Supplement of Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12567–12579, 2015 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/12567/2015/ doi:10.5194/acp-15-12567-2015-supplement © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License.
Supplement of Annual evapotranspiration retrieved from satellite vegetation indices for the eastern Mediterranean at 250 m spatial resolution D. Helman et al. Correspondence to: D. Helman (
[email protected])
The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC-BY 3.0 licence.
Figure S1. Main basins (>10 km2) in the Eastern Mediterranean, used to compare annual ET estimates from PaVI-E, MODIS (MOD16) and MSG (LSA-SAF MSG ETa) (see Fig. 5 in main text).
Elevation (m)
2
Figure S2. Location of six water catchments used to evaluate PaVI-E along the south-north rainfall gradient in the Eastern Mediterranean. ET from water catchments balances were calculated as ET = P – Q, for 2000-2013 (see in main text). MA-N, MA-CS, and MA-S are for north, centre-south and southern mountain aquifers, respectively. Contours of mean annual rainfall amount (isohyet) are also shown.
Kziv
HaShofet
MA-N MA-CS
MA-S
Mamashit
3
Figure S3. Seasonal and interannual time series of the eddy covariance ET at the PA sites. The vertical dashed line indicates the beginning of the year (from January 1). IL-Yat ET (mm y-1)
150
350 250
150
6
6
5
5
ET (mm d-1)
ET (mm d-1)
ET (mm y-1)
ES-Amo 250
4 3 2 1 0
4 3 2 1
0
1 2009
7
23
1 2010
46 7 1 2011 Month
7
0
69
1 2012
2003
ET (mm y-1)
600 500
400
4 3 2
4 3 2 1 0
2006
2008
2010
2001
2005
2007
2005
2007
850 750 650 550
6
6
5
5
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
0 2004
2003
US-Blo ET (mm y-1)
FR-LBr
ET (mm d-1)
ET (mm y-1)
400 5
0
ET (mm d-1)
500
5
1
600
6
900 800 700 600 500 400
2009
700
6
2004
2007
ES-ES
700
ET (mm d-1)
ET (mm d-1)
ET (mm y-1)
ES-LMa
2005
0 2006
2008
2001
2003
4
Figure S4. Seasonal and interannual time series of the eddy covariance ET at the AN sites (CRO: ES-ES2, IT-Cas, US-Bo1, US-Ne1, US-Ne2 and US-Ne3; GRA: US-Var, US-Kon, USWkg and US-Goo). The vertical dashed line indicates the beginning of the year (from January 1). ITCas
ESES2
IT-Cas 650 550 450 350 250
ET (mm y-1)
ET (mm y-1)
950 900 850 800 750
6
5
5
3 2
4 3 2
1
1
0
0
2005
USNe1 2007
2006
2008
2009
ET (mm d-1)
6
5 4
2
USNe2 2009 2008
2010
2011
ET (mm y-1)
ET (mm y-1)
US-Ne3
900 800 700 600 500 400
650 550 450
6
6
5
5
5
3 2
4 3 2
1
1
0
0
2003
2004
2005
2002
ET (mm y-1)
400 300 200
900 800 700 600 500 400
4 3 2
1
USKon 2003
0
2004
2005
2002
US-Kon
2
2
ET (mm d-1)
5
ET (mm d-1)
6
5 3
4 3 2
1
1
1
0 2003
0
0
USGoo 2005
2007
2009
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2006
100
5 3
2005
200
6 4
2004
300
6 4
USWkg
2003
US-Wkg ET (mm y-1)
4
ET (mm d-1)
6
USVar
USNe3
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
US-Ne2
ET (mm d-1)
ET (mm y-1) ET (mm d-1)
ET (mm y-1)
3
0
2007
US-Var
ET (mm d-1)
4
1
US-Ne1 750 700 650 600 550
2002
US-Bo1
800 700 600 500 400
6 ET (mm d-1)
ET (mm d-1)
ET (mm y-1)
ES-ES2
USBo1
2005
2006
2007
2008
ET (mm y-1)
US-Goo 900 800 700 600 500 400 6
ET (mm d-1)
5
4 3 2
1 0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
5
Figure S5. Mask map used to apply PaVI-E model for annual (AN) and annual + perennial (PA) vegetation systems in the Eastern Mediterranean. Pixels identified as AN are shown in red, while remaining land cover is classified as PA (see explanation in main text - Section 3.3). Water bodies are shown in cyan colour.
6
Figure S6. Scatter plots of the 16-day eddy covariance ET vs. MODISs’ vegetation indices (NDVI and EVI) and the modified TG model (Sims et al., 2008), for (A) annuals vegetation systems (AN), and (B) perennials + annuals vegetation systems (PA).
A. B. AN PA systems systems
Vegetation index TG model
55
5
4
44
4
33
3
22
2
11
1
3 2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Scaled NDVI NDVI * LST
66
66
6
55
55
5
44
44
4
33
3
22
2
33 22
y = 7.57x + 0.59 R = 0.87
6.88x ++ 0.59 0.48 yy == 7.57x 0.86 RR == 0.87
11 00
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
00
0.2 0.2
0.4 0.4
Scaled EVI EVI * LST
Scaled EVI * LST
0.6 0.6
6
66
5
55
4
44
3
33
2
22
1
11
0.8 0.8
11
y = 5.55x + 0.35 R = 0.86
0 00 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0 00.2 0.2 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.81
= 6.88x + 0.48 y =y 7.57x + 0.59 = 0.86 RR = 0.87
1
0.4 0.4 0.2
0.6 0.6
EVI* LST ScaledScaled EVI EVI * LST
0.8 0.8 0.4
6
66
5
55
4
44
3
33
2
22
1
11
0
00
0
Vegetation ind 6
yy == 5.27x 3.19x -- 0.00 0.31 RR == 0.78 0.51
5
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0 11
0 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
66
6
0.6
0.6
y = 7.89x - 0.83 R = 0.61
5
44
4
33
3
22
2
11
1 0
00
EVI EVI EVI* LST Scaled
0.4 NDVI
7.89x - +0.83 y = 10.98x 0.16 0.61 R = 0.80
55
y = 6.88x + 0.48 R = 0.86 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.60.4 0.40.5
0.2
Scaled NDVI NDVI * LST
7.89x+- 0.16 0.83 y =y =10.98x 0.61 R R= =0.80
00 0.20.1
y = 3.19x - 0.31 R = 0.51
5
4
NDVINDVI NDVI* LST Scaled
y = 10.98x + 0.16 R = 0.80
00 0 0.2 00 0 0.2
6
y =y 5.27x - 0.00 = 3.19x - 0.31 RR = 0.78 = 0.51
NDVI*NDVI ScaledScaled NDVI LST * LST
ET [mm/d]
ET [mm/d]
Scaled NDVI * LST
= 5.55x + 0.35 y =y6.08x + 0.50 = 0.86 R =R0.87
00 0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.81 1 00 0.4 0.6 0.8 00.2
ET [mm/d]
2
5.55x++0.50 0.35 y y==6.08x 0.86 RR==0.87
y = 5.27x - 0.00 R = 0.78
ET [mm/d]
1
y = 6.08x + 0.50 R = 0.87
6
ET [mm/d]
66
5
ET [mm/d]
6
TG model Vegetation index
Vegetation TGindex model Vegetation index
Vegetation TG model TGindex model
ET [mm/d]
ET [mm/d]
TG model
B. PA systems
B. PA systems
ET [mm/d]
A. AN systems
ET [mm/d]
AN systems
00
0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.30.4 0.1
0.4 0.5
0.5 0.6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3 EVI
Scaled EVI EVI * LST
7
0
Figure S7. Scatter plot of the mean annual ET calculated from water balances against ET retrieved from (A) MSG and (B) MODIS ET products, at six water catchments along the EM north – south rainfall gradient. There were no ET values from MODIS for the area of Mamashit catchment.
A
500
500
400
400
300 200
300 200
y = 0.63x + 179.50 R = 0.89
100
y = 0.68x + 217.25 R = 0.91
100
0
0 0
100
200
300
400
ETMSG
B
600
ETbasins
ETbasins
600
500
600
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
ETMOD16
8
Reference Sims, D. A., Rahman, A. F., Cordova, V. D., El-Masri, B. Z., Baldocchi, D. D., Bolstad, P. V., Flanagan, L. B., Goldstein, A. H., Hollinger, D. Y., Misson, L., Monson, R. K., Oechel, W. C., Schmid, H. P., Wofsy, S. C. and Xu, L.: A new model of gross primary productivity for North American ecosystems based solely on the enhanced vegetation index and land surface temperature from MODIS, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(4), 1633–1646, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.08.004, 2008.
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