most popular among them being WebCT, eCollege, Desire2Learn and Blackboard. But it is also possible to find high quality open source platforms like Moodle, Sakai, ..... 2. An example of a theoretical multiple choice question (Unit: Friction).
#RRN[KPI0GY'FWECVKQPCN/GVJQFQNQIKGU KP1XGTETQYFGF)TQWRU 'ZRGTKGPEGUKP$CUKE/GEJCPKEU
:
#RRN[KPI0GY'FWECVKQPCN/GVJQFQNQIKGU KP1XGTETQYFGF)TQWRU 'ZRGTKGPEGU KP$CUKE/GEJCPKEU
0DUWD&0RUD$JXLODU-/6DQFKR%UXDQG-/,VHUWH9LODU 8QLYHUVLWDW-DXPH, 6SDLQ
+PVTQFWEVKQP
%\ (XURSHDQ XQLYHUVLWLHV ZLOO KDYH DGDSWHG WKHLU GHJUHHV WR WKH QHZ GLUHFWLYHV UHTXLUHGE\WKH%RORJQDSURFHVVLQWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ$UHD7KH SURSRVHG HGXFDWLRQDO PRGHO LV EDVHG RQ WKH VWXGHQW ZRUNORDG UHTXLUHG WR DFKLHYH WKH REMHFWLYHV RI D SURJUDPPH ² REMHFWLYHV VSHFLILHG LQ WHUPV RI OHDUQLQJ RXWFRPHV DQG FRPSHWHQFHV WR EH DFTXLUHG 7KH UROH RI VWXGHQWV EHFRPHV PRUH LPSRUWDQW LQ WKH OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV $FWLYH VWXGHQW SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LV SURPRWHG DORQJ ZLWK IRUPDWLYH DQG FRQWLQXRXV DVVHVVPHQW +RZHYHU WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKHVH GLUHFWLYHV HQWDLOV D UHRULHQWDWLRQ RI PRVW HQJLQHHULQJ VWXGLHVLQ6SDLQZKLFKLVGLIILFXOWWRFDUU\RXWLQSUDFWLFHEHFDXVHRIWKHSDUWLFXODUIHDWXUHV RI 6SDQLVK KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ 7RYDU &DUGHx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
#FXCPEGUKP6GEJPQNQI['FWECVKQPCPF&GXGNQROGPV
7KHPRGLILFDWLRQVKDYHEHHQJUDGXDOO\LQWURGXFHGLQWKHVXEMHFWZLWKWKHDLPRIFRPSDULQJ UHVXOWVDQGGUDZLQJJHQHUDOFRQFOXVLRQVWKDWDUHGLVFXVVHGDWWKHHQGRIWKHFKDSWHU7KHVH FRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHH[WUDSRODWHGWRRWKHUHQJLQHHULQJGLVFLSOLQHVZLWKVLPLODUSUREOHPV
6JG'WTQRGCP*KIJGT'FWECVKQP#TGC '*'#
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²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
*KIJGTGFWECVKQPKP5RCKP 6JGECUGQHVJG/GEJCPKEUOCLQT
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
#RRN[KPI0GY'FWECVKQPCN/GVJQFQNQIKGU KP1XGTETQYFGF)TQWRU 'ZRGTKGPEGUKP$CUKE/GEJCPKEU
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²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
#FXCPEGUKP6GEJPQNQI['FWECVKQPCPF&GXGNQROGPV
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·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
#RRN[KPI0GY'FWECVKQPCN/GVJQFQNQIKGU KP1XGTETQYFGF)TQWRU 'ZRGTKGPEGUKP$CUKE/GEJCPKEU
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· ZRUNORDGV %XW HYHQ LQ WKLV ILHOG WKHUH DUH GLIILFXOWLHV EHFDXVHRIWKHVLWXDWLRQH[SODLQHGDERYH
0GY6TGPFUKP'FWECVKQP G.GCTPKPI
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
#FXCPEGUKP6GEJPQNQI['FWECVKQPCPF&GXGNQROGPV
FRPPRQO\ LPSOLHV GLVWDQFH HGXFDWLRQ DV RSSRVHG WR IDFHWRIDFH HGXFDWLRQ DQG PRUH SUHFLVHO\OHDUQLQJWHDFKLQJPHWKRGVWKDWXVHZHEEDVHGVHUYLFHVYLDWKH,QWHUQHW ,W LV HDV\ WR ILQG D FORVH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH HQRUPRXV LQFUHDVH LQ GLVWDQFH OHDUQLQJ FRXUVHVWKDWKDYHDSSHDUHGGXULQJWKHODVWIHZ\HDUVDQGWKHSRSXODUL]DWLRQRIWKH,QWHUQHW $ORQJ WKHVH OLQHV HYHQ WKH QDPH RI WKHVH FRXUVHV KDV WXUQHG LQWR RQOLQH FRXUVHV %XW WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ HOHDUQLQJ DQG WKH ,QWHUQHW JRHV IDU EH\RQG WKLV ,I WKH WHUP :HE 2·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« 7KLV LQWHJUDWLRQ SURFHVV LV EHLQJ VWXGLHG QRZDGD\V DQG D GHHS PHWKRGRORJLFDO DQG SHGDJRJLFDO DQDO\VLV LV VWLOO QHFHVVDU\ .HOO\ HW DO %DUQDUG HW DO %XW ZKDW VHHPV FOHDU LV WKDW PDQ\ FDPSXVEDVHG KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ LQVWLWXWLRQV DUH DGRSWLQJ EOHQGHG OHDUQLQJ DSSURDFKHV WR D VLJQLILFDQW GHJUHH DQG PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\ WKLV SURFHVV FDQ EH FDUULHG RXW PDLQWDLQLQJ FRQVLVWHQF\ ZLWK WKH YDOXHV RI WUDGLWLRQDOKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQLQVWLWXWLRQV *DUULVRQ
#RRN[KPI0GY'FWECVKQPCN/GVJQFQNQIKGU KP1XGTETQYFGF)TQWRU 'ZRGTKGPEGUKP$CUKE/GEJCPKEU
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·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
#/GVJQFQNQIKECN2TQRQUCNHQT1XGTETQYFGF)TQWRU
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
(KTUVUVCIG #FCRVKPI%QPVGPVCPF#UUGUUOGPV 7KHILUVWVWHSLQRUGHUWRDGDSWWKHVXEMHFWWRWKH%RORJQDGLUHFWLYHVFRQVLVWHGRIHVWDEOLVKLQJ WKHWHDFKLQJREMHFWLYHVIRUWKHDFDGHPLF\HDUZKLFKZHUHWKHIROORZLQJ
#FXCPEGUKP6GEJPQNQI['FWECVKQPCPF&GXGNQROGPV
7RGUDZXSWKHDFDGHPLFSURJUDPLQWHUPVRIVNLOODQGOHDUQLQJRXWFRPHV7KLVLPSOLHG GHILQLQJWKHGLIIHUHQWWDVNVWKDWFDQEHSHUIRUPHGE\DPHFKDQLFDOHQJLQHHUDQGUHYLHZLQJ WKHVXEMHFWSURJUDPLQRUGHUWRDGMXVWLWWRWKHQHZUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGWKHDOORWWHGWLPH 7R SODQ FRQWHQW FODVVHV LQ GHWDLO VR WKDW WKH OHFWXUHU FRXOG FKHFN ZKHWKHU WKH WLPH PDQDJHPHQWZDVUHDOLVWLF 7RDGDSWWKHDVVHVVPHQWV\VWHPZLWKWKHDLPRIHQFRXUDJLQJWKHVWXGHQWVWRVWXG\WKH VXEMHFW HYHU\ GD\ DQG LQFUHDVLQJ WKHLU PRWLYDWLRQ E\ PDNLQJ WKH VXEMHFW DFKLHYDEOH DQG FORVHWRWKHP 7R VWXG\ WKH VWUDWHJLHV DQG PHWKRGRORJLHV WKDW EHVW VXLWHG WKH VXEMHFW ZLWK UHJDUG WR WKHFRQVWUDLQWVPHQWLRQHGDERYH ,QRUGHUWRDFFRPSOLVKWKHVHREMHFWLYHVGLIIHUHQWWDVNVZHUHSHUIRUPHGDQGWKHUHVXOWVDUH GHWDLOHGEHORZ %HIRUHDPHQGLQJWKHSURJUDPDQHIIRUWZDVPDGHWRFRQWH[WXDOL]HWKHVXEMHFWLQWKHGHJUHH ,Q WKLV VHQVH DQ DQDO\VLV RI WKH SURIHVVLRQDO EDFNJURXQG UHODWHG WR WKH GHJUHH ZDV FRQGXFWHG $V D UHVXOW D OLVW RI JHQHUDO DQG VSHFLILF REMHFWLYHV OHDUQLQJ RXWFRPHV ZDV SURGXFHGDQGWKRVHUHODWHGWRWKH0HFKDQLFVVXEMHFWZHUHH[WUDFWHG %HVLGHV VHWWLQJ JRDOV UHODWHG WR FRQWHQW ZH H[DPLQHG WKH VNLOOV DQG DWWLWXGHV HVVHQWLDO IRU DQ\ HQJLQHHULQJ ZRUN UHDOLVLQJ WKDW WKH VXEMHFW VKRXOG VWUHVV WKHLU GHYHORSPHQW 6RPH RI WKH EDVLF VNLOOV GHYHORSHG ZHUH SUREOHPVROYLQJ DELOLW\ DEVWUDFWLRQ FDSDFLW\ DXWRQRP\ LQ OHDUQLQJDQGDGDSWDWLRQWRQHZVLWXDWLRQV5HVSRQVLEOHDWWLWXGHVDOVRKDGWREHSURPRWHGDV ZHOODVFULWLFDOWKLQNLQJDQGUHVSHFWIRUWKHUXOHVRIXVHDQGPDLQWHQDQFHRIHTXLSPHQWDQG ZRUNLQJWRROV 2QFH WKH JRDOV ZHUH FOHDUO\ HVWDEOLVKHG ZH DQDO\VHG WKH H[LVWLQJ VXEMHFW SURJUDP DQG PHWKRGRORJ\DVZHOODVWKHDJHQGDVDQGPHWKRGRORJLHVRIWKHSUHYLRXVDQGUHODWHGVXEMHFWV ,Q SDUWLFXODU ZH UHYLHZHG WKH FXUULFXOXP RI VXEMHFWV VXFK DV 3K\VLFDO )RXQGDWLRQV RI (QJLQHHULQJ DQG 0DWKHPDWLFDO )RXQGDWLRQV RI (QJLQHHULQJ DQG QRWHG WKDW WUDGLWLRQDOO\ VRPH FRQFHSWV DOUHDG\ FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH 3K\VLFV VXEMHFW ZHUH EHLQJ WDXJKW DJDLQ LQ 0HFKDQLFV $V D UHVXOW VRPH PRGLILFDWLRQV RI WKH VXEMHFW ZHUH PDGH 6SHFLILFDOO\ ZH JURXSHGVRPHLWHPVFKDQJHGVRPHODERUDWRU\VHVVLRQVDQGUHPRYHGVHYHUDOVHFWLRQVZKLFK GHDOWZLWKLVVXHVDOUHDG\VWXGLHGLQSUHYLRXVVXEMHFWVRUFRQVLGHUHGWREHOHVVLPSRUWDQWIRU WKHIXWXUHSURIHVVLRQDOGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVWXGHQWV7KHVHUHGXFWLRQVDOORZHGXVWRJRLQWR JUHDWHUGHSWKLQWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWVRIWKHVXEMHFW $GDSWDWLRQRIHYDOXDWLRQDQGDVVHVVPHQW 7HDFKLQJ GRHV QRW FRQVLVW LQ VLPSO\ IROORZLQJ D VHW RI UXOHV RU DSSO\LQJ D SDUWLFXODU WHFKQLTXHEXWUHTXLUHVWKLQNLQJDERXWKRZWRHQJDJHWKHVWXGHQWVLQWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVV DQGWKLVLVRQO\SRVVLEOHWKURXJKUHQHZLQJWHDFKLQJPHWKRGRORJLHV ,QWKLVVHQVHWKHDVVHVVPHQWSURFHVVRFFXSLHVDFHQWUDOUROHLQWHDFKLQJEHFDXVHLWKHOSVWR HQVXUH DQG YHULI\ WKH TXDQWLW\ DQG SDUWLFXODUO\ WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV 7KH SURFHVVVKRXOGEHFOHDUDQGNQRZQE\WKHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHZHLJKWJLYHQWRHDFKDVVHVVPHQW HOHPHQWVKRXOGSURYLGHWKHVWXGHQWZLWKDQLGHDRIZKLFKREMHFWLYHVDQGFRQWHQWVDUHPRVW LPSRUWDQW 7KHDVVHVVPHQWV\VWHPZDVSDUWLDOO\PRGLILHGLQRUGHUWRHQFRXUDJHVWXGHQWVWRVWXG\WKH VXEMHFWHYHU\GD\DQGLQFUHDVHWKHLUPRWLYDWLRQE\PDNLQJWKHVXEMHFWDFKLHYDEOHDQGFORVH WRWKHP 7KHPRGLILFDWLRQRIWKHDVVHVVPHQWWKHUHIRUHKDGDWKUHHIROGSXUSRVH
#RRN[KPI0GY'FWECVKQPCN/GVJQFQNQIKGU KP1XGTETQYFGF)TQWRU 'ZRGTKGPEGUKP$CUKE/GEJCPKEU
7RVSXUWKHVWXGHQWVRQWRJUHDWHUHIIRUWVEULQJLQJWKHVXEMHFWFORVHUWRWKHPDQGOLQNLQJ LWVFRQWHQWVWRWKHNQRZOHGJHWKH\DOUHDG\KDG 7RHQFRXUDJHSXSLOVWRORVHWKHLUIHDURIWKHVXEMHFWDQGWRVLWWKHH[DPLQDWLRQ 7RDGDSWWKHDVVHVVPHQWWRWKHQHZSURJUDPHVWDEOLVKHG 7KUHH W\SHV RI DVVHVVPHQW ZHUH XVHG LQ RUGHU WR DFKLHYH WKH DERYH JRDOV 7KH ILUVW RQH ² GLDJQRVWLFDVVHVVPHQWRUSUHDVVHVVPHQW²SURYLGHVWKHLQVWUXFWRUZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQDERXW VWXGHQWV· SULRU NQRZOHGJH DQG PLVFRQFHSWLRQV EHIRUH EHJLQQLQJ WKH VXEMHFW 7KH VHFRQG RQH WKH IRUPDWLYH DVVHVVPHQW WDNHV SODFH GXULQJ WKH OHDUQLQJ DFWLYLW\ DQG SURYLGHV WKH LQVWUXFWRUZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQRQKRZZHOOWKHOHDUQLQJREMHFWLYHVRIDJLYHQDFWLYLW\DUHEHLQJ PHW7KHODVWRQHWKHILQDORUVXPPDWLYHDVVHVVPHQWVXPPDUL]HVOHDUQHUV·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
)RUPDWLYH DVVHVVPHQW
6XPPDWLYH DVVHVVPHQW
,7,1(5$5
