Application of Constructed Wetlands on Wastewater Treatment for ...

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flow constructed. wetland(IVCW)in a recirculation system for. wastewater treatment of aquaculture pond so as. to reuse the water for aquaculture an d ...
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W J S 

Vo1 . 12 No. 6 2007 1131.1135 

W uhan Uni versi t y  Journal  of  Natur al  Sci ences 

Ar t i cl e  I D:1 007. - 1 202( 2007) 0 6. - 1   1 3   l - 05   D0I   10. 1007/ s1   1859.007. 0ll6. 7 

A ppl   i cati on of ConStrUCted W etl ands  on  W astew ater  Treatm ent  for  Aquacul ture Ponds 



LI   G u’,  

W U Zhenbi n” CHENG Shui ping’ ,



, 

0  l ntr oduct i on 

LI ANG  W ei ’ HE Feng’ FU G ui pi ng’ ZHONG Fei ’ , 。  ,





1.I nst i t ut e of  Hydr obi ol ogy,Chi nes e Academy of  Sci ences / St at e  Key 

Freshwater   aquacul t ure  i ncreased  ver y 

Labor a t or y  ofFr es hwat er   Ec ol ogy  and  Bi ot echnol ogy,W uhan  430072,Hubei ,  

r api dl y al l  over  t he worl d,es peci al l y i n  Chi na,  

Chi na;  

whi l e vol umes  of wast ewater pr oduced by 

2.Yangt ze  Ri ver   Fi s he y  I r ns t i ut t e,Chi nes e  Academy  of  Fi sher y  Sci ences,   Ji ngzhou  434000,Hubei ,Chi na;  

3.Gr a d ua t e   Uni ve r s i t y   o fCh i ne s e   Aca d e my   o f   Sc i e nc e s ,Be i j i ng   1 00 0 49,  

aquacul t ure were al so ver y huge, and t he  wast ewat er pol l ut i on has become a ver y  s eri .   OUS probl em t o natural  aquat i c ecosys t emt   .

 

Chi na  

Unt reat ed wast ewat er l ed i nto nat ural  water 

Abst r act:A  group of  cons t r uct ed  wet l ands( CWs )we r e  appl i ed  t o  t he  r eci r -  

body coul d resul t   i n seri ous  eut rophi cat i on and  i m pact  on the aquat i c ecosys tem [ 4" 6] M any 

cul at i ng aquac ul t ur e s yst em.Thi s   st u dy as sess ed  t he  per f oI Tl l n ce a  of  CW s   i n 

researches have been conducted t o t reat  t he 

t r ea t i ng  t he  aquacul t ur e  was t ewa t er ,exami ned  t he  wat er  qual i y  condi t t i on of 

was tewat er  before i t  i s  di s pl aced i nt o nat ural  

aquac ul t ur e ponds  a nd t he gr owt h a nd t he s urvi val  r at e  of“t ar get ”s peci es  

( Ict al urus  punct at us  a nd Megal obrama ambl ycephal a) .The  r es ul t s  s howed  t l 1 a t  CW s  wer e  ef f ec t i ve on r educ i ng t he concent r at i ons  of  5- day bi ochemi cal  



wat er   n d/ a or  re. used  f or  aquacul t ure.  

Cons t r uct e d  we t l and  f CW 1 ,as   an  ef f ec t i ve 

oxygen dema nd( BOD5 ,a t  70. 5%) ,t ot al  s us pended s ol i ds( TSS,a t 8  1. 9%) ,  

wast ewat er  t r eat m ent  sys t em,has  been l r gel a y 

c hl or ophyl l   a(Chl - a ,at   91. 9%) ,a mmoni um ( NH4  ,a t  61. 5%)a n d  ni ra t t e   ni ro— t   ge n  03 _ - N,a t 68. 0%) .Ef f ec t   of  Cw s  on  phos phat e( P04  - P)r emoval  wa s  

appl i ed to t he  t reat m ent  of  dom es t i c wast ewa.  

r el a t i vel y  l ower( at   20. 0%) .T h e  concent ra t i ons   of  BOD5 ,TSS,Chl - a,Nr h a nd  、 『 ,TP  i n  h e  t r eci r cul at i ng  c ul t ur e   pond  wer e  s i gni ica f nt l y  l ower   ha t n  ha t t  i n  h e  t

cont rol   pond(P< 0. 05).CWs   c oul d  hel p  t o  i ncr ea se   t ot al   yi el d.s ur vi val   r a t e   of   he“t t ar get ”s peci es   n d  a s i gni ic f nt a l y  dec re as e  f eed  conver s i on  r at i o(P< 0. O5) .  

t er, m i ne wast ewater ,l andf il l  l eachat e a n d  ground r unof f,et c[   - 9】 I t s desi gn concept i on  .

and operat i on have been proved wi del y i n ur.   ban wat er rehabi l i tat i on,domes ti c wast ewat er  

I cm l ur ¥ l S  punct at us;M e gal obrama  aml yce pnal a;w a st ew at er   t r eat ment  

t reat ment  and t he const r uct i on of ecol ogi cal   housi n2 di st ri ct[ 1 0, 1 1 ] But  unt i l  nOw t he i nves.  

CLC  num ber:X  71 4 

t i gat i on  of  wast ewat er   t reatment   by  const ructed 

Recei ved  date:2007.05  13 

wetl and connect ed wi t h aquacul t ure ponds i s  st i l l   nOt   enough[  -   引

Key wor ds:cons t uct r ed we t l a nds ( CW s ) ;r eci r c ul a t i on aquacul t ur e s ys t em:  

Foundati on  i tem :Support ed  by t he Nat i onal  Hi gh Technol ogy Research  and  Devel opment  





 

The st udy was  des i gned t o i nves t i gat e t he 

Pr og r a m  ofCh i na( 863  P r og r a m)( 200 2AA601   l   50 ) ,t he   Knowl e dg e   I nno vat i o n  Pr og ra m  Ke y   Pr o j e c t   ofChi ne s e   Ac ad e my   ofSc i e nc e( KSCX2- SW- l 02)an d  Ope n   Pr oj ec t   ofKe y  La bo r a-   t of y   ofTr e u t men t , Chi ne s e   Ac a de my   o fFi s he r y  Sc i e nc e s( 2003- 0   1 )   Bi ogr aphy:LI   Gu( 1 965 - ) ,P h  D.c a nd i da t e,As s oc i a t e   p r of e s s or   ofYan gt z e   Ri ve r   Fi s h er y 

ef fect  of i ntegrat ed ver ti ca1 . low const f u cted  r

I nst i t ut  of  Chi nese Academy of  Fi sher y  Sci ences,resear ch di r ect i on:envi ronment al  bi ol ogy 

was tewat er   t reat ment  of  aquacul t ure  pond  so as 

and  aquacul t ure.E mai l:l i gu@yf i. ac. cn 

十T0   wh om  c or r e s po nde nc e   s houl d   be   ad dr es s e d.E  mai l :wuz b@ i hb. a c. c n  

we t l and ( I VCW )i n a r e ci r c ul a t i on s ys t em f or   t o reuse t he wat er f or  aquacul u re a t n d reduce 

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t he  di schar ge of  nut ri ent s  i nt o  nat ural   wat er  body 

Duri ng  t he f irs t   peri od,wat er   f rom  reser voi r  pond  passed  CW  and f il l ed up t he pond.Duri ng t he second peri od,  

Mat er i al s  and  M et hods 

was t e wa t e r   rom  f P  1( a bout   20% of   t he   t ot al   vol ume)a nd   pond 3 fabout  1   0%)were  t reat ed by CW   everyday.Dur—  

1. 1   structure of the Reci r cul ati on Aquacul ture 

Syst em ( RAS)  

i ng   t he   t hi r d  per i od,was t ewat e r   f r om  pond  1( about   30%)   a nd  pond  3( a bout  1 0%)we r e  t r ea t ed  by  CW e ve r yda y.  

The  r e ci r cul a t i ng  aquac ul t ur e  s ys t em f RAS)con.  

Dur i ng  t he   f our th  per i od,wa s t e wa t e r   rom  f po nd  1( a bout  

s i s t e d  of   CW s ,aqua cul t re u   ponds  a nd  t he  di t ch( Fi g. 1 ) .   Among t hem .t he medi um scal e i nt egr at ed vert i ca1  f low 

30%) ,po nd  2( a bout  1   0%)a nd  pond  3( a bout  1   0%)we r e   t r e at e d  by  CW.The   hydr aul i c  r e t e nt i on  t i me( HRT)wa s  

c ons t r uct e d wet l a nd  uni t s ( I VCW )  x   WxH: 1 0. 0  mx8  

0. 58—1. 44 days and t he mean hyd r aul i c l oadi ng rat e wa s 

m x  1. 1  m 、were desi gnedt 1   5 j The cel l s  were f il l ed by 

0. 3 m ・d .  



gr avel s(  1 ・1 6  mm) ;Canna i ndi ca  wa s  pl ant ed  i n  t he   down. f l ow  cel l   and  Ty pha   l at fol i a.Acr or us   cal ami l s   a nd  Agrave  si sal ana i n  t he  up・ low  f cel l ,res pect i vel y.  

The ef nuent  of t he const ruct ed wetl ands  w as 

di s char ged  i nt o  eac h  pond  t hr ough t he  di t ch ( Lx   WxH  : 60 mxO. 5   mxO. 25  m,t he  downgr ade  l es s   t han  3%0 )  

Four aquacul t ure ponds  wer e used i n t hi s  st udy 

and  wast ewater f rom f ish-st ocki ng ponds  was  pum ped 

( Fi g. 1 ) .Pond  1  i s  1 60  m a nd  pond  2,po nd  3,pond  4  a r e  

i nt o t he wetl ands  by submerged pumps,and t hen t he 

200 m f or  each.A l l  t he four  ponds are 1. 2 m i n wat er 

ef l uent  f rom CW  were ret urned i nt o ponds  t hrough 

dept h.The wal l  hei ght  i s 0. 1   5m above t he ground t o 

t he di t ch. Som e cobbl estones were all ocated i n t he 

pr event  t he i nf low of  t he s urface wat er.OBe 25  kW / h 

di t ch f or   aerati on.  

wat er  pum p was  set  on one  si de of  t he pond and on t he 

1. 2  Fi sh Stocki ng 

ot her si de was  t he i nl et  of reci rcul at i on wat er f Fi g.1   1.   Before t he experi ment, t he si l t s  i n t he ponds  wer e 

Cha nnel  ca r p( I ct al ur us   pi lnct at ls)and i  Chi nes e   bl unt s nout   br e am ( Me gal obr ama  ambl yce phal a)t r e at ed 

cl eaned  and s t er i l i zed  by  cal ci um  oxi de.  

as“target”spec  i es  were s tocked i n pond  3 and pond 4.  

The  I VCW s   were  operat ed  under   di ff erent   hydraul i c 

Si l ve r  car p( Hy po pht hal mi c ht h ys  mol i t r i x( Cuvi e r  e t  

l oadi ng  dur i ng  f our   cont i nuous   pe r i ods( Ta bl e   1 ) ,a nd   t he   wast ewater  f rom pond 1. 3 wer e t reat ed by CW  as  de.  

Val e nc i e nne s )a nd  bl ac k ca r p( Myl o ph ar yngodon   pi c eus   ( Ri c ha r ds o n) )t r e a t ed  as‘ ' j a ni t or ”s pe ci e s  we r e  a l s o   us e d 

scri bed i n Tabl e  1.and pond  4 was  used as  cont rol  f or  

as  mul ti .cul tur e,f or  whi ch t he det ai l s  were l i st ed i n 

cont rast. i n whi ch t he wat er was  not  reci rcul ated.  

Tabl e  2.Ther e  were  t hree   ponds  i n  t hi s   experi m ent al   RAS.  

【  

]  

。 

/ /厂、.  .  

、.  

V a  

pond 5 

pond4 

【  

{ { ,   b  

a 

pond  2 

n【 p n ) n I l f Q   I  l  

]  

\&/‘   I     I S  ●   l s   f  

pond 3 

。   I n l e t   I n l e t  

/。  

一 

◇//  ] I  

◇ 

T 

◇// 

T 

Fi g. 1   Schem at i c   di agr am   of   t he  r eci r cul at i on  aquacul t ur e  s ys t em   pond 1—4: t he  cul t ur e  ponds ;pond 5 r eservoi r   pond  W a.W b: t wo set s  ofpar al l el   wet l ands;s: sam pl i ng  si t e 

Tabl e   1   Operat i on  and  hydraul i c   l oadi ng  rat e( HLR)of  I VCW s   dur i ng  t he   experi ment   i n  2004 

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Tabl e  2   Fi s h  s t ocki ng  i n  t he   reci rc ul at i ng  pond  and  contr ol   pond 

15)  

But   i n  t hi s   pape r ,o nl y  s t oc k  co ndi t i ons   of   po nd  3( r e cy-  

t er   t empe r a t re u ,pH a nd  di s s ol ved  oxyge n( DO)a t   s am-  

c l i ng  pond)a nd  po nd  4( c ont r ol   pond  f or  c ont r a s t )we r e  

pi i ng si t es  were moni t ored.Al l  t he anal yt i cal  m easu r e.  

chosen t o be repor ted.Thi s  was  m ai nl y because t hat  t he 

m ent s  were  car ri ed  out   accordi ng  t o  St andard  M et hodsI  …

. 

s i t uat i on of  ish st f ocki ng i n  t he t wo ponds  was  si mi l ar  so 

Tes t s f or  si gni icant f  di ff erence i n wat er  qual i t y  be.  

t hat  compa ri son and i nvest i gat i on of t he r el at ed wat er 

t ween  i nf luent   and  e用 uent   of  t he wet l and uni t .and such 

propert y  par amet er s  and  growi ng  ef i ci ency  were  f easi bl e.  

t est s  i n pond wat er  qual i t y  and f ish gr owth bet ween t he 

The cul t ured f ish were i nt roduced i nt o pond 3 and 

RAS and t he cont r ol  were det ermi ned by t - t est. Al l  st a.  

pond 4 on M ay 20,2004,and t he f ish were f ed wi t h 

t i st i cal  anal yses  were perfor m ed usi ng STATISTI CA 

c ommer c i al   pel l e t s( Q/ WTWO   1 ,TONGWEI   CO. ,LTD. )  

( St at Sof i  I nc.1 9951 .  

cont ai ni ng 32% crude prot ei n.2% crude fat.3% cel l u.   1 ose.1   7% ash.and 1   1% wat er.Fi sh  were  hand. e d  f t wi ce 

2  Resul t s 

a   day( 08: 00  and 1 6: 001   a t   about   3%. 5 % ofbody  we i ght   and  adj us t ed  acco r di ng  t o  dai l y  f ood i nt ake.Dur i ng  t he  

2. 1  Efect   of  l VCW   on W astew ater  Treat m ent  

experi ment ,1   5 f ish f rom each pond wer e sampl ed,and 

The eff e ct  of I VCW  on wast ewat er  t reat m ent  was  

body wei ght  and l engt h wer e measured each mont h.At  

shown  i n Tabl e 3.Al mos t   al l  t he anal yzed  par ameters  of 

t he end of  t he experi ment .al l  t he f ish wer e count ed.1   5 

wat er  qual i t y of  t he efnuent   Of  I VCW  wer e s i gni icant f l y 

ish f f rom each pond were sampl ed and measured f or  

l ower  t han t hat  of  t he i nf luent  f   P< 0. 05  1.The rem oval  

body wei ght  and l engt h.I n each pond,a 0. 5 kW  ai r  

rat es of  pol l ut ant s  ranged f rom 20. 0% and 9  1. 9% and r e.  

com pressors  was  used f or  aerat i on,which was  t ur ned on 

m oval  capaci t y was  bet ween 0. 003 and 8. 40 g・m  ・d .  

when  wat er  di ssol ved  oxygen  was  l ower   t han  3. 0  mg/ L.  

Among  them .removal  rat es of  C , 。 a.TSS and  TP were 

1. 3  W at er  Sam pl i ng and Dat a  Anal ysi s 

9  1. 9% .8  1. 9% and 80.1% .r especti vel y.The con cent ra.  

The  exper i ment  l as t ed  232  da ys( rom M a f y 20  t o 

ti ons  of  BOD ,TSS and  N H4  i n t he e用 uent  of I VCW  

November  6.2004) .舫 t e r  s ampl es  wer e  t aken bi .  

ca n mee t  t he s t anda rd  f or  W at e r  Oual i t y St andar d f or  

weekl y f rom each f ish pond.i. e.t he i nf luent  and ef -  

Fi s her i es   Wat e r   Oual i t y  f GB  l1   607. 89)   .I t   s howe d  t hat  

luent f  of  t he CW s.Sampl i ng  si t es  were shown i n  Fi g.1.  

CW   coul d  ef fect i vel y  puri   t he  aquacul t ure  wast ewat er.  

Al l  sampl es were anal yzed f o r t ot al  suspended s ol i ds  

2. 2  W at er   Qual i t y  i n  Fi sh  Ponds 

( TSS)a nd  c hl or ophyl l   a( Chl - a) .The   il f t r at es   l ef t  by  f i l -  

The wat er qual i t y i n t he ponds Of  RA S and  cont rol  

t eri ng wat er sampl es  t hrough gl ass.f iber  f il t ers  were 

was summar i zed i n Tabl e 4.The val ue of BODs,TSS,  

measu r ed f or  BODs ,ammoni um ,ni t r i t e ni t rogen,ni t rat e 

C , .a,NH4  ,丁N and TP was  6. 2,1   7. 6,1   8. 2,0. 56,2. 07,  

ni t r oge n,and  or tho- phos phat e   phos phor us( PO4  一 P) .Wa -  

0. 1   8   mg・L i n  pond   3( re t at ed  by  r vcw) .r es pe ct i vel y;  

Tabl e  3  Pur i f i cat i on  efect s   of  t he   I VCW s   f , z :17)  

a, b   i nd i ca t e d  t he r e   wer e   s i gni ica f nt   d i f f er e nce s   be t we en   t wo   g r ou ps   <0. 05 )  

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whi l e t he correspondi ng val ues  wer e 12. 0,34. 9,43. 4。  

0. 82,3. 22,0. 32  mg・L—i n  pond  4( t he   cont r o1 ) ,r e s pe c-  

i n pond 3 was  si gni icant f l y hi gher  t han t h at  i n pond 4 

<0. 05) .The s e   r es ul t s   i ndi c at e d  hat t   he  t wat e r   qua l i t y  of  

t i vel y.There was si gni icant f  di ff erence bet ween t he 

h e  t cul t ure  pond  i n  RAS  can  be  cont rol l ed  efect i vel y.  

gr oups   <0. 05 ) ,but   t he r e   was   no   si gni ic f ant   di fe r ence  

2. 3  Fi sh Growth Per form ance 

i n t emperature. DO.PH and t he cOncent rat i Ons Of 

As shown i n Tabl e 5,t he survi val  rates  of  channel  

NO2" - N,NO3 " - N,PO4  ̄- _ P  >005 ) .Wa t er  t rans par ency 

cat is f h  and  Chi nese  bl unt snout   bream i n  h e  t r eci rcul at i ng 



Tabl e  4  W at er   qual i t i es   i n  t he  rec i rcul at i ng  pond( Pond  31  

and  cont r ol(Pond  4)( mean: t : SE,n=l7)  

pond were 97. 2% and 98. 8% .respect i vel y;whi l e t h os e  i n  t he cont rol   pond  were 90. 6% a n d  7  1. 9% .res pect i vel y.   The mean body wei ght  of channel  cat ish was f  498. 5 g  and  503. 0 g i n  pond  3 and  pond  4,r espect i vel y,a n d  h ose  t of  Chi nese bl unt snout  bream were 544. 5 g and  506. 5 g,   res pect i vel y.  

The speci ic gr f owt h rat es of channel  cat ish a f n d  Chi nes e  bl unts nout   br eam were 0. 43,0. 43 i n  pond  3,a n d 

0. 40,0. 26 i n pond 4,respect i vel y.There was obvi ous  di fer ence f or al l  grow t h paramet ers  about  Chi nese 

bl unt snout   bream  bet ween  t he  t wo  cul t ure  ponds.  

As   f a r   as   t he   t ot al   c ul t ur e   e fec t   wa s   conce r ned( s ee   Ta bl e  6) ,t ot a l   pr oduct i on  i n   pond  3  a n d  pond  4  a r e  1. 2  kg ・m  and  0. 76  kg ・m~.r especti vel y.Feed  conversi on 

rat i os of  t he t w o ponds  were 1. 43 and 2. 22.T h e resul t s  showed  t he  cul t ure  efect   i n  pond  3  was   much  bet t er  ha t n  a 'b   i ndi c a t e d   t he r e   wer e   s i gni ica f nt   di fe r e nc es   be t we e n  w o  t g r ou ps   <O. 05)  

t hati npond4.  

Tabl e  5 “Target ”s peci es   growt h  perf ormance  i n  Pond  3  and  Pond  4(mean: I : SE)  

ght A:Cha nnel   c at is f h,B:chj nes e   bl u nt s nout   br ea m;Spe ci lcg f ro wt h   r a t e( SRG): — I n( inalbodyw ei f ) -























n( I ti alb o dyw ei i ni ht g )×1 0 0%  —

















Oays  

Tabl e  6  Tot al   cul t ure  efecti nPond  3  and Pond  4 

Food   co nve r s i on   at r i o( FCR)-t ot a l   f e d  e c ons umpt i o n/ t ot a l   we i ht g   gai n 

BOD5  were obt ai ned.T h e efect s on wast ewat er  t r eat - 

3  Di scussi on 

ment  f or aquacul t ure ponds were much beter  ha t n  t h at   panel l a r epor t ed【  J .and t h e di ff erence i n t h e removal  

I n a reci r cul at i ng aquacul t ure syst em,was tewat er  

performance bet w een wet l n d sys a tems m i ght  be due t o 

reat t m ent   uni t s usual l y r equi re l ow HRT  t o achi eve hi gh 

t he  di fer ence  be we t en oper at i on condi t i ons( i nc l udi ng 

percentage of wat er  recycl i ng t o r api dl y rem ove t oxi c  pol l ut nt a s  and mai nt ai n an appr opri at e wat er  qual i t y.I n 

HLR and i nf lue nt  conce nt r a t i on)or  pol l ut ant  l oa di ng  r a t es( def ine d  as  HLR  mul t i pl i ed  by  i nf lue nt   c onc ent r a-  

t he present  st udy。 i t  was f o und out  t hat  aquacul t ure 

t i on、 【 1 0 , 1 2, 1 3 】 . 

wast ewat er  coul d be t reat ed by t he i nt egr at ed ver t i cal  

Here.t he r emoval  rat e of t ot al  i norgani c ni rogen  t

c ons t r uct e d we t l ands( I VCWs )a t  a s hor t  HRT ( me an  va l ue  0. 3  day) ,hi gh  HLR( me an  val ue   0. 3  m ・d 1  a nd 

wa s   l ow ( 0. 19   g・m~・d ) ,whi ch  c oul d  be   due   t o  l ow  TI N  l oa di ng  r a t e( 0. 29   g・m一・d1) .At   l ow  l oa di ng  r at e ,  

hi   er r emoval  rat es of suspended sol i ds,NH4  a n d 

pl nt a  stor a ge and bact eri al  ni t r i icat f i on.deni t ri icat f i on 

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mi ght  be cont ri but ed t o t he rem oval  of  ni t r ogenL   .The 

removal  rat e of TSS was  hi gher f5. 28 g ・m  ・d 1  at  

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口 

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