annales

ANNALES du 20e CONGRÈS de l’ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE pour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE Fribourg / Romont 7–11 septembre 2015

This volume is sponsored by Vitrocentre and Vitromusée Romont and by anonymous donators

Editors Sophie Wolf, Anne de Pury-Gysel Editing Committee Erwin Baumgartner, Sylvia Fünfschilling, Marion Gartenmeister, Anne de Pury-Gysel, Stefan Trümpler, Sophie Wolf

www.vitrocentre.ch

Scientific Committee Anastassios Antonaras, Françoise Barbe, Erwin Baumgartner, Uta Bergmann, Isabelle Biron, Brigitte Borell, Sally Cottam, Patrick Degryse, Maria Grazia Diani, Anna-Barbara Follmann-Schulz, Danièle Foy, Ian Freestone, Sylvia Fünfschilling, Bernard Gratuze, Susanne Greiff, Yael Gorin-Rosen, Despina Ignatiadou, Caroline Jackson, Yves Jolidon, Dedo von Kerssenbrock-Krosigk, Stephen Koob, Ingeborg Krueger, James Lankton, Irena Lazar, Isabelle Lecocq, Reino Liefkes, Dave Lüthi, Teresa Medici, Marie-Dominique Nenna, Sarah Paynter, Jennifer Price, Anne de Pury-Gysel, Thilo Rehren, Helmut Ricke, Beat Rütti, Lucia Saguì, Flora Silvano, E. Marianne Stern, Stefan Trümpler, Marco Verità, Sophie Wolf Layout Andrea Engl and fischbacher & vock Cover and book design fischbacher & vock AIHV Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre International Association for the History of Glass Internationale Vereinigung für die Geschichte des Glases www.aihv.org © AIHV and authors Romont 2017

Gesamtherstellung

Cover illustration Goblets with white filigree decoration, produced in Swiss glasshouses, late 17th to early 18th century. From different Swiss public and private collections. For a detailed discussion see: Erwin Baumgartner, Reflets de Venise, Bern 2015, p. 254–272, 322–328 and the contribution of Christophe Gerber in the present volume, page 564.

Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Geschäftsführer: Dr. Bert Wiegel, Stellerloh 65 · D-32369 Rahden/Westf. Tel.: +49/(0)5771/9510-74 · Fax: +49/(0)5771/9510-75 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: www.vml.de Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier Druck: druckhaus köthen GmbH&Co. KG, Köthen ISBN 978-3-86757-024-4

AIHV Annales du 20e Congrès 2015

CONTENTS XI PRÉFACE XIII PREFACE XV VORWORT Sylvia Fünfschilling ANTIQUE AND ISLAMIC GLASS (KEYNOTES) 2

L’étude du verre antique. Etat de la question Marie-Dominique Nenna

10

Entre Orient et Occident, le verre islamique (VIIIe–XIIIe siècle) : apports récents et réflexions sur les échanges et les influences Danièle Foy

ARCHAIC, CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GLASS 36

Glass fragments from Qal’eh Kali, an Achaemenid site in south-western Iran Bernadette McCall, Amanda J. Dusting

43

Capacity measurement to demonstrate standardised productions of the core-formed vessels from the late Archaic to the late Hellenistic period. An interim report Peter Cosyns, Bieke Verhelst, Karin Nys

48

The provenance of Hellenistic core-formed vessels from Satricum, Italy Artemios Oikonomou, Marijke Gnade, Julian Henderson, Simon Chenery, Nikos Zacharias

54

Glass vessels from the Persian and Hellenistic administrative building at Tel Kedesh, Israel Katherine A. Larson, Andrea M. Berlin, Sharon Herbert

61

Gold in glass Despina Ignatiadou

68

A study of the cut gold leaf decoration techniques on ancient gold sandwich glass, with emphasis on the Hellenistic ‘Kirikane’ technique Hidetoshi Namiki, Yasuko Fuji

73

Hellenistic mosaic glass and La Tène glass-working Natalie Venclová, Šárka Jonášová, Tomáš Vaculoviˇc

ROMAN GLASS 82

Gold-band glass fragments in the Römisch-Germanisches Museum of Cologne: considerations about the techniques Giulia Cesarin

87

La vaisselle en verre de deux sépultures aristocratiques augusto-tibériennes à Ath/Ghislenghien (Province de Hainaut, Belgique) Frédéric Hanut, Véronique Danese

92

Le verre romain de Montignac-sur-Vézère (Dordogne) Laure Simon

98

The Roman necropolis of Budva (Montenegro) and its mould-blown glass assemblage Irena Lazar

103

Mold-blown glass from the Roman province of Dalmatia Berislav Štefanac

109

Römische Tintenfässer Isings 77 Michael Johannes Klein

116

A comparative investigation of the glass vessels and objects from eastern Thrace and Lydian tumuli in the light of the Dü˘g üncülü and Güre finds Ömür Dünya Çakmaklı, Emre Ta¸stemür

V

Contents

124

Le sanctuaire d’Yvonand-Mordagne (Vaud, Suisse) : premier aperçu de la vaisselle cultuelle en verre Chantal Martin Pruvot, Ellinor Stucki

132

Blown mosaic glass of the Roman period: technical observations and experiments E. Marianne Stern

140

Two polychrome mosaic bowls and associated glass vessels from a rich 2nd century burial at Kelshall, Hertfordshire, England Sally Cottam, Jennifer Price

145

Früh- und mittelkaiserzeitliche Glasgefäße im nördlichen Obergermanien Martin Grünewald

152

L’exceptionnelle verrerie d’un bûcher funéraire du IIIe siècle après J.-C. de Jaunay-Clan (Vienne, France) Laudine Robin

160

Le verre archéologique du Canton du Tessin (Suisse) : une révision Simonetta Biaggio-Simona

163

More glass from Aquileia (Italy) Luciana Mandruzzato

LATE ROMAN AND EARLY MEDIEVAL 168

Mapping glass production in Italy. Looking through the first millenium AD Barbara Lepri, Lucia Saguì

175

Chemical signature and scale of production of primary glass factories around the Mediterranean in the first millenium AD Patrick Degryse

181

The cut-glass beaker from Biel-Mett/BE Sylvia Fünfschilling

184

New evidence about engraved glass from Milan (Italy) (3rd–4th century AD) Marina Uboldi

190

Besondere Glasfunde aus dem Gräberfeld Gönnheim (Kreis Bad Dürkheim) – Germania prima – und ein neuer Ort möglicher Glasverarbeitung Andrea Ideli

194

Glass vessels from Late Roman burials in Languedoc-Roussillon (France): key points, from glass production to the ritual of grave deposits Stéphanie Raux

203

Late antique and early medieval glass vessels from northern-central Apulia: productions, typologies, functions and circulation Francesca Giannetti, Roberta Giuliani, Maria Turchiano

209

A large glass dish from Cástulo (Linares – Jaén, Spain) with an engraved representation of Christ in Majesty David Expósito Mangas, Marcelo Castro López, Francisco Arias de Haro, José Manuel Pedrosa Luque, Bautista Ceprián del Castillo

213

Late Roman glass from Mala Kopašnica (Serbia) – forms and chemical analysis Sonja Stamenkovi´c, Susanne Greiff, Sonngard Hartmann

222

Glass vessels from Late Roman graves in the Hungarian part of the Roman province Pannonia Kata Dévai

230

Recent glass finds from Elaiussa Sebaste in Cilicia Ci˘ ¸ gdem Gençler-Güray

235

Indices d’ateliers de verriers à Apamée de Syrie, à la fin de l’Antiquité Danièle Foy, avec la collaboration de Bernard Gratuze

240

Une mosaïque de verre à thème chrétien (Ve s.), du site monastique copte des Kellia (Basse-Égypte) Denis Weidmann

243

New finds of mosaic glass inlays from Antinoupolis, Egypt Flora Silvano

VI

Contents

248

Glass bead trade in northeast Africa in the Roman period. A view according to the Museum of Archaeology University of Stavanger assemblage Joanna Then-Obłuska, Barbara Wagner

257

A Late Roman glass workshop at Komarov (Middle Dniester) and the problem of the origin of ‘Barbarian’ facet cut beakers Olga Rumyantseva, Constantin Belikov

265

The glass collections in the ‘Museum Aan de Stroom’ (MAS), Antwerp (Belgium) Eugène Warmenbol, Annemie De Vos, Peter Cosyns

271

Le verre de la nécropole mérovingienne de La Mézière (Bretagne, France) Françoise Labaune-Jean

BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC GLASS, NEAR EAST 280

Opaque red glass tesserae from Roman and early-Byzantine sites of north-eastern Italy: new light on production technologies Sarah Maltoni, Alberta Silvestri, Gianmario Molin

288

The Early Islamic green lead glass from the excavations at Caesarea Maritima, Israel Rachel Pollak

293

Study on the Early Islamic glass excavated in Paykend in the Bukhara Oasis, Uzbekistan Yoko Shindo

300

Reexamination of a Mamluk glass collection from Jerusalem Naama Brosh

307

Mamluk glass from Quseir al-Qadim: chemical analysis of some glass fragments Laure Dussubieux

313

An outstanding glass assemblage from the medieval and Ottoman castle at Safed (Zefat) . Natalya Katsnelson, with a contribution by Matt Phelps

319

Byzantine glass bracelets in Western Rus. Archaeological finds from Belarus Кristina A. Lavysh

EUROPEAN GLASS FROM 700 TO 1500 326

Red and orange high-alumina glass beads in 7th and 8th century Scandinavia: evidence for long distance trade and local fabrication Torben Sode, Bernard Gratuze, James W. Lankton

334

Evolution of glass recipes during the Early Middle Ages in France: analytical evidence of multiple solutions adapted to local contexts Inès Pactat, Magalie Guérit, Laure Simon, Bernard Gratuze, Stéphanie Raux, Céline Aunay

341

‘The Emerald of Charlemagne’: new observations on the production techniques and provenance of an enigmatic glass artefact Cordula M. Kessler, Sophie Wolf, Jürg Goll

346

Les verres du Haut Moyen Âge issus des fouilles du monasterium Habendum (Saint-Amé, Vosges) Hubert Cabart (†), Inès Pactat, Bernard Gratuze, avec la collaboration de Charles Kraemer et Thomas Chenal

354

Technological transition in early medieval northern Italy: preliminary data for Comacchio glass Camilla Bertini, Julian Henderson, Sauro Gelichi, Elena Basso, Maria Pia Riccardi, Margherita Ferri

360

Where does the medieval glass from San Genesio (Pisa, Italy) come from? Marja Mendera, Federico Cantini, Alessandra Marcante, Alberta Silvestri, Filomena Gallo, Gianmario Molin, Marco Pescarin Volpato

366

Natron and plant ash glass in the Middle Danube region during the Early Middle Ages Danica Staššíková-Štukovská

374

Glass in fashion and trade in Bohemia in the 9th-11th century (archaeology and archaeometry) Kateˇrina Tomková, Šárka Jonášová, Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová

VII

Contents

379

13th–14th century glass in northwest Bohemia: typology, archaeometry and provenance ˇ Eva Cerná

385

Glass production in medieval Spain: a long-term perspective on knowledge transfer Chloë N. Duckworth

391

Die Glaserzeugnisse Bolgars und ihr Verhältnis zu anderen mittelalterlichen Glasproduktionen Svetlana Valiulina

399

Glass from Enez (ancient Ainos) Üzlifat Canav-Özgümü¸s, Serra Kanyak

403

Indices de travail du verre rouge dans l’atelier médiéval d’Anlier, seconde moitié du XIVe siècle (Luxembourg belge) Chantal Fontaine-Hodiamont, Denis Henrotay

EUROPEAN GLASS FROM 1500 TO 2000 412

Looking through late medieval and early modern glass in Portugal Teresa Medici, Inês Coutinho, Luís C. Alves, Bernard Gratuze, Márcia Vilarigues

421

La consommation du verre à Paris entre le XIVe et le XIXe siècle : des données récentes Amélie A. Berthon, Isabelle Caillot, Kateline Ducat

429

Zur Frage der Provenienz von historischen Gläsern – Die Sammlung des Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museums in Braunschweig und des Rijksmuseums Amsterdam Nicole Brüderle-Krug

435

Les verres émaillés vénitiens de la Renaissance : le projet Cristallo Françoise Barbe, Fernando Filipponi

444

Renaissance Venetian enamelled glass. Genuine, façon de Venise and fake or copy artefacts Marco Verità, Isabelle Biron

453

All-glass hybrids: Why they were made and the importance of identifying them Suzanne Higgott

460

All-glass hybrids: What they are, manufacturing techniques and detection Juanita Navarro

467

Venedig oder Tirol? Zur Lokalisierung einiger Hohlgläser des 16. Jahrhunderts mit Kaltbemalung im Bayerischen Nationalmuseum Annette Schommers

474

Glashütte Hall in Tirol. Die archäologischen Grabungen 2008 und 2009 Anna Awad

482

Goblets of the late- to post-medieval period from archaeological excavations in Dubrovnik Nikolina Topi´c

490

16th-century glass vessels from the burials of the Ascension Convent in the Moscow Kremlin Ekaterina Stolyarova

495

The problem of forgeries in 19th century Murano Aldo Bova

498

Deutsche Formgläser des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts? Beobachtungen und Überlegungen zu einer Neudatierung Dieter Schaich

506

Die älteren Glashütten der Schweiz (ca. 1200–1800) Walter Schaffner

512

„À la façon de Venise“: Zur Geschichte des Begriffs und zur Verbreitung von Gläsern in venezianischer Art in Westfalen Sveva Gai

522

Haushalt, Apotheke oder Gasthaus? Zusammensetzungen frühneuzeitlicher Glasfundkomplexe im Kontext ihrer Fundsituation Birgit Kulessa

VIII

Contents

532

Mirrors, spectacles and looking glasses in Antwerp and the Duchy of Brabant: aspects of production and use of optical glass based on serial documentary and archaeological evidence Danielle Caluwé

537

Façon de Venise, une étiquette problématique. Propositions pour une méthodologie raisonnée de l’étude de la verrerie à l’italienne en Europe, XVe–XVIIIe siècle, à partir de l’exemple du marché parisien (1550–1665) Benoît Painchart, Christiane Guyomar

542

Diagnostic differences between early filigree glass and the Rosenborg Castle-type filigree glass Kitty Laméris

547

The golden age of Amsterdam glass. A chemical and typological approach to recognize Amsterdam 17th century glass production Michel Hulst, Jerzy J. Kunicki-Goldfinger

554

What’s the purpose: oil lamp, perfume sprinkler or trick-glass? Reino Liefkes

561

Court, Pâturage de l’Envers : une verrerie forestière du début du XVIIIe siècle entre tradition et modernité (Jura bernois, Suisse) Christophe Gerber

567

Der Kühlprozess der Glashütte von Court, Pâturage de l’Envers (1699–1714) im Berner Jura (Schweiz) Jonathan Frey

575

Quelques révélations sur l’outillage de la verrerie du Pâturage de l’Envers à Court (1699–1714) Lara Tremblay

578

Eighteenth century lead glass in the Netherlands Anna Laméris

585

Imported beads in Russia in the 17th and first half of the 18th centuries (Moscow, Mangazeya, Smolensk region) Julia Likhter

591

„Pressglas“ aus Benedict Vivats Glasfabriken Valentina Bevc Varl

597

Glass fishing floats from Greek sites Anastassios Antonaras

602

Crizzling glass – corrosion products and chemical composition of Bohemian glass Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová, Helena Brožková, Michaela Knˇezu° Knížová, Irena Kuˇcerová

606

The development of the chemical composition of Czech mosaic glass from the Middle Ages to the present day Michaela Knˇezu° Knížová, Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová, Irena Kuˇcerová, Martin Zlámal

612

The glass collection of Felice Barnabei at the Museo Nazionale Romano – Palazzo Massimo in Rome Giulia Giovanetti, Silvia Bruni

617

Zwei vernachlässigte Glasvarietäten des 19. Jahrhunderts: Aventurin-Hohlglas und Uran-Selenglas Sibylle Jargstorf

621

The Glass Room of the National Palace of Necessidades in Lisbon Alexandra Rodrigues, Bruno Martinho, Frederik Berger, Anísio Franco, Márcia Vilarigues

625

Albert Dammouse (1848–1926) et la pâte de verre (1897–1913) Véronique Ayroles

631

Le verre artistique de Saint-Prex (1928-1964) Stanislas Anthonioz, Ana Quintero Pérez

ASIAN GLASS 640

A unique glass object from a Buddhist context in Sri Lanka Brigitte Borell

647

Glass exchange and people in ancient East Asia Chizuko Kotera

IX

Contents

652

Glass from Mughal India. A study of four eighteenth century cobalt blue bottles Tara Desjardins

WINDOW GLASS AND STAINED GLASS 660

The early medieval stained glass windows from St. John, Müstair: materials, provenance and production technology Sophie Wolf, Cordula M. Kessler, Jürg Goll, Stefan Trümpler, Patrick Degryse

668

Painted window glasses from Akko/Acre from the Crusader period (1099–1291 CE). Manufacturing processes and conservation Adrienne Ganor

672

Medieval window glass in Scotland Helen Spencer, Craig Kennedy

680

Untersuchungen zur Provenienz von Gläsern aus dem Kloster Maulbronn Manfred Torge

684 Swiss Kabinettscheiben from a 19th century Portuguese collection. Study and chemical characterisation Andreia Machado, Alexandra Rodrigues, Mathilda Coutinho, Luís C. Alves, Victoria Corregidor, Rui C. da Silva, Vincent Serneels, Ildiko Katona Serneels, Sophie Wolf, Stefan Trümpler, Márcia Vilarigues 689

Le vitrail dans les hôtels suisses de la Belle-Epoque : une importance sous-estimée ? Dave Lüthi

697

„Magisches Licht“ – Glasfenster in der neo-islamischen Architektur Sarah Keller

699

The window glass and stained glass windows of Belém: a cultural history of the Brazilian Amazon region Amanda Corrêa Pinto, Márcia Vilarigues, Thais Sanjad

703

Autour d’un artiste-verrier de la première moitié du XXe siècle. Marcel Poncet (1894-1953) : à la jonction de la peinture et du vitrail Camille Noverraz

706

L’activité créatrice de Paule Ingrand au sein d’ « Art et Verre » (1946 à 1962) Isabelle Lecocq, avec la collaboration de Catherine Thomas

713

Makellos transparent oder mit romantischen Schlieren? Überlegungen zu Sortenvielfalt und Ästhetik des Fensterglases im frühen 20. Jahrhundert mit Fokus auf dem Spiegel- oder Kristallglas Anne Krauter, Ueli Fritz

REVERSE PAINTING ON GLASS 722

Une œuvre du Vitromusée Romont passée à la loupe. Un cabinet de facture napolitaine décoré de plaquettes de verre peintes Elisa Ambrosio

725

La peinture sous verre « savante » en France au XVIIIe siècle : oubliée puis redécouverte Jeannine Geyssant

732

La peinture sous verre chinoise au XVIIIe siècle. Une rencontre artistique Chine – Occident Thierry Audric

735

La peinture sous verre monumentale de l’église paroissiale de Mézières (Fribourg, Suisse) : « La délivrance de Saint Pierre », 1940, par Emilio Maria Beretta Monika Neuner, Yves Jolidon, Pascal Moret

GENERAL THEMES 740

X

Le verre à l’école, un projet pour les jeunes Maria Grazia Diani, Luciana Mandruzzato

AIHV Annales du 20e Congrès 2015

CAPACITY MEASUREMENT TO DEMONSTRATE STANDARDISED PRODUCTIONS OF THE CORE-FORMED VESSELS FROM THE LATE ARCHAIC TO THE LATE HELLENISTIC PERIOD. AN INTERIM REPORT Peter Cosyns, Bieke Verhelst, Karin Nys

ABSTRACT Capacity measurements of core-formed glass vessels and a comparative study of the volumes of the various vessel shapes prove a useful way to illuminate the production, distribution and use of core-formed glass containers in the Mediterranean world during the late Archaic to late Hellenistic period. Moreover, it can improve our knowledge of the connectivity between different Mediterranean cultural entities and the impact of the widespread Greek and Phoenician/Punic trade networks on the distribution of these glass containers. INTRODUCTION All technological research on core-formed glass vessels so far has concentrated on defining the various glass types employed to determine the glass production source.1 Other research has focused on technological evolution by examining what material was used to make the core2 and the way the glass was applied to it 3. This proposal assumes that glassworkers in antiquity did not produce various forms by covering randomly shaped cores with glass. The limited number of vessel types and the very uniform production of the handmade shapes point to a well-developed technique and nearly unvarying objects with a particular purpose. This can be the outcome of pressing the roughly shaped core into a carefully prepared mould. This assumption excludes coincidentally corresponding hand-made cores and shows a consciously organised production to obtain standardised shapes with specific volumes. Furthermore, such practice could facilitate a swift and easy creation of the desired shape and size to contain the required capacity of the glass vessel. The motivation to use standardised shapes with fixed capacity is multiple. Perfume sellers needed uniform sets of very recognizable vessels, with the required capacity to contain their produce. Also customers felt more secure when familiar with vessel types supplied by individual perfume sellers and corresponding to a fixed amount of a particular content; furthermore, a levy could be easily collected on the contents’ production and trade when the containers had standardised capacities according to a valid metric system. The glassworker also benefited from the improved production when in competition with workshops producing similar containers in other materials such as ceramics and alabaster. Not wanting to spend more glass,

fuel, or time than necessary, glassworkers developed an easy and rapid production process for each vessel shape to estimate the desired capacity as precisely as possible. This analysis also defines the distribution pattern of the core-formed glass vessels according to the different metric systems and can contribute to visualising the connectivity between different trade networks. TECHNOLOGY Various hypotheses explain the production process of coreformed vessels, but there is a consensus among glass scholars about the following: –– The use of a (metal) rod, long enough to keep distance between the glassworker and the very hot glass and furnace, which could easily reach 1000° C;4 –– The application of an amount of clay (or sandy clay) core material around the rod, containing much organic material to simplify removal of the core after finishing the vessel (the extremely high temperature in the furnace and application of hot glass burned the organic material, leaving a very porous fired clay, easily friable) (stage 1); –– The modelling of the core to obtain the desired shape of the vessel (stage 2); –– The application of the glass onto the core (stage 3); –– The decoration of the vessel by applying opaque glass threads (stage 4); –– The finishing of the vessel by adding handles and eventually a foot in translucent glass (stage 5); –– The removal of the rod and most of the core (stage 6). An important novelty in the production of core-formed glass vessels we propose here is that glassworkers must have introduced the modelling of the wet and malleable core into moulds at the end of stage 2 to obtain a specific, uniform shape and size conforming to a prevailing metric system, according to the intended market. STANDARDISATION The study of the surviving large groups of core-formed glass vessels indicates that the production process was not performed randomly. Only a small variety of vessel shapes have 1 2 3 4

e.g. Gratuze and Janssens 2004; Arletti et al. 2008; Arletti et al. 2010; Rehren and Freestone 2015; Blomme et al. 2016. e.g. Labino 1966. e.g. Stern 1994; Stern 1996; Liardet 2011. Jackson et al. 1998, 20; 22; Wiesenberg 2014, 64, table 2.

43

Capacity measurement to demonstrate standardised productions of the core-formed vessels from the late Archaic to the late Hellenistic period

Fig. 1a: Capacity fluctuations among one specific vessel shape with the same height BM ‘333’ = 53 ml; ‘336’ = 52 ml; ‘334’ = 32 ml; ‘339’ = 33 ml. © British Museum London, picture by P. Cosyns.

Fig. 1b: Capacity fluctuations among one specific vessel shape with the same height B/1462 = 44 ml; B/1464 = 34 ml; B/568 = 43 ml; B/418 = 24 ml. © Grand Curtius Liège, drawings by P. Cosyns.

been produced (alabastra, amphoriskoi, aryballoi, oinochoai, hydriskai, unguentaria) and each vessel shape demonstrates a high degree of visual uniformity, pointing to a specific technique for the production of standardised vessel shapes. Depending on the quantity of hot glass that is used (mainly at the base of the containers), variability in height and weight can be observed within a group of vessels of the same type and size. But on the other hand, there have been detected capacity fluctuations in a specific vessel shape with the same height due to a difference in maximal diameter of the body (figure 1). We consider this the result of the use of different moulds, although thus far, findings are still lacking. Feugère already verified the deficiency of benefit in studying the external features of core-formed vessels from the Iberian Peninsula to come to a regional and/or chronological categorisation.5 Because he only considered the alabastra in his study, corroboration was carried out by means of a case study of 67 aryballoi from Greek and Phoeni cian sites in the Western Mediterranean.6 In height, rim diameter and maximum body diameter (figure 2) everything seems quite homogeneous; the aryballoi from Greek and Phoenician sites are not distinguished and there are no visible differences between MGI and MGII-aryballoi. However, some considerations can be drawn: A first observation is a relationship between height, rim diameter and maximum body diameter for most pieces. A second one is that the height marks two subcategories, a first group of small aryballoi with a height between 4.5–5.6 cm and a second group with a height averaging 6.2–6.7 cm. At this point, neither group can be connected to different chronological or regional groups or to Greek/Phoenician trade networks, as this subdivision is inexplicable. Each vessel shape in late Archaic and Classical times appears connected to a specific volume (for instance oinochoai have twice the capacity of aryballoi), while standardised series of vessel shapes in late Hellenistic times encompass various specific volumes (table 1).

CAPACITY MEASUREMENTS In an early stage of the study 7, two different metric systems have been recognised, an Aegean system following the Attic measures and a Phoenician one that corroborates Mesopotamian measures. This preliminary study, based on 17 pieces from the Limassol District Museum, the Pierides Museum in Larnaca, Cyprus and the Kestner Museum in Hannover, proposed the use of two different metrics in the production of coreformed vessels, indicating two different productions we supposed to be linked with the supply of two distinctive distribution markets. To exclude randomness of this hypothesis, we need to measure the volume measurement of more objects. Within this concern we measured large groups in the British museum and the Louvre museum.8 How we proceed is simple: We only consider vessels with intact body, including a large part of the neck; the body

44

Fig. 2: Plot correlating the height, rim diameter and maximum body diameter of late Archaic-Classical aryballoi. Verhelst 2014, fig. 14.

5 6 7 8

Feugère 1989. Remark: only very few aryballoi have been attested in Phoenician sites (Verhelst 2014). Cosyns and Nys 2010, 239–241, appendix 11-3. The results will be assessed in a forthcoming paper (Cosyns and Nys in preparation).


Inventory no.

Museum

Height (in mm)

Weight (in g)

Volume (in ml)

Reference

1868.5-1.915 1867.5-12.31 1894.11-1.55 B/1462 B/568 L2.1993.4 RG 440 B/1464 1856.12-23.41 1876.5-5.1 1976.10-11.9 1894.11-1.124 RG 441 1894.11-1.504 B/418 RW-2012-533

British Museum, London (UK) British Museum, London (UK) British Museum, London (UK) Grand Curtius, Liège (B) Grand Curtius, Liège (B) Kestner Museum, Hannover (D) Pierides Museum, Larnaca (CY) Grand Curtius, Liège (B) British Museum, London (UK) British Museum, London (UK) British Museum, London (UK) British Museum, London (UK) Pierides Museum, Larnaca (CY) British Museum, London (UK) Grand Curtius, Liège (B) Mariemont, Morlanwelz (B)

145 125 137 132 118 130

97,0 47,1 67,3 73,2 64,0 60,1 62,0 89,1 58,3 73,7 58,5 52,7 69,0 53,9 51,0 98,6

53 52 50 44 43 36 36 34 34 33 32 29 28 24 24 15

Harden 1981, no.333 Harden 1981, no.336 Harden 1981, no.343 Cosyns 2006, 305, no.152; Verhelst 2014, 86 Cosyns 2006, 306, no.155; Verhelst 2014, 88 Cosyns, Nys 2010 Cosyns, Nys 2010 Cosyns 2006, 304; Verhelst 2014, 87 Harden 1981, no.335 Harden 1981, no.339 Harden 1981, no.334 Harden 1981, no.340 Cosyns, Nys 2010 Harden 1981, no.338 Cosyns 2006, 306, no.154; Verhelst 2014, 89 Verhelst 2014, 154

130 125 128 127 99 115 105 102,5

Table 1: Capacity fluctuations in relation to the variability in height and weight for alabastron vessels. Harden 1981 MG III:18.

needs to be cleared from any fill. We can also use carefully mended objects. The volume can be calculated easily by using the rule of three: the 5 x 5 mm polyethene (PE) pellets by Creativ Company 9 used to fill an object are weighed and multiplied with a ratio expressing the weight of plastic pellets per millilitre (obtained by weighing 100 ml of pellets), to ensure easy and fast calculation. A different ratio can be obtained, depending on the size and type of pellets used, but the scale also needs testing (and preferably regular retesting). Tests executed on modern glass vessels demonstrated that the margin of error of the used plastic pellets compared to water is negligible for wide vessels –aryballoi, hydriskai, most amphoriskoi and oinochoai –, ranging between 0–1 %, whereas for slender vessels – alabastra, unguentaria and some amphoriskoi – the deviation is an acceptable 8 %.10 First results are very promising, as there are significant notifications related to the Classical Attic metric system (table 2). A number of measurements demonstrate that the miniature lentoid aryballoi and miniature oinochoai have a content related to one or two kochlearia – one or two spoons equivalent to 4.5 and 9 ml. Larger aryballoi and oinochoai correspond respectively to one kyathos and two kyathoi – one or two laddles equivalent to ten or 20 kochlearia. Some alabastra have a content alike five kochlearia or one konchè – one shell equivalent to 22.7 ml. Not all measured vessels can be linked to the Attic metric system. The non-Attic group is large but up to now not easy to understand. Several systems might have been in use on the different Greek islands, such as Rhodes, Kos, Chios; the mainland poleis such as Corinth; or on the west coast of Turkey such as Miletus, not overlooking the major competitor of the Greek poleis, the Phoenician trade centres. An interesting issue is whether the core-formed glass vessels limited to a specific metric system can be related to either Greek or Phoenician/Punic perfume distribution networks. This hypothesis aims to verify the organisation of trade, whether it was completely distinct and independent or whether there was clear economic interaction between Greek and Phoenician settlements, with intermingled distribution of perfume oils in either network. This research is roughly limited to the issue of economic interaction

Attic measures of liquid capacity Unit

Greek name

Equal to

kochliarion xˉemˉe mustron konchˉe

κοχλιάριον χήμη μύστρον κόγχη

2 kochliaria 2 ½ kochliaria 5 kochliaria

Metric equivalent 4.5 ml 9.1 ml 11.4 ml 22.7 ml

kyathos

κύαθος

10 kochliaria

45.5 ml

oxybathon tetarton,[2] hˉemikotylˉe[3] kotylˉe, trublion or hˉemina

1 ½ kyathoi

68.2 ml

3 kyathoi

136.4 ml

6 kyathoi

272.8 ml

Description 1 spoon 2 spoons = 1 2,5 spoons = ½ shell 5 spoons = 1 shell 10 spoons = 2 shells = 1 laddle 15 spoons = 1,5 laddles 45 spoons = 9 shells = 4,5 laddles = ½ cup = ¼ 60 spoons = 12 shells = 6 laddles = 1 cup = ½ xestès

Table 2: Classical Attic metric system. Smith and Anthon 1878, 1030, Table VII.

between both cultural networks in the late Archaic and Classical period. The reason why core-formed glass vessels from the Hellenistic period no longer fit the duality between Greek and Phoenician trading networks is the rising Roman power over the Mediterranean in this period. In particular, the early Hellenistic material can contribute to understanding of the integration of the former Greek and Punic areas in the Roman trading network. By the mid-third century BC, when Rome really started to become a superpower, the consumption of core-formed glass vessels vanished, to reappear by the end of the second century BC up to the late first century BC when its production got out-competed by the invention of glassblowing.11 A second goal of the capacity measurement is to develop a chrono-typological system exceeding the traditional approach based on external features like shape, dimensions, colour, decoration pattern and technological characteristics.12 To adequately verify whether groups of objects can be

9

In the first stage, we used mustard seeds and some other organic material (Cosyns and Nys 2010, appendix 11-3). Mustard seed appeared the most suitable as they are very small round grains with a diameter ranging from 1.5–2.5 mm, which do not stick. Now we use small polyethene pellets, double size of mustard seed, because an inorganic material is to avoid contamination of any residual interior deposits that might be tested in the future. 10 Cosyns and Nys in preparation. 11 Cosyns and Nys 2010, 238–239. 12 Feugère 1989.

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associated with particular long-distance trading networks, we decided to test the hypothesis that the glassmaker intended to give the perfume vessel a specific capacity depending on the distribution market.13 The interest of measuring the capacity of core-formed glass vessels lays the observation of a strong uniformity in shapes while the outer size is not related to the capacity. Although the thickness of the applied glass layer can differ from one vessel to another, a standardised production technique was performed to reach a consistent capacity as the previous capacity measurements demonstrated a relation to metric systems.14 Therefore, this continued research aims – apart from the methods of traditional archaeology – to implement new methods to recognize the distribution pattern of the core-formed vessels. CONCLUSION Currently the research remains a work in progress, showing that the application of the core on the rod was most likely not a random act, but rather an intentional process for practical reasons within the chaîne opératoire. We propose here that in classical antiquity, some technical tool (mould) was used to produce specific shapes of core-formed glass containers with particular capacities, easily, quickly and according to a valid metric system. In a first stage of our research we assumed that two different measurement systems were used,15 meaning that two different distribution markets must have existed. A more extensive set of measurements on the Rhodian material at the British Museum reveals the existence of a few more metric systems,16 signifying the production and consumption of core-formed glass vessels is even more complex. This new result supports the theory of various secondary glass workshops producing core-formed glass vessels present in diverse regions, even though none of these workshops has been attested so far. The benefit of measuring the capacity of core-formed glass vessels is that it can offer additional evidence of regional idiosyncrasies by distinguishing possible fingerprints of secondary glass workshops. As a consequence, the outcome will help to clarify the distribution networks of perfumed oil. Further measurements will indicate whether specific volumes can be distinguished for each period, area and vessel type. It will therefore be necessary to measure as many complete vessels as possible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are very grateful to Thomas Kiely of the British Museum and Véronique Arveiller-Dulong of the Louvre Museum, for granting us permission to execute capacity measurements on their vast collections of core-formed glass vessels.

13 14 15 16

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Cosyns and Nys 2010; Verhelst 2014. Cosyns and Nys 2010; Verhelst 2014. Cosyns and Nys 2010. Cosyns and Nys in preparation.

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Rehren, Thilo and Freestone, Ian, 2015. ‘Ancient glass: from kaleidoscope to crystal ball’, Journal of Archaeological Science 56, 233–241. Smith, Sir William and Anthon, Charles, 1878. A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography, partly based upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. New York. Stern, E. Marianne, 1996, ‘Clockwise and counterclockwise in ancient core glass’. In: Association internationale pour l’histoire du verre (ed.), Annales du 13e Congrès de l’AIHV. Pays-Bas, août 1995. Lochem, 21–32. Stern, E. Marianne, 1994. ‘Manufacturing Techniques’. In: Stern, E. Marianne and Schlick-Nolte, Birgit, Early glass of the Ancient World, 1600 B.C.–A.D. 50. Ernesto Wolf Collection. Ostfildem, 27–36. Verhelst, Bieke, 2014. De distributie van kerngevormd glazen vaatwerk uit de Klassieke en Hellenistische periode in het Westelijk Mediterraan bekken. Addendum: Een status quaestionis van de Belgische collecties. Unpublished Master Thesis, Free University of Brussels (VUB). Wiesenberg, Frank, 2014. Experimentelle Archäologie: Römische Glasöfen. Rekonstruktion und Betrieb einer Glashütte nach römischen Vorbild in der Villa Borg. Borg Furnace Project 2013. Schriften des Archäologieparks Römische Villa Borg 6, ARCHEOglas 2. Merzig.

Peter Cosyns VUB|SKAR|MARI Brussels [email protected] Bieke Verhelst VUB|SKAR Brussels [email protected] Karin Nys VUB|SKAR|MARI Brussels [email protected]

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