Enlom Entomologica. ologlca. Bad, Bari, 36 (2002 (2002} ): 121-137 121·137
DE D E UUO ULLO E.l E ,1 - CRISTOFARO M.2 - KASHEFI
J.3
Three new ne~ Acerla Aceria species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) Erio phy o ide a) on Centaurea Centa u rea spp. (Asteraceae) from Turkey ABSTRACf ABSTRACT During Du ring 2001 200 1 and a n d 2002, we w e examined e xa mined Turkish ppopulations o pulauons of o f eriophyid e rio p h yid m mites ites infesting infe sti ng Centaurea centaurea solstitialis L. and C. sq~1TOS(J sqmJrrosa WiIld. (Asteraceae). The analyses of the morphometric data,, induced symptoms, and the mo data morphological rph o logi cal comparison w with ith the descriptions of known kno wn species allowed allowe d uuss to identify thre threee new Aceria species, spe cie s, here described and illustrated. illustrated . Aceria solcentaureae and A A.. solsuualis solslilialis were collected on C. solstitialis, solstitialis, and A A.. squarrcsae squarrosae was w as associated with C. squarrosa squm'TOsa in Cappadocia. Ca pp adocia. Infested plants p la nts were stunted, stu nted , showing show ing reduced red uce d growth, a heavy broom broom·Iike -like appearance ap pearance being bein g busby, bushy, with the apical pa parts rts of o f the stems sterns and a nd fl ow e rh ead s still green g ree n and fresh during d uring the th e hot h ot and dry season. se aso n , less spiny than usual, usu al, and flowerheads producin g smaller seedh producing seedhcads. eads . Additional Additiona l information is given abou aboutt the ecology e cology of these associations as sociatio ns and on the potential pote ntial eriophyids hyids as control age agents. nts. role of these eriop Key words: mites, Eriop hyidae, weeds, knap wceds , bbiological iolo gical control. Eriophyidae, knapweeds,
INTRODUcnON INTRO DUcnO N
Plants of the genus Ceruaurea Centaurea are collectively referred to as knapweeds and starthisrles. starthistles. The genus comprises over 1,000 species of predominantly Eurasian origin (WAGENITZ, ( WAGENITZ, 1975; 1975 ; ROCHli ROCH E & ROCHE, RO CH E, 1991). The interest on herbivores h erbivores of these Centaurea spp. is very relevant re levant on o n the basis of th thee "weed "weed"" status assigned to some of these host plants that were accidentally introduced ced in North America during the mid-1800s (FORNASARI ( F ORNASARI et at, al., 1993; introdu ROSENTHAL, ROSENTIiAL, 1996; PIPER, 2001). 2001) . Many of them, them, such as C. diffusa Lam. Lam. (diffuse
It Dipartimento Dipanimento di Biologia Bio logia e Chimica Agro-forestale Agro-fo resrale e Amblentale Ambientale,, Facolt3. Facolta di d i Agrnria, Agraria, Universitii Unlversita Amendolaa 165/a, 165/a , 1-70126 Barl, Bari, Italy, dehlloeagr.untba.lr
[email protected] di Bari, via Amendol 2 ENEA Casa c c!a , BIOTEC-SIC, BIO TEC- SlC , via v ia Anguillarese An gu flla re se 301, 30 1, 1-00060 I -0 0 060 Rome. Rom e , Italy, Ita ly , EN EA C.R. C.R . Casaccia,
[email protected] massimo ,
[email protected] 3 USDA ARS EBCL, Tsimiski.~.3, Tsimiski, ~3, 7th floor, 54623 Thcssalonikl, Thessaloniki, Greece, Gree
-122-122 knapweed), knapweed). C. soJstilialis soistiliaJis 1. L. (yellow starthistle), starthlstle), C. squorrasa squarrosa WiJld. Willd. (squarrose (squanose knapweed). knapweed), and C. C. caJcitrapa calcurapa L. L. (purple starthistle). sta rthistle), are a re highly invasive. Several attempts auempts have been made to find an efficient erio eriophyoid phyoid in controlling these hosts without w itho ut the application a pplication of o f aan n establishment establish ment pprogram rogram of o f aany ny enem enemy y in i n the infested i nfested areas (SOBHIAN (SO flHIA:-I et al., at., 1989; 1989 ; CASTAGNOll CAsTAGNOtl & SOI:lHIA.. SOBHlAl..., 1991), 1991).
Ten species of eriophyid erio phyid mites have been reported on plants belonging to the th e genus Centaurea Cerua urea (Asteraceae): (Aster aceae) . Acu/ops Ac ulops cenfaureaC! ceruau reae (Parkas) and and Epitrlmerus Epftrlmerns jjaceae aceae Liro are consfde consfdered red vagrant species; Acerla Aceria acroputont acroptilom' Kovalev & Shevtchenko, Shevtchen ko, A. A . calatb colatbidis id is (Gerber), A. A . ggrandis ra ndis (Nalepa) (Nale pa) and A. A. paniculatae pan iculatae (Cone) cause cau se severe seve re defonnations deforma tions of flowerflower- and seedheads; seedheads. similar damages are reported for A A.. p prima rima (Cone); (Co ne); A. brevisetoso. breusetosa (Cone) and A A.. cetltaureae cemaureae ((Nalepa) Natepa) cause blistering on o n leaves and stems; A. tbessalonicae Castagnoli Castagnolt causes abnorma abnormalities lities in grow growth, th, with w ith broomlike b roomlike appearance a ppearance LilIo , unpublished electronic database). data base). (Amrine & de LilIo, have Cerua urea solstitialis in None of these species ha ve been found so far on Centaurea the field, field, and only A A.. centaureae cen ta urea e was able to develop stable populations on this target weed during laboratory host specificiry specificity tests (SoBHIAN ( SoBIIIAN et al., a l., 1989). 1989). Unfortunately, most of the eriophyid occurrences on o n differen differentt Centaurea species ha have ve been recorded only on the basis of the symptoms observed on on the hosts, without any morphological specific identification of the associated mite mit e ppopularions. o p ulations . Therefore, The refore, A A.. ce centaureae n t a u rea e seems s e e m s 10 to have a large Wlo, unpublished electronic geographical and host distribution (Amrine & de Irllo, se) that needs confirmation. confinnation. databa database) During 2001-2002 two of us began surveys of Centauroa Centa urea spp. spp . in Turkey, Turkey , attempting to find additional biological control llow control agents mainly against ye yellow starthistle. The purpose of the present paper is 10 to describe new eriophyid observations.. miles mites found on these plants, and to report ecological observations MATERIA ,\fATERJALS LS AND M METIiODS ETI-iODS
Specimens were recovered from dried and ethanol (70%) preserved plant theyy were prepared and slide mounted mou nted according to Keifer's Ke ife r's materials; mate ria ls; the method (KEJfER, 197;). 1975). Llndquist's Lindquist's (1996) (1 996) tenninology terminology and setal notatio notationn of the th e morphological mo rphologic al details have h ave bee been n adopted ado pted in the descriptions. d es crip tions. All measurements of mites were made according to Amrine and Manson (996), ( 996), ",. .". are given in micrometers, and an d measurements and means aie are rounded off to the brackets. generic th e nearest ne are st integer; inte ge r; range values va lues are given g iven in br a c k e~ s . The gene ric classification was made accord according ing to Amrine (1996) (1 9%) and Hong Ho ng and Zhang (1997), (997).
-123123 Type materials are deposited at 31 the Dipartimento di Biologia Bio logia e Chimica Agro-foresrale e Ambren Agro-forestale Ambienlale rale (Di.B.C.A.), (OLB.C.AJ, Entomological Ento mo logical and Zoological Section. Section, University of Bari, Italy. ORAWING ABBREVIAn ABBREVlAnONS O NS
APl, internal female genitalia; genitalia ; CS, CS, lateral view of the caudal region; region; OA, DA, e mpodium: ES, lateral late ral view view of annuli; annuli; dorsal view of the prodorsal shield; E, empodiuffi; GF, coxal and genital genital region of a female; female; L, foreleg; SA, late lateral ral view view of the GP, amerior anterior regio region. n.
A Aceria certa ssquarrosae q u a r r osae de LiUo, Cristofaro Crist o f a r o et e t Kashefl Kashefi Female (fig. (fig. n - Body wormlike, w ormlike, colour w whitish, hitish, 227 095-240, 0 95-240, n -'" 10)
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body length/width length/w idth
4.8
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prodorsal shield le~ prodorsal shield wi w r th
11.00
0.8
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se seta sela length!
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prodorsal shield length
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e setae length! / setae length le ngth
1.0 1.0
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d setae length! cfJ setae le length ngth
2.8
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3.6
d setae length! f setae le length ngth
22.9 '
3.0
30 30
2.7
2.2 2.2
3.3
2.9 2.'
1b st:lae setae length! la setae length
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
hind leg length! w 11 length
w"
2.6
3.3
2.6
2.9 2.'
3,8 3.8
34
2.3
foreleg length! w wllengm I length
3.5
4.1
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3.5
2,4
3.9 3'
2.5
se setae length! se tubercles distance
2.3
1.7
1.8
2.3
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1.7
w 1l1engthl 11 length! empodium 1l1ength 11 length
1.7
1.6
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wllength/ w I le ngth! empodi empodium um II length le ngth
14 14
1.5
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tibia If tibia 11 le length! ngth! tarsus 11 length
08
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.9
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tibia tib ia I length! length/ len gth tarsus I length
09 0'
00.88
1.0
0,9 0.9
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1.2
1.0
genital setae length! e setae length
0.9 0.'
1.1 L1
1.1 Ll
0.7
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body length! se setae length
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•
-133-133 smaller smalle r seedheads have flexible, fl e xible, soft spines sp ines (fig. (fig. 5). First symptoms sym ptoms were observed on while o n rosenes rosettes in early June, w hile the distonion distortion of o f f10werhead flowerhead spines appeared in early July. Ju ly. Galled plants p lants remained green in the field fie ld (or for a longe longerr pperiod eriod compared co m p ared with wi th hea healthy lthy plants, until the end of o f Seplcmber. Sep tember. The damage apparently a ppa re ntly ca causes us es a reduction of o f biomass, especially for fo r young plants. plants. The most typical damage is the distonion distortion and failure of o f flowerheads flcwerheads (a to develop, conseque consequently ntly reducing red ucing seed production. p roduction . Unfortunately, I.hese these sym ptoms are similar to all Aceria found on o n Cenlaurea Centa u rea in Turkey, so it n is not symptoms possible, at least at present, p rese nt, to clearly distinguish d ist ingu ish these species based on on symptomology of infested pla plants. nts. Moreover, Moreove r, no plants have been found containing populations of both bo th A. A . solstitialis and A. A . solcentaureae. solcenta u reae. Nor, do we have ha ve reason reaso n 10 presume p resume the presence of a demogyne deutogyne stage. st age . More Mo re fiel field d o b se rvatio n s and observations a nd laboratory la b o ra to r y tests te s ts are a re needed to pro provide vid e a bbetter etter understanding of o f these mites. Cenainly, cenainly, these symptoms cannot be confused with the those se produced by A. A. cenlaurme cenlaureae and A A.. breoeetosa. brnvisetasa, which induce blister galls, discoloration, etc., on the leaves of many Centa u rea spp. (CoTTE, CentaurM (CoTrE, 1924; CAs'rAGNOU & SoBHlAN, 199I). 1991).
DISCUSSIO N S AND CONCLUSIONS DISCUSSION CO NCLUSIO NS
Three new eriophyid mite species have been described on C. solslitia/is solstitialis and C. squarrosa. They induce similar effects on the developmental growth of stems and flower flowerheads. heads. Simila Similarr symptoms sym ptoms and morphology have been previously observed for other A Aceria ceria found on othe otherr knapweeds. knapweeds. This fact (slight morphological differences between the eeriophyids riophyids infesting closely related host hOSt plants) might be explained by the large number of o f Centaurea CentaUrM species aand nd by a eo-evolutionary co-evolutionary process that has been inducing a pool pool of sibling Aceria species specifically adapted to each plam plant species. Eriophyid mites are a re considered extremely im important portant for biological control control of weeds ((BRlESE B RlESI': & CUUEN, 2001). In this specific case, their narrow host range, combined with w ith a strong impact on o n the target plant, muluvolune rnultivoltine life cycle and great fertility, fertility, give these agents agents the posslbiliry possibility to play a ke keyy role in co controlling ntrolling both annual and a nd perennial knapweeds. k nap w eeds. Their attack often o ften produces an apparent decrease of the btomass biomass and seed production of target weeds. A large sca le study s tu d y of the eriophyoid e ri o p hyo id sspec~es pecies associated a ss o ci a ted with the A la rg e scale knapweeds is needed to discover effective agents in the biological control strategy against CentaurM Censa urea in North Ame America, rica, cons considering ide ring the aapparent pparent high
-
15ft 134-
Fig. 55 -- c.entaurea GiJ///flIIIWI so/sl solSlilialis I.. showing showinft symptoms SY1l1ploms produced produ
