projects. ⢠A large effect size describes the association between. APA participants and the sensation seeking trait. ⢠The mode of adventure physical activity ...
Adventure Physical Activities and Personality A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Patrick Boudreau, MA Candidate and Ryan E. Rhodes, PhD Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Background
Results
• Adventure physical activities (APA), such as skydiving and rock-climbing, are gaining in popularity (Monasterio et al., 2016).
Table 1
• APA may prevent criminality, trigger humility and courage in participants, and be used as a mainstream intervention for positive mental health (Clough, Houge Mackenzie, Mallabon, & Brymer, 2016) .
Trait
• Personality traits are consistent and enduring individual-level determinants of participation in physical activity (Rhodes & Boudreau, 2017). No meta-analysis has yet appraised the association between personality traits and participation in APA.
Objectives • The purpose of this review was to evaluate the relationship between participation in APA and personality traits. • The following research questions guided this review: - What are the personality trait correlates of participation in adventure physical activities?
Conclusions • A large effect size describes the association between APA participants and the sensation seeking trait.
Funnel Plot of Standard Error by Hedges's g
Summary effect size g of the personality traits investigated in the meta-analysis 0.0
• The mode of adventure physical activity moderates the association between participation in APA and sensation seeking, with air sports having the largest association.
0.1
Extraversion
9
F
g (SE)
0.63 (0.06)
95% CI
0.50,0.75
Q*
I²
8.61
7.12
R
g (SE)
0.63 (0.07)
95% CI
0.50,0.76
0.2
Standard Error
k
0.3
• APA participants are less likely than the comparison population to be associated with the personality trait of neuroticism.
0.4
0.5
Impulsivity
10
0.19 (0.05)
0.09,0.29
24.18**
62.78
0.18 (0.09)
0.01,0.35 0.6
-3
Lie
8
Neuroticism
9
-0.14 (0.07)
-0.28,-0.01 2.34
-0.33 (0.06)
-0.46,-0.21 26.24**
0.00 69.51
-0.14 (0.07)
-2
-1
-0.28,-0.01
-0.46 (0.12)
-0.70,-0.22
Psychoticism
8
0.06 (0.07)
-0.08,0.20
10.82
35.28
0.08 (0.09)
-0.11,0.26
Sensation Seeking
63
0.85 (0.03)
0.79,0.90
336.16***
88.56
0.97 (0.07)
0.84,1.11
Sensitivity to Punishment
6
-0.45 (0.07)
-0.59,-0.32 8.90
43.81
-0.45 (0.09)
-0.64,-0.27
Sensitivity to Reward
6
0.33 (0.07)
0.20,0.46
7.12
29.81
0.32 (0.08)
0.16,0.48
Telic Dominance 5 State
0.63 (0.12)
0.40,0.87
15.02**
73.36
0.61 (0.23)
0.15,1.07
0
1
2
3
Hedges's g
Figure 1. Measure of publication bias through a funnel plot of standard error for the sensation seeking trait analysis
• A small effect size is found between participation in APA and more sensitivity to reward, but less sensitivity to punishment. • All 37 studies used cross-sectional/retrospective designs.
Future Plans • Future research would benefit greatly from longitudinal designs examining the bi-directional effects of participation in APA and personality traits. • Personality traits are associated with participation in APA. Further research may examine other factors that are associated with participation in APA (e.g., flow, comaderie, and feeling a sense of control).
F
Notes: g (SE) = the standard differences reported are based on the fixed-effects models. g (SE)R = the standard differences reported are based on the random-effects models. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001
- What is the size of the relationship? Table 2
Research Design
Moderator analysis of the sensation seeking trait based on modes of APA Group by Mode of APA
• We followed PRISMA guidelines to determine if air sports articles were eligible for this review. climbing APA • We used the databases PsychINFO, combined skydiving SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar and relevant Overall reviews to identify 5691 English and French articles. A total of 37 articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis.
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Studyname Group by Mode of APA
Studyname Statistics for each study
Std diff in means
Standard error
Std diff in means and 95% Std CI diff in means and 95% CI
Statistics for each study
Upper Std diff Lower Standard Lower Upper Variance limit limit Z-Value p-Value limit in means error Variance limit
Z-Value
p-Value
air sports
1.178
0.190
0.036 1.550 1.178 0.806 0.190
6.208 0.036
0.000 1.550 0.806
6.208
0.000
climbing
0.893
0.151
0.023 1.188 0.893 0.598 0.151
5.928 0.023
0.000 1.188 0.598
5.928
0.000
combined APA
0.676
0.093
0.009 0.859 0.676 0.493 0.093
7.236 0.009
0.000 0.859 0.493
7.236
0.000
skydiving
1.053
0.140
0.020 1.328 1.053 0.778 0.140
7.500 0.020
0.000 1.328 0.778
7.500
0.000
Overall
0.856
0.065
0.856 0.729 0.065 0.004 0.983
0.004 13.178
0.729 0.000 0.983
13.178
0.000
-2.00
-1.00
-2.00 0.00
-1.00 1.00
0.00 2.00
1.00
2.00
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