Annotations: Enriching a Digital Library - Semantic Scholar

UNIVERSITY OF PADUA Department of Information Engineering

Annotations: Enriching a Digital Library Maristella Agosti

Nicola Ferro

[email protected]

[email protected]

Information Management Systems Research Group

Maristella Agosti and Nicola Ferro

Annotations: Enriching a Digital Library

Contents of Presentation

I Methodological aspects regarding annotations; I Development of an annotation service; I Integration of the annotation service within an existing digital library.

ECDL 2003, Trondheim, August 18–20, 2003

1

Methodological Aspects



Research Vision '

$

Nowadays we work in an increasingly distributed and networked environment, which allows us to provide services and applications, without any distinction between local and remote information access. &

%

I paradigm of interaction with digital libraries; I the annotations is a means for enabling this paradigm; I focused annotation services rather than general–purpose annotation services. ECDL 2003, Trondheim, August 18–20, 2003

2



Main Steps In order to develop an annotation service for digital libraries: I we study the semantics of the concept of annotation; I we derive a conceptual model of annotation from the study of its semantics; I we design and develop a prototype annotation service, which implements the conceptual model of annotation; I we test the prototype annotation service with an existing digital library, named OpenDLib. ECDL 2003, Trondheim, August 18–20, 2003

3



Annotation: a Complex Concept '

$

Annotation is a complex and stratified concept in our cultural heritage, whose semantics is especially rich and has a great expressive power. &

%

We can distinguish between: I meaning of annotation; I sign of annotation; as explained in the following. ECDL 2003, Trondheim, August 18–20, 2003

4



Meaning of Annotation '

$

The meaning of annotation is a main aspect concerning the concept of annotation: it identifies conceptual differences within the semantics of the annotation. &

%

We can identify the following meanings of annotation: I comprehension and study ; I interpretation and divulgation; I cooperation and revision.


5



Sign of Annotation '

$

The sign of annotation is a way of representing a meaning of annotation, that is a way in which a particular meaning of annotation can materialize itself. &

%

We can identify the following signs of annotation: I textual sign; I graphic sign; I reference sign. These signs can be compounded together in order to express complex meanings of annotation. ECDL 2003, Trondheim, August 18–20, 2003

6



Signs Compounding Signs compounding can be employed in order to express meanings of annotation, which a single sign of annotation is not able to represent. some text, some text, some text, some text, some text, some text,

some text, some text, some text, some text, some text, some text, some text.

see h ere

Not correct. It’s better to say...

For example, in order to express the “cooperation and revision” meaning of annotation, we could use a compounding of textual signs, graphic signs and reference signs. ECDL 2003, Trondheim, August 18–20, 2003

7



Conceptual Model of Annotation A NNOTATION (1, N)

DEFINE (1, N)

(1, N)

MEANING

STUDY

COOPERATION

SIGN

D IVULGATION

T EXTUAL

GRAPHIC

R EFERENCE

Note the threefold relationship Define, which connects the three entities Annotation, Meaning and Sign in order to define the semantics and the materialization of an annotation. ECDL 2003, Trondheim, August 18–20, 2003

8

Annotation Service



Conceptual Model of Annotation and Digital Library Digital Library DL

_US ER

DL

OW

_OB J EC T

ANNOTATE

N

REF

ER TO

A n n o tatio n ANNOTATION

DEF

INE

MEANING

STU

D Y

COOPERATION


SIG

DIV

U L G ATION

TEX

TU AL

N

GRAPH

IC

REF

ERENC E

9



Annotation Service Architecture D i g i tal L i b r ar y U s er I n ter f ac e A n n o tati o n S er v i c e Q u er y P r o c es s i n g Gateway

A n n o tati o n E n g in e

R ep o s i to r y

C o l l ec ti o n

C o l l ec ti o n


10



Annotation Creation Flow Example Repository

A n n ota tion S erv ic e r eq uests a document

Repository

A n n ota tion S erv ic e

Repository

A n n ota tion S erv ic e

sends a document

annotati on cr eati on

r etur ns th e annotati on

stor es th e new

data


11

An Experimentation: Use of the OpenDLib Digital Library



OpenDLib Architecture

U s er I nter f a c e Cor e S y s tem

OpenDLib

Content


12



OpenDLib DoMDL T h e s is

Draft

F inal

P arts

P art 1

B ib data

C h ap te rs

dcq_final.xml

P art 2

1

C h ap te r

C h apte r 2


C h ap te r 1

M e tadata C h ap te r 2

dc_ch ap te r2 .xml

ftp : / / … / ch ap te r2 .p df

C h ap te rs

C h apte r 3

C h ap te r2 .p s

C h apte r 2

C h ap te r1 .te x

C h ap te r2 .te x

13

Annotations and OpenDLib



Conceptual Model of Annotation and DoMDL OpenDLib Digital Library DL

DL

_US ER

OW

_OB J EC T D M DL

ANNOTATE

N

REF

ER TO

ANNOTATION

A nnotation V iew

DEF

INE

MEANING

STU

DY

COOPERATION


S IG

DIV

A nnotation Manifestation

U L G ATION

TEX

TU AL

N

GRAPH

IC

REF

ERENC E

14



Example of DoMDL with Annotations T h e s is

Draft

F inal

P arts P art 1

Annotation 1

B ib d ata

C h ap te rs

ann1 _ final.xml

P art 2

C h ap te r

1

C h apte r2

d c

q _ final.xml C h ap te rs

C h apte r 3

M e tad ata C h ap te r 2

C h apte r 1

C h ap te r 2

d c _ c h ap te r2 .xml

Annotation 2

C h ap te r1 .te x

annotation2 .xml

ftp : / / … / c h ap te r2 .p d f


C h ap te r2 .p s

C h ap te r2 .te x

Annotation 3

annotation3.xml

15



Annotation Service and OpenDLib Architecture


16



Conclusions and Future Work I the research work pointed out the importance of the concept of annotation and its complexity in our cultural heritage; I the semantics of the annotation has been formalized and an architecture for an annotation service has been proposed; I the presented concepts have been mapped to an existing digital library; I we will study suitable primitives in order to properly process annotations and provide advanced functionalities; I we will face the problem of the evaluation of the impact of annotations on retrieval effectiveness. ECDL 2003, Trondheim, August 18–20, 2003

17