Assistive systems in production environments ... - Semantic Scholar

5 downloads 0 Views 202KB Size Report
interpreted as a single point in 3D space. However ... PajitnovГs classic Tetris (figure 4). During .... 3D human body tracNing with an articulated 3D body model.
Assistive Systems in Production Environments: Exploring Motion Recognition and Gamification Oliver Korn

Albrecht Schmidt

Thomas Hörz

University of Applied Sciences Esslingen, Kanalstr. 33, 73728 Esslingen, Germany

University of Stuttgart, VIS, Pfaffenwaldring 5a 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

University of Applied Sciences Esslingen Kanalstr. 33, 73728 Esslingen, Germany

[email protected]

albrecht.schmidt@ vis.uni-stuttgart.de

[email protected]

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¶ PRWLYDWLRQ DQG WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH ZRUN DQG WKH SURGXFWV :H RXWOLQH KRZ XVHU LQWHUIDFHV IRU DVVLVWLYH V\VWHPV LQ PDQXDO SURGXFWLRQ FDQ EH GHVLJQHG WR LQFOXGH JDPLILFDWLRQ DVSHFWV 2XU FRQWULEXWLRQ LV WKUHHIROGDQGPDWHULDOL]HVLQL UHDVRQVIRUWKHJURZLQJQHHGIRU DVVLVWLYH V\VWHPV LQ SURGXFWLRQ LL  D GHVFULSWLRQ RI KRZ PRWLRQ UHFRJQLWLRQ FDQ EH XVHG LQ DVVLVWLYH V\VWHPV IRU SURGXFWLRQ DQG ZKLFKREVWDFOHVRFFXUDQGLLL DSHUVSHFWLYHRQKRZJDPLILFDWLRQ FDQEHLQWHJUDWHGLQWRDVVLVWLYHV\VWHPV Categories and Subject Descriptors + >8VHU0DFKLQH 6\VWHPV@ +XPDQ IDFWRUV +XPDQ LQIRUPDWLRQ SURFHVVLQJ + >8VHU ,QWHUIDFHV@ 8VHUFHQWHUHG GHVLJQ +P >0LVFHOODQHRXV@ +&, . >6RFLDO ,VVXHV@ $VVLVWLYH7HFKQRORJLHV)RU3HUVRQV:LWK'LVDELOLWLHV

General Terms 'HVLJQ([SHULPHQWDWLRQ+XPDQ)DFWRUV Keywords $VVLVWLYH WHFKQRORJ\ +XPDQ&RPSXWHU LQWHUDFWLRQ +XPDQ 0DFKLQHLQWHUDFWLRQ*DPLILFDWLRQ8VHUFHQWHUHGGHVLJQ1DWXUDO LQWHUDFWLRQ0RWLRQWUDFNLQJ 1. INTRODUCTION 6HYHUDO GHYHORSPHQWV OHDG WR DQ LQFUHDVHG GHPDQG IRU DVVLVWLYH V\VWHPV RU ³ZL]DUGV´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



Figure 1. With motion recognition the user of ASiPE moves to the center: his or her body becomes the controller in Human-Machine Interaction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

,QWKLVVHFWLRQZHKLJKOLJKWWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWGHYHORSPHQWVDQG WUHQGV OHDGLQJ WR DQ LQFUHDVHG GHPDQG IRU DVVLVWLYH V\VWHPV LQ SURGXFWLRQHQYLURQPHQWV $6L3( 

degree of serialization

trend

2. BACKGROUND: GROWING NEED FOR ASSISTIVE SYSTEMS IN PRODUCTION

Economic advantage of serialization

2.1 Automation vs. manual production ,QFUHDVLQJ HIILFLHQF\ LV WKH FHQWUDO JRDO ZKHQ RSWLPL]LQJ SURGXFWLRQ )RU PDQ\ FRPSDQLHV EHLQJ FRPSHWLWLYH LPSOLHV UHGXFLQJ DVVHPEO\ FRVWV DQG WKLV LV OLQNHG WR WZR PDMRU IDFWRUV VNLOOOHYHORIZRUNHUV LPSDFWLQJDYDLODEO\DQGSULFH DQGFRVWIRU DXWRPDWLRQ$VDJHQHUDOUXOHZHFDQREVHUYHWKDWODUJHORWVL]HV RIVLPSOHWDVNVDUHWDNHQRYHUE\DXWRPDWLRQZKHUHDVIRUVPDOOHU ORW VL]HV PDQXDO DVVHPEO\ LV RIWHQ WKH PRUH HFRQRPLFDO RSWLRQ WKLVLVGHSLFWHGLQILJXUH $V WKH GHPDQG IRU FXVWRPL]HG SURGXFWV KDV EHHQ LQFUHDVLQJ LQ UHFHQW \HDUV VR KDV WKH QHHG IRU PDQXDO SURGXFWLRQ 3URGXFWLRQ PHWKRGV OLNH ³EXLOGWRRUGHU´ DQG ³GHVLJQWRRUGHU´ OHG WR DQ LQFUHDVLQJQXPEHURISURGXFWYDULDQWV$IXUWKHULPSOLFDWLRQLVWKH WUHQG WRZDUGV VPDOOHU ORW VL]HV ZKLFK HQFRXUDJHV PDQXDO SURGXFWLRQ ,Q VRPH GRPDLQV ZH FDQ HYHQ ZLWQHVV WKH UHWXUQ RI ³PDQXIDFWRULHV´ 7KHVH GHYHORSPHQWV PDNH DVVLVWLYH V\VWHPV LQ SURGXFWLRQ PRUH LPSRUWDQW EHFDXVH WKH\ HPSRZHU ORZ VNLOOHG ZRUNHU DV ZHOO DV ZRUNHUV ZLWK GLVDELOLWLHV DQG LPSDLUPHQWV WR PDQXDOO\SURGXFHKLJKTXDOLW\FRPSRQHQWV

2.2 Demographic change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

2.3 Increased Demand for the Work of Disabled or Impaired Workers 7KH PDUNHW IRU PDQXDO SURGXFWLRQ ZRUN ZLWK GLVDEOHG DQG LPSDLUHG SHRSOH EHFRPHV LQFUHDVLQJO\ LPSRUWDQW 7KLV LV PDLQO\ GXH WR WZR UHDVRQV L  0DQ\ (XURSHDQ FRXQWULHV REOLJH FRPSDQLHV WR HPSOR\ D FHUWDLQ SHUFHQWDJH RI GLVDEOHG DQG LPSDLUHG HPSOR\HHV 7KLV REOLJDWLRQ FDQ EH PHW E\ FRQWUDFWLQJ ³VKHOWHUHG ZRUN´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



trend

 “sweet spot” for ASiPE

lot size Figure 2. Relation between serialization, lot size and the application of ASiPE



3. Example Tasks and Requirements :KHQ GHVLJQLQJ WKH V\VWHP ZH ILUVW LQYHVWLJDWHG ZRUN SURFHVVHV ZKHUHZHH[SHFWHGWKDW$6L3(FDQFUHDWHDZLQZLQVLWXDWLRQ)RU WKH SLORW VWXG\ ZH IRFXVHG RQ D FRPSDQ\ H[FOXVLYHO\ SURYLGLQJ VKHOWHUHGZRUNIRUVHYHUDOKXQGUHGLPSDLUHGDQGGLVDEOHGSHUVRQV WKH %HVFKW]HQGH :HUNVWlWWH +HLOEURQQ %:+  0DQ\ RI WKHLU FXVWRPHUVDUHFRPSDQLHVIURPWKHDXWRPRWLYHVHFWRU

3.1 Example Tasks and Competence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able 1. Excerpt from task and competence matrix (MTM-3) Sequence FRPSLOHFDEOH UHWDLQHU

Competencies FRXQWWR JUDE ORRVH  SRVLWLRQ WLJKW 

Processes SHUPDQHQW WLPHV WLPHV

DVVHPEOH FXWWLQJERDUG

FRXQWWR JUDE WLJKW  SRVLWLRQ WLJKW  VFUHZ ORRVH 

SHUPDQHQW WLPHV WLPHV WLPHV

DVVHPEOH DFWLYDWHG FDUERQILOWHU VHTXHQFH 

JUDE ORRVH  JUDE WLJKW  SRVLWLRQ ORRVH  LQVHUW WLJKW  VFUHZ WLJKW 

WLPHV WLPHV WLPH WLPH WLPH

(YHQWKHFRPSOH[DVVHPEO\RIDFDUERQILOWHU VHHILJXUH FRXOG EHPDSSHGE\VSOLWWLQJWKHWDVNLQWRVHYHUDOVHTXHQFHVZKLFKFDQ EHDGGUHVVHGE\ZRUNHUVZLWKDGHTXDWHVNLOOVHWV $ PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ RI WROHUDQFH WKUHVKROGV ZLWK VWDQGDUG SURFHVV WLPHV DOORZHG IL[LQJ WKH SULPDU\ GXUDWLRQ IRU WKH ³SHUIRUPDQFH FRUULGRUV´ 7KHVH WLPH YDOXHV DUH UHTXLUHG QRW RQO\ IRU WKH DVVLVWLYHV\VWHP¶VLQWHUQDOSHUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWEXWDOVRIRU WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIJDPLILFDWLRQ

3.2 Requirements &XUUHQWO\ HYHQ WKH PRVW DGYDQFHG V\VWHPV XVLQJ DXJPHQWHG UHDOLW\RUSURMHFWLRQVGLUHFWO\DWWKHZRUNSODFHDUHGHVLJQHGXVLQJ ³VXERSWLPDOFRQFHSWVRILQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\´DQGWKXVDUHQRW VXLWHG WR HQVXUH ³HIILFLHQW DQG HUJRQRPLF JXLGDQFH RI DVVHPEO\ ZRUNHUV´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³RQWKHMRE´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calability on the competence and process level %RWKWKHVNLOOVRIWKHZRUNHUVDQGWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKHDVVHPEO\ SURFHVVHVYDU\FRQVLGHUDEO\$Q$6L3(PXVWDGDSWDXWRQRPRXVO\ WRPDWFKLQGLYLGXDOXVHUVDQGSURFHVVHV Small chunks of information at the right time  'XHWRUHGXFHGVKRUWDQGORQJWHUPPHPRU\PDQ\ZRUNHUVKDYH GLIILFXOWLHV UHPHPEHULQJ WKH VWHSV RI DQ DVVHPEO\ VHTXHQFH /HDUQLQJUHTXLUHVDODUJHQXPEHURIUHSHWLWLRQVZLWKDVXSHUYLVRU $Q $6L3( QHHGV WR SURYLGHVPDOO DPRXQWV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DWWKH ULJKWWLPHLQDQDGHTXDWHPDQQHU HJGLVFUHWHYLVXDOKLJKOLJKWLQJ WKH QH[W SLHFH YV ORXG EHHS ZLWK VSRNHQ HUURU PHVVDJH  VR OHDUQLQJ WLPHV DUH UHGXFHG DQG WKH LQGLYLGXDO ZRUNHU FDQ DVVHPEOHPRUHFRPSOH[SURGXFWV Increasing motivation and fun while working  )RUPDQ\ZRUNHUVSHUIRUPLQJWKHWDVNLWVHOISURYLGHVDFKDOOHQJH EXW QHYHUWKHOHVV WKH\ ZHOFRPH IHHGEDFN (VSHFLDOO\ LPSDLUHG ZRUNHUVWHQGWRVWRSDIWHUWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIDWDVNZDLWLQJIRUD FRPPHQWRQKRZZHOOWKH\KDYHGRQH,IWKLVIHHGEDFNLVSURYLGHG E\ WKH $6L3( ERWK WKH VSHHG RI WKH ZRUN SURFHVV DQG WKH PRWLYDWLRQZLOOLPSURYHFUHDWLQJDPRUHJDPHOLNHH[SHULHQFH

4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION $6L3( GLIIHU IURP FXUUHQW DVVLVWLYH V\VWHPV LQ SURGXFWLRQ HQYLURQPHQWVE\XVLQJPRWLRQUHFRJQLWLRQDQGJDPLILFDWLRQ

Figure 3. Example task: Assembly of an activated carbon filter in a German sheltered work organization

4.1 Motion Recognition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³D EDGO\ GHVLJQHG LQWHUIDFHPLJKWXQQHFHVVDULO\FUHDWHDSRSXODWLRQRIXVHUVZKRDUH µGLVDEOHG¶ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKDW V\VWHP VR GHVLJQHUV KDYH D UHVSRQVLELOLW\QRWWRPDUJLQDOL]HDW\SLFDOXVHUV´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± LW LV LQWHUSUHWHGDVDVLQJOHSRLQWLQ'VSDFH+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHWZR SRVVLEOHVROXWLRQVIRUWKLVLVVXH x x

WKHXVHRIDFRPSHWLQJV\VWHPOLNHWKH6RIW.LQHWLF E\D FRPSDQ\RIWKHVDPHQDPH ZKLFKLQQDWHO\VXSSRUWVILQJHU UHFRJQLWLRQ WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJIXQFWLRQIURPWKH 2SHQ&9OLEUDU\ 2SHQ6RXUFH&RPSXWHU9LVLRQOLEUDU\>@ 

$QRWKHUOLPLWDWLRQRIDOOV\VWHPVRQWKHPDUNHWLVWKHUHVROXWLRQRI WKHGHSWKLPDJHZKLFKLVVXLWHGIRUJURVVPRWRUVNLOOVUDWKHUWKDQ WKHILQHPRWRUVNLOOVQHHGHGIRUDVVHPEO\ZRUN+RZHYHUVHYHUDO LQWHUYLHZV ZLWK WKH OHDGLQJ FRPSDQLHV KDYH SURYHQ WKDW D QHZ JHQHUDWLRQ RI PRWLRQ GHWHFWRUV ZLWK KLJKHU UHVROXWLRQ GHSWK LPDJHVZLOOEHDYDLODEOHDOUHDG\LQODWH

2XU SURWRW\SH $6L3( LV GHVLJQHG WR KDYH LPSOLFLW JHVWXUHV DV D UHVXOW RI GRLQJ WKH WDVN  DQG YRLFH DV WKH SULPDU\ PRGHV RI LQWHUDFWLRQ7KHV\VWHPFRQWLQXRXVO\ FKHFNV LI D ZRUN SURFHVV LV SHUIRUPHG FRUUHFWO\ E\ FRPSDULQJ WKH DFWXDO PRYHPHQW ZLWK DQ ³LGHDO´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³VFDOLQJ´ WR ILW WKH SURIHVVLRQDO DQG FRJQLWLYHDELOLWLHVRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOXVHU

7RLQWHJUDWHJDPLILFDWLRQLQ$6L3(HDFKZRUNSURFHVVLVYLVXDOO\ UHSUHVHQWHG E\ D VWRQH LQ D SX]]OH JDPH UHVHPEOLQJ $OH[H\ 3DMLWQRY¶V FODVVLF 7HWULV ILJXUH   'XULQJ WKH ZRUN SURFHVV WKH VWRQH¶V FRORU VORZO\ FKDQJHV IURP JUHHQ WR UHG 7KLV RSWLFDO FKDQJHZLOORSWLRQDOO\EHDFFRPSDQLHGE\DQDGHTXDWHO\FKDQJLQJ VRXQG VHTXHQFH 7KH GXUDWLRQ RI WKLV FRORU FKDQJH F\FOH LV GLUHFWO\GHULYHGIURPWKHXVHUVSHFLILFFRPSHWHQFHPDWUL[DQGWKH WROHUDQFH WKUHVKROG HJ D  VHFRQG SURFHVV SHUIRUPHG LQ  VHFRQGVZLOOUHVXOWLQDGDUNJUHHQVWRQHZKLOHVHFRQGVZRXOG UHVXOWLQD\HOORZVWRQH7KH³QRUPDO´VSHHGRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOXVHU ZLOO EH VKRZQ E\ D WUDQVSDUHQW JUH\ VWRQH VR WKDW WKH ZRUNHU DOZD\VNQRZVLIKHRUVKHLVGRLQJZHOOFRPSDUHGWRWKHSHUVRQDO DYHUDJH7KLVPHWKRGFDOOHG³VKDGRZLQJ´LV GHULYHGIURP UDFLQJ JDPHVZKHUH GULYHUV FDQ FRPSHWHDJDLQVWWKHLURZQ EHVWURXQGV RUGRFXPHQWHGEHVWGULYHV

4.2 Gamification ,QWXLWLYH DQG ³SOD\IXO´ LQWHUDFWLRQ LV QRZ FRPPRQ LQ PRELOH GHYLFHV FRPSXWHUV DQG JDPHV ,W KDV UHDFKHG PDQ\ SDUWV RI VRFLHW\DQGLVIUHTXHQWO\XVHGWRVXSSRUWGLVDEOHGDQGLPSDLUHGRU HOGHUO\SHRSOH>@6HULRXV*DPHVWKHLGHDRIXVLQJJDPHVWR SURPRWH³VHULRXV´SXUSRVHVILUVWFDPHXSLQSHGDJRJ\DQGLVQRZ ZLGHO\H[SORUHG6LQFHVHULRXVDQGSHUYDVLYHJDPHVKDYHEHFRPH DILHOGIRULQGXVWU\DQGUHVHDUFKJDPLILFDWLRQLVWKHODWHVWDGGLWLRQ LQ D GHYHORSPHQW RI JDPLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV WUDQVFHQGLQJ WKH WUDGLWLRQDOERXQGDULHVRIWKHLUPHGLXP±DQ³XPEUHOODWHUPIRUWKH XVHRIYLGHRJDPHHOHPHQWVWRLPSURYHXVHUH[SHULHQFHDQGXVHU HQJDJHPHQW LQ QRQJDPH VHUYLFHV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV´ >@ 6R IDU PRVW LQGXVWULDO DSSOLFDWLRQV KDYH QRW EHHQ LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKHVH GHYHORSPHQWVFODVVLFDODVVLVWLYHV\VWHPVLQSURGXFWLRQDUHSXUHO\ IXQFWLRQDO KHOSLQJ WR GHFUHDVH WKH ZRUNHUV¶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¶DOHUWQHVVDQGJHQHUDOSUHVHQFHRIPLQG+HUH ZHVHHDZLQZLQVLWXDWLRQDVWKHZRUNHUV¶IXQLQFUHDVHVVRGRHV WKHVSHHGDQGTXDOLW\RIWKHDVVHPEO\SURFHVV ,Q WKH FRQWH[W RI WKLV SDSHU JDPLILFDWLRQ LV VHHQ DV D PHDQV WR DFKLHYH ³IORZ´ ± D PHQWDO VWDWH LQ ZKLFK D SHUVRQ IHHOV IXOO\ LPPHUVHG LQ DQ DFWLYLW\ H[SHULHQFLQJ HQHUJL]HG IRFXV DQG EHOLHYLQJ LQ WKH VXFFHVV RI WKH DFWLYLW\ ,W LV DQ DUHD ZKHUH KLJK VNLOO DQG DGHTXDWH FKDOOHQJH FRQYHUJH ILUVW SURSRVHG E\ &VtNV]HQWPLKiO\LLQ7KHVHDUHIRXUFRQGLWLRQVQHFHVVDU\WR DFKLHYHWKHIORZVWDWH>@ x x x x

2QHPXVWEHLQYROYHGLQDQDFWLYLW\ZLWKDFOHDUVHWRIJRDOV 7KLVDGGVGLUHFWLRQDQGVWUXFWXUHWRWKHWDVN 2QHPXVWKDYHDJRRGEDODQFHEHWZHHQWKHSHUFHLYHG FKDOOHQJHVRIWKHWDVNDQGWKHRZQSHUFHLYHGVNLOOV2QHPXVW KDYHFRQILGHQFHWREHFDSDEOHWRGRWKHWDVN 7KHWDVNDWKDQGPXVWKDYHFOHDUDQGLPPHGLDWHIHHGEDFN 7KLVKHOSVWKHSHUVRQQHJRWLDWHFKDQJLQJGHPDQGVDQGDOORZV WRDGMXVWWKHLUSHUIRUPDQFHWRPDLQWDLQWKHIORZVWDWH 7KHDFWLYLW\LVLQWULQVLFDOO\UHZDUGLQJVRWKHUHLVDSHUFHLYHG HIIRUWOHVVQHVVRIDFWLRQ

Figure 4. Design study of the gamification element ,IWKH QXPEHU RI JUHHQVWRQHVH[FHHGV DFHUWDLQ SHUFHQWDJHIRUD ORQJHU SHULRG HJ RQH ZHHN  WKH DVVLVWLYH V\VWHP DOORZV WR VORZO\ ³UDLVH WKH EDU´ DV DQ\ JDPH GRHV  E\ UHGXFLQJ WKH XQGHUO\LQJ SURFHVV GXUDWLRQV 7KLV FKDQJH ZLOO EH PDGH WUDQV SDUHQWDQGKDVWREHDFFHSWHGE\WKHZRUNHU±EXWVLQFHWKH³OHYHO XS´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able 2. Conditions for flow and design approaches condition EHLQJLQYROYHGLQ DQDFWLYLW\ZLWKD FOHDUVHWRIJRDOV

design approach L  PDFUR OHYHO FRPSOHWH D IODZOHVV  DVVHPEO\VHTXHQFH

JRRGEDODQFHEHW ZHHQSHUFHLYHG FKDOOHQJHVDQG SHUFHLYHGVNLOOV

L DGDSWDWLRQRIGLIILFXOW\OHYHOEDVHGRQ FRPSHWHQFHPDWUL[

LL  PLFUR OHYHO FRPSOHWH WKH DFWLYH SUR FHVV VWRQH DVTXLFN JUHHQ DVSRVVLEOH

LL  DGMXVWPHQW RI GLIILFXOW\ HJ VKRUWHU GXUDWLRQVPRUHGHPDQGLQJVHTXHQFHV 

WDVNDWKDQGPXVW KDYHFOHDUDQG LPPHGLDWH IHHGEDFN

L  FRORU FKDQJHV DQG VKDGRZLQJ GXDO FRGHYLVXDOIHHGEDFN

3V\FKRORJ\5HVHDUFKDQG3UDFWLFH   KWWSHVFKRODUVKLSRUJXFLWHPTJ[N

LL  RSWLRQDO  VRXQG LQWHJUDWHV DQRWKHU VHQVRU\FKDQQHO

>@ 0D\QDUG+%6WHJHPHUWHQ*-6FKZDE-/ 0HWKRGVWLPHPHDVXUHPHQW1HZ@ 'HXVH-070±GLH3UR]HVVVSUDFKHIUHLQPRGHUQHV ,QGXVWULDO(QJLQHHULQJ,Q%ULW]NH% HG 070LQHLQHU JOREDOLVLHUWHQ:LUWVFKDIW$UEHLWVSUR]HVVHV\VWHPDWLVFK JHVWDOWHQXQGRSWLPLHUHQ0XQLFK*HUPDQ\

LL WKHILQDOGLVVROYHQWRIWKHVHTXHQFHRI VWRQHV DSSHDOV WR WKH EDVLF KXPDQ GHVLUH IRURUGHUDQGFRPSOHWLRQ

5. Conclusion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

x DPRUHGHWDLOHG³FRQWH[WVHQVLWLYHXVHUFHQWHUHGVFDODELOLW\

x

PRGHO´ &68&6 QHFHVVDU\IRUWKH$6L3(LQWHUYHQWLRQV¶ VFDOLQJWRILWWKHSURIHVVLRQDOSK\VLFDODQGFRJQLWLYHDELOLWLHV RIWKHLQGLYLGXDOXVHUV DQH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSIRUWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHLPSDFWRI PRWLRQUHFRJQLWLRQDQGJDPLILFDWLRQRQZRUNSURFHVVWLPH DQGWKHPRWLYDWLRQRIWKHWDUJHWHGXVHUV

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2XUWKDQNVWRWKHFRPSDQ\6FKQDLWKPDQQ*PE+IRUEXLOGLQJWKH SURWRW\SH RI WKH PDQXIDFWXULQJ WDEOH RSWLPL]HG IRU PRWLRQ UHFRJQLWLRQ WR WKH %HVFKW]HQGH :HUNVWlWWH +HLOEURQQ IRU DVVLVWLQJLQRXUZRUNSURFHVVDQDO\VLVDQGWR.25,21*PE+IRU VXSSRUWLQJWKHGHVLJQSURFHVVRIWKHJDPLILFDWLRQHOHPHQW

7. REFERENCES >@ 6FKPLGW$,PSOLFLW+XPDQ&RPSXWHU,QWHUDFWLRQ7KURXJK &RQWH[W,Q3HUVRQDO7HFKQRORJLHVYROQR SS -XQH >@ 6WHJ+6WUHVH+/RURII&+XOO- 6FKPLGW6 (XURSHLVIDFLQJDGHPRJUDSKLFFKDOOHQJH$PELHQWDVVLVWHG OLYLQJRIIHUVVROXWLRQV5HSRUWFRPSLOHGZLWKLQWKH6SHFLILF 6XSSRUW$FWLRQ³$PELHQW$VVLVWHG/LYLQJ´%HUOLQ*HUPDQ\ >@ $QGHUV75)R]DUG-/DQG/LOO\TXLVW7' ³(IIHFWVRIDJHXSRQUHWULHYDOIURPVKRUWWHUPPHPRU\´ ,Q'HYHORSPHQWDO3V\FKRORJ\YROLVV >@ 6DWUH'.QLJKW%*'DYLG6&RJQLWLYH EHKDYLRUDOLQWHUYHQWLRQVZLWKROGHUDGXOWV,QWHJUDWLQJ FOLQLFDODQGJHURQWRORJLFDOUHVHDUFK,Q3URIHVVLRQDO

>@ =lK0):LHVEHFN0(QJVWOHU))ULHVGRUI)6FKXE| $6WRUN6%DQQDW$:DOOKRII)Ä.RJQLWLYH $VVLVWHQ]V\VWHPHLQGHUPDQXHOOHQ0RQWDJH$GDSWLYH 0RQWDJHIKUXQJPLWWHOV]XVWDQGVEDVLHUWHU XPJHEXQJVDEKl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±$)LHOGRI5HVHDUFKIRU([HUFLVH6FLHQFH DQG+XPDQ0RYHPHQW6FLHQFH,Q(85$3$ (XURSHDQ 5HYLHZRI$JLQJDQG3K\VLFDO$FWLYLW\ YRO '2, V] >@ 'HWHUGLQJ66LFDUW01DFNH/2¶+DUD.'L[RQ' *DPLILFDWLRQ8VLQJ*DPH'HVLJQ(OHPHQWVLQ1RQ *DPLQJ&RQWH[WV,Q3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHDQQXDO FRQIHUHQFHRQ+XPDQIDFWRUVLQFRPSXWLQJV\VWHPV$&0 1HZ