Annotated List of Boletes and Amanita in the Hawaiian Islands

North American Fungi

Volume 3, Number 7, Pages 167-176 Published August 29, 2008 Formerly Pacific Northwest Fungi

Annotated List of Boletes and Amanita in the Hawaiian Islands Don E. Hemmes1 and Dennis E. Desjardin2 1 Biology

Department, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720 and 2 Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132

Hemmes, D. E., and D. E. Desjardin. 2008. Annotated List of Boletes and Amanita in the Hawaiian Islands. North American Fungi 3(7): 167-176. doi: 10.2509/naf2008.003.00710 Corresponding author: Don E. Hemmes, [email protected] Accepted for publication May 14, 2008. http://pnwfungi.org Copyright © 2008 Pacific Northwest Fungi Project. All rights reserved.

Abstract: Five species of boletes, Chalciporus piperatus, Suillus brevipes, S. granulatus, S. salmonicolor, and Pulveroboletus xylophilus and three species of Amanita, A. marmorata subsp. myrtacearum, A. muscaria var. formosa, and A. manicata have been collected in the Hawaiian Islands. The boletes are associated with introduced pines and the Amanita are associated with introduced pines, Myrtaceae and Casuarina. Pulveroboletus xylophilus and Amanita manicata appear to be saprotrophic instead of mycorrhizal. Key Words: boletes, Amanita, Hawai’i

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Hemmes and Desjardin. Boletes and Amanita species in Hawaiian Islands. North American Fungi 3(7): 165-174

Introduction: Since there are no native ectomycorrhizal trees in Hawai’i (Koske, Gemma, and Flynn, 1992), mushrooms found in the native forests are largely small, saprotrophic species. Large ectomycorrhizal mushrooms obviously started appearing with the introduction of Pinus species in the late 1880’s. The introduction of conifers, including more Pinus species, Cupressus species, Sequoia sempervirens, and Cryptomeria japonica, continued from 1910 through 1960 with the large scale plantings of millions of seedlings at different elevations on all the major islands by the Division of Forestry (Little and Skolmen, 1989). Along with conifers, extensive plantations of alien Myrtaceae including Eucalyptus (more than 90 species) and Melaleuca were established during the same period. Over a million trees of Melaleuca quinquenervia have been planted since their introduction to the islands in 1917. Finally, Casuarina equisetifolia was introduced to the islands in the late 1800’s and now dominates the windward coastlines in many areas of the islands. These trees are associated with some ectomycorrhizal fungi and the duff under these “ironwoods” or “Australian pines” supports a wide variety of saprotrophic fungi. In this paper we document the species of Boletaceae and Amanitaceae found under introduced conifers, Myrtaceae, and Casuarina in Hawai’i and include Pulveroboletus xylophilus and Amanita manicata that appear to be saprotrophic rather than mycorrhizal species. Most of these species were pictured previously in Mushrooms of Hawai’i (Hemmes and Desjardin, 2002). Materials and Methods: The species of boletes and Amanita listed in this paper have been recorded over the past fifteen years in our surveys and inventories project documenting the Agaricales and other fleshy fungi of the Hawaiian Islands. Trips to the various islands were scheduled from September through January when the rains were most frequent. The following conifer and Eucalyptus plantations were visited: Kaua’i, Koke’e State Park/Makaha Ridge Road (Pinus spp., Sequoia, Eucalyptus

spp.) and Kukuiolono Park (Eucalyptus spp.); O’ahu, Aiea Loop Trail (Eucalyptus spp., Melaleuca, Casuarina) ; Moloka’i, Pala’au State Park (Eucalyptus spp., Melaleuca, Casuarina) and Kamakou Forest Preserve (Eucalyptus spp., Pinus); Maui, Polipoli Springs State Recreation Area (Pinus spp., Sequoia, Cupressus), Waihou Springs State Recreation Area (Pinus spp. Melaleuca spp., Cupressus), Waikamoi, (Pinus spp.), Maluhia Boy Scout Camp (Eucalyptus spp.) and Kaumahina Wayside Park (Eucalyptus spp, Melaleuca); Lana’i, the Munro Trail (Eucalyptus spp., Pinus spp.); and Hawai’i, MacKenzie Park (Casuarina), Tree Planting Road (Pinus spp.), Mana Road (Cryptomeria), Honokaia Boy Scout Camp (Eucalyptus spp.). Fruiting bodies were photographed in the field, important characters were recorded, and representative specimens are stored at the University of Hawai’i at Hilo (UHHilo).

Results: Annotated List of Boletaceae Chalciporus piperatus (Bull.:Fr.) Bataille Specimens examined: Kaua’i, Makaha Ridge Road, scattered under pines, 5 January 1995, DEH-690 (Fig. 1). Suillus brevipes (Peck) Kuntze Specimens examined: Hawai’i Island, Saddle Road, scattered in duff under Monterey Pine, 9 November 1993, DEH-322; same location, 15 March, 1997, DEH-1473. Maui, Waihou Springs State Park, scattered under Loblolly pines, 22 November 1996, DEH-1340 (Fig. 2). Suillus granulatus (L.:Fr.) Kuntze Specimens examined: Hawai’i Island, Saddle Road, scattered in duff under Monterey Pines, 29 August 1995, DEH-879; Waimea, County Public Works Headquarters, in grass under slash pine, 13 November 1999, DEH-1866; same location, in grass under slash pine, 10 August 2001, DEH2115. Maui, Waihou Springs, Olinda, scattered in duff under pines, 15 January, 1995, DEH-734;


Polipoli Springs, scattered under pines, 13 January 2000, DEH-1921 (Fig. 3). Suillus salmonicolor (Frost) Halling Specimens examined: Hawai’i Island, Volcano Golf Course, under pines, 4 January 1997, DEH1392; Kaua’i, Makaha Ridge Road, in duff under pines, 3 October 1994, DEH-604; Lana’i, Munro Trail, scattered under slash pine, 5 January 2002, DEH-2231 (Fig. 4). Pulveroboletus xylophilus (Petch) Singer Specimens examined: Hawai’i Island, MacKenzie Park, scattered in black sand at berm of beach under coconut, 28 July 1993, DEH-272; same location, 17 July 2000, DEH-1964; Hawaiian Beaches subdivision, scattered in lawn grass, 6 September 2001, DEH-2130; Ookala, scattered in Guinee Grass, Panicum maximum, 5 December 2004, DEH-2543 (Fig. 5).

Annotated List of Amanitaceae Amanita marmorata subsp. myrtacearum O. K. Miller, Hemmes & Wong Specimens examined: Hawai’i Island, MacKenzie Park, scattered in duff under Casuarina, 20 September 1994, DEH 559; University of Hawaii at Hilo campus, scattered under Melaleuca, 12 May 1995, DEH-782; Kapoho, scattered under Casuarina, 1 September 1995, DEH-884; UH-Hilo campus, scattered under Melaleuca, 27 June, 1996, DEH1127; Hawai’i Community College campus, scattered in grass under Melaleuca, 19 August 1999, DEH-1831; Kalopa St. Park, scattered under Eucalyptus robusta, 19 November 1996, DEH-1321; Mackenzie Park, scattered under Casuarina, 17 September 2000, DEH-1962. Kaua’i, Koke’e, in dirt under Eucalyptus, 4 October 1994, DEH-616; MacKenzie Park, Hawai’i Island, scattered in duff under Casuarina, 9 May 2002, DEH-2278; Keaukaha, Hilo, Hawai’i Island, scattered in duff under Casuarina, 18 April 2003, DEH-2389; UH-Hilo

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campus, scattered in grass under Melaleuca, 17 April 2003, DEH-2390; same location, 26 April 2003, DEH-2409; same location, scattered under Melaleuca, 22 October 2004, DEH-2519; same location, scattered under Melaleuca, 15 September 2000, DEH-1953. Lana’i, Munro Trail, scattered under Eucalyptus robusta, 25 January, 1997, DEH-1450; same location, scattered under Eucalyptus robusta, 5 January 2002, DEH-2232. Maui, Makawao, scattered under Eucalyptus robusta, 22 November 1996, DEH-1330. Moloka’i, Kamakou Forest Preserve, scattered under Eucalyptus robusta, 9 January 2000, DEH-1906; Pala’au State Park, scattered under Casuarina/Eucalyptus, 7 January 2000, DEH-1898. Oahu: University St. Louis Heights, scattered under Norfolk Island Pines, Araucaria columnaris 14 September, 1996, DEH-1236 (Fig. 6). Amanita muscaria var. formosa (Pers.:Fr.) Bertillon Specimens examined: Kaua’i, Makaha Ridge Road, scattered under loblolly pine and slash pine, 18 February 1995, DEH 741; same location 7 January 1996, DEH-950; same location, 10 January 1996, DEH-973; same location 6 January 1997, DEH-1411; same location, 4 January 2000, DEH-1902. Moloka’i, Kamakou, under pines, 3 January 2007, DEH-2667 (Fig. 7). Amanita manicata (Berk. & Broome) Pegler Specimens examined: Hawai’i Island, Waipio Valley, solitary specimen in black sand at berm of beach, 1 October 1996, DEH-1390; Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Kilauea Avenue, Hilo, scattered in grass, 29 April, 2003, DEH-2416; Bay Front, Hilo, Hawai’i Island, scattered in composted woodchips, 12 September 2005, DEH-2571; same location, 22 September 2005, DEH-2586; same location, 29 September 2006, DEH-2627 (Fig. 8). Discussion: Three species of Suillus are commonly found under pines in Hawai’i. S.

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brevipes is typically found under Monterey pines, P. radiata, whereas S. granulatus and S. salmonicolor are typically found under slash pines, P. elliottii and loblolly pines, P. taeda. Chalciporus piperata has been found only under P. elliottii at Koke’e Kaua’i in the same area as A. muscaria. Pulveroboletus xylophilus is widely spread over Hawai’i Island. The first specimens were collected from black sand under coconut trees at the berm of the beach at MacKenzie park in the Puna District of Hawai’i Island. Since then additional collections have come from coffee farms on the Kona Coast, from cattle pastures along the Hamakua Coast, and from grassy vacant lots in the Puna District. This obviously saprotropic species stains deep blue when bruised or cut in half and usually grows on the ground but has been seen fruiting on coconut tree stumps. Amanita marmorata var. myrtacearum is by far the most common Amanita in the Hawaiian islands and is found in Eucalyptus plantations, and especially around Melaleuca, “bottle brush” or “paper bark” trees, used in landscaping in urban areas. The association of A. marmorata var. myrtacearum with introduced Myrtaceae was obvious when the grass surrounding a large planting of various species of Australian Myrtaceae at the National Tropical Garden at Lawai on Kaua’i was white with hundreds of fruiting bodies. A. marmorata is also commonly found under coastal Casuarina and is presumably mycorrhizal with these trees too. Amanita muscaria var.formosa is much more limited in its distribution within the islands. Fruiting bodies of this species are common under slash pine pines and loblolly pines along the Makaha Ridge Road at Koke’e, Kaua’i, during December and January, and recently several fruiting bodies have been collected at Kamakou on Moloka’i under the same pines. Amanita muscaria var. formosa has not been seen under the same pines on Maui or Hawai’i Island. Even though groves of Monterey pines, Pinus radiata, were planted extensively, especially on Hawai’i Island and have been

monitored for years, A. muscaria var. formosa has never been seen fruiting under these trees as in New Zealand (Ridley and Dick, 2001). The preliminary identification of Amanita manicata was made by Ross Tulloss (personal communication). Solitary specimens of this species have been collected on lawns at the National Tropical Botanical Garden at Lawai, Kauai, at Hoomaluhia Botanical Gardens on Oahu, at the Keauhou Beach Hotel on the Kona Coast of Hawai’i Island, and in black sand at the berm of the beach at Waipio Valley on Hawai’i Island. In 2005 a large fruiting of A. manicata appeared on a lawn at the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints on Kilauea Avenue in Hilo and then in 2006 in composted wood chip piles along Bay Front in downtown Hilo. The large fruiting bodies have no volva, have uplifted scales on the stipe, and have a distinctly unpleasant odor. The closest associated trees in most of these fruitings have been Monkey Pod trees, Pithecellobium saman, but this Amanita is presumed to be saprotropic. Acknowlegements: The authors dedicate this article to our friend, Jack Rogers, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to mycology over his entire career, and in fond memory of wonderful collecting trips together in the Hawaiian Islands. This research was funded in part by NSF Biotic Surveys and Inventories Grant #DEB-9300874. Literature Cited Hemmes, D. E., and D. E. Desjardin. 2002. Mushrooms of Hawai’i. Ten Speed Press. Berkeley, CA, pp. 212. Koske, R. E., J. N. Gemma, and T. Flynn. 1992. Mycotrophy in Hawaiian angiosperms: A survey with implications for the origin of the native flora. Am. J. Bot. 79: 853-862. http://dx.doi:2307/2444994 Little Jr., E. L. and R. G. Skolmen. 1989. Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and


Introduced). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 679, Washington DC, pp. 321. Ridley, G. S., and M. A. Dick. 2001. An Introduction to the diseases of forest and amenity trees in New Zealand. Forest Research Bulletin 220: 110 p. Rotorua: Forest Research.

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Fig. 1. Chalciporus piperatus under slash pine along Makaha Ridge Road at Koke’e, Kaua’i.

Fig. 2. Suillus brevipes is commonly found under pines on all the Hawaiian Islands.


Fig. 3. Suillus granulatus under slash pine.

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Fig. 4. Suillus salmonicolor under pines along Makaha Ridge Road, Koke’e, Kaua’i.

Fig. 5. Pulveroboletus xylophilous from the berm of a black sand beach on Hawai’i Island.


Fig. 6. Amanita marmorata subsp. myrtacearum from under Melaleuca on the UH-Hilo campus.

Fig. 7. Amanita muscaria var. formosa at Makaha Ridge Road, Koke’e, Kaua’i.

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Fig. 8. Amanita manicata from composted wood chip piles at the bay front of Hilo, Hawai’i.