for curing different ailments while some were exported to different parts of Pakistan. The conservation assessment revealed that due to unsustainable harvesting 49% of these economically valued plants were threatened. Tene et al (2006) reported the results of an ethnobotanical survey of the uses of medicinal plants by inhabitants of two Southern provinces, Loja and Zamora Chinchipe. They reported total of 275 plant species, having 68 different therapeutical uses. Ahmad et al (2007) found that 143 plant species were directly used by local communities in Siren Valley District Mansehra of which 89 had therapeutical uses. Qureshi et al (2009) reported total of 28 important plant species belonging to 25 families. Different plants like Vibernum foetes Decne., Bergenia ciliate (Haw) Sternb. And Zucc. Ex Walp., Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet, Skimmia laureola (DC) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Walp. were used by local women for medication. Jabeen et al (2009) worked on ten most popular routinely used medicinal plants which were Achyranthes aspera, Alternanthera pungens, Brassica compestris, Cannabis sativa, Convolvulus arvonsis, Hordoum vulgare, Justicia adhatoda, Parthenium hysterophorus, Ricinus communis, Withania somnifera and the trace elements studied in these plants were (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, Cd, Pb, Mn and Fe) and major elements were (K, Na, Ca and Mg). Shaheen and Qureshi (2010) reported total of 114 plant species belonging to 28 families. Carex-Geranium-Bistorta and Sibbaldia-Saxifraga-Eragrostis communities were found to be the dominant associations. Regular and integrated explorations were further recommended for conservation management of endemic flora. Mahmood et al (2011) worked on the use of traditional ethno-medicinally the local elders of District Bhimber Azad Jammu and Kashmir. A total of 38 plant species belonging to 22 families were reported of having ethno-medicinal utilization. 17
Mahmood et al (2011) reported total of 29 plant species belonging to 20 families, that were being used for different purposes. Those plants were used traditionally by old people to cure various ailments. Noor and Kalsoom (2011) reported 43 ethnomedicinally important plant species belonging to 31 different families.some of the important plant species were Morus nigra L., Cannabis sativa L., Mirabilis jalopa Linn., Portulea quadrifida Linn., Achyranthus aspera L., Fumaria indica L., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Azadirachta indica L., Allium sativa L., Mentha spicata Linn., and Euphorbia prostate L. Ahmad et al (2011) reported 39 plant species belonging to 36 genere and 28 families. 5 spp. were recorded locally critically endangered, 6 spp. endangered, 10 spp. vulnerable, 11 spp. rarely distributed in the region. The most extensively harvesting medicinal plants were Saussurea lappa, Jurinea dolomea, Bistorta amplexicaule, Plectranthus rugosis, Aconitum heterophyllum, Geranium wallichianum, Ajuga bracteosa, Taraxacum officinale, Quercus incana, Berberis lyceum and Viola canescens. Herbs dominated the study area by 18 spp. followed by trees 15 spp. and shrubs 6 spp. Akhtar et al (2012) reported total of 106 plant belonging to 54 plant families. 80 out of 106 ethno-medicinal plants were indigenous. Three plant species Aconitm violaceum, Colchicum luteum and Jasmine humile must be considered vulnerable due to excessive collection. Abbassi et al (2013) reported total of 45 wild edible vegetables belonging to 38 genera and 24 species used for treatment of various diseases. Ficus carica was found most cited plant species within top ten vegetables followed by Ficus palmate, Bauhinia variegate, Solanum nigrum, Amaranthus viridis, Medicago polymorpha, Chenopodium album, Cichorium intybus, Amaranthus hybridus and Vicia faba.
18
Ahmad et al (2013) reported total number of 90 plant species belonging to 34 families to be used ethnobotanically. Along with these 16 plant species were used as nutritional value and 15 plant species had domestic use. Shah et al (2014) reported total of 84 plant species belonging to 69 genera and 50 families which were recorded to treat malaria. Azadirachta indica, Swertia chirayita and Swertia ciliate were reported. About 67.2% of botanical taxa were reported for the fiest time for the treatment of malaria. Bano et al (2014) provided information of 50 medicinal plants used to treat 29 different ailments. A total of 42 species were herbs while shrubs and subshrubs were representes by 8 species. Leaves (37%) were the predominant plant part followed by roots (27%), aerial parts (13%), flowers (12%), fruit (7%), seeds (3%), and tuber (1%). Methods of preparation included infusion (31%), paste (23%), decoction (20%), powder (18%) and juice (8%). Kayani et al (2014) reported total of 120 plant species belonging to 90 genera of 51 families to be used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of 25 different respiratory disorders. The most significant species according to their use were Solanum virginianum, Althea officinalis, Inula obtusifolia, Sanifraga hirculus and Sisymbrium erysimoides. Safiullah et al (2014) reported total of 62 plant species of flowering plants belonging to 34 families and 57 genera used as ethnomedicine. The most important plant species were Plantago ovata, Lawsonia inermis, Calotropis procera, Peganum harmala,Fagonia indica, Carthamus oxycantha, Datura metel and Eruca vesicaria. Ahmad et al (2014) reported total of 50 plant species belonging to 48 genera and 35 families from Chail Valley. Origanum vulgare, Geranium wallichanium and Skimmia laureola were widely known. The majority of documented plants were herbs and most frequently part used was leaves. 19
CHAPTER: 3 METARIALS AND METHODS
20
MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3.1.
MATERIALS:
The materials used for the field survey is given below; Notebook, pencil, plant presser, drying paper (old newspapers and blotting papers), polythene bags (for collecting plants) and knife etc, the pictures of the plants to be collected having medicinal importance and other uses were taken by means of a digital camera. Pictures were taken during the flowering season of the plant. 3.2.
METHODOLOGY:
The study of medicinally important plants was undertaken during summer 2016, in Kalapani Hills to record the information about the medicinal plants from different inhabitants of Kalapani hills to identify the plants used traditionally for treating of different diseases. 3.2.1. Collection of plants: Data were collected through oral interviews of local elderly people and hakims in selected area and their responses were recorded in a questionnaire (Ahmad et.al. 2003). The selected area represents fairly well ecological nature, people and geographical features of the region. The local elderly people and hakims were interviewing within their localities. The questions were asked during interviews were according to age, gender, years of experience and tribe of the local elderly people and hakims.
21
3.2.2. Preservation of plants: Plants were collected, dried and properly pressed. Plants were identified with the help of an available literature as well as by studying their morphology (Stewart 1972, Nasir and Ali 1971-2001). To study the socio-ecological and ethnobotanical profile of the people , the area were visited several times in order to get the ethnobotanical information and traditional uses of the plants through interviewing and filling questionnaire from the local people of the area. The priority was given to the local elderly people and hakims due to their experience, they are well known to the plants and their traditional and medicinal uses.
22
APPENDIX-1 QUESTIONNAIR Documentation of traditional knowledge about Medicinal plants a. Bio-data of the informants:_______________________________________________ Name:_____________________________________________________________________ Locality:___________________________________________________________________ Age:______________________________________________________________________ Sex:_______________________________________________________________________ Occupation:_______________________________________________________________ Qualification (if any):_______________________________________________________ Date:_____________________________________________________________________
23
b. Important about the plant used:
Date:______________________________________________________________________
Locality:___________________________________________________________________
Vermicular name:__________________________________________________________
Medicinal uses:____________________________________________________________
Recipie:___________________________________________________________________
Any other information:_____________________________________________________
24
CHAPTER: 4 RESULTS
25
4.1.
RESULTS:
Present research work is based on the study of the medicinal importance of the plants of Kalapani Hills. A total of 39 plants belonging to 27 families and 37 genera were collected from the study area. The information about the medicinal uses of the plants was collected from local people by using questionnaires. The most reported medicinal uses were for dysentery, diarrhea, cough, skin diseases and digestive problems. The most important plant species of the area were: Amaranthus viridis, Artemisia absinthium, Berberis lycium, Berginia ciliata, Calatropis procera, Cassia fistula, Cissampelos pareira, Coriandrum sativum, Conyza canadensis, Daphne mucronata, Dodonea viscosa, Ficus carica, Fragaria nubicola, Galinsoga parviflora, Ipomoea purpurea, Indigofera heterantha, Lantana camara, Melia azedarach, Mentha longifolia, Morus alba, Ocimum basilicum, Piper nigrum, Plantago lanceolata, Punica granatum, Ricinis communis, Rubus fruticosus, Rumex dentatus, Rumex hastatus, Rydringia limbata, Skimmia laureola, Solanum nigrum, Solanum pseudocapsicum, , Tagetes minuta, Trichodesma indicum, Viola odorata, Vitex negundo, Zanthoxylum armatum and Ziziphus jujuba. The medicinal importance of all plants given below: 1. Amaranthus viridis L. (Fig. No. 5) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/23
Common name:
Ganiar
Family:
Amaranthaceae
Part used:
Leaves
26
Description: It is an annual herbaceous plant. Stem is erect or usually ascending, 6-80 cm tall, glabrous to pubescent. Leaves globrous or pubescent on the veins of the lower surface, blade ovate 2.7 cm long and 1.5 cm broad, base tapered to blunt. Flowers green. Seed 11.25 mm, round, slightly compressed, dark brown to black. Uses: It is antioxidant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, antifungal. The leaves are used as potherb as laxative. The root juice is utilized to treat inflammation and urination. 2. Artemisia absinthium L. (Fig. No. 6) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/24
Common name:
Chaw
Family:
Asteraceae
Part used:
Leaves
Description: It is herbaceous, perennial plant with fibrous roots. The stem are straight, growing to 0.8-1.2 m tall, grooved, branched and silvery green. Leaves are spirally arranged, greenish-grey above and white below, covered with silvery white trichomes, bearing oil glands. Flowers are pale yellow. Fruit is small achene.
27
Uses: It is anthelmic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, appetizer, carminative, febrifuge hypnotic, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge. It is valued specially for its tonic effect on liver, gall bladder and digestive system. It is used in intermitted fever, jaundice and worms. 3. Berberis lycium Royle. (Fig. No. 7) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/05
Common name:
Sumbal
Family:
Berberidaceae
Part used:
Fruit, leaves and roots
Description: It is an evergreen shrub growing to 3 m in height. It is sub-erect, rigid, spiny shrub. Branches are pale whitish to grayish contains spines arranged alternately on the stem. Leaves are brightly colored, thick, entire or toothed with oblong-ovate shape. Fruit is called berries and are ovoid-subglobose which acquire bright red color or purplish color on ripening. Root is hard 3-8 cm in diameter, branched gradually tapering. Root wood is smooth and bright yellow in color. Uses: The roots are aperients, carminative, febrifuge and ophalmic. They are utilized as a part of the treatment of eye grievances, menorrhagia, and less the runs and heaps. The leaves have been utilized as a part of the treatment of jaundice. It is also used for body pain. 28
4. Bergenia ciliate-(Haw) Sternb. (Fig. No. 8) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/02
Common name:
Batphay
Family:
Saxifragaceae
Part used:
Rhizome
Description: It is a semi-evergreen herbaceous perennial with clump forming habit. Its leathery leaves are ovate with entire wavy margins, with fine hair on upper and lower surface. Flowers are pink, cone shaped and produced on the stem. The roots of the plant are rhizomatous and spread slowly. Uses: It is lithontripic, ophthalmic and tonic. A juice or powder of the whole plant is used to treat urinary troubles. The juice of the leaves is used as drop to relieve earache. The root juice is used to treat cough, hemorrhoids and asthma. It is also helpful in relieving backache. 5.
Calatropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. (Fig. No. 9)
Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/01
Common name:
Rubber bush
Family:
Asclepidaceae
Part used:
Whole plant 29
Description: Plant is erect, tall, large, much branched and perennial shrub or small tree about 5.4 m tall. Bark is soft and corky, branches stout. Leaves are sub-sessile, opposite, oblong elliptic, thick, green colored with fine cottony pubescent hair on young. Seeds are broadly ovate, flattened, brown and silky. Uses: The whole plant is used to treat fever, rheumatism, indigestion, cold and diarrhea. Root is used for treatment of leprosy, asthma cough and dysentery. Stem is used for skin diseases. Leaves are used for healing, pains, malarial fever, ulcers and gout. 6.
Canabis sativa L. (Fig. No. 10)
Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/10
Common name:
Bhang
Family:
Cannabaceae
Part used:
Leaves
Description: Annual herb, usually erect stem variable up to 5 m tall. Basal leaves opposite, upper leaves alternate, stipulate, long petiolate, serrate, leaflets up to 10 cm long, 1.5 cm broad. Flower is monoecious or dioecious.
30
Use: It is used for the control of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of cancer. The drug may also aid in treating symptoms of AIDS patients. The cannabis is used in neurological problems, including multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. They can also be used as caged-bird feed, as they provide a moderate source of nutrients for most birds. 7.
Cassia fistula L. (Fig. No. 11)
Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/12
Common name:
Amaltas, golden shower
Family:
Fabaceae
Part used:
Fruit
Description: Tree is 40 m tall with head reddish wood. Leaves are alternate, compound, margins entire, 4-8 inches long, elliptic, green in color. Flowers are bright yellow, flower cluster held on pendent. Seeds are oval shape attached with sticky brown poisonous pulp. Fruit is pod like, elongated, hanging, dry or hard, purple in color, showy. Uses: It is aperients, astringent, laxative, purgative and vermifuge. It is a folk remedy for burns, cancer, constipation, diarrhea, epilepsy, pimples and glandular tumors. Ayurvedic medicine recognizes the seed as anti-bilious, laxative and carminative. Root is used for burning sensations, leprosy, skin diseases. Leaves are for malaria, ulcers.
31
Fruit is used for abdominal pain, constipation, heart diseases and leprosy. Seed is considered as emetic. 8.
Cissampelos pareira L. (Fig. No. 12)
Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/38
Common name:
Ghorasum
Family:
Menispermaceae
Part used:
Whole plant
Description: It is a slender climber. Leaves are pelt ate, 2.5-12 cm long, 2.5-11.5 cm broad, triangularly broad-ovate, obtuse. Flowers are small in size. Drupe is 4-6 mm long, red when fresh, black when dry. Seeds are horseshoe shaped. Uses: It possesses anti-malarial properties. It is also used for digestion problems. It is used for cold, cough, bronchitis, asthma, acne, wounds, burns, sores, itching, rash, snake bite, diabetes, jaundice, eye infection and kidney infection. 9.
Conyza canadensis L. (Fig. No. 13)
Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/21
Common name:
Horse weed
Family:
Asteraceae
32
Part used:
Leaves
Description: It is an annual plant growing to 1.5 m tall, with sparsely hairy stem. Leaves are alternate, spiral up to stem, un-stalked, slender, 2-10 cm long and up to 1 cm broad with coarsely toothed margins. Flower has a ring of white or pale purple ray floret and a centre of yellow disc florets. Fruit is cypsela. Uses: The whole plant is astringent, diuretic, hypoglycemic tonic and vermafuge. It is taken as snuff to stimulate sneezing during cold. Used in the treatment of gastrointestinal problems and hemorrhoids. Applied externally to treat gonorrhea and bleeding piles. 10. Coriandrum sativum L. (Fig. No. 14) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/06
Common name:
Coriander
Family:
Apiaceae
Part used:
Seed, leaves
Description: It is an annual herb, with erect stems, 1-3 ft tall, slender and branched. The lowest leaves are stalked and pinnate, leaflets oval, slightly lobed. Flowers are pale mauve, almost white. Plant is bright green, shinning, glabrous and intensely fetid.
33
Uses: The leaves and fruits are used as spice. The fruit is also used in digestive ailments, condiment, tonic, aromatic and may be used for stomach diseases. 11. Daphne mucronata Royle. (Fig. No. 15) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/20
Common name:
Kuttilal
Family:
Thymalaceae
Part used:
Fruit
Description: The shrub is evergreen and grows to 2.5 m tall. Branches are slender and pale green. Leaves alternate or scattered 3-5.8 cm long, 0.4-1 cm broad, elliptic-oblong, sessile. Flowers are white, sub-sessile and in axillary clusters. Berry sub-globose, 10mm long, orange. Uses: Fruit and leaves mash dressing is used against rheumatism. Decoction is used for menstruation disorders and constipation. Fruit poultice is used for treating pimples and freckles. Leaves applied to cure abscesses in goats. Bark is used to cure disease of bones and for washing hair. Plant extraction is good for curing skin diseases and allergies.
34
12. Dadonea viscose – (L.)Jacq. (Fig. No. 16) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/18
Common name:
Sunatha
Family:
Sapindaceae
Part used:
Leaves
Description: It is a shrub growing to 1-3 m tall, rarely small tree to 9 m tall. Leaves variable in shape, often sessile, 4-7.5 cm long and 1-1.5 cm broad, alternate, secrete resinous substances. Leaf texture is leathery, tough but pliable. Margins are usually toothed or undulating. Flowers are yellow to orange-red in panicles about 2.5 cm in length. Fruit is capsule 1.5 cm broad, red ripening brown with 2-4 wings. Uses: The leaves are astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge used in swelling and burns. The plant is used as fuel. They are applied internally in the treatment of fevers. Externally, they are used to treat toothache, sore throats, wounds, skin rashes and stings. The leaves are apparently effective in the treatment of toothache if they chewed without swallowing the juice. The bark is employed in astringent baths and poultices.
35
13. Ficus carica Linn. (Fig. No. 17) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/17
Common name:
Fig
Family:
Moraceae
Part used:
Fruit
Description: It is a deciduous tree to 50 ft tall but more typically 10-30 ft tall. Leaves are green, single, alternate, more or less deeply lobed, hairy. Bark is smooth and silvery grey. Flowers are out of sight, clustered inside the green fruit. The matured fruit has tough peel, often cracking upon ripeness. Seeds may be large, medium or small ranging from 30-1600 per fruit. Uses: Expectorant, used to remove kidney stone; to remove obstruction of liver and spleen. Traditionally used for medicinal benefits as metabolic, cardiovascular, respiratory, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory remedy. Figs have been used conventionally for their therapeutic benefits as laxative. Fruit paste is applied to swelling, tumors and inflammation for relieving pain.
36
14. Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita. (Fig. No. 18) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/08
Common name:
Budemeva
Family:
Rosaceae
Part used:
Fruits
Description: It is perennial herb, 4-25 cm tall. Stems apprised white sericeous. Leaf blade 3foliate, leaflets shortly petiolate or sessile, elliptic or obovate, 1-6 cm long, 0.5-3 cm wide, base rounded, margin sharply incised serrate, apex obtuse. Flowers may be one to several. Uses: The juice of the plant is used in the treatment of profuse menstruation. The unripe fruit is chewed to treat blemishes on the tongue. The root is astringent and used in diarrhea. 15. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Fig. No. 19) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/19
Common name:
Gallant soldier
Family:
Asteraceae
Part used:
Flowers, leaves and stem
37
Description: It grows to a height of 75 cm, branched herb with opposite stalked leaves, toothed at the margins. Flowers are in small heads. There are 3-8 white ray florets and central yellow tubular disc floret. Uses: At the point when rubbed onto the body, the plant is helpful in treating bramble stings. The juice of the plant is connected to treat wounds, it serves to coagulate the blood of new cuts and wounds. 16. Indigofera heterantha – wall. ex brandis. (Fig. No. 20) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/27
Common name:
Kainthi
Family:
Fabaceae
Part used:
Whole plant
Description: It is a deciduous shrub growing to 2-3 m tall and broad with pinnate leaves, each leaf carrying 21 grey-green oval leaflets and racemes of purple pea like flowers in summer. Uses: The whole plant is Anathematic.
38
17. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. (Fig. No. 21) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/25
Common name:
Morning glory
Family:
Convolvolaceae
Part used:
Leaves
Description: The plant entwines itself around structures, growing to a height of 2-3 m tall. The leaves are heart shaped and the stems are covered with brown hair. The flowers are trumpet-shaped, predominantly blue to purple or white, 3-6 cm in diameter. Uses: The seed is anthelmintic, diuretic, laxative and hallucinogen. It is used in the treatment of edema, Liguria, ascariasis and constipation. It is also used in the treatment of mental disorders. 18. Lantana cammara L. (Fig. No. 22) Voucher no:
RA-KA-T/16
Common name:
Yellow sage
Family:
Verbenaceae
Part used:
Leaves, fruit
39
Description: It is small perennial shrub which can grow to around 2 m tall. Leaves are broadly ovate, opposite, simple and have strong odor when crushed. Flowers are in different colors including red, yellow, white, pink and orange. Fruit is berry-like drupe and turns green to dark purple when mature. Uses: Leaves have antimicrobial, fungicidal and insecticidal properties. It is also used in traditional herbal medicines for treating a variety of ailments including cancer, skin itches, leprosy, rabies, chickenpox, measles, asthma and ulcer. 19. Melia azedarach L. (Fig. No. 23) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/15
Common name:
Drek, umbrella tree
Family:
Meliaceae
Part used:
Fruit
Description: The adult tree has rounded crown and commonly measures 7-12 m tall, however, in some cases it can attain height of 45 m. Leaves are alternate , up to 50 cm long, 2 or 3 times compound, the leaflets are dark green above and lighter green below with serrate margins. Flowers are small and fragrant with five pale purple or lilac petals, growing in clusters. Fruit is drupe, marble sized, light yellow at maturity, hanging on tree all winter and gradually become wrinkled and almost white.
40
Uses: It various parts have anti-helmintic, anti-malarial, cathartic properties and are also used to treat skin diseases. Dried ripe fruit is used as an external parasiticide. 20. Mentha longifolia (L.) L. (Fig. No. 24) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/33
Common name:
Horse mint, sufaid podeena
Family:
Lamiaceae
Part used:
Leaves
Description: It is a small, erect, rhizomatous and aromatic herb up to 1 ft tall. Stem is erect, branched, 4-angled, herbaceous, hairy, green or purple. Leaves are simple, ellipticoblong, opposite, petiolate and toothed, hairy, whitish, aromatic. Flowers are in whorls on axillary spikes, small, pink or mauve to violet, numerous. Uses: It is used to treat stomach disorders, gas trouble, indigestion, vomiting, cholera and cough. Leaves are stimulant and carminative. 21. Morus alba L. (Fig. No. 25) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/14
Common name:
Toot
41
Family:
Moraceae
Part used:
Bark of root, small branches, fruit and leaves
Description: It is fast growing shrub or moderate-sized tree with up to 35 m high and 1.8 m in girth, bark dark-grayish brown. Leaves are variable, ovate or broadly ovate, simple to 3 lobed, dentate. Flowers are greenish. Fruit is syncarp, consisting of many drupes white pinkish-white, purple or black. Uses: Leaves diaphoretic and crushed leaves are taken along with honey to treat diarrhea. Small branches are anti-rheumatic, antispasmodic, and diuretic. Fruit is used as blood tonic and nutritative. Bark of the root is anti-jussive, expectorant, antiinflammatory and diuretic. 22. Ocimum basilicum L. (Fig. No. 26) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/04
Common name:
Basil, tulsi
Family:
Lamiaceae
Part used:
Leaves, seed
Description: It is a perennial herb growing to 0.5 by 0.3 m. the leaves are opposite, ovatelanceolate with attenuate serrate edges. Stem erect four edged. Flowers are quite big, 42
white in color and arranged in terminal spike. Root is well ramified and fibrous, 60 cm long. Uses: It acts principally on digestive and nervous systems, stomach cramps, colic and indigestion. Leaves and flowering tops are antispasmodic, carminative, stomachic and tonic. It is taken internally to treat feverish illness, poor digestion, nausea, migraine, insomnia depression and abdominal pain. It is used externally to treat acne, insect sting, snake bite and skin infection. It is also used to treat dysentery, diarrhea, earache, rheumatoid, itching, malaria and gum ulcer. 23. Piper nigrum L. (Fig. No. 27) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/31
Common name:
Kali mirch, Black pepper
Family:
Piperaceae
Part used:
Fruit
Description: The pepper plant is perennial woody vine growing up to 4 m in height. Leaves are alternate, 5-10 cm long and 3-6 cm across. Flowers are small, produces on pendulous spikes 4-8 cm long at leaf nodes. Fruit is called drupe and when dried is known as peppercorn.
43
Uses: It is used to cure constipation, insomnia, oral abscesses, sunburn and toothaches. Pepper spirit is used in medical and beauty products. Pepper oil is used as an ayurvedic massage oil. 24. Plantago lanceolata L. (Fig. No. 28) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/03
Common name:
Ispagool
Family:
Plantaginaceae
Part used:
Whole plant, leaves
Description: The plant is rosette-forming perennial herb, with leafless, silky hairy stem 10-40 cm. basal leaves are lance-late spreading or erect, scarcely toothed with 3-5 strong parallel veins narrowed to short petiole. Uses: It is used frequently in herbal teas and other herbal remedies. A tea from the leaves is used as highly effective cough medicine. 25. Punica granatum L. (Fig. No. 29) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/26
Common name:
Darunna
44
Family:
Punicaceae
Part used:
Seeds, flowers
Description: Shrub or small tree growing 6-10 m high, multiple spiny branches, extremely long lived. Leaves are opposite or sub-opposite, glossy, narrow oblong, entire, 3-7 cm long and 2 cm broad. Flowers are bright red and 3 cm in diameter. Fruit is berry, 5-12 cm in diameter with rounded shape and thick, reddish skin. Uses: The pomegranate is used as anti parasitic agent, a blood tonic, and to heal aphtae, diarrhea and ulcers. The plant is used in gastrointestinal disorders, blood circulatory diseases and respiratory illness. The juice of fruit helps to reduce the risk of strokes, heart diseases and heart attacks. The fruit pulp and seeds are stomachic. It is also helpful to control diabetes, osteoarthritis and atherosclerosis. 26. Ricinus communis L. (Fig. No. 30) Voucher No: RA-KA-T/35 Common name:
Erand
Family:
Euphorbiaceae
Part used:
Roots, leaves, seeds
45
Description: Leaves green or reddish-green, broad, palmately lobed with 5-11 lobes, 30-60 cm diameter, nearly orbicular, lobes oblong linear, margins serrate, vary from 4-20 cm in length, 2.5-7.5 cm in width. Uses: It is useful in inflammations, fever, ascetic, bronchitis, cough, leprosy and skin diseases. Root is useful in pain, asthma and eructation. Leaves are useful in burns. Flowers, seeds and fruits are used in tumors, pains, diseases of liver and spleen and dyspepsia. Castor oil is used in making soap, smoothening of hand and feet, growth of hair and cure dandruff. 27. Rubus fruticosus L. (Fig. No. 31) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/39
Common name:
Blackberry
Family:
Rosaceae
Part used:
Leaves, fruit, root
Description: It is a perennial shrub grows to the length of 3-6 cm. Leaves compound with three or five oval leaflets, usually dark green above and lighter green beneath with small teeth around edges. Stem green, purplish or red, smooth or moderately hairy. Flowers are white or pink, 2-3 cm in diameter. Fruit is berry, black when mature. Seed light to dark brown, somewhat triangular, 2-3 mm long.
46
Uses: It is used as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-dysentery, anti-diabetic, antidiarrheal, and anti-oxidant. Decoction of root is used to treat dysentery. Bush is used to treat whooping cough. Juice has been recommended for colitis. The leaves have been chewed for toothache. Fruit and juice is taken for anemia. Fruit is also used to treat sore throat, mouth ulcer and gum inflammations. Also used in the treatment of cancer, psoriasis, hemorrhoids, minor bleeding and also as mouth wash. 28. Rumex dentatus L. (Fig. No. 32) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/37
Common name:
Toothed dock
Family:
Polygonaceae
Part used:
Leaves
Description: It is annual or biennial herb producing a slender, erect stem up to 70-80 cm in height. Leaves are lance-shaped to oval with slightly wavy edges growing to maximum length around 12 cm. Uses: Decoction of leaves is used. Root astringent. It also has antibacterial and antifungal activity. Leaves are also used as vegetable.
47
29. Rumex hastatus D. Don. (Fig. No. 33) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/13
Common name:
Khatimal
Family:
Polygonaceae
Part used:
Whole plant
Description: It is a small bushy shrub with many ascending stems. Stem woody at the base. Leaves narrow and arrow shaped with a pair of narrow spreading basal lobe. Leaves vary a lot in length and breath. The stem has numerous thin branches with terminal very slender clusters of distant whorls of tiny greenish pink or pinkish green flowers. Flowers are very small. Fruit is pinkish. Uses: The juice of the plant is astringent and is used in the treatment of blood dysentery, asthma and backache. The fresh tuber is chewed to relieve aches in the throat. An extract is obtained from the fresh leaves of the plant and this is used to apply on wounds and cuts to stop bleeding. 30. Rydingia limbata (Benth.) & V.A. Albert. (Fig. No. 34) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/11
Common name:
Koi booi
Family:
Lamiaceae 48
Part used:
Whole plant
Description: It is a small, bushy, branched, slender and spiny shrub up to 2 ft tall. Stem erect, branched, woody, spiny, whitish or grey bark. Leaves are small, oblanceolate with spiny bracts or short petiole. Flowers pale yellow with orange throat. Uses: It is used for the treatment of mouth sores, throat pains and wound healing. 31. Skimmia laureola D.C. (Fig. No. 35) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/07
Common name:
Nair
Family:
Rutaceae
Part used:
Leaves
Description: It is an evergreen shrub growing to 1.5 m height. Leaves give aromatic smell when crushed. Flowers are white. Fruit is small round red berries. Uses: The leaves are used in the treatment of small pox. The smoke produced by burning leaves purifies the air.
49
32. Solanum nigrum L. (Fig. No. 36) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/32
Common name:
Katchmach
Family:
Solanaceae
Part used:
Leaves, stem and fruit
Description: It is an annual herb, erect, 25-100 cm high. Stems are often angular, sparselypubescent. Blades of leaves are ovate, 4-10 cm long and 3-7 cm wide, entire or coarsely dentate. The fruits are dull black, 8-10 mm in diameter. The fruits are toxic. Uses: It is antiseptic, diuretic and laxative. Juice of its berries is best cure for jaundice. It is used to treat teeth problems; gum infection and pyorrhea. Leaves are applied externally on burn wounds. It is also used for skin diseases. 33. Solanum pseudocapsicum L. (Fig. No. 37) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/29
Common name:
Winter cherry
Family:
Solanaceae
Part used:
Bark, fruit, leaves and seed
50
Description: It is herbaceous plant or small shrub usually growing 0.3-1 m tall. Leaves alternate, 2.5-10.5 cm long, narrowly oval or elongated with slightly wavy margins. Younger stem is greenish and hairless or sparsely hairy while older one become woody and brown in color. Flowers are star-shaped and white in color borne signally or in small clusters in upper leaf fork. Fruit is fleshy 10-15 mm across, turn green to yellow and eventually bright orange-red as they mature. Uses: It is used for the treatment of acute abdominal pain, boils, gonorrhea and as tonic. It possesses hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antioxidant and anti tumor properties. 34. Tagetes minuta L. (Fig. No. 38) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/09
Common name:
Sadbarga
Family:
Asteraceae
Part used:
All parts
Description: It is an erect, woody annual herb. It may grow to 0.6-2 m tall. Leaves are opposite, 5-20 cm long, slightly glossy-green and pinnately compound. Stem is erect, woody, grooved or ridged, initially green but often maturing to brownish or reddish. Fruit is black, slender, finely hairy and 5-8 mm long.
51
Uses: It is used as flavorful herbal tea for cold, respiratory or stomach problems. Entire plant is antheimatic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, laxative and stomachic. Juice of flower contains iodine and used on cuts and wounds. It is also applied to treat skin diseases. 35. Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. (Fig. No. 39) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/28
Common name:
Chhota kalpa
Family:
Boragenaceae
Part used:
Leaves and flowers
Description: It is an annual herb with spreading and densely hairy branches. The leaves are oblance-late to lance-late, 3.5-8.5 cm long and 0.6-2.0 cm broad, hairy on both surfaces. Flowers are mauve to pinkish blue or lilac. Nut lets 4-5 mm long, ovoid, smooth, white to bluish. Uses: Leaves and roots are diuretic and also used for snake bite. Crushed roots in decoction or infusion used in dysentery in children, diarrhea. Root paste applied on swollen joints, inflammation and skin injuries.
52
36. Viola odorata L. (Fig. No. 40) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/36
Common name:
Banafsha, sweet violet
Family:
Violaceae
Part used:
Whole plant
Description: It is evergreen perennial plant up to 20 cm high, stem central with radiating solons forming a carpet of growth. The leaves ovate with rounded apex, widely cordate at the base, pubescent. Flowers are solitary, fragrant, purple to violet. Uses: The leaves are emetic, purgative, expectorant, emollient, diaphoretic used as dressing for burns and anticancer. Flower use in lung troubles, cough, kidney and liver diseases. The plant has strong folk reputation in the treatment of cancer and whooping cough. It is also effective in treatment of headache, migraine and insomnia. 37. Vitex negundo L. (Fig. No. 41) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/34
Common name:
Horseshoe
Family:
Lamiaceae
Part used:
Leaves, root, stem, seed
53
Description: It is an erect shrub or small tree growing from 2-8 m in height. Bark is reddishbrown. Leaves are digit ate with five lance late leaflets, sometimes three. Each leaflet is 4-10 cm long with central leaflet largest possessing a stalk. Leaf edges are toothed and serrated and bottom surface is covered with hair. Flowers are white to blue in color. Fruit is drupe 4 mm in diameter rounded to egg-shaped, black or purple when ripe. Uses: Roots and leaves are used in skin diseases, liver disorders, spleen enlargement, rheumatic pain, gout, abscess, backache. Seeds are used as vermicide. 38. Zanthoxylum armatum D.C. (Fig. No. 42) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/22
Common name:
Timber
Family:
Rutaceae
Part used:
Bark, seeds and fruits
Description: It is a small tree or large spiny shrub. Leaves are distinctively trifoliate, with the leaf stalk winded. Leaflets are stalk less, 2-7.5 cm long and 1-1.7 cm broad, elliptic to ovate lance-like, entire to slightly toothed, sharp tipped. Minute yellow flowers arise in leaf axils. Seeds are rounded, 3 mm in diameter, shining black.
54
Uses: Bark, fruit and seeds are carminative, stomachic, anthelmentic and tonic. Bark is used for cleaning teeth as maswak and to cure diarrhea. Fruit are used for making chattni and also used as condiment. Also used for digestive problems. 39. Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Fig. No. 43) Voucher No:
RA-KA-T/30
Common name:
Annab, red date
Family:
Rhamnaceae
Part used:
Fruit
Description: It is small deciduous tree or shrub reaching a height of 5-12 m, usually with thorny branches. Leaves are shiny, green, 2-7 cm long and 1-3 cm broad, finely toothed margins. Flowers are small, 5 mm wide with five yellowish-green petals. Fruit is an edible oval drupe 1.5-3 cm deep, when immature green with the consistency and taste of an apple, at maturity brown to purplish black and eventually wrinkled looking like small date. Uses: The fruit and seeds are antifungal, antibacterial, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-spastic, hypertensive, cardio tonic, anti oxidant and have wound healing properties also helpful to cure sore throats, chronic constipation and cough.
55
TABLE NO.6 LIST OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR DIFFERENT DISEASES IN KALAPANI HILLS
S. No 1
Botanical name Amaranthus viridis L.
Local name Ganiar
Family
2
Artemisia absenthium L.
Chaw
3
Berberis lycium Royle.
Sumbal
Berberidac eae
Fruit, leaves and root
4
Berginia ciliata-(Haw) Sternb.
Batphay
Saxifragac eae
Rhizome
Lithontripic, ophthalmic, tonic, treat urinary troubles, earache, cough, hemorrhoids and asthma
5
Calatropis procera (Aiton) Dryand.
Rubber bush
Asclepidac eae
Whole plant
Fever, rheumatism, indigestion, cold, diarrhea, leprosy, asthma, cough, dysentery and ulcer
6
Canabis sativa L.
Bhang
Cannabace ae
Leaves
7
Cassia fistula L.
Amaltas
Fabaceae
Fruit
Aperients, astringent, laxative, purgative and vermifuge
8
Cissampelos pareira L.
Ghorasum
Menisper maceae
Whole plant
Anti-malarial, treat asthma, acne, skin diseases, jaundice
9
Coriandrum sativum L.
Coriander
Apiaceae
Seed, leaves
Condiment, tonic, treat stomach diseases
10
Conyza canadensis L.
Horse weed
Asteraceae
Leaves
Amaranth aceae Asteraceae
Parts Used Leaves Leaves
56
Medicinal uses Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, antifungal and laxative Anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, appetizer, carminative, febrifuge, hypnotic, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge Aperients, carminative, febrifuge, ophalmic and treat jaundice
Epilepsy
Astringent, diuretic, hypoglycemic, tonic, vermifuge, stimulant
11
Daphne mucronata Royle.
Kuttilal
Thymalace ae
Fruit
12
Dodonea viscosa L.Jacq
Sunatha
Spindacea e
Leaves
13
Ficus carica Linn.
Fig
Moraceae
Fruit
Expectorant, metabolic, treat kidney stone, cardiovascular, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and laxative
14
Fragaria nubicola Lindl.ex Lacaita.
Budemeva
Rosaceae
Fruit
Astringent and diarrhea
15
Galinsoga parviflora Cav.
Gallant soldier
Asteraceae
16
Indigofera heteranthawall.ex brandis.
Kainthi
Fabaceae
Whole plant
17
Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth.
Morning glory
Convolvol aceae
Leaves
18
Lantana camara L.
Yellow sage
Verbenace ae
Leaves, fruit
Antimicrobial, fungicidal, insecticidal, treat cancer, itches, leprosy, chickenpox, asthma and ulcer
19
Melia azedarach L.
Drek
Meliaceae
Fruit
Anthelmintic, anti-malarial, cathartic, and treat skin diseases
20
Mentha longifolia (L.) L
Sufaid poodena
Lamiaceae
Leaves
Stimulant, carminative, treat stomach disorders, vomiting, cholera and cough
21
Morus alba L.
Toot
Moraceae
22
Ocimum basilicum L.
Tulsi
Lamiaceae
Rheumatism, constipation, pimples, skin diseases and allergies Astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge and treat toothache
Flower, leaves and Treating bramble stings, coagulate blood and wounds stem Anathematic Anthelmintic, diuretic, laxative, constipation and mental disorder
hallucinogen,
treat
Bark of root, small Diaphoretic, anti-rheumatic, antispasmodic, diuretic, branches, fruit and blood tonic, anti-inflammatory and treat diarrhea leaves Leaves, seed Antispasmodic, carminative, stomachic and tonic
57
23
Piper nigrum L.
Black pepper
Piperaceae
Fruit
24
Plantago lanceolata L.
Ispaghool
Plantagina ceae
Whole plant, leaves
Bronchitis, diarrhea, gastritis, peptic, ulcers, hemorrhoids and asthma
25
Punica granatum L.
Darunna
Punicaceae
Seed, flower
26
Ricinus communis L.
Errand
Root, leaves, seed
27
Rubus fruticosus L.
Blackberry
Euphorbia ceae Rosaceae
Anti-parasitic, blood tonic, diarrhea, respiratory illness, gastrointestinal disorders, heart attack, stomachic and osteoarthritis Inflammation, Fever, ascetic, bronchitis, cough, leprosy and skin diseases Treat hemorrhoids, sore throat, whooping cough, dysentery and toothache
28
Rumex dentatus L. Rumex hastatus D.Don.
Whole plant
30
Koi booi
31
Rydingia limbata Benth. & V.A. Albert Skimmia laureola D.C.
Polygonac eae Polygonac eae Lamiaceae
Leaves
29
Toothed dock Khatimal
Nair
Rutaceae
Leaves
32
Solanum nigrum L.
Solanaceae
33
Solanum pseudocapsicum L. Tagetes minuta L.
Katchmac h Winter cherry Sadbarga
Leaves, stem and fruit Bark, fruit leaves and seed All parts
Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm
Chhota kalpa
Boragenac eae
34 35
Solanaceae Asteraceae
Fruit, leaves, root
Whole plant
Leaves and flower
58
Treat constipation, insomnia, sunburn and toothache
Astringent, antibacterial and antifungal Astringent, treat blood dysentery, asthma, backache, and coagulate cuts and wounds Treat mouth sores, throat pains and wound healing Small pox Antiseptic, diuretic, laxative, treat jaundice, teeth problems, gum infection and pyorrhea Tonic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antioxidant and anti tumor Anthelmintic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, laxative and stomachic Diuretic, treat dysentery, snake bite, diarrhea and skin injuries
36
Viola odorata L.
Banafsha
Violaceae
Whole plant
37
Vitex negundo L.
Lamiaceae
38
Zanthoxylum armatum D.C. Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
Horseshoe vitex Timber
Leaves, root stem and seed Bark, seeds, fruit
Annab
Rhamnace ae
39
Rutaceae
Fruit
59
Emetic, purgative, emollient, diaphoretic, anticancer Skin diseases, liver disorder, rheumatic pain , gout and backache Carminative, stomachic, anthelmintic, tonic, condiment and treat diarrhea Antifungal, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-spastic, hypertensive, cardiotonic and anti-oxident
TABLE NO.7 PERCENTAGE OF PLANTS USED FOR SPECIFIC DISEASE S .No
Name of disease
No. of plants used for
Percentage
the disease 1
Diarrhea
8
4.4%
2
Dysentery
4
2.2%
3
Cough
8
4.4%
4
Fever
6
3.3%
5
Cold
3
1.6%
6
Toothache
2
1%
7
Backache
3
1.6%
8
Digestive disorders
7
4%
9
Stomach disorders
2
1%
10
Respiratory disorders
2
1%
11
Leprosy
4
2.2%
12
Epilepsy
1
0.5%
13
Dyspepsia
1
0.5%
14
Asthma
7
4%
15
Ulcer
6
3.3%
16
Sore throat
4
2.2%
60
17
Constipation
6
3.3%
18
Ascarisis
1
0.5%
19
Edema
1
0.5%
20
Liguria
1
0.5%
21
Mental disorders
1
0.5%
22
Eye diseases
2
1%
23
Hemorrhoids
3
1.6%
24
Gout
2
1%
25
Gonorrhea
2
1%
26
Burns
6
3.3%
27
Menorrhagia
1
0.5%
28
Malaria
4
2.2%
29
Cancer
3
1.6%
30
Acne
2
1%
31
Wounds
6
3.3%
32
Urinary problems
3
1.6%
33
Jaundice
4
2.2%
34
Rheumatism
4
2.2%
35
Bronchitis
2
1%
61
36
Heart diseases
2
1%
37
Skin diseases
10
6%
38
Tumors
2
1%
39
Abdominal pain
2
1%
40
Sores
3
1.6%
41
Snake bite
3
1.6%
42
Diabetes
3
1.6%
43
Kidney problems
3
1.6%
44
Gastrointestinal problems
2
1%
45
Rashes
2
1%
46
Stings
3
1.6%
47
Rabies
1
0.5%
48
Cholera
1
0.5%
49
Insomnia
3
1.6%
50
Inflammation
6
3.3%
51
Blood dysentery
1
0.5%
52
Abscess
2
1%
53
Whooping cough
2
1%
54
Liver problems
4
2.2%
62
55
Small pox
1
0.5%
56
Urinary problems
3
1.6%
57
Migraine
2
1%
58
Total
179
100%
63
TABLE NO.8 PERCENTAGE OF PART OF PLANT USED FOR DIFFERENT DISEASES
S. No
Parts of plants used in medicine
Total plants
Percentage
1
Leaves
23
35%
2
Fruit
14
21%
3
Flower
3
4%
4
Stem
3
4%
5
Root
4
5%
6
Rhizome
1
1%
7
Whole plant
7
11%
8
Seed
7
11%
9
Bark
3
4%
64
Fig No. 3 Percentage of part of plant used for different diseases
65
TABLE NO: 9 LIST OF ETHNOBOTANICAL FAMILIES OF PLANTS OF KALAPANI HILLS
S. No
Family name
No. of species
1
Amaranthaceae
1
2
Apiaceae
1
3
Asclepidaceae
1
4
Asteraceae
3
5
Berberidaceae
1
6
Boraganaceae
1
7
Cannabaceae
1
8
Convolvolaceae
1
9
Euphorbiaceae
1
10
Fabaceae
2
11
Lamiaceae
4
12
Meliaceae
1
13
Menispermaceae
1
14
Moraceae
2 66
15
Piperaceae
1
16
Plantaginaceae
1
17
Polygonaceae
2
18
Punicaceae
1
19
Rhamnaceae
1
20
Rosaceae
2
21
Rutaceae
2
22
Sapindaceae
1
23
Saxifragaceae
1
24
Solanaceae
2
25
Thymalaceae
1
26
Verbenaceae
1
27
Violaceae
1
Total
27
67
Fig No. 4 Family wise Distribution of plants of Kalapani Hills
68
PLATES
69
Fig. 5 Amaranthus viridis L.
Fig.6 Artemisia absinthium L.
Fig. 7 Berberis lycium Royle.
Fig. 8 Berginia ciliata-(Haw) sternb.
70
Fig. 9 Calatropis procera (Aiton) Dryand
Fig. 10 Cannabis sativa L.
Fig. 11 Cassia fistula L.
Fig. 12 Cissampelos pareira L
71
Fig. 13 Conyza canadensis L.
Fig. 14 Coriandrum sativum L.
Fig. 15 Daphne mucronata Royle.
Fig. 16 Dodonea viscosa-(L.)Jacq.
72
Fig. 17 Ficus carica Linn.
Fig. 19 Galinsoga parviflora Cav
Fig.18 Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex. Lacaita
Fig. 20 Indigofera haterentha –wall.ex.brandis
73
Fig.21 Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth
Fig. 23 Melia azedarach L.
Fig. 22 Lantana cammara L.
Fig. 24 Menta longifolia (L.) L.
74
Fig. 25 Morus alba L.
Fig. 26 Ocimum basilicum L.
Fig. 27 Piper nigrum L.
Fig. 28 Plantago lanceolata L.
75
Fig. 29 Punica granatum L.
Fig.30 Ricinus communis L.
Fig. 31 Rubus fruticosus L.
Fig. 32 Rumex dentatus L.
76
Fig. 33 Rumex hastatus D.Don.
Fig. 35 Skimmia laureola D.C.
Fig. 34 Rydingia limbata (Benth.) V.A Albert.
Fig. 36 Solanum nigrum L.
77
Fig. 37 Solanum pseudocapsicum L.
Fig. 38 Tagetes minuta L.
Fig. 39 Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm.
Fig. 40 Viola odorata L.
78
Fig. 41 Vitex negundo L.
Fig. 42 Zanthoxylum armatum D.C.
Fig. 43 Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
79
CHAPTER: 5 DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS
80
5.1.
DISCUSSIONS:
The study reported 39 important medicinal plants belonging to 27 families and 37 genera. The Lamiaceae was on the top of the list having 4 species, followed by Asteraceae, having 3 species each, followed by Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Fabiaceae, Moraceae, Polygonaceae, Rutaceae having 2 species each, followed by Euphorbiaceae, Berberidaceae,
Asclepidaceae,
Convolvolaceae,Verbenaceae,
Cannabaceae, Meliaceae,
Menispermaceae,
Moraceae,
Thymalaeaceae,
Piperaceae,
Punicaceae,
Boragenaceae, Rhamnaceae, Apiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Saxifragaceae, Sapindaceae and Violaceae with 1 species each.The plants were used in the treatment of different diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases, digestive problems, pains and cancer. These plants were used as traditional medicines by locals and hakims. Furthermore a single plant was used for more than one disease e.g. Amaranthus viridis (inflammation and urination), Artemisia absintium (fever, jaundice and worms), Berberis lycium (menorrhagia and jaundice), Berginia ciliate (diarrhea, cough, cold and hemorrhoids) Cannabis sativa (nausea, vomiting and epilepsy), Calatropis procera (pains, fever, diarrhea and rheumatism), Cassia fistula (cancer, constipation and pimples), Conyza canadensis (diarrhea, dysentery, bleeding piles), Cissampelos pareira (colic, rash and stomach ache), Coriandrum sativum (digestive ailments and stomach disease) Daphnae mucronata (infectious wounds, skin diseases and allergies), Dodonea viscose (toothache, sorethroats and wounds), Ficus carica (kidney stone), Fragaria nibicola (profuse menstruation), Galinsoga parviflora (wounds, coagulate the blood of new cuts and wounds) , Ipomoea purpuria (constipation, and mental disorders), Lantana camara (chicken pox, asthma, cancer and ulcer), Melia azedarach (skin diseases and tonic), Mentha longifolia (vomiting, fever and cough), Morus alba (diarrhea), Ocimum basilicium(stomach problem, acne, migraine), Rydingia limbata (mouth sores, throat pain and wound healing), Piper nigrum (toothache, insomnia and constipation), Plantago lanceolata (cough), Punica granatum (diarrhea, ulcers and gastrointestinal disorders), 81
Ricinus communis (asthma, pains and fever), Rubus fruticosus (anemia, sore throat and whooping cough), Rumex hastatus (blood dysentery, asthma, backache and throat), Rumex dentatus (coetaneous disorders),Skimmia laureola (small pox) Solanum nigrum (jaundice, burn and wounds), Solanum pseudocapsicum (abdominal pain, tonic, and gonorrhea), Tagetes minuta (cold, stomach problem and skin diseases) Trichodesma indicum (snake bite, dysentery, fever and dyspepsia), Vitex negundo (skin diseases, gout and backache), Ziziphus jujuba (constipation, cold and wounds), Zanthoxylum armatum (cleaning teeth and diarrhea). Leaves of Cannabis sativa are used as tonic as shown by the study of Zaman and Khan, 1970. Leaves of Dodonea viscosa are used in the treatment of wounds also shown by the study of Padma et al., 2014. Fruit of Cassia fistula is used for constipation also shown by the study of Neelam et al., 2011. Leaves of Calatropis procera are used to cure malarial fever also shown by the study of Abishek et al., 2010. Fruit poultice of Daphne mucronata is used for treating pimples and freckles on face also shown by the study of Asma et al., 2015. Zanthoxylum armatum is used for the digestion problem and is used as maswak and Solanum nigrum is used for skin problems. Same result was reported by Ijaz et al., 2015. The leaves of Rumex dentatus is used as vegetable. Same result was also reported by Hamayun, 2005. The bark and root of Berberis lycium are used for body pain. Same result is reported by Arshad and Ahmad, 2004. The leaves of Mentha longifolia is used for vomiting and stomachic. Shinwari et al., 2002 reported the similar result at Bar and Shinaki valleys, Gilgit (Northern Pakistan). The fruit of Berberis lycium and Zanthoxylum armatum is edible. Similar study conducted by Ahmad et al., 2013. The leaves of Coriandrum sativum are used as spice and its fruit is used in digestive problems. The similar study is conducted by Sadia et al., 2009. Root of Rubus fruticosus is used to treat dysentery. The similar result is shown by Verma et al., 2014.
82
5.2.
CONCLUSIONS:
The present study was carried out in the Kalapani Hills during summer 2016. This study provides information about the importance and uses of medicinal plants. The study reported 39 important medicinal plants belonging to 27 families and 37 genera. The species were used by the local and tribal people in the area. Different plant parts such as roots, leaves, fruit, seeds etc are used. Both fresh and dried parts of the plants were used in crude. However, the method of use, dosage and the duration was different from one plant species to another and also from locality to locality. The drugs were mostly prepared in the form of pastes, powders, latex and decoction. The plants were used in the treatment of different diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases, digestive problems, pains and cancer. These plants were used as traditional medicines by locals and hakims. The important species of the Hills were; Fragaria nubicola, Mentha longifolia, Melia azedarach, Dodonea viscose, Rumex hastatus, Punica granatum, Berberis lycium and Morus alba. The leaves 35% was the most commonly used plant part, followed by fruit 21%, then whole plant and seed 11% each, then root 5%, then stem, flower and bark 4% each and then rhizome only 1%. The present study shown that Kalapani Hills are an important area for the pants having medicinal importance, which are gradually disappearing due to exploitation, deforestation and overgrazing. The wrong harvesting techniques are also responsible for the extinction of the plants. Most of the plants are used by the locals.
83
5.3.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
Some of the recommendations and suggestions for the improvement of situation are as below: 1. There should be proper documentation and identification of plants, to acquire and preserve the traditional system of medicine. 2. Plantation of fast growing trees is also required in the area. 3. Awareness among school going children of the area must be produced to identify the importance of plants and wild life. 4. Fodder alternative must be provided to the local people. 5. There should be complete restriction on the cutting of endanger species. 6. A forestation plan should be launch on the cultivated waste lands. These projects will not only conserve the local flora as well as improve the socio economic conditions of the area.
84
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