Journal of Korean Nature
Vol. 2, No. 1
7-12, 2009
Avifauna of Geumo Archipelago Seon-Deok Jin1, Jae-Pyoung Yu1, In-Hwan Paik1, Seok-Yee Kim2, Jeong-Hoon Kang3, Sung-Hyun Kim4, In-Kyu Kim5, Wan-Byung Kim6, and Woon-Kee Paek1* National Science Museum, Mokpo National History Museum, 3 Natural Heritage Center, 4 Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 5 Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology, 6 Folklore and Natural History Museum Jeju-Special Self-Governing Province 1 2
Abstract : A total of 3,248 individuals of 51 species were observed in the Geumo Archipelago (Geumodo, Ando, Yeondo) in Yeosu, Jeollanamdo in two rounds of study conducted from June to September 2008. The dominant species was Larus crassirostris with 1,145 individuals (35.25%) followed by Hirundo rustica with 385 individuals (11.85%), Paradoxornis webbianus with 356 individuals (10.96%), Hypsipetes amaurotis with 219 individuals (6.74%), and Hirundo daurica with 168 individuals (5.17%). Resident birds showed the highest migration of 54.90% followed by summer vagrant birds (31.37%), passage migratory birds (9.8%), winter vagrant birds (1.96%) and vagrant birds (1.96%). The Species biodiversity was 2.43 and the species richness was 6.18. Key words : Geumo Archipelago, Avifauna, Dominant species, Endangered species Introduction
Geumodo is an island situated at 34o24'50''~34o36'30''N and 127o48'25''~127o54'30''E. It covers 26.99 km2 and is composed of neighboring islands, small and large. The sea surrounding the islands is very clean, so it was designated as the Dadohae National Park in 1981 (Cho and Seo, 2000; Seo, 2004). The coastal line in this area is indented and rocky. Embayments and salients alternately appear. The coast has various coastal geomorphological features like tens of meters high sea cliffs, sea caves, and coastal terraces (Ministry of Environment 2000). The western part of Geumo Archipelago is steeply inclined as it is connected to the land from around the island. It forms a slow, lessundulating sea bottom towards the outer sea. The water gets deeper from 15 to 30 meters toward the offing of Yeondo to the south from the offing of Hahwado to the northwest (Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries 2003). The Ministry of Environment Research Report on natural ecosystem (2000) was a study on avifauna of this area. However, there is no research on the birds in this area. This study aims to provide data required for the management of creatures, and geographical and geological *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82-42-7989 E-mail:
[email protected]
Fig. 1. Map of study areas.
management by understanding the features of the biota, topography and geology, and use the results as basic data for the protection and management of the archipelago. In
8 Seon-Deok Jin, Jae-Pyoung Yu, In-Hwan Paik, Seok-Yee Kim, Jeong-Hoon Kang, Sung-Hyun Kim, In-Kyu Kim, Wan-Byung Kim, and Woon-Kee Paek Table 1.
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
List of birds observed on the Geumo archipelago Island Korean name
왜가리 중대백로 흑로 검은댕기해오라기 붉은배새매 황조롱이 새홀리기 매 꿩 깝작도요 노랑발도요 괭이갈매기 재갈매기 멧비둘기 매사촌 두견이 수리부엉이 칼새 물총새 파랑새 쇠딱다구리 팔색조 제비 귀제비 노랑할미새 직박구리 칡때까치 때까치 딱새 바다직박구리 되지빠귀 검은지빠귀 흰배지빠귀 붉은머리오목눈이 휘파람새 개개비 제비딱새 쇠솔딱새 오목눈이 쇠박새 박새 곤줄박이 동박새 노랑턱멧새 방울새 참새 꾀꼬리 어치 까치 까마귀 큰부리까마귀
Scientific name Ardea cinerea Egretta alba modesta Egretta sacra Butorides striatus Accipiter soloensis Falco tinnunculus Falco subbuteo Falco peregrinus Phasianus colchicus Actitis hypoleucos Heteroscelus brevipes Larus crassirostris Larus argentatus Streptopelia orientalis Cuculus fugax Cuculus poliocephalus Bubo bubo Apus pacificus Alcedo atthis Eurystomus orientalis Dendrocopos kizuki Pitta brachyura Hirundo rustica Hirundo daurica Motacilla cinerea Hypsipetes amaurotis Lanius tigrinus Lanius bucephalus Phoenicurus auroreus Monticola solitarius Turdus hortulorum Thrdus cardis Turdus pallidus Paradoxornis webbianus Cettia diphone Acrocephalus orientalis Muscicapa griseisticta Muscicapa dauurica Aegithalos caudatus Parus palustris Parus major Parus varius Zosterops japonicus Emberiza elegans Carduelis sinica Passer montanus Oriolus chinensis Garrulus glandarius Pica pica Corvus corone Corvus macrorhynchos
종수 개체수 종다양도
Geumodo 29 1 2 1 4 1 2 3 2 1 821 2 22 4 1 1 5 1 251 78 17 180 1 4 12 23 1 1 2 184 37 1 24 1 44 18 61 6 11 83 6 1 56 6 2
Ando 98 1
1 1 23
5
198
1 126
4 1
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8 1 1 1
5
5
86 90 1 17
48
1 6 5
22 5 7 7 14
2 51
6 121 2 10 18
6
12
44
12
25 25 1 6 12
28 27 1 4 22
1
1
Total 135 2 2 1 1 4 2 2 31 2 2 1,145 2 34 1 5 1 1 1 1 15 1 385 168 18 219 6 12 25 42 1 1 10 356 37 2 10 1 42 1 62 18 117 6 64 135 8 11 90 6 4
45
25
29
51
2,014
710
524
3,248
2.24
2.31
2.51
2.43
*Migration-Res: Resident, SV: Summer visitor, WV: Winter visitor, PM: Passage migrant, Vag: Vagrant
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Yeondo 8
Dom. (%) 4.16 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.95 0.06 0.06 35.250 0.06 1.05 0.03 0.15 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.46 0.03 11.850 5.17 0.55 6.74 0.18 0.37 0.77 1.29 0.03 0.03 0.31 10.960 1.14 0.06 0.31 0.03 1.29 0.03 1.91 0.55 3.60 0.18 1.97 4.16 0.25 0.34 2.77 0.18 0.12
Mig.* Res SV Res SV SV Res PM Res Res SV PM Res WV Res SV SV Res PM Res SV Res SV SV SV Res Res SV Res Res Res SV Vag SV Res SV SV PM PM Res Res Res Res Res Res Res Res SV Res Res Res Res
Avifauna of Geumo Archipelago 9 Table 2.
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
List of birds observed on the Geumodo archipelago Island in June Korean name
왜가리 중대백로 흑로 붉은배새매 황조롱이 새홀리기 매 꿩 괭이갈매기 멧비둘기 매사촌 두견이 수리부엉이 물총새 쇠딱다구리 팔색조 제비 귀제비 노랑할미새 직박구리 칡때까치 때까치 딱새 바다직박구리 되지빠귀 검은지빠귀 흰배지빠귀 붉은머리오목눈이 휘파람새 쇠솔딱새 오목눈이 박새 곤줄박이 동박새 노랑턱멧새 방울새 참새 꾀꼬리 어치 까치 까마귀 큰부리까마귀
Scientific name Ardea cinerea Egretta alba modesta Egretta sacra Accipiter soloensis Falco tinnunculus Falco subbuteo Falco peregrinus Phasianus colchicus Larus crassirostris Streptopelia orientalis Cuculus fugax Cuculus poliocephalus Bubo bubo Alcedo atthis Dendrocopos kizuki Pitta brachyura Hirundo rustica Hirundo daurica Motacilla cinerea Hypsipetes amaurotis Lanius tigrinus Lanius bucephalus Phoenicurus auroreus Monticola solitarius Turdus hortulorum Thrdus cardis Turdus pallidus Paradoxornis webbianus Cettia diphone Muscicapa dauurica Aegithalos caudatus Parus major Parus varius Zosterops japonicus Emberiza elegans Carduelis sinica Passer montanus Oriolus chinensis Garrulus glandarius Pica pica Corvus corone Corvus macrorhynchos
Geumodo 13 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 241 16 4 1 3 1 135 21 10 137 1 2 10 9 1 1 2 149 37 1 5 28 13 36 6 11 47 4 1 28 6
No. of species
Ando 50
Yeondo 7
1 21 25 4
2 6 2 1
1 3
5
16
28
9 1 6 3
18 5 2 7 6
2 15
6 97
6
18 12
32
12
23 10 1
28 12 1
9
10
1
1
Total 70 1 1 1 1 2 2 26 272 22 1 4 1 1 11 1 179 21 10 164 6 5 23 18 1 1 10 261 37 1 23 46 13 80 6 62 69 6 1 47 6 2
39
21
22
42
No. of individuals
990
239
286
1,515
Species biodiversity
2.50
2.52
2.42
2.70
addition, as the areas was affected by the oil spill of the Sea Prince ship in 1995, the comprehensive ecological investigation is a must and this study has its significance in defining the current environmental impact of the archipelago.
Study area and method The birds observed while moving in a car or walking around in the entire area of the Geumo Archipelago were recorded from June to September 2008. While walking on
Dom. (%) 4.62 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.13 0.13 1.72 17.950 1.45 0.07 0.26 0.07 0.07 0.73 0.07 11.820 1.39 0.66 10.83 0.40 0.33 1.52 1.19 0.07 0.07 0.66 17.230 2.44 0.07 1.52 3.04 0.86 5.28 0.40 4.09 4.55 0.40 0.07 3.10 0.40 0.13
the roads or mountain paths at 2 km/h, birds that appeared were recorded in the way of the Line Transect Method. The Spot census, which counted the whole individuals, was also used in bird-crowed areas and major observation stations along the coast (Bibby ., 1992). Appearing birds were observed with binoculars (8 × 35, Nikon) and a telescope (×20~60, Swarovski). Birds species that appeared in a thickly wooded area were distinguished by bird sounds. In addition, the locations were traced with GPS (Garmin, GPSmap Vista CX). et al
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10 Seon-Deok Jin, Jae-Pyoung Yu, In-Hwan Paik, Seok-Yee Kim, Jeong-Hoon Kang, Sung-Hyun Kim, In-Kyu Kim, Wan-Byung Kim, and Woon-Kee Paek Table 3.
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
List of birds observed on the Geumo archipelago Island in September Korean name
왜가리 중대백로 흑로 검은댕기해오라기 황조롱이 꿩 깝작도요 노랑발도요 괭이갈매기 재갈매기 멧비둘기 두견이 칼새 파랑새 쇠딱다구리 제비 귀제비 노랑할미새 직박구리 때까치 딱새 바다직박구리 붉은머리오목눈이 개개비 제비딱새 오목눈이 쇠박새 박새 곤줄박이 동박새 방울새 참새 꾀꼬리 어치 까치 큰부리까마귀
Scientific name Ardea cinerea Egretta alba modesta Egretta sacra Butorides striatus Falco tinnunculus Phasianus colchicus Actitis hypoleucos Heteroscelus brevipes Larus crassirostris Larus argentatus Streptopelia orientalis Cuculus poliocephalus Apus pacificus Eurystomus orientalis Dendrocopos kizuki Hirundo rustica Hirundo daurica Motacilla cinerea Hypsipetes amaurotis Lanius bucephalus Phoenicurus auroreus Monticola solitarius Paradoxornis webbianus Acrocephalus orientalis Muscicapa griseisticta Aegithalos caudatus Parus palustris Parus major Parus varius Zosterops japonicus Carduelis sinica Passer montanus Oriolus chinensis Garrulus glandarius Pica pica Corvus macrorhynchos
Geumodo 16 1 3 2 1 580 2 6 1 2 116 57 7 43 2 2 14 35 19 1 16 5 25 36 2 28 2
No. of species No. of individuals Species biodiversity
2
3
173
1 120 6 1 1
2 70 90 1 8 2 36
20 4 5 8 24 2 10
12 2 15
15
6 3
4 12
16
18
36
471
238
1,733
1.77
1.88
1.88
1.94
As a result of studying birds appearing in the Geumo Archipelago (Geumodo, Ando, Yeondo) in Yeosu-si, OREAN NATURE
1
Total 65 1 1 1 3 5 2 2 873 2 12 1 1 1 4 206 147 8 55 7 2 24 95 2 10 19 1 16 5 37 2 66 2 10 43 2
27
Result and Discussion
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Yeondo 1
1,024
The results were organized by region in accordance with Vol. 25 Animals of the Animals and Plants of Korea, and A Field Guide to the Birds of Korea (Lee et al., 2000). Natural Monuments of Korea in Color (Yoon et al., 1998) and Endangered and Reserved Wild Species in Korea (Won and Yoon, 1998) were referred to for legally protected species. Here is the formula used to analyze the investigation results (Brower et al., 1990; Shannon and Weaver, 1949; Margalef, 1963).
Avifauna
Ando 48 1
Dom. (%) 3.75 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.17 0.29 0.12 0.12 50.380 0.12 0.69 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.23 11.890 8.48 0.46 3.17 0.40 0.12 1.38 5.48 0.12 0.58 1.10 0.06 0.92 0.29 2.14 0.12 3.81 0.12 0.58 2.48 0.12
Jeollanamdo twice from June to September 2008, a total of 3,248 individuals of 51 species were observed. The dominant species was Larus crassirostris with 1,145 individuals (35.25%), followed by Hirundo rustica with 385 individuals (11.85%), Paradoxornis webbianus with 356 individuals (10.96%), Hypsipetes amaurotis with 219 individuals (6.74%) and Hirundo daurica with 168 individuals (5.17%). Resident birds showed the highest migration of 54.90% followed by summer visitor birds (31.37%), passage migrant birds (9.8%), winter visitor birds (1.96%) and vagrant birds (1.96%). In this study, resident birds like Larus crassirostris and Hirundo rustica, and summer vagrant birds were found to be dominant species as the study was conducted in summer when the dominant species finished mating, which was also proved
Avifauna of Geumo Archipelago 11 Table 4.
Island
Species biodiversity of survey areas in Geumo archipelago
Biodiversity Geumodo Ando Yeondo Total No. of species 45 25 29 51 No. of individuals 2,014 710 524 3,248 Species biodiversity 2.24 2.31 2.51 2.43 Species richness 5.78 3.66 4.47 6.18 No. of species per area (km2) 1.7 6.3 4.3 No. of individuals per area (km2) 74.6 179.3 2.5 Table 5.
Island
Observation of lagally protected species in Geumo archipelago
No. Korean name 1 붉은배새매 2 황조롱이 3 새홀리기 4 매 5 두견이 6 수리부엉이 7 팔색조
Scientific name Accipiter soloensis Falco tinnunculus Falco subbuteo Falco peregrinus Cuculus poliocephalus Bubo bubo Pitta brachyura
합계
NMa 323-2 323-8 323-7 447 324-2 204 6
ESb II I II II 4
합계 1 4 2 2 5 1 1 16
NM : Natural Monument, ESb: Endangered Species a
by the migration ratio of birds. There appeared 1,515 individuals of 42 species in June while there appeared 1,733 individuals of 36 species in September. So the number of species reached its peak in June while the number of individuals was the highest in September. The difference seemed to be attributed to the migration of some of summer vagrant birds to a place where they would spend winter (National Park Migratory Birds Center 2006). In Geumodo, the largest number of individuals and species, 2014 individuals of 45 species, were observed while 524 individuals of 29 species were found in Yeondo and 710 individuals of 25 species in Ando. The dominant species of Geumodo was Larus crassirostris followed by Hirundo rustica, Paradoxornis webbianus, and Hypsipetes amaurotis. The dominant species of Ando was Larus crassirostris followed by Ardea cinerea, Hirundo daurica, and Paradoxornis webbianus while that of Yeondo was Larus crassirostris followed by Paradoxornis webbianus, Hirundo rustica, and Carduelis sinica. Three places showed a similar pattern.
Habitat density and comparison of species biodiversity
The Species biodiversity of the entire Geumo Archipelago was 2.43 while the species richness was 6.18. Yeondo showed the highest Species biodiversity, 2.51, followed by Ando (2.31) and Geumodo (2.24). Geumodo showed the highest species richness of 5.78 followed by Yeondo (4.47) and Ando (3.66). In terms of habitat density, Ando had the highest number of species per area, 6.3 followed by Yeondo (4.3 species) and Geumodo (1.7 species). Ando had 179.3
individuals per area, the highest number while Yoendo showed 76.9 individuals and Geumodo showed 74.6 individuals. An island that has a stepping stone effect as an intermediary stop can relieve the isolation effect. Yeonyukdo has fewer species than the land but had more species than old islands (Robert and Edward, 1967). The study area was hit hardest by the oil spill of Sea Prince ship in 1995 (Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, 2002). Though it is hard to tell from the research results, its Species biodiversity indicates the ecosystem is gradually recovering in the area. Therefore, the protection and management measures must be established through continued monitoring activities.
Legally protected species
The natural monuments and endangered species observed in the study were six species of natural monuments, one species in Endangered Species Grade 1 and three species in Grade 2. Natural monuments were No. 204 Pitta brachyura, No. 323-2 Accipiter soloensis, No. 323-7 Falco peregrinus, No. 323-8 Falco tinnunculus, No. 324-2 Bubo bubo, and No. 447 Sumiculus Lugubris. The endangered species were Falco peregrinus in Grade 1, and Falco subbuteo, Bubo bubo, and Pitta brachyura in Grade 2.
Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (M10868000001-08N6800-00100).
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