Arabic and English Loan Words in Bahasa Prof. Reima Al-Jarf J King Saud University
[email protected] Website: http:// http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/aljarf faculty.ksu.edu.sa/aljarf
SEALS Conference. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. May 28-29, 2009.
Loan Words in Bahasa Loan words in Bahasa Malaysia & Indonesia come from 10 donor languages: o Sanskrit, S k it A Arabic, bi P Persian, i Hi Hindi, di T Tamil, il Chi Chinese, P Portuguese, t D Dutch, t h E English li h , Japanese and others.
Data Collection z English and Arabic loan words in Bahasa were collected by the author from
movie subtitles, street signs and newspaper headlines. z List of loan words in “Jones, Russel (Ed.). (2007). Loan-words in Indonesian
and Malay. Leiden: KITLV Press”. Press .
٢
The Bahasa Sound System y
z There are four digraphs: ng (eng), ny (nye), kh (kha) and sy (sya). The final two
only appear in words of Arabic origin. z The letters q, v, x, and z are used in loanwords from Europe and India. z Indonesian suffix can form a noun; can soft a command or add politeness; can direct the action; and derives causatives or adjectives. ٣
The English g & Arabic Sound Systems y English
Arabic
z English consonants:
z Arabic Consonants:
/p/ - /b//b/ /d//d/ /k/ - /g/ - /ts/ - dj/ /f/ - /v/ - /Th/ - /TH/ - /s/ - /z/ /vision - /l/- /m/- /n/ - /ng/ - /h/ / / - /y /w/ / z English vowels: /a/, /e/, /i/, /u/, /I/ /I/- /e/ - /oo/ /a:/ z English diphthongs: /ey/ - /iy/ - /ow/- /uw/- /ay/- /aw//oy/ - /ie/
/b/- /t//b/ /t/ /d//d/ /T//T/ /D/ / k/ - /q//q/ /؟//f/- /X/- /ت/ - /٩/- /h/- /T/- /D/ -/D5/ /s/ -/z/- /S/- /S/ - /dj/ - /r/ - /l/ - /m/ / / /w/ /n// / - /y/ / / z Arabic Vowels: /i/ - /ii/ - /u/ - /uu/ - /a/ - /aa/ z Arabic Diphthongs: /aw/ - /ay/ z Arabic alphabet: أ ب ت ث ج ح خد ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ﻩ وي ء ٤
English g Loan Words in Bahasa (1) Phonological changes z Diphthong reduction to a
Examples z
Tren (train); Ensiklopedia (encyclopedia); akun ((account); ); akuntan ((accountant); ); antisiklinal
z
Produk (product); statistic (statistics); managmen (management); ( ) restoran (restaurant); , ogos (august), absorben (absorbent); amaun (amount) Akurasi (accuracy);
g vowel single z Final consonant clusters
reduction d i to a single i l consonant z Reduction of yu to u
z
z Consonant devoicing g ((v to f))
z
z Substitution of e with i
z
Adiktif ((addictive); ); aglitinatif g ((agglutinative); gg ); ajufan (ajuvant); Autintisitas (authenticity);
z Substitution of f with p
z
Autotrop (autotroph); kope (coffee); ٥
English g Loan Words in Bahasa (2) Phonological Changes
Examples
z Substitution of ey with a
z
Aglutinat (agglutinate);
z Substitution S b i i off ch h with i ht
z
Ak Akupunctur ( (acupuncture); )
z Substitution of j sound with g sound z Teknoogi (technology); energi (energy), z
z Substitution of sh with s z
z Consonant devoicing: v to f
z
z Substitution of th with t
z z
z Substitution of suffix –tion with -si
Nasional N i l (national); ( ti l) tradsional t di l (traditional); avanalns (avalanche); Interactif (interactive); atraktif (attractive); Agatis (agathis); antitesis (antithesis); produksi (production); imigrasi (immigration); destinasi (destination); informasi (information); ٦
English Loan Words in Bahasa (3) Phonological g changes g z
Substitute l with r & sh with s
change sh > s z change vowel z
Examples p z
Inggeris (English)
z
Stesen (Station); imigresen (immigration) k l b (club) kelab ( l b) gelas l (glass); ( l )
z
vowell e insertion i i to b break k consonant cluster
z
z
change vowel quality (use a instead of u)
z bas (bus);
z
shorten vowel
z
tren (train), trek (track)
z
change stress position
z kompleks (complex)
z
suffix substitute by Bahasa Suffix
z destinasi (destination)
٧
Arabic Loan Words in Bahasa (1) Phonological changes
Examples
z Consonant Substitution: glottal stop by /a/
Masalah (issues)
z Consonant C t SSubstitution: b tit ti glottal l tt l stop t b by //y//
T h i ( )ﺗﻬﻨﺌﺔ Tahniya )ﺗ ﻨﺌﺔ
z Consonant Substitution:
Adala ()ﻋﺪاﻟﺔ, adas ()ﻋﺪس, adat
/ع/ by /a/
z Consonant Substitution: /ع/ by /k/ in word
final position
()ﻋﺎدة Jamek ()ﺟﺎﻣﻊ
z Consonant substitution: /ث/ by /s/
Isnin (ithnain)
z Consonant substitution: /ص/ by /s/
Asabiah (asabiyya)
z Consonant substitution: /ح/ by /h/
Ahad
z Consonant C t substitution: b tit ti /خ/ by b /kh/
akhir khi ٨
Arabic Loan Words in Bahasa (2) Phonological changes
Examples
z Consonant substitution: /ض/ by /d/
z
abyad
z Consonant substitution: /ض/ by /z/
z ziya
z Consonant substitution: /ص/ by /s/
z
sabur
z Consonant substitution: /ط/ by /t/
z
Atar ( )ﻋﻄﺮ
z
Consonant substitution: /غ/ byy /g/ g
z
galib ( ))ﻏﺎﻟﺐ g
z
Consonant substitution: /ق/ by /k/
z
Qadir ()ﻗﺪﻳﺮ
z
Consonant substitution: /ظ/ by /z/
z
Zahiri ()ﻇﺎهﺮي
z
Vowel /u/ insertion to break final consonant cluster
z
Sabur ()ﺻﺒﺮ
()ﺿﻴﺎء
٩
Arabic Loan Words in Bahasa (3) Ph Phonological l i l changes h
E Examples l
z Bahasa plural suffix addition
z
Jawab-an ﺟﻮاب
z Final consonant addition
z
Adat ( ;)ﻋﺎدةadalat (;)ﻋﺪاﻟﺔ
z
Waqt u Sabt-u, Waqt-u, Sabt u
z Medial consonant insertion (n , b)
z
Adnan (adn); absah ( ﺢ ّ )أﺻ
z Vowel change
z
Atar ( ;)ﻋﻄﺮmenara (manaara)
z Diphthong reduction to single vowel: ay to e
z
Medan (maydan);
z Long vowel shortening:
z
Dewan (deewan)
z
asabiah (asabiyya)
z Final vowel insertion to break final consonant
cluster ending with t
z Geminated G i d consonant reduction d i to single i l
consonant
١٠
Conclusion z Different homogenization processes are applied to English
and Arabic loan words depending on the differences between A bi and Arabic dB Bahasa, h and dE English li h and dB Bahasa h sound d systems, t syllable structure and morphological systems.
١١
