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n "Alice's. Day Off in a Wearable Community." 1.1.1 Alice's Day Off. "Alice pours some cold ..... much less what data might be available or to cooper ate over.
Auranet:TrustandFace-to-FaceInteractions inaWearableCommunity JaySchneider, GerdKortuem, DustinPreuitt, Steve Fickas, Zar University oOregon f DeschutesHall Eugene, OR97403 USA {jay,kortuem,preuitt,fickas, zs}@cs.uoregon.edu ABSTRACT Thispapercontinuesourworkonwearablecommuniti Weexamineonefacetofawearablecommunity,the Auranet,aframeworkforstructuringencountersin spacebasedorneputations andtrust.

es. social

Keywords Wearablecomputing,CSCW,agents,trust,reputation topeer.

peer ,

1 INTRODUCTION Ourmodernworldischaracterizedbyaneverincrea numberofelectronicdevicesaugmentingeveryaspec ourdailylives. Thesedevicesrangefromcellpho PDA'stofullfledgedwearablecomputers. Thesede arealwayswithus,alwaysonandawareomany f asp theirenvironment. Theyarewithuashome, t onth in stores andirnestaurants.

sing ot f nesand vices ectsof setreet,

Ourdailylivesarealsofilledwithhumaninteract throughchanceordesignwephysicallyencounterfr andstrangers.Theseencountersoccuraplaces t lik shops,grocerystores,andoffices. Weinteractto news,tellstories,gossipandexchangegoodsosre Oftenweusethesemeetingstopursueourpersonal However,ourelectronicpartnersaresilentinthes encounters. Currently,whentwoindividualsmeeti matter if they have Bluetooth a enabledHandspring wearablecomputerornoelectronicdevicesatall, interactionitshesame. Thisopportunityforinte currentlyunderutilizedandisthefocusofour communities research.

modelofcyborgsoperatinginavacuum. Thesechar andtheir interactions helpuillustrate s our key i Weintroduceourupdatedviewofawearablecommuni basedontheknowledgewe'vegainedthroughworking theAuranet. WethenproceedtodiscusstheAurane implementationofawearablecommunitybasedonsoc space. Throughoutthepaperwemaintain strong a f trustas kaey elementin supporting sociability.

acters ssues. ty with our t, ial ocuson

1.1 Scenarios

ionswhen iends ecoffee trade rvices. goals. e doesn't t Visor,a the ractionis wearable

Withtheintroductionofshortrangeradiofrequenc y(RF) andmobilead-hocnetworks(MANET)ourwearable devicescanparticipatewith usintheseencounters.These face-to-face encounters form an ad-hoc peer-to-peer networkthatwecalltheAuranet. Aswithanygrou p,users havingdailyinteractionsformsocialgroupsandwh enever peopleformsocialgroupstheyformcommunities. W hen thesecommunitiesareaugmentedbywearabletechnol ogy they becomewearablecommunities. Thispaperbeginsbypresentingascenarioshowing lifeinawearablecommunitydiffersfromthetradi

S y egall

how tional

Toillustrateawearablecommunityinactionandho w wearable encounters in a ubiquitous computing environmentcanbeaugmentedwiththeAuranetweha ve adaptedpartofapre-existingscenario"Alice'sDa yOff" from[1]. WepresentasectionoA f lice'sDayOff firstas originallypresentedin[1],thenmodified a versio n"Alice's Day Off in Wearable a Community." 1.1.1Alice's DayOff "Alicepourssomecoldcereal,noticesthatsheis lowon soymilk,andwalksintothelivingroom. AsAlice sits downatthecouchwithhercereal,thelivingroom' swall displaycomestolifewiththeinformationthatwas previouslyonthekitchendisplay. "Reminder,"Ali cesays. Thewalldisplaychangestoshowalistofto-doit ems. "NexttimeI'mnearagrocerystore,remindmetob uysoy milk."Anewreminderisaddedtothelist. Thete xtreads: "Proximity reminder, location grocery store, action message:buysoymilk --confirm?""Confirmed,"Alice says. LaterthatdayaA s liceiw s alkingtothepark,she runsinto Charles,anoldclientofhers. Aftertalkingfor alittle while,Alice'swearablealertsherthatthereisa reminder associatedwiththissituationbydisplayinganico nonher integratedglassesdisplay. Withoutpausinginthe conversationshetouchesthewearabletorequestth e information. Thetext"swimmingpool"appearsinp laceof theicon."Oh,"Alicesays,"Didyoueverresolve the disputewith your contractor abouttheswimming poo l?"

1

AsAlicewalkshomethateveningshepassesthrough GaribaldiSquare,nearW a ordsworthstore. Oneof shoppingapplicationsnoticesthatLeCorbusier's" aNewArchitecture,"abooksheilsookingfor,is beingonsaleiW n ordsworth for laower pricethan foundonthenet. Shestopsinthestoreandpicks book.Whilesheisthereherwearableautomaticall discoversanavailablewalldisplay andsheusesit alistofotherbookssheiisnterestedintocheck prices.Alicepurchasesherbooksbyauthorizingh shoppingagenttotransfercybercashfundstothes walks outwith friendly a wavetothecashier."

Alice's Toward listedas itcan be upthe y tocallup thestores er tore,and

1.1.2Alice's DayOffinaWearableCommunity "Alicepourssomecoldcereal,noticesthatsheis lowon soymilk,andwalksintothelivingroom. AsAlice sits downatthecouchwithhercereal,thelivingroom' swall displaycomestolifewiththeinformationthatwas previouslyonthekitchendisplay. "Reminder,"Ali cesays. Thewalldisplaychangestoshowalistofto-doit ems. "NexttimeI'mnearagrocerystore,remindmetob uysoy milk."Anewreminderisaddedtothelist. Thetextreads: "Proximity reminder, location grocery store, action message:buysoymilk --confirm?""Confirmed,"Alice says. Onherwayoutofherapartmentcomplex, Alicewal herdownstairsneighborDaisy. Astheypasseacho thehallwayAliceandDaisy'swearablesruntheWAL Auranettask-tradingapplication[4].WALIDisapr wehavedevelopedtoanalyzeausersto-dolistand comparethetaskswiththeto-dolistofotherswho physicalproximity.Whenitfindsredundancyitwi negotiate trade a thatis optimalfor both parties.

ksby therin ID ogram are in ll

LaterthatdayaA s liceiw s alkingthroughthepar k,many otherAuranetuserspassintoandoutofher aura. Alice's wearableknowsshedoesn'tliketobedisturbeddur ingher morningconstitutional,soithandleswhattasksit can, withoutrequiringAlice'sattention.Oneofthese tasks includes informingherfriendsinthepark(throug hthe Auranet MoodMinderapplication)thatAlicewouldprefer nottobedisturbed.Afterawhileshesits ataparkbench anddecidesshewantstohavesomeonetotalkto. Shethen runs FriendFinder,aproposedAuranetpeertopeer application. FriendFinderlooksforfriendsstartingwith herimmediate aura,andthenspiralsoutwardnextchecking thosepeople'sAurasandso n,untilshefindstha Charles, t anoldclientofhers,isnearbyandavailablefor a conversation.

talking,Alice'swearablealertsherthatthereis areminder associatedwiththissituationbydisplayinganico nonher integratedglassesdisplay. Withoutpausinginthe conversationshetouchesthewearabletorequestth e information. Thetext"swimmingpool"appearsinp laceof theicon."Oh,"Alicesays,"Didyoueverresolve the disputewithyourcontractorabouttheswimmingpoo l?" Charlessays,"No,henevercouldcompletethejob; however,I'vebeengatheringreputationinformation from the neighborhood [using the Auranet decentralized reputation application, DIOGENES, which we have implementedanddescribedin[2]]andeveryone'sto ldme aboutthisgreatpoolmanEugene. Iseethatyour eally likedhis work too." As Alicewalkshomethateveningherscheduledroute passesthroughGaribaldiSquare,nearaWordsworth store. OneofAlice'sshoppingapplicationsnoticesthatL e Corbusier's"TowardaNewArchitecture,"abookshe is lookingfor,islistedasbeingonsaleinWordswor th. As Aliceias navidbookbuyerbutneverbuysmusicsh ehas configuredherAuranet CouponTraderapplicationto automaticallytradeawayanyrecordcouponsshehas for bookcoupons(usingasystemsimilartothatdescri bedin [3]. Atsome pointduringthedayshetradedtopasser-by a acouponpushedtoherwearablefromFeltin'sCDs& Tapesfor 1a0%offcouponaWordsworth. t This exc hange occurredautomatically andwithoutinterruptingAli ce.With thecoupon,LeCorbusier's"TowardaNewArchitectu re," is at laower pricethan ican t bfeoundotnhenet . AlicestopsinWordsworth'sandpicksup"Towarda Architecture".Herwearablealsosignalsaproximi remindertopickupacopyo"fWWFSuperstars" for downstairsneighbor, Daisy. Alicepurchasesherbooksby authorizinghershoppingagenttotransfercyberca tothestore. Alicewalksoutwithafriendlywave cashier.

New ty her shfunds tothe

Whenshestopsbyherneighbor'stodropoff theW WF Superstarsbook,DaisygivesAlicea containerosfoymilk shepickedupwhileathe t market. Thistaskexcha ngewas madepossiblethroughthetasksharingoptimization done by theWALIDagents earlier thatmorning.

AlicemessagesCharlesusing AuraSMS tolethim know she wouldlikesomecompany. Heuses AuraFindertoguide himtoherbenchwheretheyhaveanicechat.While 2

BybeinginawearablecommunityAlicederivedthe followingbenefitsthat wouldnotnormally haveoccurredin w a earableandubiquitous computing environment: •

Directsocialcuessenttoherneighborsvia MoodMinder.



Social interaction facilitatedby



Face-to-Faceinteraction arrangedby



Personalrecommendationsfromhercommunity acquiredfrom DIOGENES.



Nocognitiveloadtradingwithstrangersusing CouponTrader.



Task Sharing with neighbor a ,

FriendFinder. AuraFinder.

WALID.

2.1 TrustinWearableCommunities

2 WEARABLE COMMUNITIES In[4]wepresentthenotionofa wearablecommunity, designedtosupportalargegroupofuserscooperat ingin theirdailylives.It'seasytoseewhatawearabl e communityisnot. Althoughthousandsopf ersonala gents arecommunicatingforthewearableuseratanygive n moment,awearablecommunityisnotastrictlyagen t communityliketheinternetorvariousvirtualmeet ing grounds. Noriswearable a communitysimplytrad a itional community whosemembers own wearablecomputers. A wearablecommunity ivasoluntary co-mingling of andtheirpersonalagents,eachcommunitymemberac inhis/herownbestinterestand,ifthecommunity properlydesigned,theinterestsotfhecommunitya Membersow af earablecommunitycommunicatewithea otherthroughanassortmentow f irelesssystemsinc cell,infrared andshortrangeRFamong others.

people ting is swell. ch luding

Wearablecommunitymembersarephysicallymobile,w ith their surrounding environments affecting their communications. Asthesurroundingenvironmentcha nges sowilltheoptimalandpossiblecommunicationchan nels. Thischangingenvironmentmandatesadhocnetworkin gas thecommunitymembermovesthroughhisoher r day. For similarreasonsthesenetworksarealmostby defini tionpeer topeer,asthereins everaguaranteethataservi cewillbe availablethatisn'tself-providedbtyhecommunity member. Communitiesareaboutsociability. Asdescribedin computernetworkconnectingpeopleisalsoasocial network. Thebenefitsaccruedfrom w a earablecomm arisefromtheresourcesmadeavailablefromthiss network.Ourapproachisdirectedtowardsdevelopi technology that supports a wearable communityby strengtheningandaugmentingthesocialinteraction thewearablecommunity members.

Bydesigningforcommunitiesofwearableusers,pre existingapplicationscanbiemproved. Weconsider itvery important when developing wearable applications to considerthecommunity.InthescenariopresentedA lice usestwotraditionalapplications,the"to-dolist" and"ecoupons",bothofwhichhavebeenaugmentedthrough interactionswithothercommunitymembers. Current lywe arecontinuingtodevelopapplicationsthatconside r communitiesofwearablesandweareintheprocess of developingacalendarapplicationthatwillreorgan ize (wherepossible),plannedeventssothatserendipit ous meetingwithfriendsandco-workerswillnolonger beleft uptochance.

[6]a unity ocial ng among

Humancommunitiesarebasedontrust. Trustisint everyinteraction,ineveryencounter,ineverycom Everydaywetrustpeopletobewhotheyclaim, we whattheysay,andweeventrustpeopletotakeact thedistantfuturewithnoassurancesotherthanth Withouttrust,cooperation wouldbiempossible.[7] Trustprovidespeoplewithamechanismtohandlean uncertainworld.Trustsimplifiesourdecisionmaki processandallowsustoquicklymakeadecision. Althoughtrustdoesnotallowustoknowwith100% certaintythatourinteractionwillbeasexpected, provideuw s ith mechanism a forevaluatingthatris weunderstandtheriskwecanthenevaluateitfhe of our negotiations areworth therisk assumed.[9] Agentcommunitiescanalsobenefitfromtrusttosu negotiationandcooperation. [7][10] Manymechan forsupportingtrustinvirtualcommunitieshavebe suggestedandimplemented,forexamplethePGPWeb Trust[11]andreputationmodelssuchatshatdescr [10]. Current agent based communities are attempting to implementthesetrustmechanisms.Oneexampleis OpenPrivacy.org'sTalonsystemthatprovidesagene reputationexchangemechanism.[12] Also,[13]des howonecanusehardsecuritytechniquestoleverag informationfromanagentcommunities'"WebofTrus into traditional a human trustmechanism. Wearable communities do not functionas eithera traditionalhumansocietyoranagentbasedcommuni However,aswithhumanandelectroniccommunities wearablecommunitiescanbegreatlyenhancedthroug useotafrustmechanism. In[2]wedescribeadistributedtrustapplication uniquepropertiesthatutilizetheadvantagesaof

egralto munity. trust ionsin eirword. [8]

ng

itdoes Once k. benefits

pport isms en of ibedin

ral cribes e t"

ty. hthe with wearable 3

communitycontainingbothagentsandaphysicalhum presence. Fromthecitedliteratureontrustwefe makethefollowingstatementsabouttrustasiist w a earablecommunity:

an elwecan appliedin

personalagents[4]tomakeassumptionsandtakeact theycouldnotdooutsidetheAuranet. Personalag requestthattheuserhandphysical a objecttoano Theycansuggestthataconversationbestarted. T evenhaveabasisforspeculationonrelationships repeatedproximity.



Trustoaf nyentityinawearablecommunitywill vary depending ow n hoidoing s thetrusting.



Trust can be enhanced through various mechanismsandactionsincluding(butnotlimited to) past history, signed certificates, specific actions,andreputation information.

Thisaggregationandmappingcanbebestvisualized aura. Thedictionarydefinitionofanaurais:"anene fieldthatisheldtoemanatefrom laivingbeing"[ theAuranetallmembersinwearable a communityema such aanura.



Trustcanbequantified,anditsvaluecanbeused bymembersoawearable f communitytoestimate risk.

3.1 Encounters



Trustisspecifictoadomainandtherearean unlimitednumberofdomainstowhichtrustmight beapplied.Forexample,Imighttrustyouto deliver paackagebutnottofix mcyar.

3 AURANET The Auranetisanetworkforcommunicationinthesocial space[5].Thesocialspaceisthat12footradius extendsarounduisnalldirectionsanddefinesthe whichweashumansinteract. IntheAuranetwegai contextualunderstandingofnearness. Anyperson, orcommunitymemberthatissaidtobe"inone'sAu isalsoanobjectthatisknowntobenearby.With exceptionsthatobjectiscloseenoughthatahuman comfortably interactwith it.

1

that spacein na device ranet" few can

TheAuranetisthespaceinwhichencountersoccur inour implementationofawearablecommunity. TheAurane is t not the only space in which wearable community interactionscanoshould r occur,butwehavechose nias ta startingpoint. Wehavechosensocialspaceforo ur implementationduetoitssignificanceinhumansoc ial behavior. Socialspaceiwhere s peopleinteractwi th friends andstrangers. Asone the ofprimarygoalsoour f research istoaugmentsocialinteractions,the12'socials paceseems tobethereasonablechoice.Everymemberoafwear able communityhashis/herownAuranetmuchlikeevery companyhasitsownintranetandeverypersonhash isor herownsocialspace. Sociabilityencountersoccur when twomembersoawearable f communityareineachoth er's Auranets. TheAuranet's integrationothe f currentphysical socialspacewiththeelectronicagentnetworkallo

1 12 feetitshestandardapproximationusedinSoci Theexactrangevariesbetweenindividualsandisv dependenton culturalfactors.

spaceand ws

ology. ery

Aprimaryfocusoour f researchintowearablecommu isfindingtheanswertothequestion,"Whathappen twomembersoafwearablecommunitycomefacetofa thatdoesn'thappenwhentwopeopleinahuman communitycomefacetoface?" Toanswerthisquest wefirstattemptedtodevelopwearableagentapplic Theseapplicationsshowedthatcertaintypesosfoc enhancingencounterscouldoccurandprobablyshoul occur butdidnotanswer thebroader question.

ions entscan theruser. heycan from asan rgy 14]andin nate

nities w s hen ce ion, ations. iability d

Inourcurrentunderstanding,thereiasvirtually unlimited numberofpersonalagentsandwearablecommunity applicationsthatcanbeunleashed. Theywillbeb asedon theneedsotfheindividualandofthecommunity. Inthe followingsectionswedescribeaseriesoof peratio nsthat weusetoform ourframeworkforencountersiWe na arable Community. 3.2 ATrustbasedFrameworkforFace-to-Face Encounters Aface-to-faceencounteroccursin theAuranetwhentwo membersareeachinsidetheother'saura.Inother words, bothpartiesarewithin12feetoef achother. Whe nthis occursthemembersotfhewearablecommunitymaybe gin interacting either on social a level,an agentleve or lboth. We are not going to discuss the mechanisms for establishingandmaintainingaconnectioneitheron humanothe r agentlevel. Botharecoveredindept appropriatefields'literatures. Norwillwediscu securitydetailsofidentityverificationandcerti However,ourframeworkdoesoutlinehow agentscan progresscommunicating andcooperatingwith reas a expectation obenefit f andpersonalsecurity.

the hinthe ssthehard fication. make onable

Thesystemweproposeassumesthataninternaltrus systemisrunningoneverycommunitymember'sweara

t ble. 4

Itneednotbetheonereferencedherenormustit decisionsonthesameoeven r remotelysimilarcrit wearableagentsarecustomized,itislikely thein applicationwillbecustomizedaw s ell. So,inad havinguniqueinputs(nurture),notwotrustapplic necessarilyhavethesamemethodsoef valuation(na MotherTeresaislikelytohaveavastlydifferent evaluationmechanismthanagraduatestudentin city.

baseits eria. As ternaltrust ditionto ations ture). trust aninner

Tofunctionunderthisframeworktheonlyrequireme ntis thatatrustsystemexistsandthatitcanreturna trust evaluationthatisunderstoodbythelocalapplicat ion callingthetrustsystem. Weassumeforourexampl trust ae systemsimilartothatdescribedin[2]. Thistrus system t is domainspecificwitheachapplicationcallingthet rust systemrepresentingadomain(task-trading,roadsid e assistance,plumbingadviceetc.) Thetrustsystem responds withanumericalvaluefrom2.0to -2.0(besttoworst)asa metricfortrustworthinessinthedomainspecified bythe requester. Applications in a Wearable Community are either communicatingornegotiatingoveraspecificdomain By . dividingtrustintodomainsitispossibletobeab leto handlemultivariatetrustissues,liketrusting so meoneto driveyoutotheairportbutnottrustingthemtof lythe plane. Wearableagentsinteractoverthesedomains using gamestheoreticaltechniquesbutareoftenatasig nificant disadvantageiftheyproposeorrevealinformation first. [15][3] But,negotiationandcooperationisnotp ossible withoutoneoftheWearableagentsrevealingsome informationfirst. Theinformationtoberevealed mustbe basedonthetrustvaluationtheagentplacesonit s negotiatingpartneratshereins oothermetricon whichto basesuchadecision. Ifthetrustvaluethatexis tsisoaf higherlevelthantheinformationthatisdesired either - asa proposalor in responsetquery oa then - iis revealed. t Wehavecategorizedinformationtobedisclosedint generalcategories;however,adomainmayhavemore fewercategoriesdependingonneed. Inthegeneral thesecategoriesare:public,semi-privateandpriv category fully entails trustfor alllower categori

othree or case ate. Each es.

Applicationsinwearablecommunitieswillruntoth allowedbytheirtrustvalues. So,ifthetrustle for uaser in aanpplication isemi-private s allin cooperationthatispossibleasatemi-privateopr willbeavailable. Thisdoesrequiretheapplicati designedsuchthatprogramflowactsinincreasing order.

extent velallowed formation & ubliclevel ontobe trust

Itis importanttonotethat laevelof trustis re replytoaquerywhichasksifanapplicationisru muchlesswhatdatamightbeavailableoto rcooper thedomain.For example,you may notwanttotelle

quiredeven to nning, ateover veryone

that you are runninga datingormusic swapping application.Also,iitspossiblethatanagentmig sharethatamusicswappingapplication(public)is butwhichmusicias vailablemightbesetaspublic private,orprivate. Theapplication may alsobde respondwithcertainpiecesforpublicaccessandm semi-privateoprivate. r Forexample,athresholdforreleasingprivateinfo maybea2.0 t (themaximum)althoughpublicinforma mightbereleasedatatrustvaluationof0.0(no information.)Toputthisintoevenmoreconcretet usingthetasktradingapplicationfrom[4]wesee following: AnencounteroccursintheAuranetbetweentwotask tradingapplications.Alice'swearableagentasks agentwhattasksBobneedstodo. Bobhasseveral includingdroppingoffabookatthelibrary (publ pickingupmedicalrecords(private). Bobiswilli sharetheinformationthatheneedstodropoff ba library withanyonewhodoesn'thave "bad" a (less reputationinthetasktradingdomain,butheios n todiscusspickinguphismedicalrecordswithpeop completely trusts.

htfreely running semi, esignedto oreat rmation tion erms the

Bob's tasks ic)and ngto ookathe t than 0.0) lywilling lehe

Figure 1:SingleApplication,FlowbyTrustLevel 3.3 Framework forMultipleAgents Theframeworkbecomesmorecomplicatedwhenmultipl wearableagentsareinvolvedsincethetrustvalue domaincouldbemodifiedbyactionstakeninanothe domain. Forexample,BobasksAliceisfhe'srunni musicswappingapplication. Alice'swearableagent herlocaltrustserverandBobhasavalue0.5int swappingdomain. Alice'sthresholdissetat1.0( private)beforeshewillrevealthatsheisrunning swappingapplication.AsBobisnottrustworthyeno basedontheinformationsuppliedbher ylocaltru shewillnotrevealthatsheisrunningamusicswa application.

e forone r ngthe checks hemusic semiamusic ugh stserver pping 5

Each application may result in a successful negotiation/cooperationorinthedeterminationtha tno cooperationispossibleinthatapplication'sdomai n. An applicationmayalsobeleftopenifit'spossible that changingcircumstancesmayallowfurtheractivity. For example,if trustvalues changefavorably arasesu ltof other agents'interactions,communicationsmaythenproce ed. ThiscanbseeenintheaboveexamplewithAlicean dBob. AsadditionaltrustisestablishedAlicecaninform Bobthat sheisrunningamusicswappingapplicationandthe communication can proceed. Theencounterendseitherwhentherearenowearab agentswithfurtheropencommunicationsowhen r all agents areleftopen butstilldelayed.

4 APPARATUS Wearablecommunitiesaredesignedtobehardware independent. Anydevice thatcanuseMANETRFisa potentialcandidate. Withthestrongsupportofin dustry the BlueTooth standard will likely become an ideal developmentplatform for w a earablecommunity.

Figure 2:Multi-AgentEncounterFramework However,whenAlice'swearableagentqueriesBob's toseeihf e'srunningavideoswappingapplication wearableagentrespondspositively. Inadditionto furtheringtheexchangeofpublicdomainvideo,Ali couldhaveherlocaltrustapplicationincreasethe themusicdomainto1.0ofanyonewithwhomshe's successfully exchangedvideowith. Sheshouldnow toinformBobthatsheisrunningamusicswapping application.

le active

agent Bob's , ce valuein

However,therearebothimplementationproblemsand designflawswiththeproposedBlueToothstandard. In timeiis tlikelytheseissueswillbeworkedouta ndafully functionalmulti-platformwearablecommunitywillb e implementedunder this standard.

beable

Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyusingathread-likemod elfor theencounter. Inthefirstpartoftheencounter, thebasic actsoestablishing f communication andidentificati on occur. Ifthesestepsarenotsuccessfullynegotiatedthen the encounterends.Thisfirstphaseitshe systemtalker stage, wherethecommunicationsparameters areestablished This . stageisfollowedbythe identificationexchange stage wherecryptologicallysignedidentificationinforma tionis passedbetweenthepartiesintheencounter. Thee ncounter willalsoendifeitherofthesestagesisnotsucc essfully completed. Thenextstepintheencounteristhe communityservices stage. Directnegotiationbetweenthepartiesinvo lvedstill hasnotoccurred,butnow,supportservicesthatal l membersofthecommunityprovide,transact.These servicesaredefinedasbeingunambiguouslybenefic ialto everymemberofthecommunityandlaynoonusonth e transactingparties. AnexampleoafnAuranetcomm unity serviceipassing s along Auranete-mailpackets. Afterthisphasecompleteseitherorbothmembersc activatingwearableagentstorunAuranetapplicati

anstart ons.

Figure 3:CybikoIntertainmentSystems. Right:DefaultCybikoConfiguration . Left:Back oAuranet f EnhancedCybiko Top:FrontofAuranetEnhancedCybiko. 6

UntilBluetoothbecomesanacceptablestandardwea re primarily developing our wearable community implementationusingCybiko[16]IntertainmentSyste ms. Cybikosare32bitPDAdeviceswithbuilt-inRF networkinginthe902-928MHZrange.Theyarealso equippedwithanRS232portandanexpansionslot. Input totheCybikoisdonethroughathumbpadandasma ll QWERTYkeyboard. Currentlywearedevelopingunder Cybiko'sproprietaryCy-OS(ver1.2x)andtheCybik o SoftwareDevelopmentKitsupportedbyourowncusto m extensions toprovide near a ANSIC environment. Tosupportourworkinwearablecommunitieswehave modifiedtheCybikosby encasingtheirbackandsides ina heavydutyaluminumfoilshellattachedwithDuckb rand ducttape. Thepurposeothis f modificationitso reducethe rangeoftheRFcommunicationsystem.WiththeRF antennaretractedandthealuminumcasingappliedw heave measuredthemaximumRFbroadcast/receptionranget obe about5meters,downfromthe50metersthatthede fault configuration provides. 6 BACKGROUNDANDRELATEDWORK Theconceptofautomatingnegotiationsbetweenagen ts goesbacktosomeothe f earliest worksincomputerscience [17].Sinceitsinceptionin1929the JournalofSocial Psychologyhasbeenpublishingresearchonhumangroups andcommunities. Itwasnotuntilfairlyrecently thatthe study ohumans f inelectroniccommunitiesbegan. W ith the adventoU f SENETinthe1980's,electroniccommunit ies startedtobecomeanoticedandresearchedsociali ssue. Rheingold'sworkwiththeWELL[18]isanexampleof significantearly work itnhis area. Liveware[19],anotherearlyproject,is imilarto wearablecommunity.Theauthorsproposedasocial networkfacilitatedbypersonalcomputersinwhich userswouldtransportinformationbyphysicallyexc floppydiskswhenencountersoccurred.Theuserswo thentakethenewinformationbacktotheirpersona computersandupdatetheirapplicationdata.They stressthetransmissionindependenceoftheirsyste theirworkendedbeforethetechnology hadadvanced pointthatportablecomputers were viable a option.

anearly the hanging uld l did mbut tothe

ThePiconetproject[20]in1997isanearlyRFad hoc networkingsystemsupportingafullrangeopf ortab leand embeddeddevices. Thisverypromisingworkseemst o havebeensubsumedintotheBluetoothproject.Oth er researchershavedevelopeddevicesthatact asasingle Auranetapplication,themostnotablebeingtheMem e Tags [21]andit's commercialdescendanttheLovege tty. Currently,therearemanygroupsthatareresearchi aspectsofvirtualandelectroniccommunities. How mostofthesecommunitieslackthephysicalproximi componentofawearablecommunityandtheworkis

ng ever, ty

generallyagentbasedasopposedtotheagentandd manipulation paradigm thatwepropose.

7 FURTHERWORKANDOUTLOOK Communities,includingwearablecommunities,areba onmorethanjustface-to-faceencounters.Hence, intendtocontinueourresearchintohowsociabilit wearablegroupscanbheelpedtogrow andmature. continuingtoexaminethesocialprotocolsthatare anddevelopingapplicationsthatarenecessarytos theseemerging communities. Muchaswehopetogrowandmatureourlocalwearab community,thetechnologyandtoolsweusearegrow andmaturingaswell. Theywillbecomemoreubiqui androbustandwehopetoguidethedevelopmentof toolsinamannertopromotecommunityandsociabil Wearecurrentlydevelopingapeer-to-peerplatform willsupportsocialgrowth notopposeit.

irect

sed we yin Weare needed upport

le ing tous these ity. that

We have implemented many of the wearable community/Auranetapplicationsusedintheseexampl es, includingatasktradingapplication,atrustsyste manda profile based introduction system. However, these applicationshavedevelopedovertimeandmanywere developedeitherfortheHandspringVisor,customb uiltRF equipmentorforourwearablecommunitysimulator [2][4][22].AswenowhaveaccesstosufficientRF technologybywayotfheCybikosanimmediateprior ityis tobringtheseapplicationstogetherontoasingle platform. We will thenattempt to determine what the core applications arefor an Auranetbasedwearablecomm unity We plantoexpandoursociability intotheAuranet A high . priorityitsoresearchstrongandweaksocialties andhow theydifferamongtraditionalhuman,electronic,an d wearablecommunities.Wealsointendtoexpandour researchinwearablecommunitiesintootherhumans paces. Weintendtoexaminehowapplicationsmightworkin closerproximities,personalspace(1to3feet)or intimate space(afewinches). Also,weintendtoinvestiga tethe benefitsoef xpandingone'saura intopublicspace which , can gouttotherangeothe f RFdevices (50meter s). WehaveonlyscratchedthesurfaceoftheAuranet, hundredsothousands r of Auranetapplications waiti developedandtested.Itseemstheremaybeasman Auranetapplicationsatsherearewaysoengaging f to-facecommunication,inf otmore! Inthefuture mayusetheAuranetcoupledwithaugmentedreality systemstovieweachother'sAuras. Somemightuse Aurasasameansofexpression,showingtheirmoods feelings. Aurasmightexpandandcontractdependin

with ng tobe y infacepeople their or gon 7

howcommunicativeorsocialauserisfeelinganda visualizations could show the spaces an Aura is "exploring". Aurascouldevenbeviewedshiftingi shapeandcolor. ExoticandcolorfulAurascouldb fashionaccessoriesforwearablecommunitymembers theymightbetoolsthatvisualizeanother'sreputa socialstatus. Asatoolforcommunication,negotiation,ameanso expression,andmoreweseeabroadhorizonforthe Auranet. Itisoneinwhichaurareadingisnotju realmofthemetaphysicsbutthatotfhewearableu well.

ura nsize, ecome or tionor f stinthe seras

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ould rous

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