Antennas

A Big Picture of Nano Communications (ELT-53406 Special Course on Networking) Sasitharan Balasubramaniam (Sasi) Nano Communication Centre Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering Tampere University of Technology

Department of Communications Engineering

Goal of today’s lecture •  Course outline, assessment •  Goal of today’s lecture •  Brief discussion on Nanotechnology •  Introduction to Nano communications •  Electromagnetic nano communications •  Molecular communications •  Internet of Nano Things and Internet of Bio Nano Things


TLT-2636 :: TTY :: Spring 2012 :: Lecture 7

February 28, 2012

Course Outline •  Microfluidics communications (Stefannus Wirdatmadja), 23.10.2015 •  A big picture of nanocommunications and Molecular Communications (Sasitharan Balasubramaniam), 30.10.2015 •  Bacteria nanonetworks (Sasitharan Balasubramaniam), 06.11.2015 •  Electromagnetic nanonetworks I (V. Petrov), 13.10.2015 •  Electromagnetic nanonetworks II (V. Petrov) 20.11.2015 •  Joint seminar meeting (S. Balasubramaniam, M. Komar, S. Wirdatmadja, V. Petrov, D. Moltchanov) 27.11.2015 Department of Communications Engineering


February 28, 2012

Course Assessment •  Website - http://www.cs.tut.fi/kurssit/ELT-53406/ •  This course offers 3 – 5 credit points •  3 CP for successfully passing the exam (If you do not pass the exam you do not get any CPs!) •  2 CP for the assignment •  Assignment – Essay •  8 – 10 pages •  Groups of two •  Topics can be found on the webpage •  More information contact Dmitri Moltchanov



February 28, 2012

Expected Background for today’s lecture •  Requirements •  • 

ELT-51106 "Computer networking I" or equivalent is compulsory (former code TLT-2316) ELT-53106 "Computer networking II" is advaisable (former code TLT-2336)

•  References to papers or links to website for more information will be in blue


Nanotechnology •  Concept was first proposed by Richard Feyman in 1959 in his nobel prize acceptance speech • 

“Plenty of room at the bottom”

•  Nanotechnology are devices on the scale of the order of one billionth of a meter(10-9) •  Strategic technology for future economy •  Numerous healthcare applications •  Improved monitoring of chronic diseases •  Accurate drug delivery •  Nanorobots that can perform surgery

•  Other applications include Aeronautics, Environmental Science


Nanomaterials and components •  Most natural components are found in biological systems • 

Components within cells

•  Graphene – a single layer of carbon atoms. • 

Carbon nanotubes

•  Nanomaterial coatings (aircraft) • 

Nanocrystallites (crack healing)

http://graphene.nus.edu.sg

•  Nanoparticles •  •  • 

Magnetic nanoparticles (data storage) Ceramic nanoparticles (Super capacitors) Borosilicate nanoparticles (tolerant to harsh chemical environments and temperature flucutations)


http://www.nanotech-now.com


February 28, 2012


Nanomachine to treat cancer •  Issue with current chemotherapy is that drugs kill good cells •  Aim – deliver drug to targeted areas • 

Cut the dosage down by hundred – thousand times

•  Developed at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) •  Honeycomb nanostructure that holds the drug particles •  Valves releases particles. Numerous approaches: •  • 

Chemical agent Light http://www.rsc.org



February 28, 2012

DNA Nanorobot •  Developed at Wyss Institute •  Robotic device developed from DNA • 

DNA origami – 3D shapes created from folding DNA

•  Two halves connected with a hinge, and shut using DNA latches •  The latches can be designed to recognize certain cell proteins and disease markers •  Hold molecules with encoded instructions (antibody fragments) • 

Used on two types of cancer cells (leukemia and lymphoma) http://wyss.harvard.edu



February 28, 2012

Biological Nanomachines Cells are nanoscale-precise biological machines

Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell

They communicate and interact/cooperate

Eukaryotic Cell Tissue Department of Communications Engineering

Bacteria Population 11

Cells as biological nanomachines Nucleus

Ribosome Control Unit

Biological cell

Processor Cytoplasm Memory Sensors Battery Transceiver

Chemical Receptors


Mitochondria Gap Junction

IoT Computing Device

Bacteria-Based Nanomachines n  Reuse of entire biological cells

Sensing Function

•  Through genetic programming of bacteria plasmids (Synthetic Biology)

DNA in Nucleoid and Plasmids = Nano-Memory/ Processor

Pili = NanoSensors/ Actuators


Communication Functions

Actuation Function Cell Membrane = NanoPower Unit Protein receptor = NanoReceivers Ribosomes = Nano-Transmitters Flagellum = NanoActuator

Problems and Challenges •  Scale of nanodevices allows us to…. •  Reach hard to access areas….. •  Access vital information at a whole new level (molecular information) ….. •  Devices of the future will be built from nanomaterials •  Limitation – limited functionalities!! •  Communication and networking between nanomachines would further advance their capabilities and functionalities



February 28, 2012

What is the answer…..???


Nano Communications! •  Two broad Areas………… o  Electromagnetic (EM) Nano Communications o  Molecular Communications

16 Department of Communications Engineering

MOLECULAR COMMUNICATION 10010110111 Message (with errors)

10010010111 Message

Digital Demodulation

Input

Nanomachine

Output

Digital Modulation

Bacteria

!me !me

•  Sender nanomachines encode information into information molecules (e.g. DNA, proteins, peptides) •  Information can be transmitted through diffusion or active transport •  Ability to create communication systems and networks using biological components and processes that are found in nature •  Interdisciplinary research (nanotechnology, nanobioscience, computer science, communication technology, molecular biology) Department of Communications Engineering

Diffusion-based Molecular Communications (1)

•  Communication is performed through diffusion of molecules •  Information is embedded into the molecules •  Ideally this is suited to fluidic medium

I. F. Akyildiz, J.M. Jornet, M. Pierobon,,"Nanonetworks: A New Frontier in Communications," Communications of the ACM, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 84-89, November 2011. Department of Communications Engineering


February 28, 2012

Diffusion-based Molecular Communications (2)

Diffusion-based molecular communication system M. Pierobon, I.F. and Akyildiz, "A Physical End-to-End Model for Molecular Communication in Nanonetworks," IEEE JSAC (Journal of Selected Areas in Communications), vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 602-611, May 2010.



February 28, 2012

Calcium Signalling •  Calcium signaling occurs naturally as one form of short range intercellular communication •  Multi-stage process of calcium ion stimulation •  The calcium signal travels from one cell to the other through gap junction •  Experiments have been performed at University of California, Irvine; NICT, Japan; University of Osaka.

DNA

Nucleus

IP3 IP3 Cell

Cell

T. Nakano, T. Suda, Takako Koujin, Tokuko Karaguchi, Yasushi Hiraoka, “Molecular Communication through Gap Junction Channels: System, Design, Experiment, and Modelling”, Nanonets 2008 Department of Communications Engineering

Nucleus

Nucleus Connexion

Cell

Transmission Protocols For Calcium Signaling •  Our scenario application assumes that nanomachines (receiver and transmitter) are embedded in the cells and are able to stimulate the Ca2+ ions for signaling. (e.g. genetic circuits, chip in a cell) •  We stimulate the production of Ca2+ ions during the transmission of bit 1. Developed protocols based on Communication by Silence. Transmitter Nanomachine

10010010111 Message

Receiver Nanomachine

10010110111 Message (with errors) Digital Demodulation

Input

Output

Digital Modulation

!me

!me

Ø M. Barros, S. Balasubramaniam, B. Jennings, Y. Koucheryavy, ”Transmission Protocols for Calcium-Signaling-based Molecular Communications in Deformable Cellular Tissue”, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, vol. 13, September 2014 .

21


12-06-2014

IEEE ICC 2014

Silicon Chip in A Cell

Nanomechanical chip that can be internalized to detect pressure changes in living cells. •  Detects mechanical load on the cell Ø R. Gomez-Martinez, et a., ”Silicon chips detect intracellular pressure changes in living cells ”, Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 8, June 2013. 22 Department of Communications Engineering

12-06-2014

IEEE ICC 2014

Challenges

Our analy noise charac Fig. 12. Noise concentration with respect to varying distances for a three- pendent on t cellularfluctuating tissue. Wesignal includebehavior the comparison for the four identified types CSlayered have highly time slots u of•  noise: source, destination, recurrent, and system. The time-slot length is 10 s, Temporal and spatial noise properties (e.g. Tx recurrent concentration of the Ca2+ noise)is 50 nM, and the Rx concentration is 500 nM. (a) Regular tissue.the (b) signal Deformed tissue. at the receiver Impairs reception the Rx does -  Appropriate time-slot (Tb) for bit duration is the end-to-e essential that impact (a) Tx co Fig. 11: Spatial illustration of different types of noise: source Fig. the 14: noise (red), destination noise (green), system noise used (blue) and for deformed the recurrent noise (purple). The direct pipe-effect for the cellular tissue is shown as the green border. see thatis 500nM ther tween the re change th •  CS Noise properties is highly However, opportunitie mutual in dependent on the spatial stim the Tx Ca nano structure of the tissue that there between t –  Deformation in Cellular Tissues the compres presents o (a) Regular tissue (b) Deformed tissue protocols four transm Fig. 12: The noise concentration with respect to varying rate, depe this sectio Ø M. Barros, S. Balasubramaniam, B. Jennings, Y. Koucheryavy, distances for a ”Transmission three layered cellularProtocols tissue. We include the SC. DR is t for Calcium-Signaling-based Molecular Communications Cellular comparison forinthe Deformable four identified types of noise: source, Time-slot (D Tissue”, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, vol. 13, September 2014 . destination, recurrent, and system. The time-slot length is 10s, rationpro different Fig. 13. Temporal analysis for the four noise types in a regular tissue. The Communic Tx concentration is 50nM , and Rx concentration is 500nM . Noise Concentration (nM)

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOL. ?, NO. ?, ?????

100 80 60 40 20

0

2

4

Distance (µm)

8

Noise Concentration (nM)

Noise Concentration (nM)

System Noise Recurrent Noise

120

0

Source Noise Destination Noise

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0

5

System Noise Recurrent Noise

120 100 80 60

2+

40 20 0

0

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Distance (µm)


time-slot length is 10 s, Rx concentration is 500 nM, and Dx is 8 µm. (a) Tx Source Noise Destination Noise

0.6

Receiver

Source


Source Destination

System Noise Reflection Noise


System Noise Reflection Noise

8

Configura Rate (DR)

Smart Organ •  Through tissue engineering we can develop various body parts • 

Tissues -> Organs (skin, bone)

•  Using nanomaterial scaffolds, we can grow cells on the scaffold into tissue •  Utilizing 3D bioprinting to develop organs •  Challenge – integration to the existing system within the body •  Integrate sensors into the tissue (Smart tissue) • 

www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk

Robert Langer (BBC, October 2013) www.explainingthefuture.com



February 28, 2012

Molecular Motor on Cytoskeleton filaments •  Molecular motor transport •  Intracellular communication •  Transfers ATP energy to movement

•  Movement of molecular motors performed over cytoskeleton track •  Cytoskeleton created from microtubles or actin filaments • 

Star and Mesh topologies

•  Molecular communication created from artificial rails created on the outside of the cells •  Currently working towards selforganisation of cytoskeleton tracks • 

Topology of tracks changes as motor moves between two tracks

A. Enomoto, M.Moore, T. Nakano, R. Egashira, T. Suda, A. Kayasuga, H. Kojima, H. Sakakibara, K. Oiwa, “A Molecular Communication System Using a Network of Cytoskeleton Filaments” Department of Communications Engineering

Reverse Kinesin Motors – NTT, DoCoMo (1) •  End-to-end model of molecular communication •  Information packed into vesicles •  Protects against changes in temperature or pH

•  Interface between cells and vesicles using gap junction •  Reverse geometry of microtubules and kinesins •  Loading of information cargo is performed using DNA hybridization/strand exchange

•  Microtuble contains a ssDNA •  As the microtubule passe the cargo, the cargo with an ssDNA complementary to that of the microtubule is selectively loaded

S. Hiyama, Y. Moritani, T. Suda, “A Biochemically-Engineered Molecular Communication Systems” ICST Nano-nets, Boston 2008. Department of Communications Engineering

Reverse Kinesin Motors – NTT, DoCoMo (2) •  Mobile phone is packed with molecular delivery system, and transports sample of users (e.g. sweat, saliva) to various chemical agents for testing

NTT Press Release – NTT DoCoMo demonstrates molecular delivery system for molecular communication (http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/2008/001391.html) Department of Communications Engineering

Bacteria Communication Nanonetworks Bacteria can hold genetic information (plasmids) Mess. 2

Mess. 1

http://nsspo.com/p1/Bacteria.htm

Bacteria can swim – possible attraction through the process of chemotaxis λRandom A

Chemoattractant B

20µm

λBiased L. C. Cobo-Rus, I. F. Akyildiz, "Bacteria-based Communication in Nanonetworks", Nano Communication Networks, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 244-256, December 2010. 28 Department of Communications Engineering

Bacterial Sensor and Actuator Nanonetworks Bacteria

Actuator Nanomachine

Sensor Nanomachine


Long term application Bacteria-based Sensor Network in the Gastrointestinal Tract Bacteria Population Bacteria Motion by Chemotaxis Nanosensor/ Actuator/ Transceiver Engineered Bacteria


Propagation of Molecular Signal

30

Challenges •  Very slow propagation (Diffusion) and unreliable •  Information encoding could be a challenge •  DNA encoded information

•  Directionality in propagation may not be easy, which will lead to complex design of protocols •  Addressing, medium access

•  Traditional communication technologies and approaches are not suitable for molecular communication •  Conventional communication networks stream large number of packets, each with limited information -> Molecular communication can stream large number of redundant packets, each with large amount of information


EM Nano Communications •  Sensor units are built from nano components •  Graphene antennas •  Energy harvesting from Zinc oxide nanowires •  Communicate at Terahertz band, and have specific properties


Akyildiz, I. F. and Jornet, J. M., "Electromagnetic Wireless Nanosensor Networks," Nano Communication Networks (Elsevier) Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-19, June 2010.

EM Nanonetworks

•  Build short-range nanonetworks (centimeters) •  Challenges: •  •  • 

Battery power (could use zinc oxide nano wires) Molecular Absorption Requires Line of Sight


Internet of Things

Environmental Sensors BAN

•  • 

Physical Interconnection of devices, objects……integrated with virtual interconnection of services A large number of these devices are MINITIARIZED devices (sensors, BAN)!!! Department of Communications Engineering

34

Body Area Networks (BAN)

•  • 

BAN consists of sensors that are placed on our body and takes various recordings (e.g. Temperature, Pressure, ECG, Sp02) Can possibly transmit these data over the Internet to remote healthcare centre (remote patient monitoring) Department of Communications Engineering

Internet of NANO Things

Environmental Sensors BAN

• 

MORE MINITIARIZED -> Interconnection of devices at Nanoscale AND connection to the wider Internet 36 Department of Communications Engineering

IoNT Architecture Services Layer Context Management layer

nanosensors

nanosensors on clothing s

Sweat

Micro-gateway

Query routing Phone surface sensors –

nanosensors nanosensors

Nano-sensors For environmental monitoring Chemicals

Microgateway

Blood Molecular nanonetworks

EM – nano communicatio n

Pathogens

Allergens 37


Internet of Bio-Nano Things

Hormones

Calcium signaling

Molecular motors Bio-Cyber Interface

Bacteria Communication

Synthetic Biology and Nanotechnology to develop Artificial Cells that act as gateways

I. F. Akyildiz, M. Pierobon, S. Balasubramaniam, Y. Koucheryavy’, ”The Internet of BioNanoThings”, IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2015 . Department of Communications Engineering

Heterogeneous Bio-Nano Things Networks • 

Challenge •  Translating information between the different Bio-Nano Things networks.

• 

Approach •  Design Artificial cells for translating between different molecule types.

Hormones

Calcium signaling

Molecular motors Bacteria Communication

Artificial cells (gateway)


Artificial cells as Gateways •  Receptors intercept the incoming molecules (e.g., autoinducers from bacteria) •  Activates Biological Circuit to synthesize outgoing molecules (e.g., hormones) Biological Circuit

Outgoing hormones Bacteria

Incoming autoinducers

Receptors Artificial cell Department of Communications Engineering

Bio-Cyber Interface: EM Nanomachine Gateway •  Approach •  Encapsulate EM nano communication unit into artificial cells •  Challenges •  EM waves must propagate through the biomembrane •  Ability to harvest energy from within the artifical cell

EM nano transmitter

Biological nanosensor


Internet of Bio-Nano Things

Hormones

Calcium signaling

Molecular motors Bio-Cyber Interface

Bacteria Communication

Synthetic Biology and Nanotechnology to develop Artificial Cells that act as gateways

I. F. Akyildiz, M. Pierobon, S. Balasubramaniam, Y. Koucheryavy’, ”The Internet of BioNanoThings”, IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2015 . Department of Communications Engineering

EM NANO COMMUNICATION UNIT Nano-Antenna

Nano-EM Transceiver

Nano-Memory Nanosensors

Nano-Processor 1 μm

2 μm Nano-Power Unit 6 μm Department of Communications Engineering

Nanowires

ULTRASOUND CHARGING FOR BIOCYBER INTERFACE Artificial cells EM Nanosensor Unit

Subcutaneous cells

Nanowires

Ultrasound waves Cycle energy log10 J

−7 −8

Cycle energy log10 J

−6 −9

0.6

0.5

0.4 50kHz 100kHz 500kHz 1MHz

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0.2

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−7−11 −12

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−10 −11

(a) 50 kHz.

−12 10

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4 5 6 Skin/Fat Depth in cm

7

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Fig. 2: Plot of Ultrasound Intensity vs Skin/Fat Depth

Cycle Energy in log10 J

Ultrasound Intensity in W/cm2

0.7

50kHz

Mobile device

−6

0.8

0.1

2

2

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−1

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−3 Student Version of MATLAB

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Area in log10 mm2

IoNT Challenges: Context Models Raw Data

Nano Sensors

Micro Sensors Temperature Pressure

Data Collection Services

Application Services Micro-

Context Inference and Deduction Context Model

Context Broker

Bio medical Gene Ontology

Smart Office Ontology

Nano Sensors

Contains User Profile

PerformingAt

EM nano Shopping Env. Smart Home

Nano-sensor Bacteria Nanonets Calcium Signaling

Contains Activity

Context Processing

BAN2

Accelerometer

MicroContext

Context

Molecular Communication BAN

Contains

LocatedAT

Location X-value Y-value Z-value

Service Directory

Medical Condition

Contains Device

Mobile Phone

Contains Nano Sensors Bio nano-sensor

Cross domain ontologies Ontologies and Knowledge base (a)

(b)

Cross domains of heterogeneous knowledge bases 45 Department of Communications Engineering

IoNT Challenges: Service Models Application Services A MicroContext

ServiceComposition”Molecular Nets” MicroContext

ServiceComposition”EM Nanonets” ContextInteraction

Data Collection Services A2

ContextInteraction MicroContext

Data Collection Services A1

EM Nanonets

Molecular Communications

•  Multitude of nanodevices and micro-gateways •  Big data from nanoscale sensors and networks •  New distributed service models (lightweight services) 46


Applications (2): Smart Cities Smart Agriculture •  Urban agriculture (hydroponics)

Smart Transport •  Electric cars (charging points) •  Pollution control Department of Communications Engineering

Smart Public Service

Smart Water •  Contamination control •  Usage control

Smart Energy •  Smart Grid •  Use of Renewable Energy (wind, solar) •  Biofuels

Smart Energy Smart and Energy Efficient Buildings •  Smart Windows (energy efficient buildings – which consume up to 30-40% of primary energy) •  Controls amount of light and heat to pass through, built through Vanadium Dioxide (thermochromatic material) nanostructures •  Solar panels built from graphene (enables doping using electric field ) -> cheaper solar panels •  Nano-particles to increase biofuel performance (algae photo-bioreactors) Wireless sensors/nano Smart Windows (EM nano comms) DEMAND Solar panels (EM nano comms)

Algae bio-reactors In Buildings (molecular comms)

Renewable + Brown energy 48


Smart Cities – glowing trees

www.nytimes.com www.newscientist.com

•  Glowing trees that replace street lamps •  Using Synthetic Biology •  Implanting genes from marine bacterium that glow into the plants

Molecular Communications used for monitoring and controlling. Department of Communications Engineering

Integrated Plant Sensors Synthetic nanosensor

Molecular Communications

Wireless Sensor Networks


FURTHER CHALLENGES •  Security •  Emergence of new forms of terrorism: Bio-cyber terrorism that utilize IoBNT •  Interacts and hacks the biological environment •  Steal personal health information •  Create new disease to disrupt legitimate BioNano Thing networks


FURTHER CHALLENGES •  Localization and tracking •  Design of Bio-Nano Things to cooperatively: •  Monitor disease locations (e.g., follow biomarkers from cancer cells) •  Identification of toxic agents within the environment


FURTHER CHALLENGES •  Interconnecting IoBNT to IoNT to IoT •  The interconnection will: •  Escalate “Big Data” to a new level •  Require new services to semantically map data from IoBNT and IoNT to IoT •  Require new service discovery required to search deep into the biological environment to collect information


Related Groups and Work •  Nano Communication Centre, Tampere University of Technology (Prof. Ian F. Akyildiz – FiDiPro at Tampere University of Technology. Formation of Nano Communication Group with Prof. Yevgeni Koucheryavy)

•  Broadband Wireless Networking Lab, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA(Prof. Ian F. Akyildiz) •  Characterization of molecular channel model; Bacteria Communication Nanonetworks; EM nano networks

•  Next Generation and Wireless Communication Laboratory, Koc University (Prof. Ozgur Akan) •  NaNoNetworking Centre in Catalunya (N3CAT) 54 Department of Communications Engineering

MUST READ!!!! I. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet, "The Internet of Nano-Things," IEEE Wireless Communication Magazine, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 58-63, December 2010. •  QUESTIONS FOR THE EXAM WILL COME FROM THIS ARTICLE AND THE SLIDES!! •  Paper will be available on the source website



February 28, 2012

What you should have learnt today… •  •  •  • 

Basics of Nanotechnology Examples of Nanomaterials and Components Examples of Nanomachines Nano Communication •  • 

Electro-magnetic Nano Communications Molecular Communications

•  Internet of Nano Things •  • 

Body Area Nanonetworks Smart Cities Applications

•  Electronic Blood HIGHLY INTER-DISCIPLINARY!!!
