A.P. MITRA National Physical Laboratory New Delhi

A.P. MITRA National Physical Laboratory New Delhi

MAJOR PROGRAMMES 1992

PADDY FIELD CAMPAIGN

ALGAS

1996-97

MAC-98

1998

INDOEX

1997/1998

NATCOM

2002-2004

ABC

CURRENT

Redefined Indo-Gangetic Plain Region 1 Pakistan

2 3 4 5

Hierarchical Steps Followed 1.

Defining Basins of both the rivers : GANGES and INDUS (with tributaries)

2.

Defining Plain : Topography, Slope, Contours

3.

Defining Alluvial Plain :

4.

Redefining with respect to

I. Administrative Boundary : District / Tehsil II. Contiguity and / or Mapability 5. Defining Biophysical settings * Climate, Soil, Vegetation, Land Use land Cover

OZONE EFFORTS EMRC SITES IMD

OZONESONDES DOBSON BREWER SURFACE

RESEARCH DELHI * INSTITUTIONS AHMEDABAD MOUNT ABU TRIVANDRUM PUNE-SINIGARH * SPECIAL SITES

HANLE DARJEELING * SUNDARBANS POET BLAIR * IIT-KHARAGPUR *

NOT YET DECIDED

ABC SITES (?)

Himalayan Chandra Telescope on Mt. Saraswati in Hanle, Ladakh

Hanle, Laddakh Observatory Observatory of

Indian Institute of Astrophysics At

Mount Sarswati Laddakh, India

Lat.: 32046’N Long.: 78057’E Alt.: 14823 feet

Campaign Measurements July, 1999 May, 2001 April, 2003 ¾ Ozone ¾ CO ¾ NOx ¾ CO2 ¾ Aerosol ¾ UV

Darjeeling Hills November, 2003

CONCEPTUAL NETWORK Pyramid Station 5034 meters

Sangdongfu 4200 meters

Altitude Gradient Kathmandu ICIMODUCSD Station

Darjeeling 2500 meters

North Bengal University, Siliguri

METHANE EFFORTS

Observational Site

Campaigns: ¾ Dec 10, 2001- Jan 4, 2002 ¾ Apr 11 – Apr 21, 2003 ¾ January 2004 Parameters: ¾ Ozone ¾ CO ¾ NOx ¾ Aerosol ¾ UV

CH4 Emissions In Tg/4

2.7

29.1

1.7 18

Myanmar

2.1 2.7

Vietnam 2.6

Jakarta

ALGAS-II

67.6 Tg

4.9

ALGAS-II / WORLD 18%

Fig 11-1 : Location and countries covered in the Tropical Asia region.

1.5

ALGAS 1990 VALUES CO2 CH4/CH4eq CH4-CO2/CO2 % Bangladesh PRC India Pakistan Philippines Thailand Vietnam USA ALGAS-II Annex-II World

34 1816 585 76 124 164 53 4521 2905 9774 26400

1.7 (36) 29 (609) 18 (378) 2.6 (55) 1.5 (32) 2.7 (57) 2.6 (55) 27 (567) 68 (1428) 65 (1365) 375 (7875)

106 34 65 72 26 35 104 13 49 14 30

Comparison of Indian GHG emissions with other countries and global emissions 1990 (million tons)

1994 (million tons)

CAGR (%) 1990-1994

2000 (million tons)

CAGR(%) 1994-2000

Fossil Fuel

536

668

5.7

950

6.02

Forestry

0.4

15

147

29

11.5

Cement

24

36

10.7

90

16.4

Total

560.4

719

6.4

1069

6.8

CH4 (CO2-Eq)

267

283.5

2.3

420

6.7

N2O (CO2-Eq)

84.0

87.0

0.3

100

2.3

911 (2.6 %)

1090 (3%)

3.9

1589 (6.6%)

6.4

India CO2

TOTAL (CO2-Eq) China***

CO2-Eq

2570

Japan!

CO2-Eq

149.2 (0.4%)

156.4 (0.42%)

1.2%

138 (0.32%)

-2%

1212 (3.45%)

1085 (2.9%)

-4.3%

1026 2.4%

0.9%

Germany!

4403 (10.3%)

USA*

CO2-Eq

*6043 (17.2%)

*6325 (17.2%)

1.0

*6816 (16%)

1.2

Global*

CO2 -Eq.

**35116

**36876

2.6

!42826

2.5

*Emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States, DOE/EIA-0573(00);: down loaded from http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/plugs/plgg2000.html ! From second national communication to the UNFCCC of the respective countries **From EDGAR 3.2 !From

IPCC, SRES scenarios, WKG-I, 2001, b2 scenario

Figures within brackets indicate % of the world emissions ***Case Study: Issues and Options in Greenhouse Emissions Control for China, Summary Report sponsored by the Chinese National Environmental Protection Agency, the State Planning Commission for China, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank.

TREND IN TOTAL METHANE EMISSION FROM INDIAN RICE PADDY FIELDS FROM 1979 TO 1999 4.200

4.000

3.900

3.800

3.700

3.600

TOTAL Methane Emission [Growth Rate: 0.0114 Tg/Y]

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

3.500 1979

TOTAL METHANE EMISSION (Tg/ Y)

4.100

CUMULATIVE METHANE EMISSIONS FROM INDIAN PADDY WATER REGIMES FROM 1979 TO 1999 4.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

Rainfed- FP

Rainfed-DP

Irrigated- CF

Irrigated- IF-SA

Irrigated- IF-MA

Deep Water

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

1983

1982

1981

1980

0 1979

TOTAL METHANE EMISSION (Tg/ Y)

4

H.P.

J&K

RAJ

Kerala

Gujarat

Others

HR

KAR

MAH

Punjab

T.N.

Assam

A.P.

Orissa

U.P.

M.P.

Bihar

W.B.

CH4 Emissions (Tg/Y)

VARIABILITY IN METHANE EMISSION FROM INDIAN STATES (Tg/Y) -1994

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00

CUMULATIVE METHANE EMISSIONS FROM PADDY WATER REGIMES IN INDIAN STATES (1994) 0.6

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

Rainfed- FP Irrigated- IF-SA

Rainfed-DP Irrigated- IF-MA

Irrigated- CF Deep Water

H.P.

J&K

RAJ

Kerala

Gujarat

Others

HR

KAR

MAH

Punjab

T.N.

Assam

A.P.

Orissa

U.P.

M.P.

Bihar

0 W.B.

Methane Emissions (Tg/Y)

0.5

CH4 e m is s ion in m illion tons

2000 Animals Agricultural residue

1.81 2.24

0.618

0.86 0.88 0.91

4

4.24

4.2 4.5 6.6 6.9 7.3

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19900 1994 Mines 0.49 0.56 0.99

Comparative CH4 emission

INDIAN CHANGING SCENARIO SPECIES/YEAR

1990

1995

2000

CO2

640

860

1040

CH4-CO2

330

420

510

RATIO (%)

52

49

49

Regional methane emissions projections (2000, 2010, 2020, 2030)

Ref: Garg et al., 2003

OZONE EFFORTS

Trace gas measurements facilities in India

Hanle CO ~ 150-600 ppbv O3 ~ 30-45 bbbv

Delhi O3- 20-100 ppbv BC- 5-25 µg/m3

O3~20-70 ppbv

Darjeeling Sundarbans CO ~ 150-650 ppbv O3 ~ 25-70 bbbv

Special Observation Sites Total Ozone : Dobson Total Ozone : Brewer Ozonesonde Ozone Surface

Port Blair CO ~ 250-700 ppbv O3 ~ 20-30 bbbv

Hanle CO ~ 150-600 ppbv O3 ~30-45 ppbv

Kathmandu

Stakana (20 km from Leh) Weekly grab sampling for GHG

New Observing Stations in India K2 Station

Delhi O3- 20-100 ppbv BC- 5-25 µg/m3 O3~20-70 ppbv

Darjeeling Sundarbans CO ~ 150-650 ppbv O3 ~ 25-70 ppbv

Port Blair CO ~ 250-700 ppbv O3 ~ 20-30 bbbv

PM2.5 Equipment Precipitation Station

80PPB

O C C U R R E N C E S O F S U R F AC E O ZO N E M O R E T H AN 8 0 P P B AT N E W D E L H I D U R IN G 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 2 180

158

160 Occurrences

140 113

120 100

112

83

80 60

39

40

25

20 0 1997

1998

1999

2000 Y e ars

2001

2002

Year 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002

Location Latitude Longitude Jan Ludhiana 30.9 75.84 Hissar 29.03 75.75 Delhi 28.4 77.22 Lucknow 26.85 80.92 Bhagalpur 25.62 86.13 Calcutta 22.57 88.36 Location Latitude Longitude Jan Ludhiana 30.9 75.84 Hissar 29.03 75.75 Delhi 28.4 77.22 Lucknow 26.85 80.92 Bhagalpur 25.62 86.13 Calcutta 22.57 88.36

Feb 52.7 43.6 43.6 45.5 50 62.3

Mar 48.2 41.2 39.4 40.8 46.6 63.1

Feb 72.6 46.9 45.9 54.7 54 60.7

Mean 49.4 39.9 40.6 42.9 49.1 60.7

Mar 51.4 47.5 42.9 50.1 52.8 60.5

48 46.4 46.4 53.1 57.6 61

Beig, IITM

50.1 41.56667 41.2 43.06667 48.56667 62.03333 Mean 57.33333 46.93333 45.06667 52.63333 54.8 60.73333

summer rainy 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

winter annual mean

Sites

Rural area

Urban area

Periurban area

Industrial and urban area

z

Referencearea

O3 concentration (ppb)

O3 concentrations in different areas in and around Varanasi city

OZONE

December

2001 (Normal rainfall)

December

2002 (Deficit rainfall)

December 2001

December 2002

CO

December

2001 (Normal rainfall)

December

2002 (Deficit rainfall)

70

Observation Model

o

Pune (18 )

60

O3 (ppb)

50 40 30 20 10 Jul'03

Sep'03

Nov'03 Jan'04 Time (Months)

Mar'04

May'04

Long term changes Ozone /decade

1

1

New Delhi

New Delhi

Kolkata

Kolkata

Mumbai

Mumbai

2

2

4

4

Chennai

Chennai

3

5

Index for States

Index for States 1. 2.

Uttar Pradesh Kerala Maharashtra

3. Tamil Nadu 4. Andhra Pradesh

3

5

5.

Figure 2a: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) for rural sector from biofuel source as obtained in this work after gridding

1. 2.



5.

Figure 2b: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) for urban sector from biofuel source as obtained in this work after gridding

8 1

1

9 New Delhi

New Delhi

6

Kolkata

Ahmedaba d

Kolkata

7 Mumbai

Mumbai

Pune

2

2

4

4 Chennai

5

3

3

5

Index for States

Index for States 1. 2.



Chennai

5.

Figure 2c: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) combined for rural and urban sectors from biofuel source obtained after gridding

1. 2. 3.

Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Tamil Nadu

4. Andhra Pradesh 5. Karnataka 6. Gujarat

7. West Bengal 8. Punjab 9. Bihar

Figure 3: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) for vehicular traffic (liquid fossil fuels) source obtained in this work after gridding

4 1

1

6 New Delhi

New Delhi

Kolkata

Kolkata

3 Mumbai

Mumbai

2

2

Chennai

5

Chennai

3

Index for States 1.

Uttar Pradesh 2. Madhya Pradesh 3. West Bengal

Figure 4: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) from coal combustion obtained in this work after gridding

Index for States 1.

Uttar Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu 5. Karnataka 2. 5: Maharashtra Punjab 6. Bihar Figure Distribution of4.CO emissions (2001) from

burning of agricultural crop residue obtained in this work after gridding

1

2 New Delhi

Kolkata 3 Mumbai

Chennai

Index for States 1. Jammu & Kashmir 2. Rajasthan 3. West Bengal

Figure 6: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) from all sources as obtained in this work after gridding

Emission Scenario for CO (1991-2001)

CO (1991)

CO Change (1991-2001)

Emission Scenario for NOx (1991-2001) NOx (1991)

NOx Change (1991-2001)

3-D Model simulated Ozone (ppbv) for July at the surface

3-D Model simulated Change (ppbv) in Ozone, CO, and NOx, from 1991 to 2001 (July) at the surface

(Beig & Brasseur, GRL, 2006)

Model Experiment-2 • Scenario-2 (India zero scenario): The emissions of for Indian geographical regions are set to zero, while for other regions they are kept as in scenario-1.

• Background level (SA-Impact) Or • Influence of anthropogenic south Asian region emissions on India.

Location

Campaign (Year/Moth)

Continuous (Month/Year)

Source of Data (UV Based measurement)

Darjeeling

July, 1999, May 2001, April 2003, September 2005

December, 2003

Dr.T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi

Port Blair

March, 2002

August, 2005


Sunderban

December 2001, January 2002, April 2003

September, 2003

Dr. T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi

Hanle

May, 1999, May 2000,July 2003

2006 (Planned)


Thumba

April 1997

Dr, P.R.Nair, Space Physics Laboratory, Trivandrum

Ahmedabad

1991

Dr. Shyam Lal, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad

Gadanki

1993


Tranquebar

1997-2000

Dr. D.B.Jadhav, India Institute of Tropical Meterology, Pune

Pune

2000

Dr. G.Beig, India Institute of Tropical Meterology, Pune

Delhi

1997

Dr.S.L.Jain, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi

Mt. Abu

1993-2000


Varanasi

2001

Dr. Madhoolika Agarwal, Banaras University, Varanasi

North East Anantapur

2002

Dr.T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi 2000

Dr. R. Reddy, Anantapur University, Aanatapur

KEY REFERENCES On CH4 1.

A.P. Mitra (Ed), Greenhouse Gas Emission in India: 1991 Methane Campaign, Centre On Global Change, National Physical Laboratory Scientific Report No. 2, June 1992

2.

Prabhat K. Gupta and A.P. Mitra, Greenhouse Gas Emission in India, ADB_ Methane Asia Campaign [MAC98], Centre On Global Change, NPL, Scientific Report No. 19, Oct 2004

3.

Sumana Bhattacharya and A.P. Mitra, A Scientific Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Centre On Global Change, NPL, Scientific Report No. 20, Dec 2004

4.

Prabhat K. Gupta, C.Sharma and A.P. Mitra, Methane Measurements from Rice Fields in India, Centre On Global Change, NPL, Scientific Report No. 21, 2004

5.

Prabhat K. Gupta et al, Reducing uncertainties in Methane Emission from Rice Cultivation in : Climate Change and India – Uncertainity Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Inventory Estimates Ed. A.P. Mitra et al, Universities Press, Delhi, 171-222, 2004

6.

Mahadeswara Swamy et al, Reduction in Uncertainities from Livestock Emissions, in : Climate Change and India- uncertainities Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Inventory Estimates, Ed A.P. Mitra et al, University Press, Delhi 223 – 243, 2004

On Ozone 1.

Mandal T.K, Beig G. and Mitra A.P., Ozone and UV Scenario over India: Climatology, Trend and Future, Centre On Global Change, NPL, Scientific Report No. 22, 2004.

2.

INDOEX Campaigns

3.

S.Lal et al, High levels of ozone and related gases over Bay of Bengal during winter and early spring of 2001, Atm.Env., 40, 1633- 1644, 2006

4.

Gufran Beig and Grey P. Brasseur, Influence of anthropogenic emissions on tropospheric ozone and its precursors over the Indian tropical region during a monsoon GRL, 33, L07808, 2006

5.

Mohit, Dalvi et al, A GIS based methodology for gridding of large scale emission inventories: Application to carbon monoxide emissions over Indian Region, Atm. Env., 2006.

Books 1.

Climate Change and India: Uncertainity Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Inventory Estimates, Ed. A.P.Mitra et al, Universities Press, 2004.

2.

Climate Change and India: Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation, Ed. P.R. Shukla et al , University Press, Delhi, 2004.

Table-13: India's Inventory for CH4 Emission from Rice Paddy Cultivation (1979-1999, Tg/Y) Years 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Methane Emission Tg/Y 3.68 3.73 3.79 3.62 3.75 3.80 3.80 3.79 3.63 3.75 3.83 3.88 3.86 3.78 3.80 4.09 3.82 3.84 3.85 3.92 3.95

Methane Emission Range 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.00 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.01 1.05 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.19 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.14

Table 14: Indian States' Methane Budget from Rice Paddy Field for the base year 1994 [Tg/Y] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

STATES W.B. Bihar M.P. U.P. Orissa A.P. Assam T.N. Punjab Maharashtra Karnataka Haryana Others Gujarat Kerala Rajasthan J&K H.P.

TOTAL Methane Emission (Tg/Y) TOTAL Methane Emission Range 0.59 0.57 0.53 0.52 0.42 0.35 0.28 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00

0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total

4.09

1.19

Table-3: State wise methane emission(Gg/yr) from Enteric fermentation

State

IPCC

CLRI

NDRI

NPL

NATCOM

ALGAS

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

AP 787.18 Arunachal 10.19 Assam 347.29 Bihar 986.35 Goa 5.10 Gujrat 486.43 Haryana 281.15 Himachal 108.74 J&K 147.84 Karnataka 642.25 Kerala 131.75 MP 1265.43 Maharastra 835.66 Manipur 26.22 Meghalaya 20.38 Mizoram 2.24 Nagaland 12.04 Orissa 506.96 Punjab 381.22 Rajasthan 868.67 Sikkim 6.22 TamilNadu 460.37 Tripura 30.07 UttarPradesh 1757.46 WestBengal 623.36 Union Territories 22.10

539.68 7.93 250.30 714.30 3.56 325.86 176.25 78.24 108.24 453.64 95.49 870.88 594.35 20.26 14.76 1.58 9.32 367.51 247.44 569.34 4.82 326.96 22.09 1174.13 448.09 14.52

735.61 9.07 295.69 866.60 4.58 446.86 251.79 100.24 130.24 575.07 104.17 1100.54 759.29 24.13 16.52 1.80 10.41 436.54 360.71 733.82 5.28 407.98 24.77 1599.36 516.64 20.60

708.42±62.54 10.84±1.06 343.26±35.69 974.69±90.51 4.69±0.48 419.72±38.31 222.37±20.78 102.59±9.77 142.00±13.67 603.35±56.89 122.52±17.66 1166.90±118.03 789.01±77.46 27.64±2.84 20.11±2.18 2.08±0.23 12.37±1.42 502.73±51.35 306.62±31.62 735.01±60.15 6.53±0.72 432.13±42.51 29.92±3.36 1542.29±146.53 618.60±61.92 17.99±1.88

661.69±174.40 9.32±1.93 297.44±66.95 856.92±209.07 4.28±1.04 398.94±105.82 216.90±60.45 93.83±22.52 126.38±28.88 544.81±132.95 107.51±21.13 1048.45±254.53 717.20±170.22 24.04±5.23 17.15±3.98 1.82±0.39 10.72±2.10 436.39±98.02 305.26±85.25 680.31±171.24 5.57±1.16 389.22±91.18 25.70±5.57 1443.39±377.50 531.20±119.19 17.78±4.90

474.90 6.81 211.88 626.24 2.99 288.89 155.95 69.31 98.73 399.10 78.95 744.73 518.66 16.55 12.38 1.36 7.90 313.70 213.02 545.99 4.18 294.05 18.69 1028.15 397.91 12.58

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

India

10752.67

7439.54 9538.30 9864.37±949.59 8972.23±2215.58 6543.60

Table-6: State wise methane emission (Gg/yr) from manure management IPCC

CLRI

NPL

AP Arunachal Assam Bihar Goa Gujrat Haryana Himachal J&K Karnataka Kerala MP Maharastra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim TamilNadu Tripura UttarPradesh WestBengal Union Territories

76.71 1.87 37.74 91.54 0.84 45.99 29.40 9.94 13.22 60.37 13.45 122.54 78.90 3.96 3.07 0.66 3.22 48.92 38.01 78.85 0.73 44.85 3.54 178.50 59.22 2.36

63.25 1.71 31.59 76.26 0.75 37.13 24.07 8.03 10.81 49.25 10.31 98.71 63.69 3.54 2.72 0.62 3.02 39.92 30.37 63.83 0.63 36.63 2.98 146.83 48.59 1.90

75.48±9.80 2.03±1.09 40.29±8.92 100.53±14.87 0.84±0.40 44.37±4.41 25.28±3.95 10.30±1.20 13.39±2.19 62.54±8.22 11.96±1.71 124.61±13 81.39±10 4.34±2 3.19±1 0.660± 3.26±2 52.74±8 32.72±2 71.48±12 0.79±0 44.56±8 3.72±1 171.20±25 63.26±11 2.10±0

India

1048.39

857.16

1047.03±153

NATCOM 67.66±11.45 1.89±0.21 36.34±5.94 89.79±15.98 0.79±0.07 39.97±6.48 23.68±2.32 9.13±1.73 12.09±1.91 55.82±9.97 11.08±1.27 112±19 72±14 4±1 3±0 1±0 3±0 47±9 30±4 66±8 1±0 40±6 3±0 156±23 57±9 2±0

946±150

Methane Emission from Livestock – 1994 (Gg/ year) Description Population NATCOM IPCC EF MM EF MM Cattle 201843 5343.43 565.87 6243.48 591.85 Dairy Indigenous Crossbred Non dairy Indigenous 0-1 yr. 1-3 yr. Adult Crossbred 0-1 yr. 1-3 yr. Adult

57019

1682.26

201.27

2622.87 302.20

51304 5715 144824 135525 25411 33424 76690 9299 3271 2748 3280

1436.51 245.75 3661.17 3451.53 228.69 768.75 2454.08 209.64 35.98 68.70 104.96

179.56 21.71 364.60 346.48 30.49 93.59 222.40 18.12 3.60 6.32 8.20

2359.98 271.91 262.89 30.29 3620.61 289.65 3388.13 271.05

232.48

18.60

Methane Emission from Livestock – 1994 (Gg/ year) Description Population NATCOM IPCC EF MM EF MM Buffalo 86059 3055.93 312.19 4733.25 404.48 Dairy 41162 2058.10 181.113 2263.91 193.46 Non dairy 0-1 yr.

44897 17935

997.83 143.48

131.077 32.28

2469.34

211.02

1-3 yr.

15090

331.98

51.31

Adult

11872

522.37

47.49

Sheep

53180

212.72

9.57

265.90

9.57

117469

469.88

21.14

587.35

21.14

Hor. & Pon. Donkeys

725 835

13.05 8.35

1.16 0.81

13.05 8.35

1.16 0.81

Camels

971

44.67

1.90

44.67

1.90

Pigs

13105

13.11

58.97

13.11

58.97

Total

474187

9161.12

Goat

EF + MM

971.63 11909.13 1089.89

10132.75

12999.02

Defining Biophysical Settings ; Vegetation

NDVI Image of SPOT sensor during Feb 21, 2005 in IGPR showing agriculturally productive zone of the region

Defining Biophysical Settings ; Climate

Av. Annual Rainfall (mm)

Rainfall distribution in Indo-Gangetic Plains 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Locations (1. W. Bengal, 2.Bihar Plateau, 3. Bihar Plains, 4. UP-East, 5. UP-West, 6. Punjab, 7. Haryana, 8. Rajasthan)

T h a n k s