DETRE et a1. (1979). Holothurian sclerites: KOZUR and MOSTLER (1971). 25. Cherty limestone and mad (Csovar Limestone Formation). Ladinian to Rhaetian.
ANNALES
UNIVERSITATIS SCIENTIARUM BUDAPESTINENSIS DE ROLAi'H)O E01VOS NOlvllNAJAE
.i V.
S c i. Bud ape st.
Sect. Geol. 26 /1986/
S&P,\R,ITU;n
SECTIO GEOLOGICA TOlIUS X:tVL
~)
TECTONIC UNITS OF HUNGARY: THEIR B01JNDARIES AND STRATIGRAPHY (A BIBLIOGRAPHIC GUIDE)
nUDAPEST 1936
M.KAzMER E6tv6s University, Department of Palaeontology, H-lOS3 Budapest, Kun Bela tel' 2, Hungcuy ABSTRACT This review pa,per presents a brief description of pre-N eogene tectonic units of Hungary. Their boundaries are defined, stratigraphic cohm1ns are described and possible palaeogeographie relationships are outlined. Bibliographic references for descriptive papers (stratigraphy, palaeontology, sedimentology, petrology, geochemistry, metamorphic grade, radiometric ages, etc) are included. Data for igneous activity, metamorphism, deformation, tectonic position and eeonomic geology are supplied. N eogene and Q.uaternary basin evolution and volcanism are discussed. Appendices list books on the geology of Hungary, review papers of each periods, available maps and periodicals publishing geological information.
Introduction This paper presents a brief review of fundamental geological information on Hungary. The style is concise, similar to that used by PALFREYMAN (1984) in his treatise on Australia. First, boundaries of tectonic units are defined. Then each unit is shortly characterized, followed by a more detailed treatment (rocks, fossil content, c1epositional environment, magmatism, metamorphic grade, racliometTic age. etc) with references to the latest relevant publications, wTitten or having summaries in English, French or German. Our aim is that the interested rea,der would find the last paper on his problem to start with. The review of pre-Neogene units is followed by the outlines of N eogene and Quaternary sedimentation, volcanism and tectonics. Up to now no distinct tectonic units have been recognized, so a gener11l picture is given only. The four Appendices (on books, review pc"tpers, maps and periodicals) serve to define the available sources of information on Hungarian geology. All publications were used to make this compilation received prior to 31 March, 1985. The author knows it for certain that sevenl,l omissions and mistakes occur in this paper; therefore readers are asked to tell or write him on missing, unnecessary, outdated or otherwise imperfect information contained
46
in this paper to the following address: IV!. KAzAnI:R. Eotvos University. Department of Palaeontology, H - 1083 Budapest, Kun Bela ter 2, Hungary. Maybe an updated version will follow some years later. Thank you.
Boundaries of tectonic units (Fig. 1) All boundaries discussed below are subsurface in Hungary. 1. Overthrust plane of Lower Al1stroalpine (Sopron) nappes on Penninie (Rechnitz -K6szeg) units. Age of overthrust: Campanian. Transport of chromite from Penninic llltrarnafics into Gosau and flysch basins of the Alps ceased before Late Campanian, when the northwards moving Austroalpine nappes covered the Penninic units (OBERHAUSER. 1973).
12.
4. '.....
1\(:;:;';:1
Pre - Neogene on surface
%
Strike-slip fault
~
Nappe
//.... Uncertain boudary RABA units R,ma
faults
Fig. 1.: Tectonic units in Hungary and their boundaries (after CsAszAR and HAAs, 1984, modified). Numbers refer to descriptions of boundaries in the text. Stippled: pre-Neogene formations on surface. Note, that nearly all tectonic boundaries are below thick NeogeneQuaternary sedimentary cover. RB = Rudabanya unit.
PECTONIC UNITS OF HUNGARY
47
2. Overthrust plane of Upper Austl'oalpine (Raba) nappe on Lower Austl'oalpine (e.g. Sopron) units. Age: certainly pre-Goscl,U, i.e. before Senonian. Gosau sedimellts in Austria are deposited on folded Austroalpine rocks; possibly pre-Cenomanian: chromite of Penninic ophiolitic origin was directly supplied to Upper Austroalpine "Randcenoma,n" ba,sin in its immediate southern neighbourhood, i.e. Upper Austroalpine units were thrusted over Lower Austroalpine ones to reach that position before Cenomanian (OHERHAUSER, 1980). :3. R:iba fault. Left-bteral strike-slip fanlt, direct rontinuation of Periaclriatic northern branch DAV lineament (KOVACS S., 1983). Age: not older than Middle Eocene, not younger than La,te OJigocene. Displacement: ca. 450 km. Formed during continental escape of Bakony unit from the Alps (KAZlVIER, 1984a). 4. Balaton fault. Right·lateral strike-slip fault, direct continuation of Pusteria - Gailtal- Karavanka lineament (Periadriatic southern branch) (Kov_4.cs, 1983). Displacement: ca. 450 km. Formed during continental escape of Bakony unit from the Alps (KAZMER, 1984a). Age: not older than Middle Eocene, not younger than Late Oligocene. Most probably Middle Oligocene, as shown by contemporaneous tonalite plutonism and andesite volcanism along the leaky transform Balaton fault (KAZMER, 1984b). 5. Unnamed left-lateral strike-slip fault. Age: unknown, probably Cenozoic. 6. Darno fault. Left-lateral strike-slip fault of Late Miocene age (BALLA and HAVAS, 1982). It is nota main palaeogeographic boundary as considered before, since it falls within Bi1kk unit (ZELENKA and BAKSA et al., 1983). 7. Overthrust plane of Silica nappe over Rudabanya unit. Age: certainly younger than Medial Triassic (age of ophiolites mixed in the basal evaporitic melange) and certainly older than Seno11ian (age of post-tectonic sediments in Czechoslovakia). 8. Probable overthrust plane of Silica nappe over subsurface Gemeride units. Age: pre-Senonian (see No. 8). 9. Hernad (?) fault (confusions with name). Probable strike-slip fault of unknown displacement. Age: unknown; possibly lVIiocene (significant calc-aJkaline volcanism along its strike). 10. Zagreb -Zemplin fault. Right-lateral strike-slip fault. Age: unknown. Possibly Middle Cretaceous (palaeogeographic causes: "VEIN, 1978), or latest: Miocene (significant calc-alkaline volcanism along its strike). Explanations for positioning its eastern end between ZempJen and Mecsek units: it is localized here (instead of between Blikk and Zemplen units) to fulfil its definition: the Zagreb -Zemplen fault forms the northern tectonic margin of Mecsek unit. 11. Unnamed strike-slip fault. Definition: separates lVlecsek and Villany units. Age: unknown. 12. Overthrust plane of Bekes (Codru) nappes over Vilbiny unit ("Biho1' autochthonous"). Age: pre-Coniacitl,n (BLEAHU and Lupu et aI., 1981).
48
M. KAzMER
Pre-Neogene tectonic units N eogene and Quaternary is characterized by a diffuse extensional regime (HORVATH, 1984) (see later), where distinct tectonic units haven't been recognized. Pre-Neogene formations are grouped into tectonic units (bounded by strike-slip faults and thrust planes) after their common lithologic, metamorphic and/or deformation character. Layout of this chapter follows PALFREYMAN (1984). References: the most comprehensive one and/or the latest one are included. Formations younger than Oligocene are not discussed in this chapter. KOSZEG -RECHNITZ UNIT (FIG. 2)
Age - Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Margins - Lower Austroalpine units \V, Nand E; Upper Austroalpine: S. Extends to Austria. Physiography - Low to medium hills. Mostly covered by lowland of Neogene sediments. Elements - Marine metasediments, some ultramafic intrusions. Stratigraphy - Lower unit: Jurassic(?) quartz phyllite and calcareous phyllite (with conglomerate lenses) and greenschist. Upper unit: Cretaceous( ~) calcareous and graphitic phyllite, greenschist, serpentinite. Igneous activity - Mesozoic tholeiitic ultramafics and mafics. Metamorphism: - Alpine greenschist facies. Small HP/LT metamorphism. Cooling age: 12 m.y. Deformation: - strongly folded; tectonic (thrust?) contact between lower and upper units. Tectonic position - Probc\'bly c\'utochthonous. Lies below Lower and Upper Austroalpine units. Connections - It is the easternmost Penninic window of the Alps. Nearest small windows: Bernstein and JYIoltern in Austria. Economic geology - Antimonite in the lower unit, at the calcareous phyllite-greenschist boundctry (Schlaining, Austria). Talcum: Felsocsatar (Hungary). Precious serpentinite. References -PAHR (1980a), KOLLER and PAHR (1980).
Strai'igr'aphic details Coloured map: BANDAT (1932). Stratigraphic continuity of the formations is not proven; tectonic (thrust) contacts are possible. Total thickness of all formations (Rechnitzer Serie of P AHR, 1980a): 2000 m. The whole unit is metamorphosed in greenschist facies (PAHR, 1980a). 1. Koszeg Q1lartzphyllite Format'ion. Quartz phyllite, metasandstone, quartzite (PAHR, 1980a). 2. Velem Oalcareo1ls Phyllite Formation. Calcareous phyllite (with limestone beds in Austria) and greenschist. Age: Lower to Middle Cretaceous based on sponge spicules (SCHONLAUB, 1973). The Upper JurassicLower Cretaceous biostratigraphic data of K6vARI from Ikervar - 2 bore-
TECTONIC UNITS OF HUNGARY
49
.
KOSZEG @
A A A A A A A A A
greenschist
K1
Fe[socsatar
J (?)
Cak conglomerate
J (?)
Velem cale. phyllite
J (?)
Koszeg
A~",
Cl>
o
0
0
0 ~..... ..... -j..
G)
-j..
-f.-
F~'g.
..,.
-f.-
..,.
{-
quartzphyllite
2.: Hypothetical stratigraphic column of Koszeg unit in Hungary (after CSASZ.A..R and HAAs, 1983, modified). Numbers refer to the text.
hole (in JUI-L~SZ and KOHkl'I, 1966) based on tintinnic1s and Lombardia must be revised (these possibly belong to a tectonic soale of Bakony unit). l\1:ineralogy: FELVARI and VrczIAN (1973). 3. Oak Oonglornerate Format'ion. Interoalations in the upper part of Velem Calcareous Phyllite. Mostly dolomite pebbles with rare limestone and gneiss ones (JuRA.sz, 1965; ORAVECZ, 1979). Age of pebbles: Middle Tria.ssic after MOSTLER and PAHR (1981), based on holothurittn sclerites and conodonts. Deposited in fluviatile-delta (ORAVECZ, 1979) or seashore (MOSTLER and PAIIR, 1981) environment. As it is intercalated in pelagic marine meta,secliments of the oceanic Penninic zone, we consider the Cak Conglomerate as olisthostrome, originated from compressive tectonio movements, uplift and erosion at the end of Jurassio or later. 4. Felsf5csatar Greenschist fonnation. Mostly pyroolastics and less lava rocks of mafic, tholeiitic composition, metamorphosed to greenschist, talc schists and ultramafics altered to serpentinite. Ophiolitic suite (KOLLER and PAHR, 1980). K-Ar cooling age of crossite (blue amphibole): 12 m.y. (KUBOVrcS, 1983), associated with the JVriocene uplift of the Alps (HP/LT metamorphism). SOPRON UNIT
Age - Palaeozoic. Margins - Upper Austroalpine to"vards vV, Nand E; Penninic Koszeg unit toward 8. Extends to Austria. Physiography - Low to medium hills. Mostly covered by lowlands of Neogene and Quaternary sediments. Stratigraphy - Fertorakos group: amphibolite, gneiss and quartz phyllite. 80pron Group: metapelites injected by granitoic1s; amphibolite, quartzite, leucophyllite intercalations. 4 ANNALES - Sectio Geologica - Tomus XXVI.
50
M. K ..\ Zl\LER
Igneous activity - Palaeozoic mafic volcanism (amphibolite); Variscl1l1 granitoid intrusions. Metamorphism - Possible Caledonian metamorphism. Felsod,kos: Vl1riscan greenschist facies. Sopron: Variscasselly et al., 1969). Minera,logy: rhodochrosite and pyrolusite: CSEH-NEMETH and GRASSELLY (1966). Origin: sedimentary: SZABO Z. and GRASSELLY (1980) or volcanic: SZABO Z., GRASSELLY and CSEH-NEl\IETH (1981). Age determim"l,ted by the position of Mn-coated beds in almost the whole Bakony unit. Fossils: spores and pollen: KEDVES and SIMONCSICS (1971). 36. Rad'iolarite (L6kld Rad-iolarite Formation). Brown, red or green chert beds or siliceous limestones. Age: Aalenian to Oxfordian (heterochronous). Lithology: FULOP (1976). Stratigraphy: Fur)jp (1971). 37. A mmon:itico rosso (upper) (Pal ihalas Limestone Format'ion) . Oxfordian to Tithonian. Red, condensed, nodular or bedded limestone. Stratigraphy and lithology: FULOP (1971), HAAS et al. (1984). Ammonites: ViGH (1981, 1984); brachiopods: ViGH (1981). 38. Biancone (JvIogyorosdomb Limestone Formation). Tithonian to Lower Berriasian. \Vhite, bedded, compact, cherty limestone. Lithology: HAAS et al. (1984). Ammonites: ViGH (lfl84). Calpionellic1 stratigraphy: KNAUER (1983). Cretaceous (Fig. 5) 39. Flysch (Felsovadacs Breccia ~~lember, Bersek llfarl Fo'rmation, Lcibatlan Sandstone Formation, KoszoriUd5bcinycf, Conglomerate Pormalion). Berriasian to Lower Aptian. Occurs in E Gerecse Mts. only. Limestone breccia, mad with thin sandstone intercaltttions, sandstone with mm'l intercalations, conglomerate. Scl,ndstone deposited by turbidity currents. (CsAszARin CSASZAR and HAAS, 1984a). Lithology, stratigraphy, palaeogeography: FULOP (1958). The sandstone contains chromite, the conglomerate contains "diabase" (FULOP, 1958). Fossils: spores and pollen: RAKOSI (1971); ammonites: NAGY 1. Z. (1967, 1968), ViGH (1984). 40. Cephalo]Jocl-tintinnicl limestone (Szentivcinhegy Limestone Fonnation). Berriasian to Lower Valanginian. Downwards continuous into
GO
Upper Jurassic Biancone, ammonitico rosso. Bedded. thin (1.;3 m) limestone with rich ammonite fauna: VimI (1971). Lithology: FOLJY\".\IU et al. (1973), FULOP (1976). N annoconus (Protista): BALDI -BEKE (1063). Tintinnina: FUL(:)p (1964). 41. Biancone (JJJogyor6sdomb Limestone Formation). Tithonian to Lower Barremian. \Vhite to light grey, bedded limestone with chert nodules and layers. Lithology: HAAS et a1. (1984). I~egional studies: FUL()P (1064). Biostratigraphy and fossils: HAAS et a1. (Hl84). Nannoconus (Protista): BALDI-BEKE (1965); tintinnina: KNAUEH, (1983). 42. Crinoid-cephalopod limeston,c (Borzavar Limestone Formation). Valanginian to Lower Barremian. Grey, thick-bedded crinoicl limestone, locally with abundant ammonite fauna. Lithology and stratigrcl,phy: FULOP (1964). Fossils: ammonoids: NAGY 1. Z. (1981); echinoids: SzijRENYI (1965); crinoids: SmvERTs-DoRECK (1961). 43. 8iliccmls mad (8ihneg .ilIarl Formation). Barremi,1n to Lower Aptian. Grey. compact, siliceous, silty JmLrl. 250 rn thich:. Subsurface unit. Lithology and stratigraphy: FULOP (1964), HAAS et a!. (1984). :Fossils: nannoconus (Protista): BALDI-BEKE (1965). 44. Grey crinoid limestone (Tata Limestone Formation). U ppGI' ApticHl to Lowermost Albian. \Vinnowed crinoid and ext~'aclast (limef:5tol1s, nUl"rl) spaTite. Cherty. Lithology and biostr~Ltigraphy: FULOP (H)76), lL'L~s et aJ. (1984). Fossils: spores and pollen: JUHASZ (1983); fOI'Mninifers: SIDCl (1075); echinoids: SZORENYI (1965). 45. Als6pere BCi'llxite Fonnation. Lower Albian pisoidie kal'st bauxite lying on Triassic Dachstein limestone and overlain by Aloian MunieriC1 marl. Stratigraphic position: KAROLY et a1. (1970). Overburden: CS~;".sZAR: (1981). 46 . .J..~Iunieria rna/rl (Tes j11arl Formation). lVIiddle Albian. Gra,y or mottled clayey mad and lin13stone. Deposited in mostly hcuskine environment. Al:n{nclant JHunieria (Characeae, Algae). Distribution and facies: CSAszAR (1978). Biostri1tigraphy and fossils: spores and pollen: DEAx (1965), JUHASZ (1973); phl,nts: RAxoSI (1982); gastropods: BENKOCZABALAY (1965); ostraeods: ZALANYI (1959). 47. Lmcer pachyoclont limestone (Kornyr;, Limestone Formation). Albian. Grey, fossil-rich reeflimestone (pachyoclonts, O~cbitolinalSubsul'faceunit. 48. Grey siltstone (Vertcs8oml6 Ale'1lrolite Fo/'m./[{ion). Lower Albian. Subsurft1Ce unit. Possibly conne'cted to the flysch in Gerecse. Lithology: FOLDyARI et a1. (1973). Probable age: Uppor Aptian(?) to Lmvel' Albian: CSAszAR 20ud HAAS (1983). Spores and pollen: JunAsz (198;)). 4,9. Upper pachyodont limc8tone (Zire Limestone Formation), Uppe:' Albian. 'Vhite, compact limestone \vith hivalve:;,;, Orbitolim:.,; tabrllc1r limestone with silty intercalations. Lithology: CS!~SZAR (1981). }i',wiGs: KNAUER and GELLAI (1983). Stratigraphy: SOHOLZ (1973a, 1074). Mierofacies: GELLAI (1973a). Fossils: calcareous algae: PE}~BERNES (1977); PI~YBERNES and CONRAD (1979); spore and pollen: JUHl\SZ (1983); planktonic microfossils: KNAUER (1974); foraminifers: GELLAI (1973a); gastl'opods: BENKOCZABALAY (1965), CZABALAY (1981); holothul'ian sclerites: GIDLIJAI (1973b).
TECTONIC UNITS OF HCNGARY
50. Olallconite mar1 (= T'llrri1ites 1nar1, Penzcskllt J1Iar1 Formation). Cenomanian or Vraconian. Grey, silty, glauconitic marl with abundant pelagic fauna. Stratigraphy: SOHOLZ (1973a, 1974). Fossils: spores and pollen: JUIL.\SZ (1983); planktonic microfossils: KNAUER (1974); foraminifers: SIDO (1971); gastropods: CZABALAY (1965); ammonites: SOI-IOLZ (1979); echinoicls: SZORENYI (1955). 51. Lamprophyre dykes. Monchiquite, silicoc--F.R __ A_S_N.'_A_N____
TI A~,I
'1
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e;1 FA MENNi AN
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i
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10
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I
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I
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z
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basalt ~ radiolarite
rf7\
Porphyr ite
Hamor Dolomite
®
;/
I
I
r" i
T
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V
•
Berva 1st.
shale
Feherko 1st.
/ / /
/ 7
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®
~
7 7
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@
v V
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!
.. 11
Ablakoskovolgy Fm.
@
F~'g.10.: Mesozoic and Palaeogene formations of Biikk lmit (Triassic after CSASZAR and HAAS,
1983, modified). Numbers refer to the text.
TECTONIC UNITS OF HUNGARY
lished by BALOGRetal. (1984). Nappes in the Jurassic have been recognized by BALLA et al. (1980). Lithology is after BALOGH (1964). 14. Limestone and shale ( Abalakoskovolgy Formation). Lower Triassic. Interbedded ooidic limestone and marly shale. 600 m thick. Foraminifers: B:EJRCZI -MARK (1976). 15. Dolomite (Ramol' Dolomite FOl'ma,tion). Anisian. 200 m thick. Dolomite with few foraminifers locally interfingering with neritic limestone and thin variegated (terrestrial?) shale. 16. Andesite (Szent'istvanhegy Porphy1'ite Forrnation). Lower Ladinian. 250 m thick. Lowermost Laclinian lava rocks and pyroclastics of itndesitic, rhyolitic and basaltic composition (PANTO, 1962). Petrology: SZENTPETERY (1934, 1937). 17. Basalt flows (Pillow lava) with radiolarite intercalations at Darnohegy locality. May belong to Ruclabanya unit. Laclinian radiolarians: De \VEVER (1983, pers. comm.) Petrology and geochemistry: BALLA et al. (1980). 18. L-imestone (Felu3rko Limestone Formation) Ladinian. Light grey, bedded, unfossiliferous, with a thin red nodular intercalcttion. 19. Skaly limestone (BALOGH et al., 1984). (Ves8zos Shale Forrnation). Lower Carnian. 20. Basalt. (Oh-uta Diabasc Formation). Carniml to Norian. Lava rocks and pyroclastics. Stratigraphy: BALOGH et al. (1984). 21. Oherty limestone (Fclsotal'kany Limestone FonnaIion). Carnian to Rhaetian. Pelagic. Stratigraphy: BALOGR et al. (1984). 22. Light neritic limestone (Bitkkfennsik Limestone FormaIion). Carnian to Rhaetian. Probably platform facies. Stratigraphy: BALOGR et al. (1984). 23. N el'itic limestones of uncertain stratigraphic Bond tectonic position. (Repash~{ia Limestone Formation, Bel'vavolgy Limestone FOl'mation, etc.) Upper Triassic. J urassic - Cretaceous 24. Lirnestone. Liassic. Allodttpic limestones and/or olisthostromes in radioh"trian mar!. Contains foraminifers: BERCZI -lVIAEK and PELIKAN (1984). 25. Shale (Kisgyol' Shale Forrnat'ion). Middle to Upper JUl'assic. Calcareous to siliceous shales v1ith sandstone beds. Bajocian radiohtrians: KOZUR (1984a). Contains Dogger-Lower lVlalmian limestone olisthostromos in radiolarian shales. Foraminifers: BERCZI -l\IAKK and PELIKAN (1984). 26. Basalt and gabbm. Middle JurasRic (BALOGH et al., 1984) mafie intrusive and VOlc~.lJllic rocks in the MidcUe- Upper Jurassic shale-sandstone complex. :Field observations and map: BALLA (1983). Petrology and geochemistry: BALLA et al. (1980, 198:3), BALLA and DOBRETSOV (1984), KUBOVICS (1984). The mafic complex forms four tectonic units one above the other (BALLA, 1983). 27. N el'itic limestone Upper - Oxfordian to Kimmeridgian foraminifer limestone (pebbles in Senonian Nekezseny conglomerate). Lithology and foraminifers: l\IISIK and SYKORA (1980). lVray belong to other unit.
74
28. Algal limestone. Tithonian. Lithology and calcareous algae: lVIISIK and SYKORA (1980). Pebbles in Senonian Nekezseny conglomerate. May belong to other unit. 29. Freshwater limestone. Barremian-Lower Campanian. with calCel-reous algae: lVIIsIK and SYRORA (1980). Pebbles in Senonian Nekezseny conglomerate. lVIay belong to other unit. 30. Oonglomerate turbidites (Nekezseny Oonglomerate For'mation). Campanian. Sedimentology: BREZSNYANSZKY and HAAS (1984). Palynoflora: SIEGL-FARKAS (1984). Palaeogene For further references see the appropriate paragraphs on Eocene and Oligocene formations of Bakony unit. 31. Terrestrial conglomerate. Middle to Upper Eocene. Quartzite conglomerate in red clay matrix. Apparent thickness: 270 m. Lithology: BALOGH (1964). 32. Nummuliteslimestone. Upper Eocene. Neritic limestone with Nummulites and coraJline algae. Lithology: KAZMER and VARGA (1983). FonLminifers: ZILAHY (1967). For further references see No.55 in Bakony unit. 33. Buda rnarl (Buda ll!farl FOr1nation). Uppermost Eocene to Lowermost Oligocene. Pelagic mar! with allodapic limestone beds. For further references see No.66 in Bakony unit. 34. Andesite (Recsk Andesite Fo·rmation). Middle to Upper Eocene subvolcanic intrusion with copper porphyry, polymetallic and s1mrn ores. Stratovolcanic effusive complex with enargitic-luzonitic mineralization. Stratigraphy: BARSA et al. (1974). Intrusion: ZELENRA (1975). petrology and geochemistry: BARSA (1975). Stratovolcanic complex: FOLDESSY: (1975). Ore geology: BARSA (1983). 35. Tarcl clay (Tard Olay Format'ion). Lower Oligocene. Laminated clay deposited in anoxic environment. For further references see No.67 in Bakonv unit. 36. Kiscell clay (]Gscell Olay Formation). Middle Oligocene. Bathyal foraminiferal pelite with fluxoturbidite intercalations. (BALDI, 1983). For further references see No.69 in Bakonv unit. 37. Eger sand (Eger Formation). Uppei' Oligocene. Rich mollusc fauna,; also pelite, (BALDI, H173). For further references see No. 72 in Bakony unit. RUDAR~NYAUNIT
Age - Late Permian to .Jurassic. Margins - Silica unit N; Blikk unit S. Physiography - dissected low to middle hills. Stratigraphy - Upper Permian to Lower Triassic(?) black shale, Triassic basin and platform carbonates, Jurassic pelagic shales with olisthostromes. Igneous activity - Middle Triassic ophiolites in the basa'! Inelange of Silica nappe may belong to Hudabanya unit.
TECTONIC UNITS OF HUNGARY
75
Metamorphism - Non-metamorphic, very low grade and greenschist f(l,cies metamorphic nappes. Deformation - Overthrust, folded nappes. Tectonic position - allochthonous. Connections - Meliata unit in Slovcl,kia, BUkk lVIts., Inner \Vestern Dinarides. Economic geology - Permian - Lower Triassic anhydrite and gypsum; metasomatic-hydrothermal siderite, copper ores and baryte in Middle Triassic limestones. References - BALOGH K. (1982), GRILL et a1. (198:!). Stratigraphic details cannot be outlined as yet. GRILL et a1. (1984) gave a short account on the evolution of the Rudaballya region between Silica (their Aggtelek) unit and Bilkk unit, but description of the formations has not been given yet. Hmvever, we know thLtt the Rudabanya region contains sediments and igneous rocks formed in a l\Iiclc1le TriassiclVlidclle Jurassic spreading oceLUl (GRILL et al., 1984). The siderite cl-nd copper mineralisation at Rudabanya village which h(1,8 been worked for centuries has been described by PANTO (1956), but several of his stratigraphic informations are now out of date. SILICA UNIT (Fig. 11)
Age - Permian to Cretaceous. Margins - Rudabanya unit to S; Gemer unit to 'YV; extends to Czechoslovakia. Physiography - uplifted plateau. Stratigraphy - Upper Permian sandstones cl,nd evaporites; Lower Triassic sandstones and shales; Middle to Upper Triassic platform and basin carbonates; Jurassic limestones; unconformably overlain by l\tliddle Cretaceous lacustrine limestones. Igneous activity - Middle Triassic ophiolites in the evaporite melange of the basal thrust zone, probably originating from Rudabanya (Meliata) unit. Metamorphism - None. Deformation - Minor overthrusts; faults. Tectonic position - Allochthonous on lVleliata unit in Slovakia and possibly on Rudabanya unit in Hungary. Connections - Upper Austroalpille. Economic geology - Permian - Lmver Tric1.ssic anhyclrite-gypsum. References - BALOGH, DOBOSI et aI, (1983), MISIK and SYKORA (1980), GRILL et aJ. (1984).
76
11. KAzMER
Stratigraphic deta'ils Studies on regional geology: BYSTRICltY (1964), KoY,Acs (1979), and DOBOSI et al. (1983), GRILL et al. (1984),
BALOGH
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Fig. 16.: Correlation of Mediterranean and Central Paratethyan stages
i?
O.el!le IIY." In
the rard clay
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/'
(NAGYMAROSY,
1981a)
(ROGL and STEININGER, 1983). A short review of Central Paratethyan stages - applicable in Hungary - are given by NAGYlYIAROSY (1981a) for the OIigocene - Pliocene interval. Earlier Hungarian papers - mainly before 1970 - used lVlecliterranean stage names for considerably older rocks; equivalents are given by NAGYl\fAROSY (1981_ct) - Anmlal Ileport Hung. Geol. Inst. for 19S1, :2G3 - 293, 2 fig., 9 pI., Budapest GOKHALE, N. VV. (1£J66): An areal, quantitative, chemical study of the granites of the Velence Hills, Hungary. - Annales Univ. Sei. Buch'pest., Sect. Geol 9 (1965), 69 - SD, 10 maps, 3 diagrams, 3 t., Budapest GRASSELLY GY., SZABO Z., B_.\RDOSSY GY., CSEH-NEMETH J. (1969): Data on the geology and mineralogy of the EplEmy manganese ore deposit. - Acta Min.-Petr. 19/1, 15 - 43, 19 fig., 3 t., Szeged GRECULA, P. (1982): Gemerikum - segment of the Paleotethyan riftogenous basin. ALFA, Bratislava, 263 p., Mineralia slovaca, Monografie 2. GRI:CULA, P., EGYUD, K. (1977): Position of the Zemplln Inselberg in the tectonic fmme of the Carpathians. (Slovakian with English snmmary) - Mineralia slovaca 9/n, 449 - 4G2, 4 fig., Bratisbva GREGUSS P. (1967): Fossil Gymnosperm 'Voods in Ilungary from the Pel'mian to the Pliocene. Akaclemiai Kiad6, Budapest, 136 p., 14 fig" SG pI. GREGUSS P. (1969): Tertiary Angiosperm V-Voods in Hungary. AkadE'miai Kiad(), Buclapest, 151 p., IS fig., 2 t., 93 pI. GRILL J., Kov ACS S., LESS GY., RETI Zs., ROTE L., SZENTF:ErJ.'ERY I. (1984): Geological constitution and history of evolution of the Aggtelek-Rudab{mya Range. (Hungarian) Fi:ildtani Kutatas 27/4, 49 - 5G, 7 fig., Budapest GYARl\fATI P. (1977): Intermediate voleanism in the Tokaj :Mountains. - Annales Inst. Geo1. Pub1. Hung. 58, 195 p., 27 fig., 48 t., 2·6 pl., Bucbpest HAAS J. (1979): The Ugod Limestone Formation (Senonian rudist limestone) in the Bakony Mountains. - Anna1es Inst. GeoI. Pub1. Hung. 51,171 p. 37 fig., 11 t., 2 p1., Budapest
106
M. KAz.\fER
.r. (1980): Lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Cretaceous formations in the TI'ansdanuhirm Central Mountains. (Hung. ,,,ith English abstract) - Altal{mos Fc,ldtani Szernle 14, ()9 - 80, 1 fig., Budapest HAAS J. (1980/a): A country-wide Geological Key Section Programme. (Hung. with English abstract) - Annual Report Hung. Geo1. Inst. for 1978, 59 - 64, 1 fig., Budapest HAAS ,J. (1932): Facies analysis of the cyclic Dachstein Limestone Formation (Uppet· Triassic) in the Bakony Mountains, Hungary. - Facies G, 7;') - 34, 3 fig., ErIangen HAAS J. (1983): Senonian cycle in the Transdanubian Central Range. - Acta Geol. Hung. 26/1- 2, 21- 40, 12 fig., Budapest H:us ,J. (1984): Paleogeographic and geochronologic circumstances of bauxite generation in Hungary. - Acta Geo1. Hung. 27/1-2, 23-40, 8 fig., Budapest HAAS ,J., DOBOSI K. (1982): Investigation of Upper Triassic cyclic carbonate rocks in ke;.· sections in the Bakony. (Hung. with English abstract) - Annual Heport Hung. Geol. Inst. for 1980, 135-168,5 fig., 10 pI., Budapest HAAS J., JAIIIBOR A. (Hl83): The National Key Section Programme: state of implementation ancl results. (Hungarian) - Annual Heport Hung. Geol. Inst. for 1981, 27 - 3 40. Bu· dapest H:\AS J., JOCJL\-EDELENYI E. (1979): Paleogeographic analysis of the Late Cretaceous sedimentary cycle in the Transdanubian Central Mountains, VV Hungary. (I-:Iung. \vith English abstract) - Anmml Report Hung. Geo1. Inst. for 1977, 217-224, 7 fig., Budapest HAAS J., JOCIL\-EDELENYI E., GmAI L., I\:AISER :M., KRETZOI M., ORAVECZ.J. (1984): Si.'tll1eg (~s l,ornye},;{nek f61dtani felepitese. - Geo1. Hung. ser. Geol. 20, 3;53 p., '.)7 pI. 94 fig., BUdapest (English version in press) HAULY L. (1979): Some data to the Oligocene flora of the Kiscellian Tarel Clay, Hungary. Annales hist.·nat. lYIus. Nato Hung. 71, 33 - 53, 1 t., 12 pI., Budapest HALlIIAI J., J AlIIBOR A., RAVASZ-BARANYAI L., VETO I. (1982): Geological results of the bore· hole Tengelic-2. - Annales Inst. Geo1. PubI. Hung. 65, 11- 113, 24 fig., 8 t., Buch"pest HAiYIOR G. (1970): Das lYIioziin des 08tlichen Mecsek-Gebirges. - Annales Inst. Geo1. Pub1. Hung. fi3jl, 483 p., 62 fig., 51 t., 8 maps, Budapest HAMoR G. ( 197H): Results of 1973 in the investigation of the Borzsony l\tountains. (Hung. \vith English abstract) - Annual Report Hung. GeoI. Inst. for 1973, 23- 26, Budapest H}.. .iUOR H. (1978a): Das Badenien im N'\V und N Ungarns. In: Papp, A., Cicha, 1., Senes, .J., Steininger, 1". (eds.): C'hronostratigraphie und Ncostratotypen VI, I'iI,1 Badenien, pp. 80 -81, VEDA, Bratislava H •.\.l\IOR G. (1978b): Zala und Drau Becken und Umgebung des JliIecsek Gebirges in Ungarn. In: Papp, A., Cicha, 1., Senes, J., Steininger, F. (eds.): Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen VI, lVI 4 Badenien, pp. 90 - 91, VEDA, Bratislava HAMOR G. (1983): The quantitative methods of palaeogeographical reconstruction. - Hung. Geo1. Inst. Spec. Paper 1983/2, 70 p., 27 fig., 6 t., Budapest HAl\IOR G., NAGY B., NAGY G. (1973): Geologische Skizze iiber den SCtdteil des DorzsonyGobirges. - Annual Report Hung. Geo1. Inst. for 1971,31-4(-\,1 fig., 1 t. HAMOR G., R.'l.VASZ-BA.. RANY1\I L., BALOGH K., ARVA-SOOS E. (1930): Radiometric age of the J\Iiocelle l'hyolite tufTs in Hungary. (Hung. with English abstract) - Annual Heport 111mg. Geo1. Inst. for 1978, 65 -73, 3 fig., 1 t., Budapest HAl\IOR G., SZENTGYORGYI K. (1981): Miocene. In: B8Jazs E. et al.: Excursion guide of molasse formations in Hlmgp.. l'~" pp. 42- 56,6 fig., Hung. Geol. Inst., Budapest HERAE. J'I'£., KOCHANSK,', V. (lDG3): Jungrl:"liiozoische Kalkalgell aus dem Bi.ikk-Gebil·ges (N l'rdungal'l1). - Geo1. Hung. sel'. Pal. 28, 4:3 - 77, 3 fig., 2 to, 3 pI., Budapest HETENYI H., RAv,\sz-BARANL\.] 1,. (197t)): The anthracitiferolls Upper Carboniferolls seqll' ence of Baranya, South Hungary, in the light of boreholes Sikl6sbodony·1 and Bogadmincbzent-l. (Hung. with English summary) - Annual Report Hung. Geol. Inst. for 1973, 3n - 361, 4 fig., 4 t., 10 pI., Budapest HORVAT:fI A. (1968): Beobachtungen in den Untel'kl'eicle·Schichten des Mecsek-Gebirges. (Hung. with German abstract) - F61c1tani K6z1ony 98/2, 241- 247, 3 fig., 2 1'1., Budapest HORVA'l'H J;-'. (1934): Neotectonics of the Pannonian basin and the surrounding mountain belts: Alps, Carpat,hians amI Dinaricles. - Annales Geophysicae 2/2, 147 - 154, 2 fig., Montrouge tL\AS
1
TECTONIC eNITS OF HCNnARY
107
HORvAnI F .. ROYDEN, L. (1981): :Mechanism fol' the formation of the intl'a-C'arpathian basins: a I'eview. - Earth Evolution Sciences 1[3 - 4, 307 - 31 ti. 7 fig., \Viesbaden HORvATH F .. STEGENA L. (1977): The Pannonian Basin: a Mediterranean interarc basin. In: Biju-Duval, B., Montadert, L. (eds.): Structural History of the Mec1iternmean Basins, pp. 333 - 340, 6 fig., Technip, Paris Hom-AnI I., DARIDA-TICIIY 1\1., 6DOR L. (1083): Magnesitifcl'Olls dolomitic carbonatite (beforsite) dJ"ke rock from the Velence l\I01mtains. (Hung. "with English abstract) Annual Report Hung. Geol. Inst. for 1GB 1. 3G9 - 388, 3 fig., G t., '1 pI. HORV..\TH 1., 6DOR L. (1984): Alkaline ultrabasic rocks and associated silicocarbonatites in the NE rart of the T1'8nsdanubian Mtco. (Hnngar;,-"). - Mineralia slovaca 16/1, 113119, 2 fig., 2 t., Bratislava HORyAnI ::.1. (1981): Contribution to umlerstanding the foraminiferal fauna of the Mc'my Formation and the Solymar Sandstone Member. (Hung. ,,"jth English abstract) Fddtani K6zlCny 11 J /3 - 4, 513 - 528, 8 fig., 4 t., Budapest HORvAnI 1\1. (1985): Eocene/Oligocene boundary and the Terminal Eo~ene Events on the basis of planktonic Foraminifera. (Hung. \,iih English abstract) - Oslenytani Vitak 31, 33-35 HCRyATHlV1., NAGYMAROSY A. (1979): On the age of the Rzehakia beds 2nd the Gan.~b Schlier in the light ofnannoplankton and fon'.minifer studies. (HulJ[;. with English abstract) Foldtani KczlCny 109/2, 211- 2:2~1, 3 fig., 7 t., Budapest HORVATH lV1., TOUf-MA:hK A. (1974): Lithologiscbe und 1\Iikl'oFultiontologiscbe Analyse des oligo-miozanen Typenprofiles von Buclafolz-2. (Hung. \yith Genmm abstract) - .Foldtani Kozlcny 104/1, 89 -104,2 fig., 1 t., BllClapest HORvkrH-Kou"ANYJ K. (1983): A new possibility for conelEting the Eocene of the Bakon.y and NE Transc1anubia. in the light of planktonic EOl'aminifel'a from borehole Bakonyszentkin11y Bszk-3). Hung. with English abstract - Am:uall\eport Hung. Geol Inst. for 1981, 295- 325, 4 fig., 10 le1., Budapest JAEKEL, O. (1911a): Wirbeltierreste aus del' Trias des Bakonyer-vYa.lc1es. - Resultate "Viss. Erforsch. Balatonsees, Palaont. Anhar;g IlI/7, 23 r., 10 fig., Helzel, \Vien JAEliEI., O. (1911b): Placochel}s placcdonta aus del' Obertrias cles Bakony. - Hesultate \Viss. Erfcrsch. Balatonsees, Paliiont. AnbaI1g IIl/8, 91 p., 50 figs., 10 p., HoIzel, "Vien JAMBOR A. (1969): CarbOl":iferous derosits in the area behreen tl'e Mecsek and ViIh'iny Mountains. (Hung. ,oith Ellglish a"~straet) - A11l1Ual Eefcrt. Hung. Geo1. Inst. for 1967, 2] 5 - 221, 2 fig. JAMB OR A. (1976): Die Tatigkeit del' Abteilung Transdalmbisches lVIittelgebirge im Jahre 1973. - Annual Report Hung. Gee1. Inst. for 1973, 251- 271, Budapest .JAMBOR A. (1980a): Outline.s of the stmtigrar:hy of the Panncnian formations. (Hung. ,vitb. English abstract) - Altalanos FOlcltani Szemle 14, 11 3 - 124, 1 t., BUdapest .H.. MBOR A. (1980b): Pannonian in the Transdanubian Central Mountains. - Annales Inst. Geo1. Publ. I-hll~g. 62, 259 p., 21 fig., H, t., 7 p1., Budapest JA:r,lBOR A., PARTENYI Z., SOL'I'I G. (1981): Geological features of basalt volcanics in Transdanubia (W Hungary). (Hung. with English abstract) - Annual Report Hung. Geo1. Inst. for 1979, 225 - 239, 3 fig. ,L\"])lBOH-KNESS lV1. (Hli3): Etude des Numn1111ites ,'ocenes dans la partie ouest elu bassin de Dorog et leur evaluation stratigraphique. (Hung. with French abstract) - Annales Inst. Geo1. Publ. Hung. ,55/3, 383-417,:2 fig., 4 t., 10 pI., Budapest ,Hl\lIlOR-KNESS :NI. (1981): Alveolines locenes de la Hongrie. - Geol. Hung. ::er. Pal. 40, ]43 p., 7 fig., :) t., 21 pI., Buc1afCst ,TA:t\ossy D. (l979): A magyt'l.l'ol'sZtlgi pleisztoctn tagol{,sa gl'l'inGes faum"k abpjC\ll. AImc1en1iai Kiad6, Budapest, 207 p., 49 fig., 3 t., 3 pI. ,JANSSEN, A. W. (1984): Late Oligocene molluscs from a sand-pit near MC,riahalom (Hungary): a preliminary study. - Annales Univ. Sci. Bucltl,pest, Sect. Oeo1. 24 (1982): 109-150, 3 fig., 4 pI. JANTSKY B. (1967): (Hologie de la Montagne de Velence. -- Geo1. Hung. sel'. Geo1. 10, 170 p" G3 fig., 13 t., 14 pI. JANTSKY B. (1979): Gt:ologie dn socle cristallin granitisl: de b Montagne Mecsek. - Annales Inst. Geol. Pub1. Hung. 60, 385 p., 12 fig., 17 t., 40 pI., 7 maps, Budapest JENln"NS, H. C. (1972): Pelagic "oolitcs" from the Tdhyan Jurt"tssic. - ,Journal of Geology SO/I, 21- 33, 8 fig., Chicago
108
C. (1981): Sedimentary and structural evolution of the Vienna basin.Earth Evolution Sciences 1/3 - 4, 19.5 - 204, 6 fig., vViesbaden ,Jt:.mAsz A. (1965): Sedimentpetrographische Untersuchungen am KonglomenLt von ('{lk. (Hung. with German abstract) - Folc1tani Koz1ony 95/3,313- 319,1 t., Budapest JUld.sz A. (19fi9): The crystalline rocks of the Danube-Tisza interfluve. (Hung. with English abstract) - Foldtani Kozlony 99/4,320- 336, 1 fig., 12 t., Budapest JUH.ASZ A. (1971): Tertiare Vulkanite des Donau-Theiss-Zvvischenstromlandes. (Hung. with German abstract) - Foldtani Koz1ony 101/1, 1-12, 2 fig., 7 t., Budapest JUH.ASZ A., KOHATI A. (1966): 1\lesozoische Schichten im Beckenuntergrund del' Kleinen Ungarischen Tiefebene. (Hung. with German abstract) - Folcltani Kozlc,ny 913/1, f)6-74, 2 fig., Budapest JunA.sz A .. VASS G. (1974): lYIesozoische Ophiolithe im Beckenuntergrund del' Grosser Ungarisohen Tiefebene. - Acta Geol. Acad. Sci. Hung., 18/3 - 4, 349 - 358, 1 fig., f) t., Budapest JUHA.SZ ]\[. (1983): Palynostratigraphic zonation of the TransclEmubian 1\Iic1c11e Cretaceous. Acta Geol. Hung. 26/1-2,41-68,2 fig.,\) pI., Budapest ,JI:Rf(!EK, R., TOMEK,
KAROLY Gy.. ORAYECZ, J., KOPEK G., DUDICH E. JR. (1970): Stratigraphic horizons of tho footwall and hangingvvall formations of bauxite deposits in Hungary. - .Anna1es Ins1. Geo1. Pub1. Hung. 54/3, 9,5 - 107, 1 fig., 1 t., Budapest, KASSAI IV!. (1976): Permische Bi1dungen im nord1ichen Vorraum des Villanyer Gebirges. Geol. Hung. set'. Geol. 17, 11-109, 50 fig., f) t., Budapest KASZAP A. (1963a): Mesozoische Inse1schollen in Si.idbaranya (S-Ungarn). (Hung. ,\-lth German abstract) - F61c1tani Koz1ony 93/4, 440-450,9 fig.. Budapest KASZAP A. (1963b): Investigations on the mikrofacies of the MaIm beds of the Vill{my Mountains. - Anna1es Univ. Sci. Budapest., Sect. Geol. 6 (1902), 42 - 47, 1 fig., 3 1'1., Budapest KASZAP )~. (1964-): Kopl'Olithe aus den Doggerschichten bei Vil1{my (Sftdungarn). (Hung. ,vith German abstract) - F61dtani Koz1ony 84/2,247 - 249, 1 pI., Budapest KASZ.\P A. (19G8): Kor:ynichnium sphaerodacty1um (Pabst) EinzeInihrte im Perm von Balatonrendes (Transdanubia). - Fo1dtani Kozlony 98(3 - 4, 429 - 433, 1 fig., Budapest KAZiVIJ.I:R M. (1984a): Continental escape of the Bakony-Drauzug unit in the Pa]aeogene. (Hung. with English abstract) - Alta1anos Fo1c1tani Szem1e 20, 5;5 - 103, 9 fig., Bndapest KAZIIIER J\1. (1984b): Paleogene history of the Periac1l'iatic Lineament - A Hungarian point of view. - ::!7th Int. Geo1. COllgl'. Abstracts IH, p. 254, JUoscow KAzIIL'i;n i\L (1983): J\Iicl'ofacies of Upper Eocene carbonate rocks in Bmlapest, Hrmgal'Y· Osllllytalli Vitak 31, 59 - 64, 2 fig. KAZiHEP, 1\1., VARGo\. P. (1983): The Kiscellian Stage (Oligocene). Faciostl'atotypes at Noszvaj (Blikk Mountains, Hungary). - Anuam1 Inst. Geol. Geofiz. 59, 199 - 20G, 4 fig., Bncuresti KECSKEiVIETI T. (1974): Neue Nummu1ites-Arten aus c1em Bakony-Gebil'ge (Tl'ansdanubien, Ungarn) n. Teil. - Anna1es hist.-nat. Mus. Nat. Hung. 66, 33 - 46, 6 fig., 1 pI., Budapest KECSli:EMETI T., VANovA, 1\1. (1972): Nummulites of the Dorog-Stlu'OVO basin. - Zbornik geologick~Tchvied, rad ZK (Zapadne Kal'paty) 17, 105 - 145,2 fig., (3 pI., Bratis1a,-a KECSKElI1ETI T., VOROS A. (1975): Biostl'atigraphische and paHiookologische Untersuchungen eincr tl'ansgressiven eozii,nen Schichtserie (Darvast6, Bakony Gebirge). -- Fragmcnta }\Iin. Pal. 6,
