JUTE & ALLIED FIBRES ABSTRACT Abstracting service on jute & allied fibres
Compiled by Dr. Rina Naiya Dr. S. N. Chattopadhay Tuhin Subhra Ghosh Srikumar Choudhury Anirban chakrabarty
Vol. 3 No. 1 & 2
Jan. - Dec., 2014
Published by Dr. Debasis Nag, Director A service of the library section ICAR-National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied FibreTechnology 12 Regent Park Kolkata 700 040 West Bengal, India
Contents
Banana fibre ……………………...............................1-22 Coir ………………………………………………....23-54 Flax………………………………………………......55-87 Jute ………………………………………………...88-151 Jute Geotextile ………………………………......152-158 Kenaf ……………………………………………..159-198 Pineapple fibre …………………………………...199-208 Ramie……………………………………………..209-233 Sisal………………………………………………..234-266 Author Index …………………………………….267-298 Keyword Index………………………………........299-328
User Guide
Entries are arranged under different subject (jute & allied fibre) which are arranged alphabetically like Banana fibre, Coir, Flax, etc. Author, keyword and taxonomic indexes are arranged alphabetically and indicating the entry number
Sample Entry: Entry number Title of abstract J4. Strengthening of RC beams in flexure using natural jute fibre textile reinforced composite system and its comparative study with CFRP and GFRP strengthening systems Tara Sen1, H.N. Jagannatha Reddy2
Name of Authors
1
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Barjala, Jirania 799055, Tripura (West), India.
[email protected] 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Bangalore Institute of Technology, K.R. Road, V.V. Puram, Bangalore, India Author’s affiliation Page No. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. Vol.2, Issue 1 ; 2013 ; p. 41-55 Year Name of Journal
Volume No.
Issue No.
Abstract Jute textile reinforced polymer composite system was developed and its tensile, flexural behaviour was characterised and compared with that of carbon textile …………………. strengthening material. Keywords Jute textile composite; CFRP; GFRP; Flexural strength; Strengthening
Banana Fibre B1. Hybrid green nanocomposites of poly(lactic acid) reinforced with banana fibre and nanoclay VP Sajna1, Smita Mohanty1 2, Sanjay K Nayak1 2 1
Advanced Research School for Technology and Product Simulation, Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology, India 2 Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology, India Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites.Vol. 33(18) ; 2014 ; p.1717-1732 Abstract: Green nanocomposites of poly(lactic acid)/banana fibre/nanoclay were successfully prepared using melt-blending technique followed by injection moulding. Untreated and chemically modified banana fibres and organically modified nanoclay (Cloisite 30B) were used as reinforcing agent within the poly(lactic acid) matrix. The banana fibres were subjected to various chemical modifications such as mercerization, silane treatment, sodium lauryl sulphate treatment, permanganate treatment and combination of mercerization and silane treatment. The biocomposites and bionanocomposites were subjected to characterization tests i.e. mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, heat deflection temperature (HDT), morphological properties using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope and waterabsorption studies to evaluate the effect of chemical modification of banana fibre and incorporation of nanoclay. Silane-treated fibre-reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites and its bionanocomposites displayed optimum tensile and flexural properties than that of virgin poly(lactic acid) resin, whereas the impact strength of composites showed a reverse order due to the brittle nature of matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis result shows that the storage modulus of the bionanocomposites increases with respect to the virgin poly(lactic acid) and biocomposites. Differential scanning calorimetry results revealed that the glass transition was not significantly changed; however, the incorporation of both silanetreated fibre and C30B nanoclay enhanced the nucleation of poly(lactic acid) crystallites as well as increased the melting temperatures. The results of thermogravimetric analysis depicted that fibre modification and incorporation of nanoclay can improve the degradation temperature of the composites. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated improper dispersion of untreated fibres and proper dispersion of treated fibres within the poly(lactic acid) matrix, thereby revealing the interfacial adhesion between the fibres and matrix. Additionally, the composites were subjected to water-absorption studies, which revealed that bionanocomposites exhibited better water resistance than biocomposites. Keywords: Poly(lactic acid) ; green nanocomposites ; banana fibre melt blending ; nanoclay (C30B) ; chemical modification
B2. Evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties of banana–flax based natural fibre composite V.S. Srinivasana, S. Rajendra Boopathya, D. Sangeethaa, B. Vijaya Ramnathb
1
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sai Ram Engineering College, Chennai 600 044, India Materials & Design. Vol. 60, 2014 August ; p.620–627 Abstract: Hybrid materials of any kind are the keynote for today’s demands. This paper deals with one of such hybrid composite made of natural fibres namely, banana and flax fibres. The structural build-up is such that one layer of banana fibre is sandwiched between two layers of flax fibres by hand layup method with a volume fraction of 40% using Epoxy resin and HY951 hardener. Glass fibre reinforcement polymer (GFRP) is used for lamination on both sides. This lamination also increases the overall mechanical properties along with better surface properties. The properties of this hybrid composite are determined by testing its tensile, impact, and flexural loads using a Universal testing machine. Thermal properties are analysed and hybrid composites of flax and banana with GFRP have better thermal stability and flame resistance over flax, banana with GFRP single fibre hybrid composites. Morphological analysis is done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The result of test shows that hybrid composite has far better properties than single fibre glass reinforced composite under impact and flexural loads. However it is found that the hybrid composite have better strength as compared to single fibre composites.
B3. Finite Element Analysis of Jute and Banana Fibre Reinforced Hybrid Polymer Matrix Composite and Optimization of Design Parameters Using ANOVA Technique Vishnu Prasada, , Ajil Joya, G. Venkatachalama, S. Narayanana, S. Rajakumarb a
School of Mechanical and Building Science, VIT University, Vellore-632014, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Regional centre, Anna University, Tirunelveli Procedia Engineering. Vol. 97, 2014 ; p.1116–1125 b
Abstract: During last few years, the interest in using natural fibers as reinforcement in polymers has increased significantly. Natural fibers are not only strong and lightweight but also relatively very cheap and bio-degradable. In this work, an investigation is carried out on jute fiber, a natural fiber. Jute fiber has gained interest in the composite field due to its superior specific properties compared to manmade synthetic fibers like glass, Kevlar, asbestos, etc. The present work describes the development and characterization of natural fiber based composites consisting of jute fiber as reinforcement and hybrid resin consisting of general purpose resin and cashew nut shell resin as matrix material. The composites are fabricated using hand lay-up technique. The tensile strength is studied using experimental and numerical analysis. The nature of hybrid matrix at different composition is also studied. The commercial Finite Element Analysis software ANSYS is used for numerical study. Keywords: Natural fibre; hybrid matrix; finite element analysis. B4.Studies on fracture toughness of Banana-Glass fibre hybrid composite Santhanam V1 , Chandrasekaran M2 1. Research scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai, India 2. Director, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels University, Chennai, India Indian journal of engineering. Vol.11(26), 2014 ; p.21-29 2
Abstract: Composite materials, especially fibre reinforced plastics are widely used in industrial, automotive and household applications. Environmental impact of synthetic fibres forces us to investigate alternate means in the form of natural fibres. The use of natural fibre reinforced plastics represents attractive and suitable methods for replacing the synthetic fibres like glass fibre and carbon fibre. Among various natural fibres, banana fibre is of particular interest in that, its composites has high tensile strength, high tensile modulus, and low elongation at break beside its low cost and eases of availability. This paper concentrates on reinforcement of polymer (Epoxy resin) with different lengths of banana and glass fibre to form hybrid composites. Hybrid composites are prepared using hand layup technique. Tests were conducted to calculate fracture toughness (Mode I, Mode II and Mixed mode) of these composites. The experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of fibre length on the fracture toughness of the hybrid composite. As epoxy is a brittle material, stress intensity factor is used to assess the fracture toughness of the composites. From the experimental results it is found that the increase in fibre length increased the fracture toughness value of the banana/glass fibre hybrid composite. Keywords: Natural Fibre, Fracture Toughness, Polymer Composites, banana fibre composites, Hybrid composites, Epoxy composites.
B5. Hybrid green nanocomposites of poly(lactic acid) reinforced with banana fibre and nanoclay VP Sajna1, Smita Mohanty1,2, Sanjay K Nayak1,2 1Advanced Research School for Technology and Product Simulation, Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology, India 2Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology, India Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. Vol. 33(18), 2014 ; p. 1717-1732 Abstract: Green nanocomposites of poly(lactic acid)/banana fibre/nanoclay were successfully prepared using melt-blending technique followed by injection moulding. Untreated and chemically modified banana fibres and organically modified nanoclay (Cloisite 30B) were used as reinforcing agent within the poly(lactic acid) matrix. The banana fibres were subjected to various chemical modifications such as mercerization, silane treatment, sodium lauryl sulphate treatment, permanganate treatment and combination of mercerization and silane treatment. The biocomposites and bionanocomposites were subjected to characterization tests i.e. mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, heat deflection temperature (HDT), morphological properties using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope and waterabsorption studies to evaluate the effect of chemical modification of banana fibre and incorporation of nanoclay. Silane-treated fibre-reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites and its bionanocomposites displayed optimum tensile and flexural properties than that of virgin poly(lactic acid) resin, whereas the impact strength of composites showed a reverse order due to the brittle nature of matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis result shows that the storage modulus of the bionanocomposites increases with respect to the virgin poly(lactic acid) and biocomposites. Differential scanning calorimetry results revealed that the glass transition was not significantly changed; however, the incorporation of both silanetreated fibre and C30B nanoclay enhanced the nucleation of poly(lactic acid) crystallites as well as increased the melting temperatures. The results of thermogravimetric analysis depicted that fibre modification and incorporation of nanoclay can improve the degradation temperature of the composites. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated improper dispersion of untreated fibres and proper dispersion of treated fibres within the poly(lactic acid) matrix, thereby revealing the interfacial adhesion
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between the fibres and matrix. Additionally, the composites were subjected to water-absorption studies, which revealed that bionanocomposites exhibited better water resistance than biocomposites. Keywords: Poly(lactic acid) ; green nanocomposites ; banana fibre ; melt blending ; nanoclay (C30B) ; chemical modification
B6. Experimental Investigation of Effect of Fibre Diameter on Tensile Properties of Jute – Banana Fibre (Hybrid) Reinforced Epoxy Composite Mohammed Khalifa, Altaf Hussain Bagawan International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. Vol. 3 (6), 2014 Abstract: In this paper, the experiments of tensile tests are carried out using Jute -banana fibre (hybrid) reinforced epoxy composite. Samples of jute, banana and hybrid (jute-banana) fibre reinforced composites of different diameter used in this research. Fibres are of diameter 1mm, 2mm and 3mm in the form of yarns. As the diameter of fibres (volume fraction) increases the tensile strength increases. From the obtained results the percentage of elongation of jute, banana and hybrid (jute-banana) fibre reinforced composites is 14%, 9%and 8.5% respectively when it is loaded along the orientation of fibres and 10% , 7.5% and 6.7% when it is loaded perpendicular to the orientation of fibre. And it is found that the stress is maximum when it is loaded along the orientation of fibre and minimum value of stress when it is loaded perpendicular to the orientation of fibre. Increase in tensile strength is achieved by hybridization of jute and banana fibres. There is an enhancement of 39.39 % and 24% in tensile strength because hybrid based epoxy composite when compared to jute and banana reinforced epoxy composites. Finite element analysis using ANSYS software has showed that the differences of results obtained from these samples are not significant compared to experimental results. Definitely this shows the importance of this product and attracts many researchers for the improvement of this composite.
B7. Influence of fibre dispersion on compression strength of banana fibres reinforced concrete Samrat Mukhopadhyay1, Bishwajit Bhattacharya2 1Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New 2Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
Delhi,
India
Journal of Industrial Textiles. August 3, 2014 ; DOI: 10.1177/1528083714545394 Abstract: Concretes have a high rate of propagation of cracks. In order to decrease the rate of crack propagation banana fibres have been reinforced in concrete. Banana fibres offer a relatively high surface area for bonding with concrete matrix. The proportion of fibres which have to be reinforced inside the concrete has been optimised to maximise compressive strength. Fibres have been coated with a softening agent to facilitate dispersion and reduce variability of test results. Keywords: Banana fibre ; reinforced concrete ; flexural strength
B8. Water Absorption Kinetics and Mechanical Properties of Ultrasonic Treated Banana Fiber Reinforced-vinyl Ester Composites
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Rajesh Ghosha, , , A. Ramakrishnab, Dr. G. Reenac, A. Ravindrad, Abhishek Vermae a
Assistatnt Professor, Mechanical Engg. Department, GITAM University Professor, Mechanical Engg. Department, AUCE, Andhra University c Onsite ETL lead, Tech Mahindra, Singapore d Mechanical Engg. Department, GITAM University e Mtech student, Mechanical Engg. Department, GITAM University b
Procedia Materials Science. Vol. 5, 2014 ; p. 311–315 Abstract: This work focuses on the effect of ultrasonic treatment on the water absorption characteristics and the mechanical properties of woven banana fiber composites. Banana fibers were initially treated with NaOH solution. These were then subjected to ultrasonic treatment while preparing the composites. Similar method was followed earlier to study the effect on water absorption property of the composites which showed encouraging results (Ghosh et al., 2013). A mathematical analysis is done to find the diffusion kinetics. These composites were also tested for their mechanical strengths. The mechanical strengths were found to be better than the composites made in the general procedure. This shows that the composites prepared with ultrasonic treatment have superior properties and can be suitable for wide range of applications. Keywords: banana fiber ; ultrasonic treatment ; water absorption ; mechanical strength ; composites.
B9. Exploration of banana fibre as low cost eco-friendly waste management. Binapani Deka ; Pankaj Deka ; Rupam Borgohain Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jorhat, Assam Agricultural University, Teok, Assam, India. Asian Journal of Bio Science.Vol. 9(1), 2014 ; p. 129-130 Abstarct: The production of banana in India is about 27.01 million tons from an area of 0.765 million ha. It provides delicious foods and good quality textile fibre. In most cases, after harvest of the fruits in banana plantations, the stems are wasted and billion tons of stems and leaves are thrown away annually. Such waste provides obtainable sources of fibres, which leads to the reduction of other natural and synthetic fibres' production that requires extra energy, fertilizer and chemical. Considering the pollution aspect of synthetic fibre, there is a need to search for nonconventional renewable resource for textile to give an effective solution. Banana fibres are good absorbent, highly breathable, quickly dry with high tensile strength, biodegradable and have no negative effect on environment. Utilization of banana fibre as cottage industry may explored for income generation by rural women. Trainings were conducted for extraction of banana fibre and preparation of decorative items. Significant difference was found between pre and post test which was carried out among 25 rural women of Romai area of Dibrugarh District. The ultimate goal of this endeavour was to upgrade the knowledge content about extraction of banana fibre, create awareness and full utilization of banana plants. B10. Effect of Surface Treatment and Fiber Orientation on the Tensile and Morphological Properties of Banana Stem Fiber Reinforced Natural Rubber Composite Ikechukwu Christian Ezema1*, A. R. Ravindranatha Menon2, Camelus Sunday Obayi1, Augustin Dinobi Omah1
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1Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria 2National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), CSIR, Trivandrum, India Abstract: A mixture of NaOH and Na2SO3 was used in modification of banana stem fibers (BSF). Unidirectional BSF reinforced natural rubber (NR) lamina composites were made using compression moulding method. The results of the tensile loading in 0˚, 45˚ and 90˚ to the fiber directions of the composite with fiber mass fraction of 30% were studied. Surface modification of the BSF with a mixture of 4% NaOH and 2% Na2SO3 increased the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the composite to 4.03 MPa and 147.34 MPa respectively from 3.12 MPa and 84.30 MPa of the untreated. Variation in properties due to fiber orintations was observed indicating a higher value of properties in the 0o fiber orientation than in 45˚ and 90˚ directions. The result of scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of the surfaces of the fibers indicted an improvement in bonding of the fiber bundles prior to lamination with natural rubber as a result of surface treatment which resulted in its higher tensile strength. Keywords: Natural Fiber, Banana Fiber, Natural Rubber, Tensile Properties, SEM, Fiber Orientation B11. Usefulness of Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Wastes in Manufacturing of Bio-products: A Review AKM Mohiuddin, Manas Kanti Saha, Md Sanower Hossian, Aysha Ferdoushi The Agriculturists. Vol.12(1), 2014 ; p. 148-158 Abstract: Banana (Musa paradisiaca) is one of the most important gigantic and oldest cultivated fruit crops grown almost everywhere in Bangladesh. Presently, the banana pseudostem is hazardous waste in Bangladesh whilst it has been used in several countries to develop important bio-products such as fibre to make yarn, fabric, apparel as well as fertilizer, fish feed, bio-chemicals, paper, handicrafts, pickles, candy, etc. Looking at this perspective, entrepreneurs of Bangladesh should take this golden opportunity and do the needful for such kind of business. The land of our country is suitable for banana production. Its fruit is a healthy diet and demandable in local markets as well as the free waste could be utilized to produce such bio-products which will contribute directly in our national economy. Thus, farmers or entrepreneurs should cultivate more banana trees in unproductive lands of coastal and hilly areas for extra income from the useless wastes and ensure eco-friendly environment. Women can also be employed in production of different bio-products from banana wastes and thus, they can contribute to their livelihood improvement. In conclusion, this review on banana waste utilization will be of help to the farmers, entrepreneurs, planners, scientists as well as Bangladesh government to take proper initiatives in socioeconomic improvement of Bangladesh. Keywords: Pseudostem ; bio-products ; employment ; eco-friendly ; health care
B12. Paper Making from Banana Pseudo-Stem: Characterization and Comparison M. Z. H. Khanab*, M. A. R. Sarkarc, Forhad Ibne Al Imamd, M. Zahid H. Khane & Raimo O. Malinena a Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Pathumthani, Thailand b Department of Chemical Engineering, Jessore Science and Technology University, Jessore, Bangladesh c Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Jessore Science and Technology University, Jessore, Bangladesh d Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pabna Polytechnic College, Pabna, Bangladesh e Local Government Engineering Department, Jessore, Bangladesh
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Journal of Natural Fibers. Vol. 11(3), 2014 Abstract: This study deals with the determination of paper-making potentialities of banana pseudo-stems growing in Thailand. Chlorine dioxide (Do and D1) and extraction (Ep) treatments were all performed in sealed plastic bags in a thermostatically controlled water bath. Unbleached banana kraft pulp in the kappa number range of 23–28 was not easy to bleach with three-stage sequence of D0-EP-D1. The determination of mechanical properties of standard paper after mild beating in the laboratory is discussed as is the interpretation of the results. As an indication of potential paper-making properties, they are important for the pulp producer in the control of fiber characteristics. The brightness was achieved at 45% ISO, with a viscosity level at 585 mL/g. Drainage of pulp was extremely slow and paper-making properties were characterized by low strength, low bulk, rough surface, and extremely poor optical properties. Keywords: banana stem, bleaching, paper testing, physical properties, optical properties
B13. Effect of Surface Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Banana-Glass Fibre Hybrid Composites V. Santhanam *, M. Chandrasekaran Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 591 ; DOI : 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.591.7 Abstract: Natural fibre reinforced composites have attracted the attention of research community mainly because they are turning out to be an alternative to synthetic fibre. Various natural fibres such as jute, sisal, palm, coir and banana are used as reinforcements. In this paper, banana fibres and glass fibres have been used as reinforcement. Hybrid epoxy polymer composite was fabricated using chopped banana/glass fibre and the effect of alkali treatment was also studied. It is found that the alkali treatment improved the mechanical properties of the composite. Keywords: Banana Fibre (20mm), Epoxy Resin, Glass Fibre (20mm), Hybrid Composite, NaOH
B14. Bio-composites: Development and mechanical characterization of banana/sisal fibre reinforced poly lactic acid (PLA) hybrid composites B. Asaithambi (2) , G. Ganesan (2), S. Ananda Kumar (1) 2. Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India 1. Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Fibers and Polymers. Vol. 15(4), 2014 ; pp 847-854 Abstract: The work focuses on the influencing effect of fiber surface treatment by BP towards mechanical properties of BSF reinforced PLA composites. BSF were treated by BP to improve the adhesion between fibres and matrix. BSF (30 wt %) reinforced PLA (70 wt %) hybrid composites were fabricated by means of twin screw extrusion followed by injection molding process. Tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus were tested by means of UTM. The morphological analysis of the untreated and treated BSF reinforced PLA composites in comparison with virgin PLA was carried out by SEM to examine the existence of interfacial adhesion between BSF and PLA. The resultant data reveals that treated BSF restricts the motion of the PLA matrix due to better wettability and bonding. Consequently, mechanical properties like tensile and flexural moduli of BSF reinforced PLA composites were enhanced 7
in comparison to virgin PLA and untreated BSF reinforced PLA composites. The results are discussed in detail. Keywords: Banana/Sisal fibre (BSF), Polylactic acid (PLA), Benzoyl peroxide (BP), Universal testing machine (UTM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Twin screw extrusion process, Injection molding process
B15. Fabrication and Property Evaluation of Banana-Hemp-Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites R. Bhoopathia, M. Ramesha,
C. Deepab
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sai Ram Engineering College,Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Computing, Sathyabama University,Chennai, Tamilnadu, India b
Procedia Engineering. Vol. 97, 2014 ; 2032–2041 Abstract: The role of natural and manmade fibers reinforced hybrid composite materials are growing in a faster rate in the field of engineering and technology due to its favorable properties. In the present unsustainable environmental condition natural fibers are serving better material in terms of biodegradability, low cost, high strength and corrosion resistance when compared to conventional materials. The benefits of components and products designed and produced in hybrid composite materials instead of metals recognized by many industries. The main objective of this experimental study is to fabricate the banana-hemp-glass fibers reinforced hybrid composites and to evaluate the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength. There are three different types hybrid laminates are fabricated by hand lay-up method by using glass, banana and hemp fibers as reinforcing material with epoxy resin. The specimen is prepared according to ASTM standards and the experiment has been carried out by using universal testing machine (UTM). From the experimental results, it has been observed that the banana-hemp-glass fibers reinforced hybrid epoxy composites exhibited superior properties and used as an alternate material for synthetic fiber reinforced composite materials. Morphological examinations are carried out to analyze the interfacial characteristics, internal structures, fiber failure mode and fractured surfaces by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Keywords: Mechanical properties; Hybrid composites; Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); BananaHemp-Glass fiber composites.
B16. Physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiber board (MDF) fabricated from banana plant (Musa sapientum) stem and midrib Md. Mamunur Rashid (1), Atanu Kumar Das (2), Md. Iftekhar Shams (1) (3), Subir Kumar Biswas (2) 1. Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh 2. Pulp and Paper Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, 58 Moo 9, Km. 42, Paholyothin Highway Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand 3. Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science. Vol1(1), 2014 ; pp 1-4
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Abstract: This study was under taken to identify the physical and mechanical properties of mediumdensity fiberboard (MDF) made from banana plant (Musa sapientum) and to evaluate the potential use of banana plant as a raw material of MDF. Two types of board were produced namely banana stem and mid rib of banana leaf MDF. Properties of both types of board compared with market MDF. Physical and mechanical properties were examined. The density of banana stem MDF, mid rib of banana leaf MDF and market MDF were respectively 0.78, 0.74 and 0.72 g/cm3. The MOR of banana stem MDF, mid rib of banana leaf MDF and market MDF was 50.91, 45.30 and 40.65 N/mm2, respectively. The MOE for banana stem MDF, mid rib of banana leaf MDF and market MDF was 3,939.25, 3,606.17 and 3,518.63 N/mm2, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of the both types of board were better than market MDF. The both types of board follow the standard and it can be a good source of raw material for MDF industries. Keywords: Banana ; Physical properties ; Mechanical properties ; Modulus of rupture (MOR) ; Modulus of elasticity (MOE)
B17. Comparison of Jute and Banana Fiber Composites: A Review Satish Pujari1, A. Ramakrishna1 and M. Suresh Kumar2 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, A.U College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, Andhrapradesh, India. 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vardhaman College of engineering, Hyderabad, Andhrapradesh, India International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology. Special Issue 2, Feb 2014 Abstract: Last few decades have seen composite materials being used predominantly in various applications.Many types of natural fibers have been investigated for their use in plastics including Flax, hemp, jute, straw, wood fiber, rice husks, wheat, barley, oats, cane (sugar and bamboo), grass reeds, kenaf, ramie, oil palm empty fruit bunch, sisal, coir, water pennywort, kapok, paper-mulberry, raphia, banana fiber, pineapple leaf fiber and papyrus. Their volume and number of applications have grown steadily. Natural fibers offer both cost savings and reduction in density when compared to glass fibers. Natural fibers are an alternative resource to synthetic fibers,as reinforcement for polymeric materials for the manufacture is cheap, renewable and environment friendly. This paper discusses in detail about the uses & applications of jute and banana fiber composites. Keywords: Jute fibers, Banana fibers, Properties of fibers, Application of fibers, uses of fibers
B18. Prediction of acoustic performance of banana fiber-reinforced recycled paper pulp composites E Tholkappiyan, Dhandapani Saravanan, R Jagasthitha, T Angeswari, VT Surya Department of Textile Technology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Erode, India Abstract: This paper presents an investigation conducted on the development of banana fiber-reinforced paper pulp biocomposites. The investigations focus on parameters, such as fiber length, fiber volume fraction, and composite thickness, those affect the properties of the biocomposites. Regression models, using Box and Behnken experimental design, have been developed to predict acoustic performance of the biocomposite along with the analysis of these parameters. The correlation coefficient between observed 9
and predicted values was found to be 0.95. The maximum Noise Reduction Coefficient is observed (through experimental) in the bulk density of 154 kg/m3 at frequency ranges between 250 Hz and 4000 Hz with the average value of 0.55. Keywords: Sound reduction ; bulk density ; paper pulp ; banana fiber ; biocomposite ; bending strength
B19. Utilization of Pectinases for Fiber Extraction from Banana Plant’s Waste Sunita Chauhan and Sharma AK Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute (KNHPI), Ramsinghpura, Sikarpura Road, Sanganer, Jaipur, India International Journal of Waste Resources. Vol. 4(4), 2014 Abstract: Today, biotechnology is perceived as a revolution throughout the world. With biotechnology, certain crops have been developed that can withstand the brutalities of weather changes, helping poor farmers of the developing countries to retain their yield and increase their output manifold. Biotechnology has also made agriculture more competitive and sustainable by creating new non-food markets for crops. To exploit the vast potential of biotechnology involved in non-food plant-products, the present study was taken up to explore the possibilities of improving the fiber extraction process of banana plant with the help of commercially available pectinase enzyme. Waste biomass of banana plant is widely available in many countries and the fiber extracted from its pseudo stem has utility for diversified range of applications including the manufacture of good quality handmade paper. The enzymatic treatment of green stem and trunk of banana plant before extracting fiber with the Raspador machine has resulted into an improvement in the yield as well as the quality of fiber obtained. This may not only result into a better utilization of the waste biomass of banana plant but may also increase profitability of the banana cultivators besides providing a source of good raw material for making handmade paper. Keywords: Banana psuedo stem ; Waste biomass utilization ; Fiber; Handmade paper; Pectinase; Raspador machine
B20. Storage studies of bread prepared by incorporation of the banana pseudo-stem flour and the composite breads containing hydrocolloids L.H. Hoa, N.A. Abdul Aziza, Rajeev Bhata & B. Azaharib a Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia b Bioresource, Paper & Coating Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia CyTA - Journal of Food. Vol.12( 2), 2014 Abstract: White bread (BCtr), bread incorporated with banana pseudo-stem flour at 100 g/kg level (B10BPF), and B10BPF added with hydrocolloids at 8 g/kg (based on flour basis), i.e. xanthan gum (B10BPFXG) or sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose (B10BPFCMC) were determined for moisture, water activity, texture, thermal, and microbiological quality during storage (3 days). Results indicated that all the formulated bread crust showed an increase in moisture and water activity during storage, but was vice 10
versa for the respective bread crumb. All the formulated breads showed an ultimate trend in hardness with time. The composite bread crumbs with the exception of B10BPFCMC were observed to be harder than the BCtr. Composite breads showed higher onset and peak temperatures values than BCtr. BCtr had higher gelatinization enthalpy change temperature than composite breads with the exception of B10BPFCMC. Population of aerobic plate counts, mould and yeast count was observed increasing with the time of storage. Keywords: banana pseudo-stem flour, moisture, water activity, hardness, gelatinization enthalpy change, microbes
B21. Comparison of properties between cellulose nanofibrils made from banana, sugar beet, hemp, softwood and hardwood pulps Jari Vartiainen, Panu Lahtinen, Timo Kaljunen, Vesa Kunnari, Maria S. Peresin, Tekla Tammelin VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT. Finland Proceedings of the ABTCP 2014. The 47th ABTCP International Pulp and Paper Congress, October, 7-9. 2014, Sao Paulo Brazil Abstract: Cellulose nanofibrils were produced from various biobased raw materials by grinding and high pressure homogenization. Films were produced by Erichsen lab-scale coater from banana, sugar beet, hemp, softwood and hardwood pulps and plasticized with 30 wt% of sorbitol. Water vapor transmission, grease penetration, oxygen transmission and mechanical properties including tensile strength and strain were measured and compared against each other. All films had high water vapor transmission rates varying between 20-24 g×mm/m2/day. Due to high number of polar hydrogen bonds in CNF, the films were impermeable to grease. All films had excellent oxygen barrier properties (40 %. Keywords: Alkali activator; Non-cement porous vegetation blocks ; Mechanical properties ; Sulfate ion resistance ; Water purification
J54. Study on Compressive Performances of Fiber Reinforced Mortar with the Application of Jute and PP Jun Fei Yin, Yu Zhang *, Ting Ting Yan, He Qiu Advanced Materials Research. Vol.936 ; p. 1356-1360 DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.936.1356 Abstract: In this study, jute fibers and polypropylene fiber (PP) were added into cement-based mortar to improve their compressive strength. Results obtained have shown that the compressive strength of the motar was perfect with jute fiber of 19mm length at the fiber contents of 0.8 kg·m-3. The reinforcing mechanism of fiber in the motar was analyzed by means of comparing of the mortar compressive properties under different circumstances, and the testing results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the addition of filament in experiments. Keywords: Compressive Strength, Jute Fiber, Pull-Out Force, Saturated Alkali Treatment
J55. Impact of succinic anhydride on the properties of jute fiber/polypropylene biocomposites Abu Saleh Ahmed (1) Md. Saiful Islam (2) Azman Hassan (3) M. K. Mohamad Haafiz Islam (5) Reza Arjmandi (3)
(3) (4)
Kh. Nurul
1. Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia 2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3. Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University Technology Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia 4. School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia 5. Department of Anatomy and Histology, Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pahartoli, 4202, Chittagong, Bangladesh, Bangladesh Fibers and Polymers. Vol. 15( 2) ; p.307-314 ; 2014 116
Abstract: Chemical treatment is an often-followed route to improve the physical and mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites. In this study, the effect of chemical treatment on physical and mechanical properties of jute fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) biocomposites with different fiber loading (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were investigated. Before being manufactured jute fiber/PP composite, raw jute fiber was chemically treated with succinic anhydride for the chemical reaction with cellulose hydroxyl group of fiber and to increase adhesion and compatibility to the polymer matrix. Jute fiber/PP composites were fabricated using high voltage hot compression technique. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) tests were employed to evaluate the morphological properties of composite. Succinic anhydride underwent a chemical reaction with raw jute fiber which was confirmed through FTIR results. SEM micrographs of the fractured surface area were taken to study the fiber/matrix interface adhesion and compatibility. Reduced fiber agglomeration and improved interfacial bonding was observed under SEM in the case of treated jute fiber/PP composites. The mechanical properties of jute/PP composite in terms of Tensile strength and Young‘s modulus was found to be increased with fiber loading up to 15 wt% and decreased at 20 wt%. Conversely, flexural strength and flexural modulus increased with fiber loading up to 10 wt% and start decreasing at 15 wt%. The treated jute/PP composite samples had higher hardness (Rockwell) and lower water absorption value compared to that of the untreated ones. Keywords: Jute fiber/PP composite ; Tensile strength ; Young‘s modulus ; FTIR ; SEM
J56. Hydrophobic modification of jute fiber used for composite reinforcement via laccase-mediated grafting Aixue Dong, Yuanyuan Yu, Jiugang Yuan, Qiang Wang, Xuerong Fan Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China Applied Surface Science. Vol. 301 ; 2014 ; p.418–427 Abstract: Jute fiber is a lignocellulosic material which could be utilized for reinforcement of composites. To improve the compatibility of hydrophilic jute fiber with hydrophobic resin, surface hydrophobization of the fiber is often needed. In this study, the feasibility of laccase-mediated grafting dodecyl gallate (DG) on the jute fiber was investigated. First, the grafting products were characterized by FT-IR, XPS, SEM and AFM. And then the grafting percentage (Gp) and the DG content of the modified jute were determined in terms of weighting and saponification, respectively. The parameters of the enzymatic grafting process were optimized to the target application. Lastly, the hydrophobicity of the jute fabrics was estimated by means of contact angle and wetting time. The mechanical properties and the fracture section of the jute fabric/polypropylene (PP) composites were studied. The results revealed covalently coupling of DG to the jute substrates mediated by laccase. The enzymatic process reached the maximum grafting rate of 4.16% when the jute fabric was incubated in the 80/20 (v/v, %) pH 3 0.2 M acetate buffer/ethanol medium with 1.0 U/mL laccase and 5 mM DG at 50 °C for 4 h. The jute fabric modified with laccase and DG showed increased contact angle of 111.49° and wetting time of at least 30 min, indicating that the surface hydrophobicity of the jute fabric was increased after the enzymatic graft modification with hydrophobic DG. The breaking strength of the modified jute fiber/PP composite was also increased and the fracture section became neat and regular due to the laccase-assisted grafting with DG. Keywords: Jute; Laccase; Grafting; Dodecyl gallate; Composites 117
J57. Preparation of Selective Ion Adsorbent by Gamma Radiation Induced Graft Copolymerization of n-Butyl Methacrylate & Phosphoric Acid on Jute Fiber Md. Mobarak Hossain1, Md. Moniruzzaman2, Mubarak A. Khan3, Md. Shahjahan2, Md. Zahangir Alam1, Mohammad Shah Jamal2 1
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000 Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh. 3Bangladesh Atomic Energy Comissiion, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. 2
Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science. Vol. 2 (2) ; 2014 ; p.146-150 Abstract: Adsorption is one of the popular methods for the removal of pollutants from the waste water and a procedure of choice for treating industrial effluents. Jute fibers were cured with n-butyl methacrylate (n-BMA) & Phosphoric acid using -radiation. The highest polymer loading (16.9%) and Tensile strength (189.25 MPa) were found at 20% monomer concentration and 5kGy radiation dose. The optimum conc. of H3PO4 was estimated at 9% acid conc. and the polymer loading and tensile strength were estimated 46.1% and 90.7 MPa respectively at this conc. Among virgin jute fiber, 20% n-BMA grafted jute fiber and 20% n-BMA + 9% H3PO4 grafted jute fiber, the last one shown the lowest water uptake properties. The 20% n-BMA + 9% H3PO4 grafted jute fiber was used for adsorbent. The quantity of Copper was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Only 2.035 gm jute fiber adsorb 4.30ppm Cu2+ when the adsorbent was treated for 90 minute. Keywords: Adsorption, Jute fiber, n-BMA, Gamma radiation, Polymer loading
J58. Jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites and comparison with the glass and neat epoxy composites Gujjala Raghavendra1, Shakuntala Ojha1, SK Acharya1, SK Pal2 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT, Rourkela, Odisha, India Department of Ceramic Engineering, NI T, Rourkela, Odisha, India
2
Journal of Composite Materials. vol. 48 (20) ; 2014 ; p. 2537-2547 Abstract: The aim of this paper is to replace the traditional fiber composites with a natural-fiber composite in perception of tribological and mechanical accepts. A systematic study has been carried out to investigate jute fiber properties when incorporated into epoxy matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis has also been carried out for jute and epoxy for thermal property analysis. For a comparison purpose epoxy and glass fiber composites are prepared. The investigation reveals that, due to incorporation of jute into polymer epoxy shows better properties than the resins alone; but the properties are inferior to those of glass reinforced in terms of mechanical. When considering the tribological application, the jute fiber shows superior properties than neat and glass-reinforced epoxy composites. The worn out samples were studied using scanning electron microscope. Keywords: Jute fiber ; epoxy composites
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J59. Determination of mechanical properties of intra-layer abaca–jute–glass fiber reinforced composite B. Vijaya Ramnatha, V.M. Manickavasagamb, C. Elanchezhiana, C. Vinodh Krishnaa, S. Karthika, K. Saravanana a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sairam Engineering College, West Tambaram, Chennai 600 044, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels University, Chennai 600 117, India Materials & Design. Vol. 60 ; 2014 ; p. 643–652 Abstract: Composites made with natural fibers are finding applications in a wide variety of engineering fields due to their low cost and eco-friendly nature. This paper deals with the fabrication and evaluation of hybrid natural fiber composite using jute and abaca fibers along with glass fibers. Each composite is made up of five layers with three layers of jute and abaca enclosed by two layers of glass fibers. The composites are manufactured with three different fiber orientations and the compositions are varied in three different proportions. The fabricated composite samples are tested to investigate their various mechanical properties. From the test results, it is observed that fiber orientation plays a vital role in determining the mechanical properties of the composite. Morphological analysis is done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Keywords: mechanical properties ; intra-layer abaca–jute–glass fiber ; reinforced composite
J60. Friction and wear properties of dumbbell-shaped jute fiber-reinforced friction materials Yunhai Ma1,2, Yucheng Liu1,2, Shengsheng Ma1,2, Hubiao Wang1,2, Zhihui Gao1,2, Junjie Sun1,2, Jin Tong1,2and Li Guo1,2, 1
Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
2
Journal of Applied Polymer Science. Vol.131(17), 2014 Abstract: The surfaces of jute fibers (Corchorus capsularis L.) were processed to have different dumbbell-shaped spacing (5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, and 20 mm), and the physical properties of the modified surfaces of the jute fibers were evaluated in this study. The dumbbell-shaped jute fiber (DJF)reinforced friction materials were prepared through compression mold. The friction and wear performance of the DJF were tested using a friction material tester at constant speed. The results showed that the dumbbell-shaped spacing has less influence on the friction coefficients of friction materials. The friction coefficients of DJF have bigger fluctuation compared with that of straight fiber during the temperature-increasing procedure. The wear rate of DJF with dumbbell-shaped spacing of 15 mm was the lowest, except for that when the temperatures were about 200–250°C. Morphologies of wear surfaces of DJF were observed using scanning electron microscopy and the friction characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that reinforced with DJFs in the friction materials can reduce the specific wear rate and the variation in friction coefficient compared with that of straight jute fibers. Keywords: composites; fibers; friction; surfaces and interfaces ; wear and lubrication
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J61. Influence of alkali treatment and layering pattern on the tensile and flexural properties of Palmyra palm leaf stalk fiber (PPLSF)/jute fiber polyester hybrid composites D. Shanmugama & M. Thiruchitrambalamb a b
Dr Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Composite Interfaces. Vol. 21(1), 2014 Abstract: During the current investigation, alkali treated Palmyra palm leaf stalk fiber (PPLSF) and jute fibers were chosen as reinforcement for the unsaturated polyester matrix. Layering patterns such as bilayer (PPLSF/jute) and tri-layer (PPLSF/jute/PPLSF and jute/PPLSF/jute) were chosen, and composites were fabricated by hand layup followed by compression molding process. The tensile and flexural properties of the hybrid composites with different layering pattern were determined and compared with pure PPLSF and jute unsaturated polyester composites. It was observed that the bi-layer composites had higher tensile properties, while the tri-layer (jute/PPLSF/jute) composites had higher flexural properties in comparison with PPLSF composites. Seventeen percent improvement in tensile strength, 51% improvement in tensile modulus for bi-layer composites and 45% improvement in flexural strength, 60% improvement in flexural modulus for jute/PPLSF/jute composites were observed in comparison with the PPLSF composites. Fractographic studies on the tensile fractured surfaces were performed using scanning electron microscopy that showed the evidence of interface adhesion between the fiber and matrix. Keywords: hybrid composites, alkali treatment, layering pattern, fiber matrix adhesion, SEM
J62. Mechanical properties of surface modified jute fiber/polypropylene nonwoven composites M.M.A. Sayeed1, Amit Rawal1, L. Onal2 and Y. Karaduman3 1
Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India Department of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey 3 Department of Textile Technology, Akdagmadeni Vocational High School, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey 2
Polymer Composites. Vol. 35(6), 2014 ; p.1044–1050 Abstract In this study, the jute/polypropylene nonwoven reinforced composites were prepared using film stacking method. The surface of jute fibers was modified using alkali treatment. These alkali treated jute fiber nonwoven composites were analyzed for their tensile and flexural properties. Increasing the amount of jute fibers in the nonwovens has improved the mechanical properties of their composites. The effect of stacking sequence of preferentially and nonpreferentially aligned nonwovens within the composites was also investigated. The flexural and tensile moduli of composites were found to be significantly enhanced when nonwovens consisting of preferentially and nonpreferentially aligned jute fibers were stacked in an alternate manner. The existing theoretical models of tensile modulus of fiber reinforced composites have been analyzed for predicting the tensile modulus of nonwoven composites. In general, a good agreement was obtained between the experimental and theoretical results of tensile modulus of nonwoven composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:1044–1050, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers 120
Keywords: Mechanical properties ; jute fiber ; polypropylene ; nonwoven composites
J63. Experimental investigation of mechanical behavior of Jute-Flax based glass fiber reinforced composite B. Vijaya Ramnath (1), C. Elanchezhian (1), P. V. Nirmal (1), G. Prem Kumar (1), V. Santhosh Kumar (1), S. Karthick (1), S. Rajesh (2), K. Suresh (3) 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sairam Engineering College, West Tambaram, Chennai, 600044, India 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, St.Peter‘s University, Chennai, 600109, India 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels University, Chennai, 600117, India Fibers and Polymers. Vol.15(6), 2014 ; p.1251-1262 Abstract: Present technological development and innovation needs a better class of material that meets all the practical applications along with its environmental friendly nature and economical value. Hybrid natural fiber composites, a sector of natural composites meets these requirements. This paper deals with fabrication, mechanical characterization of a hybrid (Jute+Flax+GFRP) composite and also the comparison of it with the (Jute+GFRP) based composite. These composites are fabricated using hand layup technique. The arrangement of hybrid composite is such that a layer of vertically laid flax fiber is flanked between layers of horizontally laid jute fiber. Epoxy resin alongside with HY951 hardener is used as the binding agent throughout the layer. Glass fiber laminates are used on both sides for improving the surface finish and surface hardness. The volumetric fraction is such that one third of total volume is occupied by Jute and Flax fibers. Test results shows that the hybrid natural composite has excellent properties under tensile, flexural loading. At last failure morphology analysis is done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the internal structure of the broken specimen is discussed. Keywords: Natural fibers ; Mechanical properties ; Mechanical testing ; Lay-up (manual) ; Jute and flax
J64. Effect of Modified Jute Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Green Rubber Composite Pruttipong Pantamanatsopaa, Warunee Ariyawiriyanana, Tawatchai Meekeawa, Rattiyakorn Suthamyonga, Ketsara Arruba, Hiroyuki Hamadab a
Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Klong 6, Thanyaburi, Patumthani 12110 b Department of Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606, Japan Energy Procedia. Vol.56, 2014 ; p. 641–647 Abstract: Green rubber composites can be tailored made to suit applications with desired properties by incorporating particulate natural fibers into a rubber matrix. The effect of fibers content filled in natural rubber (NR) green composite on mechanical properties has been studied. The jute fiber loading in natural rubber were 0, 10, 20 and 40 wt%. The rubber green composite compounding was prepared by using two roll mills and then molded by hot compression molding technique. The resulted suggested that increasing filler content tended to increased modulus and hardness but decreased Tensile strength of the composite. 121
Compared between NR/Jute-untreated and NR/jute treated. The results showed that NR/jute untreated can improve mechanical properties of composite more than NR/jute treated HANR. This may be due to distribution of fiber may effect to improve mechanical properties of composite in this study. Keywords: green rubber composite; modified jute fiber; natural fiber; mechanical properties
J65. Physical and Mechanical Behavior of Al2O3 Filled Jute Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Priyadarshi Tapas Ranjan SwainȦ* and Sandhyarani BiswasȦ Ȧ
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology. Issue 2, 2014 Abstract: Now-a-days, the use of natural fiber reinforced composites starts gaining popularity in many applications due to the fact that this material possesses characteristics that are comparable to conventional materials. Among natural fibers, jute has been widely used for many such applications due to its availability, low cost and satisfactory mechanical properties. The objective of the present work is to study the physical and mechanical behavior of jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites filled with Al2O3 particulate. The composites with different fiber and filler loading are fabricated using simple hand layup technique. Experiments are carried out to study the effect of fiber and filler loading on the properties of composites. The experimental result shows that the presence of Al2O3 content significantly influences the physical and mechanical behavior of composites. It is also observed that the composite with 30 wt. % fiber loading shows better strength properties. Keywords: Jute fiber, Al2O3, Epoxy, Mechanical properties
J66. Capillary effect in the impregnation of jute fiber mat reinforced polypropylene composites Zhanying Sun, Xiongyan Zhao, Jinsong Ma College of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, China Journal of Composite Materials. vol. 48(4), 2014 ; p. 447-453 Abstract: The main objective of this article was to study the capillary effects during the impregnation of polypropylene resin in the jute fiber mats. The static equilibrium contact angles between polypropylene matrix and fibers were measured and the dynamic impregnation of matrix in the fiber mats was researched in detail. The results show that the static contact angles are clam-shell shape. The capillary effects present little values in the dynamic impregnation. The preparation for low void composites should be performed below the critical resin flow velocity of 0.13 µm/s for polypropylene resin and 0.21 µm/s for polypropylene/maleated polypropylene blend resin, respectively. Keywords: Capillary effect ; impregnation of jute fiber ; polypropylene composites
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J67. Effect of reinforcement and chemical treatment of fiber on The Properties of jute-coir fiber reinforced hybrid polypropylene composites Salma Siddika (1), Fayeka Mansura (1), Mahbub Hasan (1) (2), Azman Hassan (2) 1.
Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2. Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University Technology Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia Fibers and Polymers. Vol.15(5), 2014 ; p. 1023-1028 Abstract: Present research investigates the mechanical properties of jute-coir fiber reinforced hybrid polypropylene (PP) composite with fiber loading variation and observes the effect of chemical treatment of fiber on property enhancement of the composites. Composites were manufactured using hot press machine at four levels of fiber loading (5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%). Fiber ratio‘s were varied (jute:coir=1:1, 3:1 and 1:3) for 20 % fiber loaded composites. Both jute and coir fiber was treated using 5 % and 10 % NaOH solutions. Composites were also prepared using treated fiber with jute-coir fiber ratio of 3:1. Tensile, flexural, impact and hardness tests and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis were conducted for characterization of the composites. Tensile test of composite showed a decreasing trend of tensile strength and increasing trend of the Young‘s modulus with increase in fiber loading. During flexural, impact and hardness tests, the flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength and hardness values were found to be increased with increase in fiber loading. All these properties enhanced with the enhancement of jute content except impact strength. 5 % NaOH treatment provided an improving trend of properties whereas, 10 % NaOH treatment showed the reverse one. The FTIR analysis of the composites indicated decrease of hemicelluloses and lignin content with alkali treatment Keywords: Jute, Coir, Polypropylene, Hybrid Composite, Properties
J68. Study of Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Biodegradable Fibers before and after Alkali Treatment Y. Indraja, G. Suresh Kumar, H. Raghavendra Rao Journal of Information Engineering & Applications. Vol 4(10), 2014 Abstract: The Tensile, Flexural properties, Chemical resistance and Scanning Electron Microscope analysis of bamboo, jute and grass fibers reinforced polyester composites were studied. The effect of alkali treatment of the bamboo, jute and grass fibers on these properties was also studied. It was observed that flexural properties of the hybrid composite increase with bamboo fiber content. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in the hybrid composites. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treated leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glass/Bamboo reinforced epoxy composites. The effect of alkali treatment on the bonding between Glass/Bamboo composites was also studied. The chemical resistance of Bamboo, jute and grass reinforced polyester composites to acetic acid, Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Benzene, Toluene, carbon tetrachloride and water was studied. Keywords: Bamboo fiber, jute fiber, grass fiber composites, chemical resistance, polyester, flexural strength, tensile strength, SEM test, chemical resistance test. 123
J69. Three-body abrasive wear behavior of short jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites Vivek Mishra* and Sandhyarani Biswas Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India Polymer Composites. 2014 DOI: 10.1002/pc.23178 Abstract: In present investigation, the three-body abrasive wear behavior of short jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites was studied. The effect of various parameters such as fiber loading, sliding velocity, normal load, and abrasive size on the abrasive wear rate of composite has been analyzed. Abrasive wear study has been carried out using a dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion tester. The abrasive wear and friction characteristics of these composites are analyzed successfully using Taguchi orthogonal array and analysis of variance. The experimental study reveals that sliding velocity, fiber loading, and abrasive size have greater influence on the specific wear rate of the composites. The results show that the specific wear rate of the composites decreases with the increase in sliding velocity whereas, with the increase in normal load the specific wear rate increases. The study also revealed that the coefficient of friction of the composites increases up to a certain value than decreases with the increase in normal load as well as sliding velocity. The worn surfaces of the abraded specimens were examined using SEM to understand the mechanism involved in material removal. POLYM. COMPOS., 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
J70. Effect of Velocity on the Impact Resistance of Woven Jute Fiber Reinforced Composites Al Emran Ismail , M.H. Zainulabidin, Mohd Nazrul Roslan, A.L. Mohd Tobi, Nik Hisyamudin Muhd Nor Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 465 – 466, 2014 ; p. 1277-1281 Abstract: is present project investigated the impact penetration response of woven jute fiber reinforced composites subjected to wide range of low impact velocities. Hand layout woven jute fibers are thermally compressed to ensure no internal defects formed in the composites. Six layers of woven jutes are stacked together using different fiber orientations [0/q/0]s. Low impact velocities are used ranging between 5 – 20 m/s. Force-time, force-displacement and energy-time curves are obtained automatically during the impact tests. The results are then discussed with considering the composite fragmentations and failure mechanisms. It is found that 00 composite orientations capable to absorb sufficiently impact energy for 5 m/s but not for velocity greater than 10 m/s. When fiber orientations used between 15 – 450, the composite impact resistance increased indicating two significant peak forces. These peak forces represent different type of failure mechanisms occurred during the striker progresses. Keywords: Composite, Impact Response, Natural Fiber, Penetration, Woven Jute
J71. Effect of freeze–thaw cycles on unconfined compressive strength of fine-grained soil treated with jute fiber, steel fiber and lime Hamza Güllü, Ali Khudir Department of Civil Engineering, University of Gaziantep, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
124
Cold Regions Science and Technology. Vol. 106–107, 2014 ; p. 55–65 Abstract: This paper presents an attempt about the effect of freeze–thaw cycles on unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of fine grained soil (low-plasticity silt) treated with jute fiber, steel fiber and lime. The stress–strain behavior (post-peak strength, strain hardening, ductility, brittleness index, resilient modulus) of the stabilized soil has also been discussed due to the treatment effects. An extensive laboratory study has been carried out conducting UCS tests under the freeze–thaw cycles of 0, 1, 2 and 3. The mixture proportions of the stabilizers were 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% for lime and 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1% for both of the jute and steel fibers. Considering the UCS performances together with cost–benefit advantages, the effective dosage rates of stabilizers were separately found as 4% for lime, 0.75% for jute fiber and 0.25% for steel fiber. The combinations including these effective rates have been further investigated on the UCS performance and stress–strain behavior under freeze–thaw cycles. The study results that the UCS value of native soil has been performed best due to the combination of effective stabilizer rates all together (i.e., 4% lime + 075% jute fiber + 0.25% steel fiber). In this effective combination, the UCS value of native soil increases from 220 kPa to 1330 kPa for non-freeze–thaw cycle, from 205 kPa to 1300 kPa for one freeze–thaw cycle, from 156 kPa to 1100 kPa for two freeze–thaw cycles and from 114 kPa to 900 kPa for three freeze–thaw cycles. The other stabilizer combinations also show good contributions to UCS of native soil. As for the stress–strain responses, the inclusions due to the jute fiber alone in terms of post-peak strength, strain hardening, and ductility are better than the ones of steel fiber and lime at all freeze–thaw cycles. The combination of effective stabilizer rates all together offers a brittleness index with good ductility as well. In regard to the performance of resilient modulus, it is exhibited well by the combination of 4% lime + 0.25% steel fiber. The results obtained from the study are fairly promising to employ jute fiber, steel fiber and lime against freeze–thaw resistance. Keywords: Silt; Jute fiber; Steel fiber; Lime; UCS; Freeze–thaw cycles
J72. Bending Mechanical Behavior of Epoxy Matrix Reinforced with Jute Fiber Sergio Neves Monteiro, Frederico Muylaert Margem, Isabela Leão da Silva, Alice Bevitori, Michel Picanço Oliveira Materials Science Forum. Vol. 775 – 776, 2014 ; p. 314-318 Abstract: Environmentally correct composites, made from natural fibers, are among the most investigated and applied materials today. In this paper, the mechanical behavior of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with continuous jute fiber was investigated through bending tensile tests. Specimens containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% in volume of jute fiber were aligned along the entire length of a mold to create plates of these composites. Those plates were cut following the ASTM standard to obtained bending tests specimens. The test was conducted in an Instron machine and the fractured specimens were analyzed by SEM. The results showed an increase in the materials tensile properties with the increase of fiber amount. Keywords: Epoxy Composite, Fracture Analysis, Jute Fiber, Mechanical Behavior
J73. Three-Body Abrasive Wear Behavior of Needle-Punch Nonwoven Jute Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites V. Mishra and S. Biswas 125
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India International Polymer Processing. Vol. 29(3), 2014 ; pp. 356-363 Abstract: Now-a-days, natural fiber based composites are emerging as a supplement to the synthetic fiber composites. The aim of the present work is to investigate the three-body abrasive wear behavior of needle-punch nonwoven jute fiber reinforced epoxy (NJFE) composites in an abrasive environment. Three-body abrasion studies have been done on composites using rubber wheel abrasion tester. The design of experiments approach using Taguchi methodology is employed for the parametric analysis of abrasive wear process. The effect of the factors such as sliding velocity, fiber loading, applied load, sliding distance and abrasive size on the specific wear rate and coefficient of friction of composite has been studied. Experimental results reveal the improvement of abrasive wear behavior of the composites with the addition of fiber as compared to neat epoxy. At steady state condition, it has been observed that composites with 36 wt% fiber loading shows minimum specific wear rate. From the statistical analysis it has been concluded that the factor combination with sliding velocity of 120 cm/s, fiber loading of 36 wt%, normal load of 10 N, sliding distance of 50 m and abrasive size of 400 μm gives minimum specific wear rate whereas sliding velocity of 144 cm/s, fiber loading of 36 wt%, normal load of 10 N, sliding distance of 70 m and abrasive size of 300 μm gives minimum coefficient of friction. Finally, the worn surfaces are examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and possible abrasion wear mechanisms are discussed.
J74. Mechanical properties of woven jute–glass hybrid-reinforced epoxy composite Raghavendra Gujjala1, Shakuntala Ojha1, SK Acharya1, SK Pal2 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India Department of Ceramic Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India
2
Journal of Composite Materials. vol. 48(28), 2014 ; p. 3445-3455 Abstract: As major historical periods such as Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age, the development of new materials was the fundamental to all the periods. In the present investigation, a new hybrid composite with epoxy as a resin and reinforcing both biowaste (jute) and traditional fiber (glass) as continues layered mat composites and also study experimentally the effect of the stacking sequence on tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear properties. Composites were prepared by using hand lay-up technique. All the laminates were prepared with a total of four piles, by varying the position of glass and jute. One group of all jute and glass laminate was also fabricated for comparison purpose. Specimen preparation and testing were carried out as per ASTM standards. Tests were conducted on INSTRON H10KS Material Test System at room temperature using automatic data acquisition software. The results indicated that the jute fiber and hybrid composite give encouraging results when compared with the neat epoxy. The morphologies of the composites are also studied by scanning electron microscope.
J75. Studies on Tribological Behavior of Polyamide Filled Jute Fiber-Nano-ZnO Hybrid Composites P. Rajasekhar, G. Ganesan, C. Senthilkumar Department of Manufacturing Engineering,Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, India 126
Procedia Engineering. Vol.97, 2014 ; p. 2099–2109 Abstract: In this study, the tribological performance of Polyamide (PA) based hybrid composites have filled with short jute fibers (JF) and nano ZnO particles, which are fabricated with different volume fractions, and it was machined (test specimens) as per ASTM-G99 standard. Wear tests were conducted by pin-on-disc (POD) test rig, is a new test setup for online measuring of wear rate (WR) and friction coefficient (COF). Experiments were conducted based on central composite rotatable design (CCD), with the input parameters like normal force (NF), sliding velocity (SV) and reinforcements (RF) on wear rate and friction coefficient. The mathematical models were developed by using response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test also carried out to check the adequacy of the developed empirical models. The debris and the worn out surfaces were observed through scanning electron microscope (SEM). Despite extensive research on composites, determining the desirable operating conditions in industrial setting still relies on the skill of the operators and trial-and-error methods. The main intension of this work is to optimize the tribological variables for minimum wear and friction based on multi-objective optimization techniques (MOOT). This was probably due to the fact that PA has good flexibility and for the incorporation of reinforcements, it is believed that a continuous thin coherent transfer films and tribo chemical reactions were involved by hybrid composites on the steel counterface, which contributes a lower friction and wear. This debris was re-adhered on the mating surfaces which improves the wear resistance and prevent the oxidation and degradation behavior more effectively, which might be one of the anti-wear mechanisms of nano ZnO fillers. Both wear rate and friction coefficient of the hybrid composites were significantly lower than those of the pure polyamide. Keywords: Wear Rate; Co-efficient of Friction; Polyamide; Jute fiber; Zinc Oxide; SEM; ANOVA; RSM; MOOT.
J76. Sliding Wear Properties of Jute Fabric Reinforced Polypropylene Composites Temesgen Berhanu Yallew, Pradeep Kumar, Inderdeep Singh Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee – 247 667, Uttrakhand- India Procedia Engineering. Vol.97, 2014 ; p.402–411 Abstract: Nowadays, advanced plant fiber reinforced composites have captured the attention of many important manufacturing sectors such as the construction, automotive, and packaging industries. Recently, Jute fiber reinforced composites have replaced the most widely used synthetic fiber (glass, kevlar) reinforced composites in many applications. However, only few studies have been done on the tribological behavior of woven Jute fabric reinforced polypropylene composite material. In the present experimental endeavor, compression molding is used for the preparation of Jute-reinforced polypropylene composites. The effect of Jute fabric reinforcement on the resulting composite's behavior under friction was investigated. The tribological behavior was assessed with a computerized pin-on-disc wear and friction tester at an operating dry condition and different working parameters of sliding speed (1–3 m/s), applied load (10–30 N), and sliding distance (1000–3000 m). SEM has been utilized to support the discussion of the outcomes. The results revealed that, the addition of woven Jute fabric into PP matrix increases the wear resistance properties of polypropylene based composites as there was 3.5 - 45% reduction in coefficient of friction values and a decrease by 65% in the r specific wear rate on account of the incorporation of the Jute fabric as reinforcement. Keywords: Jute fiber; PP; Adhesive wear; Coefficient of friction; Specific wear rate; SEM. 127
J77. Cellulose nanofibrils aerogels generated from jute fibers Jinyou Lin, Liangbo Yu, Feng Tian, Nie Zhao, Xiuhong Li, Fenggang Bian, Jie Wang Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China Carbohydrate Polymers. Vol.109, 2014 ; p. 35–43 Abstract: In this work, we report the cellulose nanofibrils extracted from the pristine jute fibers via the pretreatments followed by the TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)-mediated oxidation and mechanical disintegration. The effects of pretreatments by using the NaOH solution and dimethyl sulfoxide solvent on the fiber morphology and macro/micro-structures were investigated by polarizing microscope and synchrotron radiation wide/small-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS/SAXS). The cellulose nanofibrils exhibit a diameter ranging from 5 nm to 20 nm and a length of several micrometers, which have been assembled into cellulose aerogels by the lyophilization of as-prepared nanofibrils dispersions with various concentrations. The results indicated that the hierarchical structures of as-prepared cellulose aerogels were dependent on the dispersion concentrations. The WAXS results show that the typical cellulose aerogels are coexistence of cellulose I and cellulose II, which has a great promise for many potential applications, such as pharmaceutical, liquid filtration, catalysts, bio-nanocomposites, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Keywords: Jute fibers; Cellulose nanofibrils; Cellulose aerogels; Synchrotron radiation
J78. Role of Reactive Dye and Chemicals on Mechanical Properties of Jute Fabrics Polypropylene Composites S.N. Arjua, A.M. Afsarb, D.K. Dasb, Mubarak A. Khanc A
Department of Wet Processing Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTex), Tejgaon, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh B Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology(BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh C Institute of Radiation and Polymer Technology,BAEC,Savar, Bangladesh Procedia Engineering. Vol. 90, 2014 ; p.199–205 Abstract: Surface modification of jute fabrics by chemical treatments with various chemicals in the presence and absence of reactive dye is made in view of their use as reinforcing agents in composites based on propylene (PP) matrix. Indosol-E50, Glycidyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (Glytac), Albafix WFF as well as conventional sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as chemicals for surface modification of jute fabrics. The effects of treated jute fabricsontensile, scanning electron microscopy (SEM),and water absorption properties of their resultingcompositeswereevaluated. The composites made from jute fabrics treated withAlbafix WFF plusNaOH had the highest tensile strength, which was 83% more than that of untreated jute fabrics reinforced composites. The higher tensile strength was attributed to the strong interfacial adhesion as a result of surface modificationofjute fabrics. Water absorption test revealed that the composites made from jute fabrics treated with Glytacplus NaOHhad 81% less water uptake than that of composites made from untreated jute fabrics. Keywords: Jute fabrics; polypropylene; surface modification; textile composite; tensile properties. 128
J79. Mechanical Properties of Jute Composite by Spray up Fabrication Method Tetsuo Kikuchia, b, Yuichiro Tania, Yuka Takaic, Akihiko Gotoc, Hiroyuki Hamadaa Energy Procedia. Vol. 56, 2014 ; p. 289–297 Abstract: In this study, the jute fiber was used to fabricate ecologically friendly composite by spray up molding technique. As the primal investigation , motion analysis of spray up method process was conducted, to obtain fixed quantity of expert's skills default value which is not actualized. Furthermore, dynamic characteristics and dimensional stability measurement was carried out of a specimen, and studies about a relation with an expert's operation was conducted. Thereby, the suitable education and technical tradition to advanced management engineering and inexperienced person are attained. The results suggested that 1) expert's motion data can be feed to jute/carbon spray up robot. And it is able to minimize the errors during fabrication of jute composite panels etc., 2) it is expected that the mechanical property and working efficiency could be improved with the improve of the advanced spray up method and 3) by making the combination of the optimal materials (jute fiber, kind of resin, etc.), high productivity and good elastic modulus are realized. Finally, spray up molding equipment is very flexibility, so it can make various composites easily. Keywords: Jute; mechanical properties; Spray up fabrication method
J80. Evaluation of mechanical behaviour of nanometer and micrometer fly ash particle-filled woven bidirectional jute/glass hybrid nanocomposites G Raghavendra1, Shakuntala Ojha1, SK Acharya1, SK Pal2, I Ramu1 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India Department of Ceramic Engineering, NIT, Rourkela, Odisha, India
2
Journal of Industrial Textiles. October, 2014 doi: 10.1177/1528083714557058 Abstract: The flexural and tensile properties of micrometer and nanometer fly ash particle-filled jute/glass hybrid epoxy composites were studied and compared with the conventional fibers (glass) composites. The effects of nanofiller (2, 4 and 6 wt%) and microfiller (5, 10 and 15 wt%) are also examined. The effects of micro/nanofiller addition in the pure jute fiber and hybrid (glass/jute) composites were investigated with scanning electron microscope. The experimental result shows that due to micro- and nanofiller addition, the strength of all composites is increased. The tensile strength of 4 wt% fly ash nano-filler GJJG (glass-jute-jute-glass) hybrid composites shows better result among other composites and it gives 5% better strength of the glass fiber composites. Whereas 4 wt% fly ash nanofiller GJGJ hybrid composites shows better flexural strength as compared to glass fiber composites. Keywords: Jute ; glass ; fly ash ; hybrid ; flexural strength ; tensile strength
J81. Modification of jute fabric via laccase/t-BHP-mediated graft polymerization with acrylamide Aixue Dong, Jiugang Yuan, Qiang Wang and Xuerong Fan
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Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Journal of Applied Polymer Science. Vol. 131(12), 2014 Abstract: Enzymatic processes provide new perspectives for the modification of lignocellulose materials. Lignin is an excellent substrate for laccase, and the modification of lignin-rich jute fabric via graft polymerization with acrylamide (AAm) mediated by laccase and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) was investigated in this study. The products obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The grafting rate was determined in terms of elemental analysis. The hydrophilicity and thermal and dyeing properties of the modified jute fabric were studied. The results supported the conclusion that the polyacrylamide was grafted on the lignin of the jute fiber by laccase in coordination with t-BHP, representing a grafting rate of 2.87%. The hydrophilicity, thermostability, dye uptake, and dyeing depth of the jute fiber were increased after the enzymatic graft modification with AAm Keywords: Fibers ; grafting ; radical polymerization ; surfaces and interfaces ; textiles
J82. Genetic Analysis of Population Structure Using Peroxidase Gene and Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Gene-Based DNA Markers: A Case Study in Jute ( Corchorus spp.) Pratik Satya, Ruby Banerjee, Chinmay Biswas, Maya Karan, Swagata Ghosh, Nasim Ali Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India Crop Science. Vol. 54(4), 2014; p. 1609-162 Abstract: Information on genetic structure of population and crop genetic diversity provides crucial input for genetic improvement of crop species. Plant peroxidase gene (POG) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PALG) sequences are multigene families that can be used to design DNA marker systems for genetic diversity and population structure analysis. In the present study, genetic diversity and population structure of 110 Corchorus genotypes were investigated with 17 POG and six PALG markers and compared with results based on 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A protocol for using PALG sequences as DNA markers was established, and an earlier protocol for POG marker system was improved. A total of 269 POG and PALG loci were identified revealing 89.2% and 98.5% polymorphism for POG and PALG markers, respectively. The SSR markers amplified 61 alleles in the population. The PALG markers generated comparatively more number of observed and effective alleles, with higher Shannon‘s information index and expected heterozygosity. Pairwise comparison of population using Nei‘s genetic distance and genetic identity revealed close association between geographically isolated populations of C. olitorius. Wild Corchorus species exhibited more genetic association with C. olitorius than C. capsularis. Analysis of molecular variance identified 67, 88, and 56% within population variations for POG, PALG, and SSR, respectively. Bayesian structure and hierarchical clustering analyses based on POG polymorphism identified five distinct groups and allelic variations between geographically isolated Indian and African C. olitorius populations with low genetic admixture. PALG-based population structure analysis revealed three groups with high genetic admixture among populations, while SSR-based structure identified three genetic groups with low admixture. A combination of all the marker systems improved population structure-based classification, fitting well to phylogenetic classification. The results establish POG and PALG markers as efficient functional DNA marker systems and provide valuable information for genetic enhancement of cultivated Corchorus species. 130
Keywords: Genetic Analysis ; Peroxidase; Gene ; Phenylalanine ; Ammonia-Lyase ; Gene ; DNA Markers ; Jute ; Corchorus spp.
J83. Agrobacterium Mediated Genetic Transformation of Commercial Jute Cultivar Corchorus Capsularis Cv. c 321 Using Shoot Tip Explants Prosanta Saha, Karabi Datta, Shuvobrata Majumder, Chirabrata Sarkar, Shyamsundar P China, Sailendra N Sarkar, Debabrata Sarkar, Swapan K Datta Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. Vol. 118(2), 2014 ; p. 313-326 Abstract: We have developed a reproducible method of Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated stable genetic transformation of white jute (Corchorus capsularis cv. JRC 321) utilizing the shoot organogenesis potential of the shoot tip apical meristem. A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring the binary vector pCAMBIA 1301 was used in the transformation experiments. The explants were subjected to varying durations of preculture and cocultivation with A. tumefaciens in the presence of acetosyringone in order to optimize the conditions conducive for the highest expression of transgene. A schedule of 1 day preculture of shoot tips followed by 3 days cocultivation was optimized for Agrobacterium mediated stable genetic transformation of C. capsularis cv. JRC 321. The optimized lethal doses of the antibiotic hygromycin B for shoot tips (12 mg/L) and for 5 days old seedlings (14 mg/L) were employed in efficient selection of the transformed tissues. This method of transformation resulted in a mean transformation efficiency of 4.09 %. Stable expression of the intron harbored gusA transgene was observed in mature organs of the transformed plants and their progenies. Genomic integration and inheritance of the hpt transgene was further confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The transformed plants exhibited normal morphology and most of them produced viable progenies, many of which segregated in a 3:1 ratio following Mendelian inheritance for a single dominant locus. However, strong P value support for 3:1 segregation ratio was obtained in case of two lines of independent transformants. Nevertheless, the method of transformation mentioned in this protocol could be effectively implemented in genetic transformation of many other cultivars of jute due to the genotype independent regeneration potential of the shoot tip explants. Keywords: Shoot Tip ; Agrobacterium ; Corchorus capsularis ; Transformation Optimization ; GUS ; Hygromycin
J84. Next-Generation Sequencing and Micro RNAs Analysis Reveal SA/MeJA1/ABA Pathway Genes Mediated Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and its Master Regulation via Production of Phased, Trans-Acting siRNAs against Stem Rot Pathogen Macrophomina Phaseolina in a RIL Population of Jute (Corchorus Capsularis) Chinmay Biswas, Piyali Dey, P G Karmakar, Subrata Satpathy Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF), Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700120, India Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. Vol. 87 ; 2014 ; p. 76-85
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Abstract: A RIL population of jute was developed by crossing one resistant accession CIM 036 and a susceptible variety JRC 412. Two cDNA libraries were constructed using pool of mRNA from healthy as well as infected seedlings from all the 177 RIL lines. A significant number of defense genes involved in the defense-response were identified viz. cell wall biosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), abscissic acid (ABA), hormone signaling, hypersensitive response (HR) and programmed cell death (PCD) pathways. Furthermore, microRNA analysis revealed that Trans-acting siRNAs (tasiRNAs) negatively regulate these target transcripts and are characterized by siRNAs spaced in 21-nucleotide (nt) ―phased‖ intervals. We identified highly abundant 22-nt miRNA families that target conserved domains in these SA/JA/ABA precursors and trigger the production of trans-acting siRNAs. SA and JA1 transcripts were found to be cleaved by these 22-nt miRNA generating phasiRNA, suggesting silencing pathogenicity pathway of Macrophomina phaseolina. Gene function annotation was studied in jute-M. phaseolina interaction in each of the 177 lines of a RIL population. tasiRNA based SAR regulation demonstrated master regulator of a large gene family. It is the first report of studying resistance mechanism in jute against M. phaseolina in a RIL population through transcript and miRNA analysis. Keywords: Transcriptome Analysis ; Next-Generation Sequencing ; Jute RIL ; SAR ; Mirnas
J85. Screening of Capsularis and Olitorius Jute Germpalsms against Major Insect Pests Gotyal B S, Satpathy S, Selvaraj K, BabuV Ramesh Division of Crop Protection, Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore - 700 120, India Annals of Plant Protection Sciences. Vol. 22, No. 1; 2014 Abstract: The level of jute stem weevil infestation ranged from 0.3% (CIJ-30) to 4.3% (NDC-2005-6) at 20 DAS, 3.0% (CEX-17) to 10.3% (CIN-211) at 35 DAS and 4.6% (CIJ-42, CIN-01) to 10.6% (CIN-211) at 55 DAS. The semilooper infestation at 55 DAS varied from 1.3% to 13.6% among the test germplasms with least in CIN-153 and other germplasms with less infestation of semilooper being on par with CIN153 were CIJ-42 (1.6%), CIJ-12 (5.3%), CIN-163 (8.3%), CIN-01 (9.3%) and CEX-17 (9.3%). Likewise, the relative mite infestation, Padma (19.66/cm2), NDC-2005-2 (23.33/cm2), CIN-22 (23.33/cm2), CIN211 (23.33/cm2) and NDC-2005-5 (24.66/cm2 on second unfolded leaf) were found to be relatively less susceptible with < 25 mites/cm2. In general, Capsularis germplasms were less susceptible to insect pests stem weevil infestation. Mechanism of resistance should be elucidated in less susceptible lines before using in resistance breeding programme. Keywords: Apion Corchori ; Corchorus capsularis ; Screening
J86. Engineering Innovation in Developing Rural Load Carrier Operated Jute Seed Drill for Farm Workers Narendra Singh Chandel, V K Tewari, Vidhu K P
[email protected] African Journal of Agricultural Research. Vol. 9(8), 2014 ; p. 797-805
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Abstract: Jute provides employment to 40 million farmers and 0.2 million workers in factories in India. Weeding and pesticide spraying are serious problems in the crop due to scattered germination and higher planting density, owing to the absence of effective planting mechanisms, which increase the cost of production and decrease the yield and quality. The current research relates to a self-propelled seed drill, derived from rural load carrier (RLC), which comprises of a self propelled device and a seed drill body. The machine was designed and developed to sow jute seed considering agronomic and ergonomic considerations. RLC used a 3.94 kW diesel engine allowing field work forward speed of 1.9 to 2.8 and 6 to 8.3 kmh-1 for rural transportation. The control levers were placed in accordance with the anthropometric data of the user population. Around 67% germination and plant establishment was found with the developed seed drill. The effective field capacity at the mean speed of 2.1 kmh-1 being 0.23 hah1 and fuel consumption was 1.4 Lh-1. Ergonomic measured data also proved the suitability of the machine for rural workers with higher cost effectiveness. Keywords: Jute; Self Propelled Seed Drill; Rural Load Carrier; Mechanical Design Considerations; Workplace.
J87. System Productivity, Profitability and Resource Use Efficiency of Jute (Corchorus olitorius) Based Cropping Systems in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain Mukesh Kumar, S R Singh, S K Jha, Shamna A, Sonali P Mazumdar, Amarpreet Singh, D K Kundu, B S Mahapatra Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. Vol. 84(2) ; 2014 Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate productivity, profitability and energy use of different jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) based cropping systems in the eastern India on farmers' fields during 200912. Nine cropping systems, viz. jute-ricewheat; jute-rice-potato; jute-rice-garden pea; jute-rice-lentil; juterice-mustard; jute-rice-French bean; jute-rice-rice; ricerice-mustard and fallow-rice-rice were tested in randomised block design. Jute-rice-potato system recorded significantly higher system productivity in terms of jute equivalent yield(JEY) than all other cropping systems. The JEY of jute-ricegarden pea and jute-rice-French bean cropping systems were comparable, but recorded significantly higher JEY than that of rice-rice-mustard and rice-rice cropping systems. The highest energy input (61.2 GJ)/ha) was required for jute-ricepotato and lowest (34.3 GJ/ha) for jute-rice-lentil cropping systems. The highest energy productivity was recorded in juterice-potato but the highest energy use efficiency was recorded in juterice-garden pea and jute-rice-lentil cropping systems. The jute-rice-potato cropping system recorded the highest net return (Rupees 134 868/ha), benefit-cost ratio (2.0) and economic efficiency (Rupees 369.5/ha/day). Thus among the nine cropping systems of Indo-gangetic plain jute-rice-potato system had the highest system productivity, energy productivity and profitability whereas jute-rice-garden pea cropping system recorded the highest energy use efficiency. Keywords: Cropping Systems; Indo-Gangetic Plains; Productivity; Jute; Resource Use; Pisum Sativum; Eastern India; Economic Efficiency
J88. Effect of Fertilizer Treatments on Jute (Chorchorus Olitorius), Microbial Dynamics in its Rhizosphere and Residual Fertility Status of Soil B Majumdar, A R Saha, A K Ghorai, S K Sarkar, H Chowdhury, D K Kundu, B S Mahapatra Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. Vol. 84(4), 2014 133
Abstract: The effect of various fertilizer treatments on jute (Corchorus olitorius) and their residual effect on soil fertility along with the microbial dynamics in jute rhizosphere were studied during 2008-11. Application of recommended dose of fertilizer (100 % NPK) was sufficient for jute fibre yield while nutrient uptake was significantly higher with 150% NPK but at par only with 100% NPK + 10 tonnes FYM/ha when N and P are considered. The population of beneficial microbes and enzymatic activities, viz. dehydrogenase, urease, fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activity, acid and alkaline phosphatase in jute rhizosphere after 60 days of sowing were significantly higher with 100% NPK + 10 tonnes FYM/ha over all treatments including 100 and 150% NPK. The soil microbial biomass carbon and basal soil respiration rate in jute rhizosphere followed the same trend as that of enzyme activities. There was build up of residual soil fertility after three years in all the treatments except control and 50% NPK compared to initial status and the application of 100% NPK with 10 tonnes FYM/ha helped in higher residual status of organic carbon, available N, P and K in soil. Integration of recommended dose of fertilizer with 10 tonnes FYM/ha proved to be the best possible option for sustainable jute fibre production and maintenance of soil microbial health and fertility status.
J89. Allelopathic Effects of the Weed, Polygonum Orientale L. on Jute Abhishek Mukherjee, Ujjwal Malik, Chinmoy Chattopadhay, Anandamay Barik Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Burdwan – 713 104, India
[email protected] Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. Vol. 48(4), 2014; p. 278-286 Abstract: The allelopathic potential of Polygonum orientale L. was investigated under laboratory conditions and pot experiments in field conditions. Air-dried different parts (viz. leaf, stem, and root) and whole plant of the weed aqueous leachate at 2.5, 5, and 10% (w/v) concentrations were applied to determine their effect on jute (Corchorus olitorious L. cv. JRO 524) seed germination and seedling growth under laboratory conditions. Increasing concentrations of P. orientale whole weed plant leachates inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of jute than the individual leaf, stem, and root leachates of the weed. Increasing concentrations from whole weed plant followed by weed leaf, stem, and root of this weed significantly inhibited water uptake by jute seeds. The decrease in germination of jute seeds was also correlated with increased electrolyte leakage. Air-dried weed residues of whole weed plant (i.e. 2.5, 5, and 10g) incorporation in soil or application in soil surface also inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of jute seeds in pots at field conditions. The germination, root and shoot lengths inhibition were higher in soil surface placed dry weed residues than soil incorporated dry weed residues. Keywords: Aqueous Leachates; Bioassay; Germination; Jute; Polygounum orientale; Seedling growth.
J90. First Report of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) Caused by Xanthomonas campestris Pv. capsularii in India Chinmay Biswas, Piyali Dey, Subrata Satpathy Crop Protection Division, Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF), Kolkata, India
[email protected] 134
Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. Vol. 47, No. 13; 2014; p. 1600-1602 Abstract: Xanthomonas campestris pv. capsularii causing blight on jute (Corchorus capsularis) leaves was reported for the first time in India. The symptom of the disease initially observed was appearance of small angular brown leaf spots and later as blighted areas on leaf lamina. The disease-causing pathogen was isolated and identified on the basis of its colony morphology, PCR, sequencing and subsequent BLASTn analysis. Keywords: Xanthomonas Campestris Pvcapsularii ; Jute ; PCR ; Gyrase B
J91. Changes in composition, appearance, physical, and dyeing properties of jute yarn after biopretreatment with laccase, xylanase, cellulase, and pectinase enzymes Ali Akbar Zolriasateina & Mohammad Esmail Yazdanshenasb a b
Department of Textile Engineering, Shahr-E-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Department of Textile Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran.
Journal of the Textile Institute. Vol. 105(6), 2014 Abstract: Bio-preparation is a developing and promising method for lowering the consumption of chemicals specially in wet finishing where plenty of these compounds are used. In this study, samples of jute yarns were bio-finished by cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, laccase enzymes, and their mixtures. Then, they were scoured, bleached, and dyed with basic and/or direct dyes in conventional methods. Samples were analyzed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, reflective spectrophotometer, mechanical tester, and then compared. FTIR peaks of enzymatic-treated samples showed aldehyde absorption peaks, and also changes in carbonyl groups of hemi-cellulose and aromatic –CH– out of plane vibration in lignin. The whiteness and brightness index values of jute yarns improved before and after bleaching. Pectinase-treated jute yarn enhanced yarn count compare to other enzymatic or NaOH treatment. All enzymatic or NaOH treatments decreased the tenacity of jute yarns. Xylanase and cellulose treatments showed lower tensile strength than others. Pectinase and laccase enzymes increased dye strength of the jute yarn that dyed by direct dye, while cellulase, xylanase, and pectinase did the same for basic dye. Keywords: bio-preparation, jute yarn, enzyme treatment, whiteness, brightness, tenacity, dyeing
J92. Tailoring the structure and properties of jute blended nonwoven geotextiles via alkali treatment of jute fibers Amit Rawal, M.M.A. Sayeed Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India Materials & Design. Vol. 53, 2014 ; p.701–705 Abstract: Geotextiles are generally made from natural or synthetic fibers and both fibers offer their own advantages and disadvantages for geotechnical applications. In this study, the jute fibers were treated with 4 wt.% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution in order to enhance their tensile properties. A series of needlepunched nonwoven geotextiles were then fabricated by formulating blends of untreated jute and 135
polypropylene fibers and corresponding sets of nonwovens containing alkali treated jute and polypropylene fibers in defined weight proportions. Subsequently, a comparison has been made between the physical and mechanical properties of these blended nonwoven geotextiles. In general, the alkali treated jute blended nonwoven geotextiles offer higher puncture resistance in addition to higher tensile and tearing strengths in the cross-machine (preferential) direction than their corresponding blended geotextiles consisting of untreated jute fibers. Blended nonwoven geotextiles consisting of more than 40 wt.% jute fibers were not found to be useful in enhancing the mechanical properties.
J93. Integration of biobased functionalized feedstock and plastisol in epoxy resin matrix toward developing structural jute biocomposites with enhanced impact strength and moisture resistance properties Subhash Hanmant Bhosale, Vismay Vinodkumar Singh, Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh and Subrata Bandhu Ghosh
Madoor Comandore Rangasai, Sanchita
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India Polymer Composites. 2014 ; DOI: 10.1002/pc.23192 Abstract: Epoxy resin matrix based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) was modified with addition of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). Structural jute composites prepared with ESBO modified DGEBA resin showed a decrease in tensile strengths, owing to reduced cross linking density. Percentage elongation of the samples increased with addition of ESBO. An optimized composition was identified, at which the composite showed increase in tensile strength, modulus and elongation. Interestingly, impact strengths increased initially with incorporation of ESBO, but with further increase in ESBO, impact strengths decreased. Structural Jute composites were also prepared by incorporating polyvinyl (chloride) (PVC) plastisol into the modified matrix which showed an increase in both tensile and impact strengths. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis indicated the curing state of the composites. The spectrum peaks became increasingly stronger in the O[BOND]H band with increasing ESBO quantities. This could be attributed to the hydrophilic nature of ESBO, a result that was well supported by the moisture absorption test. Although, water uptake capacity of ESBO/DGEBA modified matrix composites recorded increasing trend with increased ESBO content, with inclusion of plastisol, the water uptake values dropped. Composite with DGEBA/ESBO/plastisol modified matrix actually recorded water uptake capacity comparable to composite with neat DGEBA, possibly owing to improved interfacial adhesion and hydrophobic nature of PVC plastisol.
J94. Influence of noncellulosic contents on nano scale refinement of waste jute fibers for reinforcement in polylactic acid films Vijay Baheti (1) Rajesh Mishra (1) Jiri Militky (1) B. K. Behera (2) 1. Department of Material Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, 46117, Czech Republic 2. Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India Fibers and Polymers. Vol.15(7), 2014 ; p.1500-1506 Abstract: In the present study, nanofibrils of cellulose are extracted from waste jute fibers using high energy planetary ball milling process in wet condition. The rate of refinement of untreated fibers having 136
non-cellulosic contents was found slower than treated fibers due to strong holding of fiber bundles by non-cellulosic contents. At the end of three hours of wet milling, untreated fibers were refined to the size of 850 nm and treated fibers were refined to the size of 443 nm. In the subsequent stage, composite films of poly lactic acid (PLA) were prepared by solvent casting with 3 wt% loading of untreated jute nanofibrils, treated jute nanofibrils and microcrystalline cellulose. The influence of non-cellulosic contents on mechanical properties of PLA films are investigated based on results of tensile test, dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The maximum improvement was observed in case of treated jute nanofibril/PLA composite film where initial modulus and tensile strength increased by 207.69 % and 168.67 %, respectively as compared to neat PLA film. These improvements are attributed to the increased interaction of treated jute nanofibrils with PLA matrix due to their higher precentage of cellulosic contents and mechanically activated surface. Keywords: High energy ball milling ; Textile waste fibers ; Nanocellulose ; Jute nanofibrils ; Biodegradable nanocomposite film
J95. A study on mechanical, thermal and environmental degradation characteristics of N,Ndimethylaniline treated jute fabric-reinforced polypropylene composites Jahangir A. Khan (1) (2)
Mubarak A. Khan (2)
M. Rabiul Islam (3)
1. Narsingdi Government College, National University of Bangladesh, Narsingdi, Bangladesh 2. Institute of Radiation and Polymer Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh 3. Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh Fibers and Polymers. Vol. 15(4), 2014 ; p. 823-830 Abstract: The mechanical and thermal behavior of compression molded jute/polypropylene (PP) composites were studied by evaluating tensile strength (TS), bending strength (BS), tensile modulus (TM), bending modulus (BM), impact strength (IS), thermogravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). A chemical modification was made to jute fabrics using N,N-Dimethylaniline (DMA) in order to improve the interfacial adhesion between the fabrics and matrix. It was found that jute fabrics on treatment with N,N-Dimethylaniline (DMA) significantly improved the mechanical properties of the composites. Thermal analytical data of PP, both treated and untreated jute fabrics as well as composites revealed that DMA treatment increased the thermal stability of the fabrics and composite. DMA treatment also reduced the hydrophilic nature of the composite. DMA treated jute composite was found less degradable than control composite under water, soil and simulated weathering conditions. Keywords: Jute fabric ; Composite ; Environmental degradation ; N,N-Dimethylaniline ; Mechanical and thermal properties
J96. A comparative analysis of woven jute/glass hybrid polymer composite with and without reinforcing of fly ash particles G. Raghavendra1, Shakuntala Ojha2, S.K. Acharya2 and S.K. Pal3 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Warangal, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India 3Department of Ceramic Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India 137
Polymer Composites, 2014 ; DOI: 10.1002/pc.23222 Abstract: The objective of this research article is to compare the mechanical and tribological properties of jute-glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy (J-G-E) hybrid composites with and without fly ash particulate filler. A dry hand lay-up technique is used to fabricate all the laminates. The properties including flexural strength, tensile strength, flexural modulus, and erosion behavior of all the composites are evaluated as per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The fly ash particulate-filled hybrid composite shows a better mechanical and tribological property. The maximum flexural strength and flexural modulus are obtained for GJGJ+ 5 wt% fly ash filler epoxy composites. Whereas the maximum tensile strength is obtained for GJJG+ 10 wt% fly ash filler epoxy composites. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis also has been carried out to categorize mechanical and tribological behavior of composites.
J97. Investigation of an Optimum Method of Biodegradation Process for Jute Polymer Composites Kh. Mumtahenah Siddiquee1, Dr. Md. Maksud Helali2, Dr. Md. Abdul Gafur3, Soma Chakraborty4 1
Assistant Director (programme),"Fortification of Edible Oil in Bangladesh"-project, Ministry of Industries, Bangladesh. 2 Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh. 3 Senior Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bangladesh. 4Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh. American Journal of Engineering Research. Vol. 3(1), 2014 ; p. 200-206 Abstract: Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites are currently being developed as an alternative for plastic material because of having some environmental benefits such as biodegradability, reduced dependence on non-renewable material, greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced energy recovery. This study focuses on the fabrication of jute polymer composites, biodegradation and the investigation of an optimum method of biodegradation. Polyethylene and Polypropylene were reinforced with 5%, 10% and 15% of fiber. Jute fiber of 1mm and 3mm fiber length were used to fabricate composites using compression molding. Degradation behavior of composites was studied in terms of percentage weight loss. Samples are kept in compost heap and in soil burial to observe the degradation of the specimens. In weather degradation the effect of natural phenomena were observed. The biodegradability of composites was enhanced in compost condition with respect to soil burial and weather degradation. Degradation rate were higher in compost condition considering natural weather and soil and higher fiber reinforced ratio shows higher degradation. Keywords: Jute, Polymer, Composites, Biodegradation
J98. Fabrication of strong and thermally more stable jute fabric/polypropylene composites by compression molding along with γ-ray irradiation M. H. S. Shohrawardy (1), M. K. Alam (1),
M. F. Mina (1),
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Mubarak A. Khan (2)
1. Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh 2. Institute of Radiation and Polymer Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, G.P.O. Box 3787, Dhaka, Bangladesh Polymer Bulletin. Vol. 71(5), 2014 ; p. 1219-1239 Abstract: Chemically treated jute fabric (TJF)- and untreated jute fabric (UJF)-reinforced isotactic polypropylene (PP)-sandwiched composites, such as TJF composite (TC) and UJF composite (UC), with different JF contents (35–60 wt%) were fabricated by the compression molding technique. Then, PP, UC and TC were irradiated by γ–rays with various doses (0–7.5 kGy) to produce γPP, γUC and γTC, respectively. Water intake (WI), chemical texture, tensile strength (TS), flexural strength (FS), Young‘s modulus (Y) and thermal degradation temperatures (T d) of the samples were examined. Activation energy (E a) during thermal degradation has been estimated by Broido‘s theory. WI in TC, γUC and γTC is lower than that in UC, as accompanied by the change in interfacial textures between JF and PP. The TS, FS, Y, T d and E a values of UC, TC, γUC and γTC are found to lie in the ranges 52–61, 55–63, 440–710 MPa, 400–440 °C and 280–340 kJ/mol, respectively. A relative estimation of physical and chemical crosslinking densities/junctions in the composites has been performed and the values have been analyzed by the rubber elasticity and polymer gel theories. The observed changes in physico-mechanical and thermal properties of the composites have been explained on the basis of crosslinking/bonding between JF and PP. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the fiber–matrix interactions. A significant increase in Y and T d values demonstrates a development of strong and thermally more stable JFreinforced PP composites in the present study. Keywords: Jute fabrics, Polypropylene, Mechanical properties, Water intake, Thermal properties, Activation energy
J99. Preparation and Characterization of Polyester Composites Reinforced with Bleached, Diospyros perigrina (Indian persimmon) Treated and Unbleached Jute Mat Chowdhury Kaiser Mahmud1, Md. Asanul Haque1, AM Sarwaruddin Chowdhury1, Mohammad Abdul Ahad2 and Md. Abdul Gafur3 1Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh 3Department of Pilot Plant and Product Development Center, Bangladesh council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh Advanced Chemical Engineering. Vol. 4(3), 2014 Abstract: In this research work, jute mat reinforced polyester matrix composites have been developed by cold compression molding technique with varying process parameters, such as fiber condition (untreated, bleached and Indian persimmon juice treated). The developed jute fiber reinforced composites were then characterized by tensile test, flexural test, water absorption test, IR spectroscopy, thermal test and scanning electron microscopy. The results shows that tensile strength, flexural strength and value of elastic modulus increases in case of treated and bleached jute mat in compared to untreated fiber. The highest change in tensile strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus has been observed for bleached jute mat-UPR composite which means that the bleached jute mat-UPR composite is stronger than the 139
other two. The water absorption property for the bleached jute mat-UPR composite is the lowest than the other two. The bulk density value shows that the bleached jute mat-UPR composite is denser than the other two. The thermo gravimetric analysis and thermo mechanical analysis also show that the bleached jute mat-UPR composite is more thermally and thermo mechanically stable. Microscopic observation suggests that the fracture behavior is brittle in nature and maximum fiber pull out has been occurred for unbleached jute mat-UPR composite. Keywords: Jute mat reinforced polyester matrix composite ; Tensile test ; Flexural test ; Water absorption test ; IR spectroscopy ; Thermal test ; Scanning electron microscopy J100. Effect of γ (Gamma)-radiation on the physico-mechanical properties of grafted jute fabric reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites G. M. Shafiur Rahman (2), Muhammad Abdullah Al Mamun (2), Mubarak A. Khan (1) 2. Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh 1. Institute of Radiation and Polymer Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box 3787, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh Fibers and Polymers. Vol. 15(2), 2014 ; p. 340-346 Abstract: The bleached jute fabric (BJF) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites with various contents of acrylic acid (AA)-treated BJF and un-AA-treated BJF were fabricated by compression moulding method at 190 °C. The AA-grafted BJF reinforced PP composites were then irradiated by γ-ray at various doses. The mechanical properties of neat PP (N-P), ungrafted-BJF and PP composites (UG-BJFPC), AAgrafted-BJF and PP composites (AA-BJFPC) and γ-ray cum AA-grafted-BJF and PP composites (γAABJFPC) show maximum tensile strength (TS) of 30, 46, 47 and 51 MPa, maximum flexural strength (FS) of 34, 49, 50 and 54 MPa and maximum Young‘s modulus (E) of 280, 428, 436, and 680 MPa, respectively. The increase of TS, FS and E from UG-BJFPC are 2 %, 2 %, and 2 % for AA-BJFPC and 11 %, 10 % and 59 % for γAA-BJFPC. The TS, FS and E are found to increase with radiation dose up to 500Krad and then decrease. The water absorption (WA) for UG-BJFPC, AA-BJFPC and γAA-BJFPC is respectively about 14, 10 and 9 %, indicating a gradual development of hydrophobic character of the composites first by AA-treatment and then by γ-ray-treatment. AA treatment on jute fabric and gamma irradiation on composite result in significant change of morphology of the jute fabric composites surface and better mechanical bonding between fabric and polymer matrix, as a result improved mechanical properties are found. Keywords: Bleached jute fabric, Grafting, Polypropylene, Composites, Gamma radiation
J101. Fabrication, Testing and Analysis of Braided and Short fibre reinforced Jute Epoxy Biocomposite Subramanian Raman, Chattopadhyay Subhanjan Salil Kumar and Sharan Chandran M, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India. International Journal of Chem Tech Research. Vol.6(3), 2014 ; p. 1721-1724
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Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to fabricate and test the Jute-Epoxy braided as well as short fibre reinforced composite which is of low cost, low density, high specific strength, no health risks, renewable, environment friendly and lower energy requirement for processing. The jute fibres used have undergone alkali treatment to improve their properties and blended with epoxy resin and cured. The later stage of our work deals with the Tensile Test of both types of specimens ,Impact & Flexural test of Braided composite according to the ASTM standards for Plastics. Further an extensive comparison of braided & short fibre composite has been done along with finite element analysis to validate the results. Keywords: Jute; Fiber ; Epoxy ; Composite ; Tensile Strength ; FEA ; ANSYS.
J102. Mechanical Properties Characterization of Jute Yarn Treated by Photo-curing with EG (Ethylene Glycol): Surface Treatment (KMnO4) T.R. Choudhury1, M.Z.I. Mollah2, M.A. Khan2, P. Ali3, A.M.S. Chowdhury4 and A.I. Mostafa4 1Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission; 2Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology/Institute of Radiation and Polymer Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Ganakbari, Savar, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, GPO Box. 3787, Dhaka 1000; 3Faculty of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Japan; 4Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Technology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Journal of Composites and Biodegradable Polymers. Vol. 2(1), 2014 Abstract: Radiation-induced graft copolymerization is one of the most important methods to modify natural polymers. Jute (Corchorus capsularis) is an important natural fiber for its diversified application in eco-friendly environment. Jute is photografted with EG monomer to improve its characteristics. The different EG formulation was prepared in methanol along with 2% photoinitiator. The materials soaked in solution then radiation induced by UV processing. The highest mechanical properties of treated and untreated jute fibre like tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (Eb), and tensile modulus (Tm) were achieved with 5% EG concentration, 5 minutes soaking time and 4th pass of UV radiation intensities. The mechanical properties improvement of the jute yarns were increased at P� 0.05% on TS (2.4 MPa), Eb (1.8 MPa) and Tm (factor 2) and PL (17%) by the KMnO4. The additives urea (1% w/v) showed the best results Pl (20%), Tf (2.6) and Ef (2). Water absorption capacity of treated samples was much lower (59%) up to 20 min then stable compared to the untreated samples (70%) where absorbed up to 110 min. Weathering effect on jute yarn exhibited less loss of weight compared to control fibers. The 1R analysis revealed that EG has been grafted onto jute cellulose at the sites of -OH groups of the jute cellulose backbone. Monomer concentration; soaking time and radiation intensity were optimized with respect to mechanical properties. The remarkable changes of physico-mechanical properties were achieved by the experiment. Keywords: Modification, Jute, Cellulose, fibers, UV-radiation, monomer concentration.
J103. Selection of Materials Using Multi Criteria Decision Making Method by Considering Physical and Mechanical Properties of Jute/Al2O3 Composites Priyadarshi Tapas Ranjan Swain , Sandhyarani Biswas 141
Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 592 – 594, 2014 DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.592-594.729 Abstract: Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method plays a key role to find out the best option from all possible alternatives. From different application areas Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is one of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method to find out the correct result. TOPSIS is a real-world and valuable procedure for ranking and selection of a number of externally determined substitutes through distance measures. In this paper, application of techniques for order preference by similarity of an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is applied for solving multiple criteria (objective) optimization problem in mechanical and physical properties of jute/Al2O3 fiber based hybrid composites. The best performance value of composite is designed from ideal solution and as well as the worst performance value of composite is designed for negative-ideal solution. The results have demonstrated the model to be both robust and efficient. Keywords: Composite, MADM, MCDM, TOPSIS
J104. Mechanical, thermal and degradation characteristics of jute fabric-reinforced polypropylene composites: Effect of potassium dichromate as oxidizing agent Jahangir A. Khan(1) (2), Mubarak A. Khan (2), Rabiul Islam (3) 1. Narsingdi Government College, National University of Bangladesh, Narsingdi, Bangladesh 2. Institute of Radiation and Polymer Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh 3. Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh Fibers and Polymers. Vol.15(11), 2014 ; p. 2386-2394 Abstract: In this study, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) was used to investigate the oxidizing effect on the properties of the compression molded jute fabrics-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. Jute fabrics were treated with K2Cr2O7 in oxalic acid and sulphuric acid media. Solutions of oxalic acid and sulphuric acid were prepared in water as 1.0–10.0 % w/v and 0.1–2.0 % v/v respectively, where percentage of K2Cr2O7 was maintained at 0.02 % w/v. Among the treatments, 5.0 % oxalic acid treated jute-PP composite showed better mechanical performance over the other combinations and also than that of the untreated sample. The treatment of jute fabrics improved the thermal stability of the composites by shifting the thermal degradation temperatures of the composites to higher temperature regions compared to PP or jute fabrics. Treated jute composites were found less degradable in soil, water and simulated weathering conditions as well as less water sensible compared to the untreated composite sample. Keywords: Composites, Oxidizing agent, Mechanical properties, Thermal properties, Simulated weathering J105. Effect of γradiation on the performance of jute fabrics-reinforced urethane-based thermoset composites Pinku Poddar1, Yasir Arafat1, Kamol Dey1 , AM Sarwaruddin Chowdhury1, RA Khan2 1
University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
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Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. January, 2014 doi: 10.1177/0892705713519809 Abstract: Hessian cloth-reinforced urethane acrylate-based thermoset composites were prepared by compression molding. The composition of the matrix solution was formulated with different concentrations of urethane acrylate ((F1: 55%, F2: 65%, F3: 75%, F4: 85%, and F5: 95%) in solvent methanol (44.5, 34.5, 24.5, 14.5, and 4.5%) along with thermal photoinitiator benzyl peroxide (0.5%). Mechanical properties of the composites were examined. It was found that F4 with 85% urethane acrylate-based composite showed the best results. The maximum value of tensile strength (TS), bending strength (BS), tensile modulus (TM), bending modulus (BM), and elongation at break (Eb%) were found to be 47 MPa, 61 MPa, 1250 MPa, 1550 MPa, and 9.38%, respectively, for F4-treated composites. Different intensities of γ radiation (100–500 krad) were applied on F4-soaked hessian cloth-reinforced composites. The mechanical properties of the irradiated composites were found to increase significantly compared with those of nonirradiated composites. The maximum TS, BS, TM, and BM for the treated composites were found to be 66 MPa, 84 MPa, 1882 MPa, and 2250 MPa, respectively, at 300 krad dose. Water uptake and soil degradation test of the composites were also performed.
J106. Cellulose nanofibrils generated from jute fibers with tunable polymorphs and crystallinity Liangbo Yu, Jinyou Lin,a Feng Tian, Xiuhong Li, Fenggang Bian and Jie Wang Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China Journal of Materials Chemistry A. Issue 18, 2014 Abstract: Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), as a kind of renewable, sustainable and biodegradable naturalbased nanomaterial, have shown great potential application in numerous fields due to their fascinating properties. Some properties of CNF-based materials are closely related to their cellulose polymorph and crystallinity index. In this work, we present a facile method for the generation of CNF with tunable polymorphs and crystallinity via the alkali treatment of jute fibers under various conditions followed by (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation and mechanical disintegration. The changes of the cellulose polymorphs and crystallinity induced by alkali treatment on the jute fibers and consequently obtained CNF were well investigated by synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray scattering (SR-WAXS), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Moreover, the morphology of the as-prepared CNF was also examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It has been found that the CNF showed an identical cellulose polymorph to their source material, but a much higher crystallinity index, which revealed the feasibility of CNF generated from jute fibers with tunable polymorphs and crystallinity indexes.
J107. The Influence of Fiber Treatment on the Mechanical Behavior of Jute Textile Reinforced Concrete Maria Ernestina Alves Fidelis, Flávio de Andrade Silva, Romildo Dias Toledo Filho Key Engineering Materials. Vol. 600
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Abstract: In the present work a natural textile reinforced concrete (TRC) was developed and mechanically characterized. A fabric made of jute, a natural occurring fiber, was used as reinforcement in a fine grained cementitious matrix with a low content of calcium hydroxide. Tensile tests were performed on TRC reinforced with 3 and 5 layers of jute fabric. The mechanical tensile tests were coupled with image analysis in order to measure the crack spacing and the results were correlated with the applied tensile strain. Various stages of loading corresponding to initiation, propagation, distribution, opening, and localization of a crack system in the specimen are discussed. In order to improve the fiber-matrix interface the jute fabric was treated with a polymer based coating. Keywords: Coating, Composite, Natural Fiber, Textile
J108. Effect of nanoclay on physical, mechanical, and microbial degradation of jute-reinforced, soy milk-based nano-biocomposites Ajaya Kumar Behera1, Sridevi Avancha1, Suvendu Manna1, Ramkrishna Sen2 and Basudam Adhikari1 1Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India 2Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India Polymer Engineering & Science. Vol. 54(2), 2014 ; p.345–354 Abstract: Jute-reinforced, soy milk-based nano-biocomposites were fabricated using both natural and organically modified nanoclay to study their effect on physical, mechanical, and degradation properties. Different weight percentages of nanoclays were used to modify soy milk by solution casting process. The jute fibers were then impregnated in modified soy resin and compressed to fabricate nano-biocomposites. About 5 wt% of organically modified nanoclay-loaded jute composite showed maximum tensile and flexural strength. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of fabricated composites confirmed about the formation of nanostructure. Impact, microhardness, dynamic mechanical analysis results of nano-biocomposites revealed that nanoclay has influenced to improve such physical and mechanical properties. Microbial degradation study of nano-biocomposites was carried out in cultured fungal bed. Weight loss, tensile loss, and field emission scanning electron microscopy photographs of composites revealed that composites are biodegradable in nature. The prime advantages of these composite are their eco-compatibility as jute and soy resin, the basic constituents of composites are biodegradable in nature. These composites can be utilized in automobile, packaging, furniture sectors by replacing nondegradable plastic-based composite.
J109. Genetic Analysis of Population Structure Using Peroxidase Gene and Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Gene-Based DNA Markers: A Case Study in Jute (Corchorus spp.) Pratik Satya a, Ruby Banerjeea, Chinmay Biswasa, Maya Karana, Swagata Ghosha and Nasim Alib a Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India b Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Univ., Narendrapur, West Bengal, India Crop Science. Vol. 54(4), 2014 ; p. 1609-1620 Abstract: Information on genetic structure of population and crop genetic diversity provides crucial input for genetic improvement of crop species. Plant peroxidase gene (POG) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PALG) sequences are multigene families that can be used to design DNA marker systems for 144
genetic diversity and population structure analysis. In the present study, genetic diversity and population structure of 110 Corchorus genotypes were investigated with 17 POG and six PALG markers and compared with results based on 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A protocol for using PALG sequences as DNA markers was established, and an earlier protocol for POG marker system was improved. A total of 269 POG and PALG loci were identified revealing 89.2% and 98.5% polymorphism for POG and PALG markers, respectively. The SSR markers amplified 61 alleles in the population. The PALG markers generated comparatively more number of observed and effective alleles, with higher Shannon‘s information index and expected heterozygosity. Pairwise comparison of population using Nei‘s genetic distance and genetic identity revealed close association between geographically isolated populations of C. olitorius. Wild Corchorus species exhibited more genetic association with C. olitorius than C. capsularis. Analysis of molecular variance identified 67, 88, and 56% within population variations for POG, PALG, and SSR, respectively. Bayesian structure and hierarchical clustering analyses based on POG polymorphism identified five distinct groups and allelic variations between geographically isolated Indian and African C. olitorius populations with low genetic admixture. PALG-based population structure analysis revealed three groups with high genetic admixture among populations, while SSR-based structure identified three genetic groups with low admixture. A combination of all the marker systems improved population structure-based classification, fitting well to phylogenetic classification. The results establish POG and PALG markers as efficient functional DNA marker systems and provide valuable information for genetic enhancement of cultivated Corchorus species.
J110. The CCoAOMT1 gene from jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) is involved in lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana Gaoyang Zhang, Yujia Zhang, Jiantang Xu, Xiaoping Niu, Jianmin Qi, Aifen Tao, Liwu Zhang, Pingping Fang, LiHui Lin, Jianguang Su Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China Gene. Vol. 546(2), 2014 ; p.398–402 Abstract: The Caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) is a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis in plants. In this study we cloned the full-length cDNA of the Caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) gene from jute using homology clone (primers were designed according to the sequence of CCoAOMT gene of other plants), and a modified RACE technique, subsequently named ―CcCCoAOMT1‖. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the gene is a member of the CCoAOMT gene family. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the CcCCoAOMT1 gene is constitutively expressed in all tissues, and the expression level was greatest in stem, followed by stem bark, roots and leaves. In order to understand this gene's function, we transformed it into Arabidopsis thaliana; integration (one insertion site) was confirmed following PCR and southern hybridization. The over-expression of CcCCoAOMT1 in these transgenic A.thaliana plants resulted in increased plant height and silique length relative to nontransgenic plants. Perhaps the most important finding was that the transgenic Arabidopsis plants contained more lignin (20.44–21.26%) than did control plants (17.56%), clearly suggesting an important role of CcCCoAOMT1 gene in lignin biosynthesis. These data are important for the success of efforts to reduce jute lignin content (thereby increasing fiber quality) via CcCCoAOMT1 gene inhibition. Keywords: CcCCoAOMT; RACE; Jute; Southern hybridization; Arabidopsis
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J111. Characterization of crystalline cellulose of jute reinforced poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) biocomposite film for potential biomedical applications Mohammed Mizanur Rahman, Sanjida Afrin, Papia Haque Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh Progress in Biomaterials. Vol.3(1), 2014 ; p. 1-9 Abstract: Cellulose crystals (CC) were chemically derived from jute by alkali treatment, bleaching and subsequent hydrolysis with 40 % sulfuric acid. Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) suggested sufficient removal of lignin and hemicellulose from the raw jute and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Xray diffraction (XRD) studies demonstrated the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose. CC reinforced polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite was prepared by solution casting method under laminar flow. In order to maintain uniform dispersion of 3–15 % (w/w) of the CC in the composite N, N dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as a dispersant. FT-IR, XRD, SEM, thermogravimetric analysis (TG, DTG and DTA) and thermomechanical analyses (TMA) were used to characterize the CC and the composites. The study of tensile properties showed that tensile strength (TS) and modulus (TM) increase with increasing CC content up to 9 % and then decrease with the addition of a high content of CC (above 9 %) because of the aggregation of CCs in the composite. The highest TS (43.9 MPa) and TM (2,190 MPa) have been shown to be the composite prepared with 9 % CC and the lowest to be from pure PVA film 17.1 and 1470 MPa. In addition, the composites have showed no cytotoxicity that can also prohibit microbial growth and; hence, it can be a potential material for biomedical applications such as wound healing accelerators. Keywords: Jute ; Crystalline cellulose ; Biocomposite ; Wound healing ; Reinforcing agent ; PVA
J112. Effect of stacking sequence on mechanical properties of hybrid flax/jute fibers reinforced thermoplastic composites Y. Karaduman1, L. Onal2 and A. Rawal3 1Akdagmadeni Vocational High School, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey 2Department of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey 3Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India Polymer Composites. 35, 2014 ; DOI: 10.1002/pc.23127 Abstract: In this study, the hybrid composites were prepared by stacking jute/PP nonwoven and flax/MAPP woven fabrics in defined sequences. Polypropylene (PP) and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) were used as matrix materials. Jute and flax fibers were treated with alkali solution in order to improve the interface properties of the resultant composites. The mechanical properties of these hybrid composites were analyzed by means of tensile, flexural, and drop-weight impact tests. The effect of fabric stacking sequence on the mechanical properties of the composites was investigated. The stacking of nonwovens at the top and in alternate layers has resulted in maximum flexural strength, flexural stiffness, and impact force. It was also shown that hybrid composites have improved tensile, flexural, and impact properties in comparison to neat PP matrix.
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J113. Impact Behaviour Analysis of Sisal/Jute and Glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites M. Ramesh , K. Palani Kumar, K. Hemachandra Reddy Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 984 – 985 ; p.266-272 Abstract: The fibers from naturally available resources are considered to have potential alternate reinforcing agent in polymer matrix composite materials due to their properties such as high strength, stiffness, degradable in nature and renewable in nature. In this study a lightweight, low cost and environment friendly hybrid composites are prepared by using sisal-jute-glass fibers as the reinforcement materials. There are three types of composites such as sisal/glass fiber reinforced polymer (SGFRP) composites, jute/glass fiber reinforced polymer (JGFRP) composites and sisal/jute/glass fiber reinforced polymer (SJGFRP) composites are prepared by hand lay-up process and underwent to charpy impact test in order to study their impact properties. Post impact induced damage, material failure mechanism, matrix cracking, fiber breakage and pullout was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results showed that the energy absorption and load carrying capacity of JGFRP composites are better and able to withstand higher loads than SGFRP composites and SJGFRP composites. It is further observed from the experiment, the inclusion of sisal and jute fibers with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites has gained good impact properties. It is suggested that these light weight sisal and jute fibers have been used as an alternative reinforcing material to synthetic fiber for medium load applications. Keywords: Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Composites, Hybrid, Impact Properties, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), SJGFRP Composites
J114. Preparation and Characterization of Jute Cellulose Crystals-Reinforced Poly(L-lactic acid) Biocomposite for Biomedical Applications Mohammed Mizanur Rahman,1 Sanjida Afrin,1 Papia Haque,1 Md. Minhajul Islam,1 Mohammed Shahidul Islam,1 and Md. Abdul Gafur2 1Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh 2PP and PDC, Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh International Journal of Chemical Engineering. Vol. 2014 (2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/842147 Abstract: Crystalline cellulose was extracted from jute by hydrolysis with 40% H2SO4 to get mixture of micro/nanocrystals. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed the microcrystalline structure of cellulose and XRD indicated the Iβ polymorph of cellulose. Biodegradable composites were prepared using crystalline cellulose (CC) of jute as the reinforcement (3–15%) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a matrix by extrusion and hot press method. CC was cellulose derived from mercerized and bleached jute fiber by acid hydrolysis to remove the amorphous regions. FT-IR studies showed hydrogen bonding between the CC and the PLA matrix. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed that the percentage crystallinity of PLA in composites was found to be higher than that of neat PLA as a result of the nucleating ability of the crystalline cellulose. Furthermore, Vicker hardness and yield strength were found to increase with increasing cellulose content in the composite. The SEM images of the fracture surfaces of the composites were indicative of poor adhesion between the CC and the PLA matrix. The composite with 15% CC showed antibacterial effect though pure films but had no antimicrobial effect; on the other hand its cytotoxicity in biological medium was found to be medium 147
which
might
be
suitable
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J115. Graft polycondensation of microfibrillated jute cellulose with oligo(L-lactic acid) and its properties G. M. Arifuzzaman Khan, M. Ahsanul Haque, Minoru Terano and Md. Shamsul Alam Journal of Applied Polymer Science. Vol.131(8), 2014 Abstract: In order to improve the compatibility with different polymer matrices, microfibrillated jute cellulose (MFJC) was surface grafted by oligo(l-lactic acid) (OLA) via graft polycondensation reaction catalyzed by Sn(Oct)2 in toluene medium. The effects of the OLA concentration, Sn(Oct)2 concentration, reaction time, temperature, and pressure on the progress of the graft polycondensation were investigated. Maximum grafting was found 44% at optimum reaction condition. The observation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 13C-NMR spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphology and crystalline structure of the graft copolymer (MFJC-g-OLA) were examined by scanning electron microscopy and wide angle X-ray diffraction, respectively. Measurements showed that initial morphological integrity of MFJC changed due to incorporation of amorphous OLA onto MFJC surface, as a result decreases crystallinity. Extracted MFJC-g-OLA was also characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. Results reflect the enhanced hydrophobicity and thermal stability of the MFJC as a consequence of this modification Keywords biopolymers & renewable polymers;fibers ; polycondensation ; spectroscopy J116. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of jute and glass composites of styrenated vinyl esters of multifunctional epoxy resin containing s-triazine ring Rizwan Y. Ghumara, Pooja P. Adroja and Parsotam H. Parsania Department of Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Division, Saurashtra University, Gujarat, India Polymer Composites. Vol. 35, 2014 ; DOI: 10.1002/pc.23179 Abstract: Acrylated and methacrylated resins of multifunctional epoxy resin of 2,4,6-tris(4hydroxyphenyl)-1-3-5-triazine (ETPAA/ETPMA) have been synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR, and thermal techniques. Jute and glass composites of styrenated vinyl esters have been prepared by hand layup technique and characterized for their mechanical and electrical properties. Vinyl esters possess high solubility in common solvents and good thermal stability. Jute and glass composites ETPAASt and ETPMASt possess fairly good mechanical and electrical properties and excellent chemical resistance against harsh environmental conditions. Composites may be useful for low load bearing housing units and in electrical and electronic applications as well as in marine applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers J117. Synthesis and physico-chemical studies of unsaturated polyester polyol of multifunctional epoxy resin containing s-triazine ring and its jute/glass composites R.Y. Ghumaraa, P.P. Adrojaa & P.H. Parsaniaa Polymer Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India Designed Monomers and Polymers. Vol.17(6), 2014 148
Abstract: Unsaturated polyester polyol of 2,4,6-tris (4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-3-5-triazine (ETPUP) was synthesized and styrene was added as a reactive diluent (ETPUPSt). The structure of ETPUP was supported by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. ETPUP is thermally stable up to about 230 °C and followed multistep degradation reactions with 0.2–3.83 order kinetics leaving 48.9% residue at 700 °C confirming formation of highly thermally stable cross-linked product. Jute and glass composites of ETPUPSt were fabricated by hand lay-up technique followed by compression molding under 27.58 MPa pressure and at 100 °C for 4 h. J-ETPUPSt and G-ETPUPSt showed respectively 21.7 and 138.3 MPa tensile strength; 31.9 and 29.5 MPa flexural strength; 1.8 and 2.2 kV mm−1 electric strength; and 2.7 × 1014 and 2.1 × 1015 Ohm cm volume resistivity. Both J-ETPUPSt and G-ETPUPSt showed excellent hydrolytic stability even in harsh acidic and saline environments and also in boiling water. Observed equilibrium water content at 35 °C for J-ETPUPSt and G-ETPUPSt in water, 10% of aq NaCl, and 10% of aq HCl are 19, 16.3, and 21.3%; 9.2, 7.2, and 10.4%, respectively. Both the composites may be useful for load bearing housing units, and in electrical, electronic, and marine fields. Keywords: unsaturated epoxy polyester resin, s-triazine, jute/glass composites, thermal and hydrolytic stability J118. First Report of a 16SrV-C Phytoplasma Causing Little Leaf and Bunchy Top of Tossa Jute (Corchorus olitorius) in India C. Biswas, P. Dey, A. Bera, M. Kumar, and S. Satpathy Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF), Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700120, India Plant disease. Vol. 98(4), 2014 Abstract: Jute is the most important phloem fiber crop of the world, and is mainly grown in the South East Asian countries of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Myanmar, and few South American countries. The fiber is used in making sacks, ropes, bags, carpets, shoes, geo-textiles, and home decorations. There are two kinds of jute: tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) and white jute (C. capsularis). In June 2012, symptoms suggestive of phytoplasma infection (little leaf and bunchy top) were noticed on tossa jute in different experimental fields of the CRIJAF research farm, Barrackpore, India, and the incidence of the disease varied from 5 to 20%. The infected plants showed profuse lateral branching with a bushy appearance. In many plants, branching at the apical portion developed a bunchy top symptom with tufts of smaller leaves. Leafy stem was also common in many plants with main stems covered with numerous little leaves. Total DNA was extracted from leaf midveins of 15 symptomatic and 5 asymptomatic plants by using an improved salt concentration and simple sodium acetate CTAB method (1). PCR was carried out with universal P1/P7 primer set followed by nested primer pair R16F2n/R16R2 (3), resulting in DNA amplicons that were 1.8 kb and 1.2 kb, respectively, in all symptomatic samples tested. Phytoplasma was not detected in symptomless samples. The five purified nested products were cloned in a pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega) and sequenced. One of the sequences that proved to be identical was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KF501045). The consensus sequence was analyzed by NCBI BLAST and found to share 99% similarity with the 16Sr DNA sequence of the alder yellows phytoplasma reference strain (GenBank Accession No. AY028789), which belongs to the 16SrV group. The phylogenetic tree based on the 16SrDNA sequence of phytoplasmas belonging to group 16SrV and other distinct phytoplasma groups also showed that the phytoplasma clustered with members of subgroup 16SrV (4). Subsequently, in silico RFLP analysis of the nested PCR product with the pDRAW32 program using AluI and TruI restriction site used for 16SrV subgroups A, B, C, D, and E indicated that the 16SrV Corchorus strain belonged to subgroup C. RFLP patterns from all symptomatic C. olitorius samples were identical to the 16SrV-C pattern (2). The vector species transmitting the concerned phytoplasma in C. 149
olitorius still needs to be identified. The leaf hopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, may be a potential vector as it is often noticed in jute fields. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of 16SrV-C phytoplasma associated with tossa jute (C. olitorius) in India. Initiative has to be taken to manage this disease; otherwise, branching of the main stems would badly affect the fiber quality as well as yield. J119. Anatomical and morphological characteristics of nine jute genotypes V. Kumar, P. K. Singh, A. S. Dudhane, D. K. De and P. Satya1 Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, Nadia, West Bengal 1Division of Crop Improvement, CRIJAF, Barrackpore, Kolkata Journal of Crop and Weed. Vol.10(2), 2014 ; p.334-339 Abstract: In the present investigation eight genotypes of C. olitorious L. (OMU-09, OMU-42, OMU-43 OEX-16, OIM-45, JRO-204, JRO-524, JRO-8432), and one genotype of C. capsularis L. (Fanduk) were included to evaluate their morphological and anatomical characteristics. Mean performance of six different morphological and nine different anatomical characters at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAS of the crop revealed plant height, basal diameter and inter-node length increased sharply between 30 and 60 days age and slowly between the latter two growth stages; mid-diameter and top diameter reduced between 30 and 60 days and increased between the latter two growth stages; number of nodes increased steadily all along. Fibre anatomical characters revealed that total bark diameter and difference between fibre wedge tip and outer bark layer increase sharply between 30 and 60 days; average length and width of fibre cell wedge, number of fibre cell block at base and at middle increased linearly all along up to 120 days age of the crop. Number of fibre cell in each block increased sharply between 30 and 60 days and slowly between the latter two stages. All the plant morphological and fibre anatomical characters exhibited high variation at different growth stages. The anatomical characters may be considered as an easy and effective method for screening genotypes without destructive sampling within a short period. Keyword: Bark diameters, fibre cell block, length of fibre and weight of fibre J120. A Comparison of Efficiency Parameters of SSR Primers and Genetic Diversity Analysis in Jute (Corchorus spp.) P. N. Meena1, A. Roy3, B. S. Gotyal1, S. Mitra2 and S. Satpathy1 1Crop Protection Division, Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF), Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120 (West Bengal), INDIA 2Crop Production Division, Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF), Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120 (West Bengal), INDIA 3AINP on jute and allied fibre, Uttara Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (UBKV), Pundibari, Coochbehar736165 (West Bengal), INDIA Trends in Biosciences. Vol. 7(19), 2014 Abstract: Jute (Corchorus spp.) is a natural bast fibre crop and has considerable commercial significance in the world after cotton, as it is a completely biodegradable, recyclable and environmental friendly lingocellulose fibre. For sustenance of the trade in the face of tough competition from synthetics, there is an urgent need to redesign the ongoing breeding strategy to improve both the yield and quality of jute fibre. It is therefore, essential to understand the pattern of genetic diversity in this important commercial crop species. Five Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) were amplified in 30 genotypes of both the cultivated 150
species of jute Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis. The study was undertaken to identify the efficient SSR primers that could differentiate a set of 30 jute genotypes. Various efficiency parameters, namely: Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), Resolving Power (RP), Mean Resolving Power and Diversity Index (DI) were studied. The relationship between the parameters was studied using simple correlation coefficient. Dendrogram was constructed to find out the genetic diversity among the germplasm. These SSR markers will facilitate further studies in population genetics and utilization of this crop. J121. Phloroglucinol based azo dyes for colouration of jute fabric Jayanta Sarkhela, Suman Dattaa, Debashis Chakrabortia, Mrinal Kanti Haldera, Swapan K. Bhadurib, Kaushik Mannab and Manju Bikash Saha*a a
Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, E-mai l :
[email protected] b National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology ( ICAR), 12, Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, India
India
Abstract: Two phloroglucinol based azo dyes namely , 2-nitro-2́ ,4́ ,6́- trihydrox yazobenzene (1) and 4nitro-2́ ,4́ ,6́- trihydroxyazobenzene (2) have been synthesized and characterized. The two azo dyes containing azo group chromophore and nitro and hydroxyl groups as auxochrome have been applied for dyeing of bleached jute fabric in alkaline medium following the conventional exhaust method. The performance of the dyes is evaluated by evaluating the dyeing characteristcs viz. colour yield and wash fastness of the dyed fabric samples. Dye II gives high dye exhaustion and colour yield with good wash fastness indicating its potential for application in dyeing jute. Keywords: Jute fabric, bleaching, dyeing, azo dye, dye exhaustion. J121. Dyeing of Jute Fabric with natural dye extracted from annatto Chattopadhyay S N, Pan N C, Roy A K and Khan A ICAR- National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology. 12, Regent Park, Kolkata700040, West Bengal, India AATCC Journal of Research. Vol.1(3), May / June 2014 ; p. 20-27. Abstract: Greige jute fabric was scoured and bleached to produce white absorbent jute fabric dyeable with natural annatto dye extract. Extraction of natural dye and application to jute fabric is found to be optimal in alkaline medium. Mordants like myrobolan, pomegranate, and ferrous sulfate had their inherent color, whereas potash alum was colorless. Mordanting improved the color yield, compared to control fabric, when dyeing with natural annatto dye extract under alkaline conditions. Double mordanting using myrobolan and ferrous sulfate produced optimal color yield. In all cases, postmordanting with chemical mordants resulted in higher color yield and fastness properties. Two-step dyeing following both direct and acid dyeing methods produced the best color yield and fastness properties. KeyWords: Annatto, Bleaching, Color Yield, Dye Extraction, Fastness, Jute Fabric, Mordanting, Natural Dyeing, Washfastness
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Jute Geotextile G1. Effects of the climatic conditions of the southeastern Brazil on degradation the fibers of coirgeotextile: Evaluation of mechanical and structural properties Andréa Rodrigues Marquesa, , , , Patrícia Santiago de Oliveira Patríciob, , Fábio Soares dos Santosa, , Monisa Lopes Monteiroa, , Denise de Carvalho Urashimac, , Conrado de Souza Rodriguesc, a Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais – CEFET/MG, Av. Amazonas, 5253, Nova Suíça, 30.421-169 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil b Departamento de Química Industrial, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais – CEFET/MG, Av. Amazonas, 5253, Nova Suíça, 30.421-169 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil c Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais – CEFET/MG, 7675, Nova Gameleira, Nova Suíça, 30.421-169 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Geotextiles and Geomembranes. Vol. 42(1), 2014 ; p. 76–82 Abstract: In tropical countries where rainfall rates are high, and especially in deforested areas in the Atlantic Rainforest and Cerrado in southeastern Brazil, water is the dominant driving force of erosion. The most common method used to restore degraded tropical lands is to plant nursery-raised tree seedlings, but this method is not always practical and a variety of newer reforestation techniques have become available. Biodegradable coir geotextiles combined with native seeds can be used to restore degraded forest areas. The effects of the climatic conditions during a seasonal cycle of rain and drought were evaluated on the structural and mechanical properties of coir geotextile fibers that were treated, or not, with lime. Analyses of the tensile strength of coir fibers showed that after 12 months of exposure untreated fiber had retained 23% and treated fiber 19% of their initial strength. Two principal factors were considered in evaluating the structural properties of the coir fibers after environmental exposure: (i) initial cellulose retention and its stability after lime-treatment; (ii) lignin degradation and/or its loss to the environment. The structural changes seen by thermogravimetry (TGA) and Fourier Transforms in Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses explained the changes seen in coir mechanical properties. The greater cellulose contents of fiber structures treated with lime explained their greater tensile strength and high Young's modulus measures after the first three months of exposure in local weather conditions. Considering that lime treatment improved coir fiber properties, lime applications are indicated when coir geotextiles are to be used in acidic Brazilian Cerrado soils. Keywords: Coir geotextiles; Fiber degradation; Structural properties; Tensile strength; Young's modulus
G2. Effectiveness of geotextile mulches for slope restoration in semi-arid northern China Qi Shaoa, b, , Wei Gua, , , Quan-yu Daia, Saito Makotoa, Yang Liuc 152
a
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China b Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia c Hebei Kexin Rocky Soil Slope Ecological Engineering Co. Ltd., Baoding 072550, China CATENA. Vol.116, May 2014 ; p. 1–9 Abstract: In semiarid areas, slope restoration is usually hampered by high rainfall and temperature variability. These may cause severe erosion and slope instability, also environmental stresses, such as long-term drought and temperature extremes that lead to revegetation failure. In this study, three types of geotextiles including jute mat (JM), polyester mat (PM) and polyester net (PN) were installed on slopes and their effects on erosion control and vegetation growth were investigated by both laboratory and field experiments. The results of rainfall simulation experiments on laboratory plots showed that JM, PM and PN could delay the time to runoff, reducing runoff by 62.1%, 57.7% and 16.6%, and decrease erosion by 99.4%, 98.5% and 5.5%, respectively. Field studies were also conducted on a restored rock slope in Fengshan quarry, northeast Beijing, China, in both 2010 and 2011. Results indicated that JM, PM and PN could increase soil moisture by 54.5%, 36.3% and 18.7%, respectively, and provide more moderate soil temperatures that facilitate vegetation growth. The geotextiles were less effective in 2011 than in 2010 as a result of their degradation over time. Slope stability and plant growth, however, were not affected due to the developed vegetation cover. Thus geotextiles could protect slopes by preventing erosion and creating favourable soil conditions for revegetation, especially in the initial stage of slope restoration, and the natural geotextile mat (jute mat) is preferred since it is more effective and more environmental friendly. Keywords: Jute mat; Polyester mat; Polyester net; Erosion control; Soil condition; Vegetation growth
G3. Application of Jute Geotextiles for Rural Road Pavement Construction A. J. Khan1; F. Huq2; and S. Z. Hossain3 1Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh. E-mail:
[email protected] 2Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Information Technology and Sciences (UITS), Dhaka, Bangladesh. E-mail:
[email protected] 3Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Information Technology and Sciences (UITS), Dhaka, Bangladesh. E-mail:
[email protected] Geo-Shanghai 2014 : Ground Improvement and Geosynthetics: pp. 370-379. doi: 10.1061/9780784413401.037
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Abstract: A total of 5.0-km rural roads have been constructed using jute geotextiles (JGT) as field trials in different geophysical locations of Bangladesh. The project sites were so selected that subgrade California bearing ratio (CBR) values of more than 3.0% were not achievable without adopting special means. On top of subgrade, first, an improved subgrade (ISG) layer of 75 mm compacted sand is placed. Right above this ISG layer, the specified JGT is laid with proper overlapping and pegging. After this, another layer of ISG is placed. The rest of construction of pavement follows usual practice of placing a sub-base layer followed by a base layer and black top. A series of monitoring and performance evaluation has been undertaken at different time intervals by obtaining field CBR values along the same road sections to evaluate the efficacy of JGT. The test results reveal that the load-carrying capacity of the road sections increases from 1.5 to 7.0 times due to use of JGT over a range of time interval. It is hypothesized that the load-carrying capacity of JGT reinforced subgrades increases through three different mechanisms: (1) membrane action of JGT until it decomposes; (2) absorption of moisture from subgrade by JGT resulting in an increased dry density of subgrade; and, (3) consolidation of subgrade due to surcharge load of ISG, sub-base and base layer along with a percentage of traffic load. It may be noted that the economic benefit and durability enhancement of the rural roads constructed using JGT are the obvious consequences.
G4. Development of Jute Geotextiles in Combating Geotechnical Problems Ghosh Swapan Kumar Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, INDIA Research Journal of Engineering Sciences. Vol. 3(1), 2014 Abstract: Geotextiles made of natural fibres like jute have been found to be effective in improving geotechnical characteristics of soil and are being extensively used for various technical end-uses viz. rural road construction, protection of river banks, stabilization of embankments, erosion control, management of slopes, consolidation of soft soils etc.Over the years several research and developmental studies alongwith different projects of national and international status have been carried out to establish the efficacy of jute geotextile (JGT) in satiating the geotechnical requirements. One such encouraging response is CFC/IJSG/21 Project, funded by Common Fund for Commodities, Netherlands and its execution is being carried out jointly by the two neighbouring countries India and Bangladesh. The overall objective of the project is to determine and demonstrate the effectiveness of jute geotextile in the two pre-identified promising applications like rural road construction and soil erosion control to demonstrate their competitiveness with the otherman-madematerials generally in use. In execution of the project, Department of Jute and Fibre Technology (DJFT), University of Calcuttahad been mainly entrusted with the testing of the different samples produced by the different Jute Mills of West Bengal, India as per the specifications laid by National Jute Board, Ministry of Textile, Govt. of India, the Project Executing Agency (PEA). DJFT has carried out all of the testing work of the woven JGT samples required for the specified geotechnical applications and made a comprehensive test report and 154
comparative analysis of the test results. The Project Investigator has shared the test results with the PEA, time to time, alongwith the different Facilitating Agencies (FAs) of India for the purpose of finalisation of specification of the Jute Geotextile for the above mentioned three specific applications. The testing of the developed JGT samples of different functional categories is followed by respective field trials along with vigilant monitoring process at different sites to evaluate their performance for the purpose of standardization of the same to fulfil the requirement of global acceptance.One of the prime criteriafor global recognition of the reports and analysis of the test results of the samples carried out by any laboratory is to get accredited by a statutory certifying body of national or international status following anytesting standard like ASTM, CEN etc. Heading in this direction, DJFT, IJT, CU has already undertaken a project under the supervision of National Jute Board (NJB), MoT, GoI alongwith Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association (IRMRA), Mumbai, India, as consulting agency to get their geotextile laboratory National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) accredited and is undergoing the procedurefor getting NABL certified. The testing of the exhumed samples is also taking place simultaneously for assessing the performance andsustainability of the developed products. Keywords: Jute Geotextile, ASTM standards, geotechnical engineering, NABL, CEN.
G5. Improvement of Life Expectancy of Jute Based Needlepunched Geotextiles Through Bitumen Treatment S. K. Ghosh (1), K. Ray Gupta
(1)
, R. Bhattacharyya
(1)
, R. B. Sahu (2), S. Mandol (2)
1. Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India 2. Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Raja Subodh Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series E. Vol.95(2), 2014 ; pp 111-121 Abstract: Geotextiles have witnessed unrivalled growth worldwide in recent years in the field of different civil engineering constructions. The world of Geotextiles includes mainly non-biodegradable synthetic materials which are not environmentally compatible. With the increasing human awareness on environmental pollution aspects, biodegradable Jute Geotextile is increasingly gaining ground over its synthetic non-biodegradable counterpart. Though Jute is advantageous for its complete biodegradability in one hand but on the other hand it is disadvantageous for its poor microbial resistance and quicker biodegradation particularly under moist soil conditions, when applied as Geotextiles under soil. Therefore, it is a great challenge to the present researchers to make jute more microbial resistant (rot resistant) keeping its biodegradability intact during its performance period. Thorough investigation and study regarding the improvement of the durability of natural Jute Geotextile reveals the fact that though several attempts including chemical treatments have been made to enhance the life expectancy of jute fabrics yet these methods were neither found to be suitable nor techno-economically viable. Therefore, in 155
order to accomplish the objective and based on the researchers’ report of satisfactory thermal compatibility between hot bitumen and jute nonwoven fabrics, in the present study Bitumen emulsion with essential additives has been applied following a special technique, apart from the conventional method, on the Grey Jute Nonwoven Fabrics in different add on percentages to make a comparative assessment of the performance of both Grey Jute Fabrics and Bituminized Jute Nonwoven Fabrics by Soil Burial Test as per the BIS standard test method. The test results revealed that the durability and performance of the Bituminized Nonwoven Jute Fabrics are much better than that of Grey Jute Nonwoven Fabrics. Keywords: Jute geotextile ; Biodegradable ; Rot-resistant ; Bitumen ; Soil burial test
G6. Evaluation of erosion control geotextiles on steep slopes. Part 2: Influence on the establishment and growth of vegetation J. Álvarez-Mozosa, , , E. Abada, M. Goñia, R. Giméneza, M.A. Campoa, J. Díeza, J. Casalía, M. Arivea, I. Diegob a
Public University of Navarre, Dep. of Projects and Rural Engineering, Los Tejos Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain b Huesker Geosintéticos S.A., P.I. Talluntxe II, Calle O, 31110 Noáin, Spain CATENA.Vol.121, 2014 ; p. 195–203 Abstract: Many laboratory and field studies have assessed the use of geotextiles for soil conservation, identifying the salient properties of geotextiles for an adequate slope protection. However, the influence of geotextiles on vegetation development has received less attention. In the present study, the influence of several geotextiles (a jute net, a coir blanket and a 3D polyester geogrid placed in two positions) on herbaceous vegetation cover has been evaluated during an eighteen-month field experiment on a hydroseeded experimental roadside slope with 45° and 60° slope gradients in Spain. Vegetation cover was monitored by means of a Greenness Cover Index (GCI) computed from photographs acquired weekly during the establishment phase (six weeks) and monthly for the rest of the experimental period. GCI values observed for each treatment were compared with an untreated control plot using an effectiveness indicator. The results indicate that the initial establishment was 2 to 3 weeks faster for the geogrid treatments than for the control, both on the 45° and the 60° slopes. The jute net provided contradictory results in the establishment phase for both slopes with an enhanced cover on the 45° slope but a decreased cover on the 60° slope compared with the control. The coir blanket severely deterred vegetation growth on both slopes, achieving only ~ 5% and ~ 56% GCI after the establishment phase for 60° and 45° slopes, respectively. For the rest of the experiment, geogrid treatments had no significant differences with the control on 45° slopes with mean effectiveness values of ~ 0%. However, biological geotextiles resulted in lower vegetation covers compared with the control with negative effectiveness values on the 45° slope of − 33% and − 68% for jute and coir, respectively. Reduced vegetation growth in jute and coir plots was due to runoff enhancement on such steep slopes, and in the case of the coir blanket, the reduced growth 156
was also due to the high percentage cover of the material that blocked the contact between plants and soil. Thus, 3D polyester geogrids are recommended for a beneficial joint effect on erosion control and vegetation growth on hydroseeded steep roadside slopes with compacted soils on areas with similar climate. Keywords: Erosion control; Engineering slopes; Geotextiles; Vegetation establishment
G7. Behaviour of Coir / Polypropylene Needle Punched Nonwoven Geotextiles exposed to various RH conditions Tholkappiya, E.; Saravanan, D.; Devi, M. Renuka ; Giri Dev, V. R. Man-Made Textiles in India . Vol. 42(12), 2014 ; p457-460. 4p Abstract: There have been numerous attempts to characterise chemical resistance of geotextiles but not for humidity resistance. However, limited studies have been carried out on the Relative Humidity (RH) resistance of coir / polypropylene (PP) needle punched nonwoven geotextiles. In this study, the effects of relative humidity degradation on the mechanical properties of coir and coir / polypropylene needle punched nonwoven geotextiles have been reported. Tenacity, breaking elongation and penetration resistance decreases at various RH (45%, 65% and 85%) conditions with respect to time. It is observed that the polypropylene based nonwoven geotextiles (80:20 coir/pp and 60:40 coir/pp) have better mechanical performance than the 100% coir nonwoven geotextiles and that in turn depends on the nature of the environmental conditions, blend proportion and area density of the nonwoven geotextiles.
G8. Tailoring the structure and properties of jute blended nonwoven geotextiles via alkali treatment of jute fibers Amit Rawal, , M.M.A. Sayeed Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India Materials & Design. Vol.53, 2014 ; p. 701–705 Abstract: Geotextiles are generally made from natural or synthetic fibers and both fibers offer their own advantages and disadvantages for geotechnical applications. In this study, the jute fibers were treated with 4 wt.% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution in order to enhance their tensile properties. A series of needlepunched nonwoven geotextiles were then fabricated by formulating blends of untreated jute and polypropylene fibers and corresponding sets of nonwovens containing alkali treated jute and polypropylene fibers in defined weight proportions. Subsequently, a comparison has been made between the physical and mechanical properties of these blended nonwoven geotextiles. In general, the alkali treated jute blended nonwoven geotextiles offer higher puncture resistance in addition to higher tensile 157
and tearing strengths in the cross-machine (preferential) direction than their corresponding blended geotextiles consisting of untreated jute fibers. Blended nonwoven geotextiles consisting of more than 40 wt.% jute fibers were not found to be useful in enhancing the mechanical properties.
G9. Strengthening of Sub grade Soil using Jute Geotextiles Gaju, Divyasree; A., Niveda.; P., Ramkumar.; S., Aishwarya.; R., Prasanna Kumar International Journal of Applied Engineering Research . Vol. 9(16), 2014 ; p. 3253-3258 Abstract: Geotextiles, geofabrics and geogrids were extensively used over the past several years for many civil engineering applications including reinforcing the sub grade soils. Of late Jute Geo Textiles are being used to improve the strength of subgrade soils used in rural road constructions. Jute is produced largely in India and is available abundantly. In the present paper an attempt was made to determine the strength improvement in identified soils by reinforcing with a non oven mat of Jute Geo-Textile. Two types of soils, namely Lateritic and Murram, procured locally have been identified for investigation. Laboratory California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were performed to understand the load penetration behavior of the procured soils (Murram & lateritic) with and without Jute Geo-Textiles. Murram soil being weaker than Lateritic soil showed considerable increase in strength when reinforced with Jute GeoTextile. But, Lateritic soil did not show significant improvement. Results showed that maximum improvement in strength was obtained by keeping the jute mat at half depth in the muram soil.
G10. Deformation and strength characteristics of jute geotextile reinforced soils Das Tapas and Singh Baleshwar* Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati (INDIA) Journal of Environmental Research And Development. Vol.8(4), 2014 Abstract: A geotextile is a permeable geosynthetic made of textile materials and is suitable for separation, reinforcement, drainage and filtration functions and can be suitably used in overcoming geotechnical problems of soft soils encountered at construction sites. Jute geotextile is made up of natural fibres of jute. Though jute is biodegradable but due to its cost-effective and ecofriendly characteristics, it finds huge applications in geotechnical engineering. Jute geotextiles can be used to reinforce soils and improve its bearing capacity and stability. A number of studies have been conducted by different researchers to investigate the influence of jute geotextile on the geotechnical behaviour of soft soils. This paper presents a review of the deformation and strength characteristics of jute geotextile reinforced soils and fly ashes. Key Words : Geosynthetic, Geotextile, Biodegradable, Reinforced soil, Deformation 158
Kenaf K1. Kenaf bast cellulosic fibers hierarchy: A comprehensive approach from micro to nano Samaneh Karimia, Paridah Md. Tahira, Ali Karimia, b, Alain Dufresnec, Ali Abdulkhanib a
Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
[email protected] b Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 31585-43114, Karaj, Iran c Grenoble Institute of Technology, The International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (PAGORA), BP65, 38402 Saint Martin d‟Hères Cedex, France Carbohydrate Polymers. Vol. 101, January 2014 ; p. 878–885 Abstract: Cellulosic fibers from kenaf bast were isolated in three distinct stages. Initially raw kenaf bast fibers were subjected to an alkali pulping process. Then pulped fibers undergone a bleaching process and finally both pulped and bleached fibers were separated into their constituent nanoscale cellulosic fibers by mechanical shearing. The influence of each treatment on the chemical composition of fibers was investigated. Moreover morphology, functional groups, crystallinity, and thermal behavior of fiber hierarchy at different stages of purification were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Microscopy studies revealed that applied procedures successfully isolated nanoscale cellulosic fibers from both unbleached and bleached pulps. Chemical composition analysis and FTIR spectroscopy showed that lignin and hemicellulose were almost entirely removed by the applied treatments. XRD and TGA analyses demonstrated progressive enhancement of properties in fibers, hierarchically, in going from micro to nano scale. Interestingly no significant evolution was observed between obtained data of characterized ubnleached and bleached nanofibers. Keywords: Kenaf bast ; Unbleached nanofiber ; Bleached nanofiber ; Mechanical defibrillation; Characterization
K2. Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Pultruded Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites Muhammad Razak Osman, Adlan Akram Mohamad Mazuki, Hazizan Md Akil, Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak, Azhar Abu Bakar Key Engineering Materials. Vol. 594-595, 2014 Abstract: In this study, Pultruded Kenaf Reinforced Composites (PKRC) has been successfully produced using pultrusion technique. The chemical treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at different concentration (3%, 6% and 9% M) were carried out to modify the fibre properties. After successfully characterized, it was found that kenaf fibre treated with 6% NaOH recorded the best improvement in term of mechanical properties. In particular, treated pultruded kenaf reinforced composites (TPKRC) shows better tensile and flexural properties compared to those of untreated pultruded kenaf reinforced composites (UTPKRC). It was found that NaOH at 6% concentration give the best composite properties in term of mechanical properties over the range of NaOH concentration studied. 159
Keywords: Chemical Treatment, Mechanical Property, Polymer-Matrix Composites (PMCs), Pultrusion
K3. Study of chemical and thermal properties of kenaf biomass-based polylactic acid (PLA). Nur Aimi, M. N. ; Hazleen Anuar ; Maizirwan Mel ; Rashidi Othman ; Nurhafizah Seeni Mohamed ; Ahmad Fitrie, M. I.; Mohd Khairun, A. U. Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia.
[email protected] Advances in Environmental Biology.Vol. 8(3), 2014 ; pp. 633-638 Abstract: The development of polylactic acid (PLA) from natural source remains a great challenge. PLA can be produced from its monomer (i.e. lactic acid) via fermentation process. In this study, the production of PLA from kenaf biomass was investigated. It was started with the introduction of kenaf biomass as the renewable source. Since kenaf is a lignocellulosic material, pretreatment process is preferable prior to the fermentation process. Different types of pretreatment methods have been investigated. However, the dilute acid hydrolysis method has been chosen in this project due to its outstanding advantages compared to other processes. After the pretreatment process, kenaf biomass was degraded twice with own isolated Rhizopusoryzae strain in the fermentation process. Next, polymerization process was performed to produce PLA. Polylactic acid obtained was analyzed via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). From the FTIR analysis, it can be seen that PLA was successfully produced from kenaf biomass especially at 1,741.42 cm-1 and the band around the region of 1,650-1,450 cm-1 when compared to the commercial PLA. In terms of thermal properties, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PLA from kenaf biomass was around 74.83°C, with its melting temperature (Tm) was in the range of 122 to 125°C, whereas its crystallization temperature (Tc) was not clearly observed. Low molecular weight (444 to 543 g/mol) and low polydispersity index (PD) (1.2) of PLA produced from kenaf biomass by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis indicated that the polymer hasa poor stability state.
K4. Water absorption properties of kenaf fibre–poly(vinyl alcohol) composites B. K. Tan1 ; Y. C. Ching*1 ; S. N. Gan2 ; S. Ramesh1 ; M. R. Rahman3 *Corresponding author:
[email protected] 1: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2: Chemistry Department, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3: Chemical Engineering Department, University of Sarawak Malaysia, Sarawak, Malaysia Abstract: The composite was prepared by mixing aqueous solution of different ratios of poly(vinyl alcohol) into dried kenaf fibres. The water absorbency of this polymer composite was investigated. It was found that the polymer composite starts to swell when immersed into water and reaches the highest water absorption percentage in the first 1 hour. The highest water absorption percentage was 273 and 251% for the composite with 2 and 10 wt% of poly(vinyl alcohol), respectively, in 24 hours. The high water absorbency could be due to the interaction of water with the hydroxyl group in the poly(vinyl alcohol) and fibres, similar to other reported works on cellulose composites. Interestingly, the poly(vinyl alcohol) in the composite only starts to dissolve very slowly over more than 7 days before the kenaf fibres started to dropout from the composite. This water absorption capability of the polymer composite could have potential applications that require high water-retaining properties. Besides, this composite is non-toxic. 160
Keywords: Polyvinyl alcohol, Kenaf fibres, Water absorption, Agriculture
K5. Development of kenaf-glass reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composite for structural applications A. Atiqaha, M.A. Malequea, M. Jawaidb, M. Iqbalc a
Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Kulliyah of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[email protected] b Department of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia c Polymer Pilot Plant, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia Composites Part B: Engineering. Vol. 56, January 2014 ; p. 68–73 Abstract: The main aim of this paper is to develop kenaf-glass (KG) fibres reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composite on a source of green composite using sheet moulding compound process. Unsaturated polyester resin (UPE) and KG fibres in mat form were used at a ratio of 70:30 (by volume) with treated and untreated kenaf fibre. The kenaf fibre was treated with 6% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) diluted solution for 3 h using mercerization method. The hybrid composites were tested for flexural, tensile and Izod impact strength using ASTM D790-03, ASTM D618 and ASTM D256-04 standards respectively. The highest flexural, tensile and impact strength were obtained from treated kenaf with 15/15 v/v KG fibres reinforced UPE hybrid composite in this investigation. Scanning electron microscopy fractography showed fibre cracking, debonding and fibre pulled-out as the main fracture mode of composites and kenaf treated 15/15 v/v KG reinforced hybrid composite exhibited better interfacial bonding between the matrix and reinforcement compared to other combinations. Keywords: Fibres ; Hybrid ; Debonding; Fractography
K6. An improved TCF sequence for biobleaching kenaf pulp: Influence of the hexenuronic acid content and the use of xylanase Glòria Andreua, Teresa Vidalb a
Chemical Engineering Department, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 11, E-08222 Terrassa, Spain.
[email protected] b Textile and Paper Engineering Department, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 11, E-08222 Terrassa, Spain Bioresource Technology. Vol. 152, January 2014 ; p. 253–258 Abstract: Enzymatic delignification with laccase from Trametes villosa used in combination with chemical mediators (acetosyringone, acetovanillone and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole) to improve the totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching of kenaf pulp was studied. The best final pulp properties were obtained by using an LHBTQPo sequence developed by incorporating a laccase-mediator stage into an industrial bleaching sequence involving chelation and peroxide stages. The new sequence resulted in increased kenaf pulp delignification (90.4%) and brightness (77.2%ISO) relative to a conventional TCF chemical sequence (74.5% delignification and 74.5% brightness). Also, the sequence provided bleached kenaf fibers with high cellulose content (pulp viscosity of 890 g · mL−1 vs 660 g · mL−1). Scanning electron 161
micrographs revealed that xylanase altered fiber surfaces and facilitated reagent access as a result. However, the LHBTX (xylanase) stage removed 21% of hexenuronic acids in kenaf pulp. These recalcitrant compounds spent additional bleaching reagents and affected pulp properties after peroxide stage. Keywords: Kenaf; TCF bleaching sequence; Laccase-mediator system (LMS); Hexenuronic acids; Xylanase
K7. Properties of the Treated Kenaf/Polypropylene (PP) Composites Harini Sosiati *, Supatmi, Dwi Astuti Wijayanti, Ragil Widyorini, Soekrisno Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 896, 2014 Abstract: Untreated and treated kenaf fibers were used in the fabrication of kenaf/polypropylene (PP) composites. The ratio of the fibers as fillers and PP as matrix was 40:60 in wt%. Small amounts of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) were added as a coupling agent. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to estimate the cellulose contained in the treated kenaf fibers. A flexural test of the composites was conducted by referring to JIS (A 5905, 1994, Fiberboards). A composite with alkali-treated fiber had better properties (modulus of rupture (MOR) and elasticity (MOE), absorbed water and thickness in swelling) than that with a combination of steam-alkali and alkali-bleaching treated fibers, and untreated fibers. The dispersion characteristic of the fibers within the polymer matrix has been suggested as one of the significant factors affecting the composite properties. These composites are classified as medium density fiberboard (MDF, JIS, type 30 and 25). Keywords: FTIR, Kenaf-Polypropylene Composite, MOE, MOR
K8. Kenaf biomass biodecomposition by basidiomycetes and actinobacteria in submerged fermentation for production of carbohydrates and phenolic compounds Ivana Brzonovaa, Evguenii Kozliakb, Alena Kubátováb, Michelle Chebeirc, Wensheng Qind, Lew Christophere, Yun Jia a
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA c Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA d Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada e Center for Bioprocessing Research and Development, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA b
Bioresource Technology. Vol.173, December 2014 ; p. 352–360 Abstract: The efficiency and dynamics of simultaneous kenaf biomass decomposition by basidiomycetous fungi and actinobacteria were investigated. After 8 weeks of incubation, up to 34 wt.% of the kenaf biomass was degraded, with the combination of fungi and bacteria being the most efficient. Lignin decomposition accounted for ∼20% of the observed biomass reduction, regardless of the culture used. The remaining 80% of biomass degradation was due to carbohydrate based polymers. Major monosaccharides were produced in tangible yields (26–38%) at different times. Glucose, fructose and 162
xylose were then fully consumed by day 25 while some galactose persisted until day 45. Once monosaccharides were depleted, the production of laccase, manganese-dependent peroxidase and lignin peroxidase enzymes, essential for lignin decomposition, was induced. The products of lignin biodecomposition were shown to be water-soluble and characterized by thermal desorption–pyrolysis–gas chromatography. Keywords: Biomass; Lignin; Kenaf; Basidiomycetes; Actinobacteria
K9. Effect of Post Curing, Fibre Content and Resin-Hardener Mixing Ratio on the Properties of Kenaf-Aramid Hybrid Composites R. Yahaya, S.M. Sapuan, M. Jawaid, Z. Leman, E.S. Zainudin Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 548-549, 2014 Abstract: Polymer composites reinforced with high strength synthetic fibres have been used for many engineering applications. Environmental and economic issues, encourage the exploration on the introduction natural-synthetic fibre hybrid composites. Mechanical properties are critical to composite performance and may due to the manufacturing process conditions. This study investigates the effect of post curing temperature, natural fibre content and resin-hardener mixing ratio on mechanical properties of kenaf-Kevlar hybrid composites. A full factorial design (23) was carried out to determine the effect these factors on the responses: flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength. A statistical study has been performed in order to determine the how the factors affect the responses. The study showed that post-curing temperature, kenaf content and resin-hardener mixing ratio gives significant effects on the mechanical properties of kenaf-Kevlar hybrid composites. Keywords: Design of Experiment (DoE), Flexural Modulus, Flexural Strength, Hybrid Composite, Impact Strength
K10. Tensile properties of kenaf fiber due to various conditions of chemical fiber surface modifications Reza Mahjouba, Jamaludin Mohamad Yatimb, Abdul Rahman Mohd Samb, Sayed Hamid Hashemic a
Islamic Azad University, Khoramabad Branch, Khoramabad, Iran.
[email protected] Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Malaysia c Arak University, Arak, Iran b
Construction and Building Materials. Vol. 55, 31 March 2014 ; p. 103–113 Abstract: Nowadays, due to environmental concerns and financial problems of synthetic fibers, natural fibers or bio-fibers are interesting to be used as reinforcement fibers in polymer composites for structural elements and construction materials. Chemical surface modification method is a well-known method to increase the interfacial bonding strength between fibers and polymer matrix. The alkaline treatment of kenaf fiber may affect not only the surface but also the texture of fiber resulting in the variation of the mechanical and physical properties. This study was conducted to find out the effects of different conditions of alkaline treatment in terms of the concentration of alkali solution and immersion time on the fiber properties. For this study, 360 fiber specimens were tested for 24 various conditions of initial treatment and alkaline surface modifications. Then, the results were analyzed and reported by using of 163
three methods including regression method, averaging the data and system compliance method. Besides, the scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the specimens‟ appearance, fracture area and fibers‟ diameter. Result from the study found that the average diameter of untreated kenaf fiber was 67.6 μm, the density was 1.2 g/cm3 and the tensile strength was 780 MPa. Moreover, the 5% alkali solution was the best for kenaf fiber treatment because of causing no tension on the fiber texture and structure as compared to 10% and 15% alkali solution. Keywords: Natural fiber; Kenaf fiber characteristics; Fiber surface modification; Alkaline treatment; Tensile properties; Compliance method
K11. Effect of ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties of alkali treated kenaf fiber filled PLA biocomposites Faseha Shukor, Azman Hassan, Md. Saiful Islam, Munirah Mokhtar, Mahbub Hasan Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
[email protected] Materials & Design.Vol. 54, February 2014 ; p.425–429 Abstract: In present research polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites were prepared from PLA and kenaf fiber using dry blending, twin screw extrusion and compression molding techniques. PLA was blended with kenaf core fiber, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Kenaf fiber was treated with 3%, 6% and 9% NaOH solution separately. Both raw and treated kenaf along with 10, 15 and 20 phr APP was utilized during composite preparation. The effects of APP content and alkali treatment on flammability, thermal and mechanical properties of kenaf fiber filled PLA biocomposites were investigated. APP is shown to be very effective in improving flame retardancy properties according to limiting oxygen index measurement due to increased char residue at high temperatures. However addition of APP decreased the compatibility between PLA and kenaf fiber, resulting in significant reduction of the mechanical properties of PLA biocomposites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that NaOH treatment improved the thermal stability of PLA biocomposites and decreased carbonaceous char formation. Keywords: Ammonium polyphosphate ; Alkali treatment ; Kenaf fiber ; Polylactic acid ; Biocomposite
K12. Starch-grafted-polypropylene/kenaf fibres composites. Part 1: Mechanical performances and viscoelastic behavior A. Hammaa, b, M. Kacia, Z.A. Mohd Ishakc, A. Pegorettib a
Laboratoire des Matériaux Organiques, Faculté de Technologie, Université Abderrahmane Mira, Bejaia 06000, Algeria b Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy c School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 56, January 2014 ; p. 328–335
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Abstract: The mechanical performances and viscoelastic behaviour of starch-graftedpolypropylene/kenaf fibres composites were investigated on composites prepared by melt compounding and compression molding. In particular, the effects of various amounts (10, 20 and 30 wt.%) of kenaf fibres having two different initial aspect ratios (L/D = 30 and 160) were analyzed. The processing-induced variation of fibre length was quantified by optical microscopy observations. Young modulus, stress at break, impact resistance and hardness values of starch-grafted-polypropylenes were remarkably improved by kenaf fibres. Moreover, creep tests have shown a noticeable enhancement of the creep stability of composites with fibres loading. Keywords: Thermoplastic resins; Fibres; Mechanical properties; Creep
K13. Effect of Needle Punching Direction on Nonwoven Fiber Mat to the Mechanical Properties of Kenaf Reinforced Epoxy Composites Produced by Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Dody Ariawan, Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak *, Razaina Mat Taib, M.Z. Ahmad Thirmizi, Y.J. Phua Advanced Materials Research .Vol.1024, 2014 ; p. 267-270 Abstract: This study evaluates the performance of nonwoven kenaf mat reinforced epoxy that was fabricated by vacuum resin transfer molding method. Kenaf mats were formed by carding and needle punching technique at 50 cm2 sticthing density and 1.5 cm penetration depth. The specimens were prepared from different volume fraction of kenaf mat and epoxy resin, which consist of 18% kenaf mat/ 82% epoxy resin and 27% kenaf / 73% epoxy resin. Tensile and compression properties were studied at 0o, 45o and 90o needle punching direction. The tensile properties increased with the increase of composites volume fraction and were decreased with the increase of needle punching direction degree. On the other hand, the compression properties of composites were reduced with the increase of volume fraction and needle punching direction degree. The composites properties were affected by the orientation and interlocking of fiber caused by needle penetration in direction of depth and movement direction. Keywords: Epoxy, Kenaf, Needle Punching Direction, Resin Transfer Molding
K14. Tensile properties of kenaf fiber and corn husk flour reinforced poly(lactic acid) hybrid biocomposites: Role of aspect ratio of natural fibers Hyeok-Jin Kwona, Jackapon Sunthornvarabhasa, b, Ji-Won Parka, Jung-Hun Leea, Hyun-Joong Kima, c, Kuakoon Piyachomkwanb, Klanarong Srirothd, Donghwan Choe Composites Part B: Engineering. Vol. 56, January 2014 ; p.232–237 Abstract: Kenaf fiber and corn husk flour were used as reinforcement in a novel biodegradable hybrid bio-composite system. It was investigated how the aspect ratios of kenaf fibers measured before and after passing through extrusion process influence the mechanical properties and the improvement of predicted values obtained by the Halpin–Tsai equation. It was found that considering of the aspect ratio of reinforcement obtained after the extrusion process, the difference between theoretical and experimental values of the tensile modulus was not significant, indicating that the aspect ratio determined after extrusion did not influence the predicted values. Therefore it was pointed out that the initial values of aspect ratio determined before extrusion can be used directly. It was also found that a scale ratio between
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reinforcements of different aspect ratios may play a role as a controlling factor in optimizing the mechanical properties of a hybrid bio-composite. Keywords: Hybrid ; Thermoplastic resin ; Numerical analysis ; Extrusion
K15. Transcriptome de novo assembly and differentially expressed genes related to cytoplasmic male sterility in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Peng Chen
[email protected] (1) Shanmin Ran (1), Ru Li (2), Zhipeng Huang (1), Jinghua Qian (1), Mingli Yu (1), Ruiyang Zhou
[email protected] (1) 1. College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Daxue Road 100, Nanning, 530004, China 2. College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Daxue Road 100, Nanning, 530004, China Molecular Breeding. Vol. 34, Issue 4,2014 ; pp 1879-1891 Abstract: Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait in which plants do not produce functional pollen during anther development; it plays a key role in hybrid seed production. CMS in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) was first found by our group, but little is known about its molecular mechanism. To reveal the possible mechanism, a comparative transcriptome analysis of kenaf anthers from a CMS line and its maintainer was conducted using Solexa sequencing. We obtained 29,656,489 and 30,712,685 raw paired-end reads from the CMS and maintainer lines, respectively. These reads were eventually assembled into 54,563 unigenes with a mean size of 1,015 bp. As a result, 45,930 (84 %) sequences were annotated against the nr protein database. 15,977 (29 %) sequences were assigned to 286 kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways, 20,289 (37 %) sequences have Clusters of Orthologous Groups classifications, and 38,611 unigenes (71 %) have at least one gene ontology (GO) term assigned and could be categorized into 50 functional groups. By using the digital gene expression (DGE) method, 4,584 transcripts were detected with at least twofold differences between CMS and maintainer lines. A total of 838 genes were increased and 528 genes decreased by at least fivefold in the CMS line. We performed GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The DEGs were assigned to 155 GO terms and enriched to 74 KEGG pathways. Twenty-eight genes were randomly selected and their expression levels were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR, and 22 of them showed expression patterns consistent with the DGE data. The results provide a comprehensive foundation for understanding anther development and the CMS mechanism in kenaf. Keywords: Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) ; Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) ; Transcriptome ; Solexa sequencing
K16. Degumming of kenaf fibers by combining steam explosion with ultrasonic treatment Zhang X, Han G, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Jiang W, Gao S Chinese Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 30(5), 2014 ; p.734-742 Abstract: Kenaf has a high content of gum that is difficult to remove. Traditional chemical degumming process causes serious environmental pollution. To solve the problem, we developed a new method to degumkenaf. We pretreated the kenaf with steam explosion followed by ultrasonic treatment. We chose 166
the single factor tests to select the ultrasonic frequency, sodium hydroxide concentration and processing time. Combined with orthogonal tests, we found that the optimum conditions were as follows: ultrasonic frequency was 28 kHz, sodium hydroxide concentration was 2%, and processing time was 60 min. Under these conditions, the residual gum of kenaf fiber was 9.72% and the fineness was 139.45 N(m). Steam explosion combined with ultrasonic method is effective in degumming of kenaf.
K17. Removal of Pb (II) by CS2 Modified Kenaf Powder Siti Raihan Zakaria, Megat Ahmad Kamal Megat Hanafiah, Siti Norhafiza Mohd Khazaai, Zurhana Mat Hussin, Wan Khaima Azira Wan Mat Khalir, Mardhiah Ismail Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 970, 2014 ; p. 7-11 Abstract: Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) is a hardy crop that has wide industrial applications such as insulator, paper, carpet padding, bedding and a good adsorbent for oil. This study investigated the ability of carbon disulfide (CS2) modified kenaf (CMK) to remove toxic Pb (II) from waste water. Adsorbent characterization was carried out by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscope (FESEM-EDX) analysis. The adsorption kinetic data was well described by pseudosecond-order model and the adsorption isotherm study indicated that Langmuir model fitted well with the experimental data than the Freundlich model. Based on the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacities of Pb (II) (qmax) was 63.3 mg g-1 .This study suggested that CMK has a good potential to be used as an adsorbent material for Pb (II) removal from aqueous solutions. Keywords: Characterization, Isotherm, Kenaf, Kinetic, Xanthation
K18. Influence of fiber content on mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of kenaf fibers reinforced poly(vinyl chloride)/thermoplastic polyurethane poly-blend composites Y.A. El-Shekeila, S.M. Sapuana, M. Jawaidb, O.M. Al-Shuja‟ac, a
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
[email protected] b Laboratory of Bio-Composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen Materials & Design.Vol.58, June 2014 ; p. 130–135 Abstract: Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus) bast fiber reinforced poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) poly-blend was prepared by melt mixing method using Haake Polydrive R600 internal mixer. The composites were prepared with different fiber content: 20%, 30% and 40% (by weight), with the processing parameters: 140 °C, 11 min, and 40 rpm for temperature, time and speed, respectively. After mixing, the composite was compressed using compressing molding machine. Mechanical properties (i.e. tensile properties, flexural properties, impact strength) were studied. Morphological properties of tensile fracture surface were studied using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thermal properties of the composites were studied using Thermogravimetric Analyses (TGA). PVC/TPU/KF composites have shown lower tensile strength and strain with increase in fiber content. 167
Tensile modulus showed an increasing trend with increase in fiber content. Impact strength decreased with increase in fiber content; however, high impact strength was observed even with 40% fiber content (20.2 kJ/m2). Mean while; the 20% and 30% fiber contents showed higher impact strength of 34.9, 27.9 kJ/m2; respectively. SEM showed that there is poor fiber/matrix adhesion. Thermal degradation took place in three steps. In the first step, composites as well as the matrix had a similar stability. At the second step, matrix showed a slightly better stability than the composites. At the last step, composites showed a better stability than the matrix. Keywords: Natural fiber composites; Kenaf bast fibers; Poly(vinyle chloride)/thermoplastic polyurethane poly-blend; Mechanical properties; Scanning electron microscope; Thermal properties
K19. Response of Nitrogen Content for Some Varieties of Kenaf Fiber (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.) by Applying Different Levels of Potassium, Boron and Zinc Rabar Fatah Saliha, c, Khalina Abdana, Aimrun Wayayoka, Anuar Abdul Rahimb, Norhashila Hashima a
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
[email protected] b Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia c Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. Vol. 2, 2014 ; p. 375–380 Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the potassium, boron and zinc on the nitrogen of fiber. Two kenaf varieties namely; FHH 925 and 4383, were planted. Fertilizers (0, 100 and 150), (0, 1.0 and 1.5) and (0 and 5.0) kg/ha, for potassium, boron and zinc were added respectively. The best result was achieved for variety FHH 925 when potassium was added at level of 150 kg/ha, but regarding 4383 was when potassium, boron and zinc were applied at 150, 1.0 and 5 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the results potassium was really suitable for the kenaf. Keywords: Nitrogen content; fiber quality; fertilizer recommendation rate
K20. Synthesis of kenaf cellulose carbamate using microwave irradiation for preparation of cellulose membrane Sinyee Gan, Sarani Zakaria, Chin Hua Chia, Hatika Kaco, Farah Nadia Mohammad Padzil School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
[email protected] Carbohydrate Polymers. Vol. 106, 15 June 2014 ; p. 60–165 Abstract: Cellulose carbamate (CCs) was produced from kenaf core pulp (KCP) using microwave reactor-assisted method. The effects of urea concentration and reaction time on the formation of nitrogen content in CCs were investigated. The CCs‟ solubility in LiOH/urea system was determined and its membranes were characterized. As the urea content and reaction time increased, the nitrogen content form 168
in CCs increased which enhanced the CCs‟ solubility. The formation of CCs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nitrogen content analysis. The CCs‟ morphology was examined using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cellulose II and crystallinity index of the membranes were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The pore size of the membrane displayed upward trend with respect to the urea content observed under Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). This investigation provides a simple and efficient procedure of CCs determination which is useful in producing environmental friendly regenerated CCs. Keywords: Alkaline aqueous solution; Urea; Rapid dissolution; Nitrogen content; Cellulose membrane
K21. Conceptual design of kenaf fiber polymer composite automotive parking brake lever using integrated TRIZ–Morphological Chart–Analytic Hierarchy Process method M.R. Mansora, b, S.M. Sapuana, E.S. Zainudina, A.A. Nurainia, A. Hambalic a
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia c Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia Materials & Design. Vol.54, February 2014 ; p. 473–482 Abstract: This paper presents the conceptual design of kenaf fiber polymer composites automotive parking brake lever using the integration of Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), morphological chart and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. The aim is to generate and select the best concept design of the component based on the product design specifications with special attention to incorporate the use of natural fiber polymer composites into the component design. In this paper, the TRIZ contradiction matrix and 40 inventive principles solution tools were applied in the early solution generation stage. The principle solution parameters for the specific design characteristics were later refined in details using the aid of morphological chart to systematically develop conceptual designs for the component. Five (5) innovative design concepts of the component were produced and AHP method was finally utilized to perform the multi-criteria decision making process of selecting the best concept design for the polymer composite automotive parking brake lever component.
K22. Comparative analysis of diversification and population structure of kenaf ( L.) and roselle ( L.) using SSR and RGA (resistance gene analogue) markers Pratik Satya, Maya Karan, Kaustav Chakraborty, Chinmay Biswas, P. Karmakar Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Kolkata, India Plant Systematics and Evolution. Vol. 300 (5), 2014 ; p. 1209-1218 Abstract: Multiple DNA marker systems and complementary analytical approaches are often useful in population genetic analysis and speciation of plants. We investigated population structure of kenaf 169
(Hibiscus cannabinus) and roselle (H. sabdariffa) for gaining insight in evolution and geographic separation of these crop species using SSR and RGA (resistance gene analogues) markers through Bayesian clustering and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) methods. Genotyping by 12 SSR and 16 RGA markers amplified a total of 172 loci in the study population. The RGA markers generated higher number of alleles per marker (8.2) as compared to SSR (3.4), but exhibited lower heterozygosity in the population. Genetic variance and heterozygosity in roselle population for both marker systems were lower than in kenaf. RGA markers revealed higher variation among populations. Bayesian structure as well as PCoA analysis using RGA marker revealed distinct cluster for roselle, while SSR-based classification revealed high admixture. Results indicate geographic isolation and natural selection for adaptive RGA alleles in kenaf. The Indian kenaf landraces were distinct from the exotic kenaf accessions, suggesting separate lineage formation by geographic separation. Possible origin and domestication of roselle in South India is proposed. Keywords: Kenaf ; Roselle ; SSR ; RGA ; Population structure ; PCoA
K23. Alkali Treatment of Kenaf Fiber Mat and its Influence on the Performance of Unsaturated Polyester/Kenaf Fiber Mat Composites Razaina Mat Taib, Dody Ariawan, Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 1024, 2014 ; p. 171-174 Abstract: Non-woven kenaf fiber mats were prepared from untreated and alkali treated fibers by using a carding machine followed by needle punching. The alkali treatment was carried out by immersing the fiber mats in 6% NaOH solution for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h at room temperature. The untreated and alkali treated fiber mats were impregnated with unsaturated polyester resin via a resin transfer molding technique to form composites. Maximum improvements of flexural strength and flexural modulus of the composites were observed when the fiber mat was alkali treated for 3 h. The improved of both properties can be attributed to better fiber-matrix adhesion between the alkali treated kenaf fiber and the unsaturated polyester matrix most probably via mechanical interlocking. Water absorption tests were conducted by immersing the composite samples in distilled water at room temperature. The water absorption patterns of all the composites were found to follow Fickian behavior. The tendency of the composites to absorb water decreased when the alkali treated fiber mats were used. Keywords: Alkali Treatment, Flexural Properties, Kenaf Fiber Mat, Unsaturated Polyester, Water Absorption
K24. Study on kenaf flame retarded by halogen-free flame retardant/HIPS composites Ying Xia (1), Ran Liu
[email protected] (1), Xiaoxiao Lyu (2), Hui Zhang (1), Qian Wang (1), Jing Guo (1), Yumei Gong (1) 1. Department of Materials Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, P.R. China 2. Jilin Province Plastics Research Institute, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China Fibers and Polymers.Vol. 15(10), 2014 ; pp 2181-2185
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Abstract: In order to improve the thermostability and fire resistance of kenaf, kenaf was treated with halogen-free flame retardant triethyl phosphate (TEP) adopting dipping principle. Adding flame retardant kenaf (fbk) to high impact polystyrene (HIPS) resin, fbk/HIPS composites were prepared by extrusion molding and injection molding. The differences of untreated kenaf and treated kenaf on structure, thermal behavior, combustion, mechanical properties of HIPS were contrasted and analyzed. The results showed that kenaf treated with TEP had superior thermal stability at high temperature and produced significantly reinforcing effect on HIPS resin. Keywords: Kenaf, Halogen-free flame retardant, Triethyl phosphate, High impact polystyrene, Composites
K25. Effects of extrusion temperature on the rheological, dynamic mechanical and tensile properties of kenaf fiber/HDPE composites Fauzani Md. Salleh, Aziz Hassan, Rosiyah Yahya, Ahmad Danial Azzahari Polymer and Composite Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[email protected] Composites Part B: Engineering. Vol. 58, March 2014 ; p. 259–266 Abstract: The effects of extrusion processing temperature on the rheological, dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile properties of kenaf fiber/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were investigated for low and high processing temperatures. The rheological data showed that the complex viscosity, storage and loss modulus were higher with high processing temperature. Complex viscosities of pure HDPE and 3.4 wt% composite with zero shear viscosity of ⩽2340 Pa s were shown to exhibit Newtonian behavior while composites of 8.5 and 17.5 wt% with zero shear viscosity ⩾30,970 Pa s displayed non-Newtonian behavior. The Han plots revealed the sensitivity of rheological properties with changes in processing temperature. An increase in storage and loss modulus and a decrease in mechanical loss factor were observed for 17.5 wt% composites at high processing temperature and not observed at low processing temperature. Processing at high temperature was found to improve the tensile modulus of composites but displayed diminished properties when processed at low processing temperature especially at high fiber content. At both low and high processing temperatures, the tensile strength and strain of the composite decreased with increased content of the fiber. Keywords: Rheological properties ; Mechanical testing ; Extrusion ; Kenaf fiber composites
K26. Effect of geometry on crashworthiness parameters of natural kenaf fibre reinforced composite hexagonal tubes M.F.M. Alkbira, S.M. Sapuanb, A.A. Nurainia, M.R. Ishakc a
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Laboratory of Biocomposites Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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c
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Materials & Design. Vol. 60, August 2014 ; p. 85–93 Abstract: The effect of geometry on energy absorption capability and load-carrying capacity of natural kenaf fibre reinforced composite hexagonal tubes had been investigated experimentally. A series of experiments were carried out for composite hexagonal tubes with different angles from a range of 40–60° in 5° steps. This range is suitable for obtaining a regular hexagonal shape. Kenaf fibre mat form was used in this work due to several advantages such as low cost, no health risk, light weight and availability. The kenaf density was usage 0.17 g/cm3 with thickness of 4 mm. Results demonstrated that structures failed in few distinct failure modes. Precisely in progressive failure mode and fragmentation failure associated with longitudinal cracks. The composite tube with β = 60° exhibited local buckling failure mode and displayed the highest specific energy absorption capability equal to 9.2 J/g. On the other hand, new crashworthiness parameter has been introduced as catastrophic failure mode indicator (CFMI). Furthermore, typical load–deformation histories were presented and discussed.
K27. Measured and simulated results of a Kenaf Limited Life Geosynthetics (LLGs) reinforced test embankment on soft clay S. Chaiyaputa, 1, D.T. Bergadob, S. Artidteangb, 2, a
School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
[email protected] b School of Civil Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand Geotextiles and Geomembranes. Vol. 42(1), 2014 ; p. 39–47 Abstract: For the first time, woven Kenaf Limited Life Geosynthetics (LLGs) were used for short term reinforcement of full scale embankment constructed on soft clay and their behavior is presented. The observed data in terms of settlements, excess pore water pressures and deformations or stresses in the reinforcements were compared with the simulated data. Two types of Kenaf LLGs were utilized, namely: coated and not coated with polyurethane. The coating can reduce water absorption and increase their life time. Subsequently, numerical simulations were performed on the behavior of Kenaf LLGs reinforced embankment using 2D and 3D finite element software. The rates of settlement from FEM 2D method overestimated the observed settlements data while the FEM 3D predictions agreed with observed settlements due to the three-dimensional geometrical loading of the embankment with length to width ratio (L/B) of 1.0. Regarding the maximum excess pore-water pressures at the locations of 3 m and 6 m depth, the FEM 2D analyses overestimated while the FEM 3D simulation yielded satisfactory agreement with the observed data. The reinforcement deformations and stresses in both coated and non-coated Kenaf LLGs reinforcement have higher values at the middle portions of the embankment and the predicted results from FEM 3D simulation yielded closer deformations of Kenaf LLGs reinforced than the FEM 2D simulation. Consequently, FEM 3D simulation captured the overall behavior of the Kenaf LLGs reinforced embankment with more reasonable agreement between the field observations and the predicted values compared to the FEM 2D simulation. The behavior of the sections on coated and non-coated LLGs were similar. The Kenaf LLGs can be applied for short term embankment reinforcement in order to improve the stability of embankment on soft clay.
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Keywords: Numerical; Analyses; Finite element method; Natural fiber; Reinforcement
K28. Experimental Analysis of Kenaf Filament Wound Tubes under Axial Compression Load Iqbal Mokhtar *, Mohd Yazid Yahya, Ab Saman Abd Kader, Shukur Abu Hassan Applied Mechanics and Materials .Vol. 660, 2014 ; p. 778-782 Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the strength of kenaf filament wound tubes under axial compression load. Kenaf is natural reinforcement fibre in which need to explore its capability to replace and compare with other common commercial reinforcement materials. Axial compression test was performed as early indication to identify the performance of kenaf filament wound composite tubes. Comparisons have been done towards basalt, e-glass and carbon tubes using polyester as a resin. Axial compression test of kenaf/polyester and kenaf/epoxy tubes were conducted with different winding angles involved which are 450, 550, 650 and 750. The result shows the 450 kenaf/epoxy tubes generated the higher compressive strength followed by other winding angle in the ascending order. The layer strength identification have been conducted in 550 winding angle sample in which indicate the increment layer of winding is uniform between one, two and three layers in ascending orders. Comparison between the different reinforcement materials show carbon tubes produced the higher compressive strength followed by e-glass, basalt and kenaf. Kenaf/epoxy recorded 38.7% lower the e-glass tubes. Kenaf/epoxy tubes were observed to identify the improvement from kenaf/polyester tubes and results shows at least 22% increment have been generated. It can be concluded that kenaf presence as a reinforcement material was successfully combine as composite system under axial compressive load as well as lead to the promising indication to be introduced in low load bearing application. Keywords: Compressive Strength, Epoxy Resin, Kenaf Fiber, Polyester Resin
K29. The Effect of Fabric Weave on the Tensile Strength of Woven Kenaf Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composite M. P. Saiman.
[email protected] (3), M. S. Wahab (3), M. U. Wahit (4) 3. Department of Manufacturing and Industry, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia 4. Center for Composites, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia Proceedings of the International Colloquium in Textile Engineering, Fashion, Apparel and Design 2014 (ICTEFAD 2014), 2014, pp 25-29 Abstract: Natural fibers have gained attention in composite making since they are sustainable, renewable, and environmental friendly. However, there are some drawbacks such as low tensile strength, modulus, and flexural strength compared to industrial synthetic fibers. Various techniques have been used to increase the mechanical properties of the reinforced material to compete with synthetic fibers. This study produces reinforced fabric made from kenaf fibers woven into four different weave patterns. The reason for the use of different weave patterns is to reduce the crimp percentage as it may increase the tensile strength of the fabric. The weave patterns are Twill 4/4, Satin 8/3 and Basket 4/4. Plain 1/1 is used as the benchmark. The dry fabric structure with different weave patterns was optimized using a simulation of WiseTex software. The dry fabrics were infused with unsaturated polyester (UPE) to produce 173
composite panel using vacuum infusion process (VIP). The dry fabric and the composites were tested for tensile strength and compared with the plain 1/1 weave pattern. The results show that the breaking strength of dry fabrics increased when different weave patterns with low crimp percentages were used compared with Plain 1/1. However, in composite form, there is a reduction in the tensile strength of Basket 4/4. The other weave patterns still retain the trend of increment in tensile strength compared with Plain 1/1 weave. Keywords: Fabric design, Textile composite, Kenaf, Tensile strength, Vacuum infusion process
K30. Effects of natural fibres reinforcement in lime plasters (kenaf and sisal vs. Polypropylene) G. Di Bellaa, V. Fioreb, 1, G. Galtieric, C. Borsellinod, A. Valenzab, 1, a CNR ITAE, Via Salita Santa Lucia sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy.
[email protected] b Department of “Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Aerospaziale, dei Materiali”, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy c Department of “Ingegneria Elettronica, Chimica e Ingegneria Industriale”, University of Messina, Italy d Department of “Ingegneria Civile, Informatica, Edile, Ambientale e Matematica Applicata”, University of Messina, Italy Construction and Building Materials. Vol.58, May 2014 ; p.159–165 Abstract: Nowadays the tendency to realize environment-friendly products is becoming more widespread to ensure sustainable and smart development. The synthetic fibres, frequently used, are harmful to the environment because they are non-degradable and non-renewable. Their use has resulted in an increase of oil consumption. Therefore, the possibility of replacing them with natural fibres becomes increasingly concrete confirmed by the researches and investigations carried out. In this work three lime based plasters were prepared and analysed to evaluate the influence on their performance of different fibres used as reinforcement. In particular each plaster was realised by adding to the mortar the same amount (i.e. 0.2% w) of polypropylene, sisal (Agave sisalana) and kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) fibres, respectively. Then, compressive and bending strength, resistance to freeze/thaw conditions and to marine environment (by performing salt spray test) of lime plasters were investigated. On the basis of experimental results, natural fibres can be considered as a valid alternative to polypropylene ones as reinforcement of lime plasters. In particular, the decrease of mechanical properties due to freeze/thaw cycles is comparable under flexural load condition for all plasters analysed in this work, while the decrease of compressive strength, shown by plasters reinforced with sisal fibres, is lower than other ones. Moreover, thanks to their higher hydrophilicity, the plasters reinforced with natural fibres present low weight loss after ageing time in salt spray environment than ones with polypropylene. Keywords: Lime plasters; Natural fibres; Sisal; Kenaf; Salt spray test; Freeze/thaw cycles
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K31. Quasi-static penetration and ballistic properties of kenaf–aramid hybrid composites R. Yahayaa, c, S.M. Sapuana, b, M. Jawaidb, d, Z. Lemana, E.S. Zainudina, b a
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia b Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia c Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE), 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia d Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Materials & Design. Vol. 63, November 2014 ; p.775–782 Abstract: In this research, quasi-static penetration and ballistic properties of non-woven kenaf fibres/Kevlar epoxy hybrid laminates with thicknesses ranging from 3.1 mm to 10.8 mm by hard projectile at normal incidence have been experimentally investigated. Hybrid composites were fabricated by hand lay-up technique in a mould and cured at room temperature for 24 h by static load. Hybrid composites consist of Kevlar layers and non-woven kenaf layers at three different configurations, i.e. kenaf at the innermost layers, outermost layers and at the alternating layers. Kevlar/epoxy and kenaf/epoxy composites were also fabricated for comparison purpose. Quasi-static experiments were conducted using a tensile testing machine at the speed of 1.27 mm/min and 2.54 mm/min. Ballistic tests were conducted using 9 mm full metal jacket bullet using a powder gun at speeds varying from 172 to 339 m/s, with the initial and a residual velocity of the projectiles is measured. The tested sample was carefully examined with respect to failure modes. Results showed the effect of hybridization in term of force–displacement curves, energy dissipation and damage mechanisms for quasi-static test. Maximum force to initiate penetration is higher in hybrid composites compared to kenaf/epoxy and Kevlar/epoxy composites. Hybridization of kenaf–Kevlar resulted in a positive effect in terms of energy absorbed (penetration) and maximum load. In the case of ballistic tests, hybrid composites recorded lower ballistic limit (V50) and energy absorption than the Kevlar/epoxy composite. The V50 of hybrid composites with kenaf at the outermost layers is superior to other hybrid composites. These finding inspired further exploration of hybrid composite for ballistic armour spall-liner application. Keywords: Kenaf fibres; Epoxy matrix; Aramid fibres; Hybrid composites; Ballistic limit; Energy absorption
K32. Indentation Fracture Behaviour of Fibre Metal Laminates Based on Kenaf/Epoxy M. R. Abdullah, C. L. Pang, N. A. Husain, B. Abdi International Review of Mechanical Engineering. Vol 8(1) , 2014 Abstract: This paper deals with experimental investigations of fibre metal laminates (FMLs) based on kenaf/epoxy under static indentation loading. Tests were conducted on 2/1 lay-up and 3/2 lay-up of FMLs that fabricated by using vacuum infusion process and hydraulic pressing technique. Indentation tests of FMLs were conducted with loading rate of 10 mm/min. The front and rear surfaces of indentation-loaded FMLs were examined to identify the failure mechanisms at different configurations. It was found that, the failure was happened on the surface of pure kenaf by increasing the indentation depth. However, debonding between the aluminium sheet and kenaf/epoxy is occurred only for 3/2 lay-up of FMLs. The 175
contact force-displacement curves and energy absorption-displacement curves were analysed. The resistance to deform and damage was increase by increasing the number of layers and thickness of aluminium alloy sheet Keywords: Failure; Fibre Metal Laminates; Indentation; Kenaf; Vacuum Infusion
K33. Effects of chemical versus enzymatic processing of kenaf fibers on poly(hydroxybutyrate-covalerate)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite properties Bing Yanga, Mangesh Nara, David K. Visib, Michael Allenb, Brian Ayreb, Charles L. Webber IIIc, Hongbing Lud, Nandika Anne D‟Souzaa, aDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA b Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA c USDA, ARS, SRU, Houma, LA, USA dDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA Composites Part B: Engineering. Vol. 56, January 2014 ; p. 926–933 Abstract: Fibers from the kenaf plant for composites are extracted using various retting processes. In this paper, we investigate the impact of retting by NaOH alkaline soak and enzymatic retting using pectinase on the crystallization and mechanical performance of a biopolymer blend of poly(hydroxybutyrate-covalerate)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate). Two fiber lengths, 5 and 10 mm and a hybrid 1:1 fiber mixture were utilized. From DMA results, the NaOH retted fibers showed synergistic benefits of using hybrid fiber lengths on modulus. The pectinase retted samples did not show synergistic benefits of fiber lengths but composites of the same fiber length retted by pectinase outperformed the corresponding composites with NaOH retted fibers. The fiber retting method also affected recrystallization of the biopolymer. Pectinase retting showed a higher recrystallization temperature than NaOH retting. Transcrystallization resulting from fiber presence was analyzed using polarized optical microscopy. ESEM revealed smoother surfaces on the pectinase retted fibers compared to NaOH. Keywords: Polymer–matrix composites (PMCs); Mechanical properties; Thermal analysis; Compression molding K34. Tensile Properties of Kenaf Yarn Fibre Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites at Different Fibre Orientations Sairizal Misri *, S.M. Sapuan, Zulkiflle Leman, M.R. Ishak Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 564, 2014 ; p. 412-417 Abstract: This paper reported the study of tensile properties of kenaf yarn fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester (UP) composites at different fibre orientations, i.e. 0o, ±45o and 90o. It is concluded that composites with 0o orientation show higher strength and stiffness than composites with ±45o and 90o angle fibre orientation. The highest value of stress is 29 MPa for 0o loading direction followed by ±45o loading direction (28 MPa) and 90o loading direction has the lowest stress value of 6 MPa. Tensile modulus results revealed the highest value of 10.61 GPa for 0o loading direction and the tensile modulus
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for 45o orientation of loading direction is 5 GPa, followed by the modulus for 90o of fibre loading direction of 1.2 GPa; which is the lowest. Keywords: Fibre Orientation, Kenaf Yarn Fibre, Tensile Property, Unsaturated Polyester
K35. Environmental performance of kenaf-fiber reinforced polyurethane: a life cycle assessment approach Seyed Mostafa Batoulia, Yimin Zhua, Mangesh Narb, Nandika Anne D'Souzac, a OHL School of Construction, Florida International University, Engineering Center, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL, USA b Polymer Mechanical and Rheology Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA c Head of Polymer Mechanical and Rheology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol. 66, March 2014 ; p. 164–173 Abstract: Outstanding mechanical, thermal and environmental properties of kenaf, as well as successful applications of kenaf-based boards in structural insulated panels (SIPs), inspired the authors to investigate the incorporation of kenaf core in the polyurethane insulation core of SIPs to create environmentally friendly building material. Three composites made of rigid polyurethane (PU) reinforced with 5, 10 and 15 percent kenaf core were prepared and analyzed. The three composites and pure rigid polyurethane were then used as insulation cores of SIPs with the same kenaf-based structural boards. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to determine the environmental profiles of the four SIPs in 10 and 50° Celsius. It is shown that although kenaf has much less environmental impact than PU, increasing the amount of kenaf core in PU composites does not necessarily result in less environmental impact. In fact with the current practice of making the composites, kenaf core does not replace the PU; instead, it mostly fills the void space, which is initially filled with air and, hence, the kenaf core decreases the porosity of PU composites and increases the density without improving thermal resistance. Structural adequacy of the samples was also examined based on the ASTM C393-00 “three point flexural test”. Results show that the more the kenaf loading, the less porous the composites and hence the higher shear resistance. These findings suggest that fabrication methods are critical to maintain optimal thermal and structural characteristics of composites without scarifying their environmental performance. Keywords: Life cycle assessment; Polyurethane composite; Structural insulated panel; Thermal insulation; Building envelope; Kenaf core
K36. Effect of methyl methacrylate grafted kenaf on mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride/ethylene vinyl acetate composites Nurfatimah Bakara, Ching Yern Cheeb, Luqman Chuah Abdullaha, c, Chantara Thevy Ratnamd, Nor Azowaa a
Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 177
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia c Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia d Radiation Processing Technology, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 63, August 2014 ; p. 45–50 Abstract: In this work, the effect of grafted and ungrafted kenaf fiber on tensile, flexural, impact and hardness properties of polyvinyl chloride/ethylene vinyl acetate composites were studied. Grafted fibers were obtained from graft copolymerization reaction where methyl methacrylate was used as a monomer. The fiber loadings were varied from 0% to 30%. The addition of kenaf fiber had caused a decline in the impact and tensile strength of the PVC/EVA composite. Results revealed that the presence of PMMA on the surface of kenaf fiber has further enhanced the efficiency of stress transfer from the matrix to the fiber grafting thus improved the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and PVC/EVA matrix. Keywords: Polymer–matrix composites; Fiber/matrix bond; Mechanical properties; Surface treatment
K37. Response Surface Optimized Dyeing of Kenaf Fiber in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Jing Lu Guo, Shi Hui Gao, Chong Wen Yu, Lai Jiu Zheng, Bing Du Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 1048, 2014 ; 109 – 112 Abstract: Kenaf fibers were dyed with capsanthin using supercritical carbon dioxide. Response surface methodology, based on a three level and three variable small central composite design, was employed to obtain the best possible combination of dyeing time, temperature and pressure for maximum K/S value.The optimum conditions were as follows: dyeing time of 60 min, temperature of 119.99 °C and pressure of 30 MPa. Under these conditions, the K/S value was 17.54, which was similar to the value predicted by the model. Keywords: Dyeing, Kenaf, Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
K38. Efficient removal of lignin with the maintenance of hemicellulose from kenaf by two-stage pretreatment process Nur Izyan Wan Azeleea, Jamaliah Md Jahimb, Amir Rabuc, Abdul Munir Abdul Muradc, Farah Diba Abu Bakarc, Rosli Md Illiasa, a Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia b Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia c School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Carbohydrate Polymers. Vol. 99, Jan 2014 ; p. 447–453
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Abstract: The enhancement of lignocellulose hydrolysis using enzyme complexes requires an efficient pretreatment process to obtain susceptible conditions for the enzyme attack. This study focuses on removing a major part of the lignin layer from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) while simultaneously maintaining most of the hemicellulose. A two-stage pretreatment process is adopted using calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, and peracetic acid, PPA, to break the recalcitrant lignin layer from other structural polysaccharides. An experimental screening of several pretreatment chemicals, concentrations, temperatures and solid–liquid ratios enabled the production of an optimally designed pretreatment process for kenaf. Our results showed that the pretreatment process has provide 59.25% lignin removal while maintaining 87.72% and 96.17% hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively, using 1 g of Ca(OH)2/L and a 8:1 (mL:g) ratio of liquid–Ca(OH)2 at 50 °C for 1.5 h followed by 20% peracetic acid pretreatment at 75 °C for 2 h. These results validate this mild approach for aiding future enzymatic hydrolysis. Keywords: Hemicellulose; Kenaf; Lignin removal; Pretreatment
K39. Effect of Kenaf Water Retting Process by Bacillus cereus on the pH of Retting Water Mohd Nazrin Othman , Ramlah Mohd Tajuddin, Zakiah Ahmad Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 905, 2014 ; p. 339-342 Abstract: pH plays an important roles in retting process of kenaf. The aim of this study is to see the changes of retting water pH in the kenaf retting process with and without the use of Bacillus cereus. The retting process duration was one week. The pH of the water was taken daily during the retting period. The results were then compared at the end of retting period. Keywords: Bacillus cereus, Kenaf, pH, Water Retting
K40. Mechanical properties of kenaf fiber–cement composites containing kenaf gamma-ray grafted with acrylamide Du-Yeong Kim, Joon-Pyo Jeun, Hyun-Bin Kim, Phil-Hyun Kang Radiation Research Division for Industry and Environment, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 580-185, Republic of Korea Journal of Wood Science. Vol. 60(4), 2014 ; pp 263-268 Abstract: Kenaf fibers have excellent properties and possess the potential to be outstanding reinforcing fillers in cement. The grafting of acrylamide to kenaf fibers is important in improving the compatibility between the fibers and the cement. Acrylamide was grafted onto kenaf fibers using gamma-ray radiation. The radiation dose ranged from 20 to 100 kGy, and the dose rate was 10 kGy/h. The degree of grafting increased with increased radiation doses. FT-IR analysis revealed an increase in amide content after gamma-ray-radiation-induced grafting, further evincing the attachment of acrylamide to the kenaf fibers. SEM images showed evidence of acrylamide grafting to the fiber surface. Contact angle measurements on individual fibers taken before and after grafting demonstrated changes in wettability. The mechanical properties of the gamma-ray-grafted kenaf fiber–cement composites were superior to those of the ungrafted kenaf fiber–cement specimens. Keywords: Gamma-ray ; Irradiation ; Grafting ; Kenaf ; Cement composite 179
K41. Prediction of Long – Term Creep Properties of Kenaf Fiber Unsaturated Polyester Composites Saad A. Mutasher , Ekhlas A. Osman Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 974, 2014 ; p. 9-14 Abstract: This research focuses on predicting long-term behavior of unsaturated polyester resin (UP) and kenaf unsaturated polyester composite. The objectives of these tests are to establish a relationship between stress, strain and time at constant loading and temperature. The results obtained from these tests are used in predicting the life and strength of the polymer material. Based on the 1,000 hours experimental data, curve fitting and Findley Power Law models are employed to predict long-term behavior of the material. The results showed that curve fitting model accurately predicted the non-linear time dependent creep deformation of these materials with acceptable accuracy. Keywords: Creep Test, Frindely‟s Law, Kenaf Fiber, Natural Fiber Composite
K42. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Kenaf Stems at Varying Moisture Contents S.M. Dauda, D. Ahmad, A. Khalina, O. Jamarei Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. Vol. 2, 2014 ; p.370–374 Abstract: Physical and mechanical properties of kenaf stem Malaysian variety V 36 were studied. The physical properties revealed maximum plant height was 310 cm and the lowest was 150 cm. Maximum stem diameter was 30 mm and the smallest was 14 mm. The mechanical properties revealed the maximum cutting force and shearing energy were 1584.55 N and 8.75 J, respectively for 35% moisture content. While 694.86 N and 3.50 J were recorded for 72% moisture content. The Young's modulus ranged between 67.59 MPa to 234.24 MPa. The greater shearing energy was obtained at the lower levels in the stem. Keywords: cutting energy; cutting force; kenaf stems; moisture content
K43. Factorial study of material and process parameters on the mechanical properties of extruded kenaf fibre/polypropylene composite sheets Nabihah Sallih, Peter Lescher, Debes Bhattacharyya Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 61, June 2014 ; p. 91–107 Abstract: Thin kenaf/polypropylene (PP) composite sheets were manufactured via extrusion. The effects of kenaf and maleated PP (MAPP) proportions, fibre length, PP melt flow index (MFI) and die 180
temperature on tensile, flexural, in-plane and out-of-plane shear properties were analysed by conducting experiments through „design of experiments‟ methodology. Higher kenaf content and lower die/barrel temperatures resulted in composite sheets with higher average mechanical properties in various modes of testing. Matrix MFI appeared to significantly affect all mechanical properties. It is interesting to note that the properties of the very short-fibre composites produced are comparable to those reinforced with longer discontinuous fibres and long-fibre mats. Keywords: Discontinuous reinforcement; Thermoplastic resin; Mechanical properties; Extrusion
K44. Possibility of application of kenaf fibers (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in water hardness reduction Ehsan Gharehchahia, Amir Hossein Mahviabc*, Seyed Mahmood Taghavi Shahria & Rahim Davanid a School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. b Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. c National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. d Shiraz Health Center, Water and Wastewater Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Desalination and Water Treatment. Vol. 52(31), 2014 ; p.33, 2014 Abstract: The increasing demand for high-quality water has resulted in the development of new and costeffective techniques for water softening. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the capillary effect of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) on water softening. Water samples were taken from water distribution system of Shiraz city with hardness of 352, 466, 502, and 612 mg/l as CaCO3. Two different lengths of kenaf (1.2 and 1.9 m) were tested. Hardness reduction efficiency for two lengths of kenaf were tested in the timescales of one, two, three, and five hours and were analyzed with linear mixed model (Alpha = 0.05). Results showed that the average of hardness reduction was 108.43 and 163.74 mg/l as CaCO3 for kenaf with lengths of 1.2 and 1.9 m, respectively. The maximum hardness reduction was achieved at the first timescales of filtration and during the 5 h of filtration, the average of efficiency for the two lengths decreased from 53.03 to 4.54%. The results also indicated that the length of kenaf has a dominant positive effect on water hardness, while time has a negative effect. This study confirms that kenaf has a considerable potential in water softening. Keywords: Hardness reduction, Water softening, Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus L.
K45. Performance of different intumescent ammonium polyphosphate flame retardants in PP/kenaf fibre composites Aruna Subasinghe, Debes Bhattacharyya Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 65, 2014 ; p. 91–99
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Abstract: The paper compares the flammability and degradation performance of polypropylene (PP)/kenaf fibre composites under three different intumescent ammonium polyphosphate (APP) flame retardants. Intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruder melt mixing approach was used to prepare the composites. The initial morphological analysis reveals that twin screw melt compounding has provided an effective homogeneous dispersion and distribution of particles, irrespective of their different particle sizes and surface energies. The thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) proves that the presence of intumescent coating of APP1 improves the thermal stability and decomposition temperature over the others. UL-94V tests and cone calorimeter analysis show that the amount of APP content and the high aspect ratio of the particles are the key factors in obtaining homogeneous flame retardant blend, which tends to decrease sustained combustion and reduce the peak heat release rates of the composites. Morphological analysis of char residue further proves that the cross-linking density of the char provides better insulation for underlying material even though the initial swelling increases the degradation temperature through pronounced blanketing effect. Further analysis using different APP particles recorded competitive mechanical properties. Keywords: fibre; Thermal properties; Extrusion ; mmonium polyphosphate
K46. The effect of hybridization on mechanical properties of woven kenaf fiber reinforced polyoxymethylene composite Yakubu Dan-Mallam, Mohamad Zaki Abdullah and Puteri Sri Melor Megat Yusoff Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia Polymer Composites. Vol. 351(10), 2014 ; p. 1900–1910 Abstract: The challenges of using natural fibers in polymer composites include high moisture uptake and poor interfacial bonding with thermoplastic matrix. In this study, the effect of hybridization was investigated to address the challenges of high moisture uptake and balanced mechanical properties in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Polyethylene terephthalate fiber (PET) was used in woven kenaf reinforced POM due to its hydrophobic characteristics. The results of tensile test showed that the tensile strength of the interwoven POM/kenaf/PET hybrid composite when tested along kenaf fiber direction, increased from 72 to 85 MPa due to increase in fiber content. Similarly, the tensile strength of the interwoven POM/kenaf/PET hybrid composite increased from 67 to 75 MPa. However, the flexural strength of the interwoven POM/kenaf/PET hybrid composite dropped from 160.1 to 104.9 MPa while that of woven POM/kenaf composite dropped from 191.4 to 90.3 MPa. The interwoven hybrid composite also showed significant improvement in impact strength compared to the woven POM/kenaf composite. The water absorption of the woven POM/kenaf composite dropped by approximately 30% due to hybridization with PET fiber. The results confirmed that hybridization with PET fiber significantly improved the tensile and impact properties of the woven composite and increased its resistance to moisture uptake. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:1900–1910, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
K47. Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Polylactic Acid/Kenaf Bast Fiber Composites Toughened with an Impact Modifier R. Mat Taiba*, H. M. Hassana & Z. A. Mohd Ishaka
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a School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering. Vol. 53(2), 2014 Abstract: Polylactic acid (PLA)/kenaf bast fiber (KF) composites were prepared with different amounts (0 to 40 wt%) of ethylene acrylate copolymer impact modifier (IM). With increasing IM content, the impact strength and elongation at break of the composites improved but an opposite trend was observed for the tensile strength and modulus. Addition of IM resulted in the formation of ductile or flexible interface between the PLA matrix and KF as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy examination on the composite fractured surfaces. Deformability of the PLA matrix was also improved. Mechanisms for the morphology-property relationships of the composites were discussed. Keywords: Impact modifier, Kenaf bast fiber, Mechanical properties, Morphology, Polylactic acid
K48. Mechanical and Microstructure Characterization of Coconut Spathe Fibers and Kenaf Bast Fibers Reinforced Epoxy Polymer Matrix Composites S. Vijayakumara, , , T. Nilavarasanb, R. Usharanic, L. Karunamoorthyd a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College of Engineering, Villupuram, Tamilnadu, India 605103 b Department of Aerospace Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India 600044 c Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thanthai Periyar Govt Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India 632002 d Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Guindy, Chennai Tamilnadu, India 600025 Procedia Materials Science. Vol. 5, 2014 ; p. 2330–2337 Abstract:In this present study, the natural fibers such as kenaf and coconut spathe are reinforced in polymer matrix by hand layup process. Alkali treated coconut spathe and kenaf bast fibers are uniformly dispersed with epoxy resin and cured using tri-ethylene tetra amine (TETA) at 250C. The weight proportion of the polymer matrix is maintained constantly 10% whereas the proportions of the fibers are altered within the composites. The mechanical properties like tensile, flexural, impact strengths are analyzed. Fracture analysis of fiber reinforced composites and the effect of alkali treatment on fibers are also observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Keywords: Polymer composites; Natural fibers; Alkali treatment; Mechanical properties; SEM
K49. Mechanical performance of woven kenaf-Kevlar hybrid composites R Yahaya1,2, SM Sapuan1,3,4,
M Jawaid3,5, Z Leman1, ES Zainudin1,3
1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 183
3Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 4Aerospace Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 5Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. Vol. 33(24), 2014 ; p. 2242-2254 Abstract: Hybrid composites offer a combination of advantages of constituent components to produce a material with determined properties. In the present work, woven hybrid composite was prepared by hand lay-up method in laminate configuration. Kevlar/kenaf hybrid composites were fabricated with total fibre content of 30% and the ratio of Kevlar/kenaf varies in weight fraction of 78/22, 60/40, 50/50, 26/74, and 32/68, respectively. The Kevlar/epoxy and kenaf/epoxy were also prepared for comparison. The mechanical properties of hybrid, kenaf/epoxy, and Kevlar/epoxy composites were tested. Morphological properties of tensile fracture surface of hybrid composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Results have established that the mechanical properties of kenaf-Kevlar hybrid composites are a function of fibre content. The hybrid composites with Kevlar/kenaf (78/22) ratio exhibited better mechanical properties compared to other hybrid composites. This result indicates the potential of Kevlar-kenaf hybrid composite for impact applications. Keywords: Woven kenaf ; Kevlar ; hybrid composites ; mechanical properties
K50. Working Quality Indicators of Jute,Kenaf Peeling Machine and Its Detection Methods MA Lan ; LONG Chao-hai ; LV Jiang-nan Institute of Bast Fiber Crops,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science. 2014-27 Abstract: In order to standardize the working quality of jute,kenaf peeling machine,and provide technical reference for evaluation of the working performance of jute,kenaf peeling machine,the working quality indicators of jute,kenaf peeling machine were developed,and the detection methods and rules were also determined; The reference was provided by this research for determining of the working performance on peeling machine of bast fiber crops such as hemp,etc. Keywords: Peeling machine ; Kenaf ; Working quality ; Evaluation
K51. Effects of kenaf contents and fiber orientation on physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of hybrid laminated composites for vehicle spall liners R. Yahaya1,2, S.M. Sapuan1,3,*, M. Jawaid3,4, Z. Leman1 and E.S. Zainudin1,3 1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia 2Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE), Selangor, Malaysia 3Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia 184
4Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Polymer Composites. Vol. 35, 2014 Abstract: The aim of this work is to study the effect of kenaf volume content and fiber orientation on tensile and flexural properties of kenaf/Kevlar hybrid composites. Hybrid composites were prepared by laminating aramid fabric (Kevlar 29) with kenaf in three orientations (woven, 0o/90o cross ply unidirectional (UD), and non-woven mat) with different kenaf fiber loadings from 15 to 20% and total fiber loading (Kenaf and Kevlar) of 27–49%. The void content varies between 11.5–37.7% to laminate with UD and non-woven mat, respectively. The void content in a woven kenaf structure is 16.2%. Tensile and flexural properties of kenaf/Kevlar hybrid composites were evaluated. Results indicate that UD kenaf fibers reinforced composites display better tensile and flexural properties as compared to woven and nonwoven mat reinforced hybrid composites. It is also noticed that increasing volume fraction of kenaf fiber in hybrid composites reduces tensile and flexural properties. Tensile fracture of hybrid composites was morphologically analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM micrographs of Kevlar composite failed in two major modes; fiber fracture by the typical splitting process along with, extensive longitudinal matrix and interfacial shear fracture. UD kenaf structure observed a good interlayer bonding and low matrix cracking/debonding. Damage in composite with woven kenaf shows weak kenaf-matrix bonding. Composite with kenaf mat contains the high void in laminates and poor interfacial bonding. These results motivate us to further study the potential of using kenaf in woven and UD structure in hybrid composites to improve the ballistic application, for example, vehicle spall-liner. POLYM. COMPOS., 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
K52. Effects of resin and moisture content on the properties of medium density fibreboards made from kenaf bast fibres Imtiaz Ali, Krishnan Jayaraman , Debes Bhattacharyya The University of Auckland, New Zealand Industrial Crops and Products. Vol. 52, January 2014 ; p. 191–198 Abstract: The effects of different factors including resin type, resin content and moisture content on the physicomechanical properties of medium density fibreboard (MDF) panels made from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) bast fibres are investigated. The Taguchi method of experimental design is employed to determine the effects of the factors and to find the levels of factors that result in desirable properties. Three different commercial resins namely, urea formaldehyde (UF), phenol formaldehyde (PF) and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) are used in the manufacturing of kenaf MDF panels. The panels are produced with a target thickness of 9 mm and density of 700 kg/m3. The results indicate that resin type and moisture content have significant influence on the mechanical properties while resin content is the least significant. On the other hand, for physical properties resin content and moisture content have much lesser influence as compared to resin type. This initial study reveals that kenaf panels produced with MUF resin at higher resin loading and intermediate level of moisture content, show elevated properties in accordance with wood based MDF standard ANSI A208.2-2009 for Grades 130 and 155. Keywords: Kenaf; Medium density fibreboards; Board properties; Taguchi experimental design
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K53. Viscoelastic properties of kenaf reinforced unsaturated polyester composites Ekhlas A. Osman Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology (Sarawak Campus), Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Saad A. Mutasher Engineering Department, College of Applied Sciences-Sohar, P. O. Box 135, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 03(1), 2014 Abstract: In order to quantify the effect of temperature on the mechanical and dynamic properties of kenaf fiber unsaturated polyester composites, formulations containing 10 wt.% to 40 wt.% kenaf fiber were produced and tested at two representative temperatures of 30°C and 50°C. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed, to obtain the strain and creep compliance for kenaf composites at various styrene concentrations. It is possible to obtain creep curves at different temperature levels which can be shifted along the time axis to generate a single curve known as a master curve. This technique is known as the time–temperature superposition principle. Shift factors conformed to a William–Landel–Ferry (WLF) equation. However, more long term creep data was needed in order to further validate the applicability of time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) to this material. The primary creep strain model was fitted to 60 min creep data. The resulting equation was then extrapolated to 5.5 days; the creep strain model of power-law was successfully used to predict the long-term creep behavior of natural fiber/thermoset composites. Keywords: Kenaf fiber composites; creep compliance; time–temperature superposition principle
K54. Low Velocity Impact on Woven Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Composites Al Emran Ismail , M.A. Hassan Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 629, 2014 ; p. 503-506 Abstract: This paper presents the experimental investigations on the low velocity impact response of woven kenaf fiber reinforced composites. Kenaf yarns are weaved with an orientation of 00 of warp and 900 of weft to form woven kenaf mat. Three woven kenaf mats are stacked together to achieve the specified sequences. The woven stacked kenaf mats are hardened with polymeric resin and compressed to squeeze off any excessive resin and to minimize voids content. The hardened composite plates are perforated using different impact velocities. Impact responses of the composite plates are examined according to stacking sequences, impact velocities and fragmentation patterns. According to the present results, the impact strength is strongly related with the impact velocity. If higher impact velocity is used, the performances of load bearing are reduced. It is obvious that no significant features of composite fragmentations occurred from the perforated holes. However, relatively larger area of mechanical damages is found distributed around the holes, indicating the capability of composites to absorb energy effectively Keywords: Kenaf Yarn, Low Velocity Impact (LVI), Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite, Woven Kenaf
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K55. Effect of different fiber loadings and sizes on pultruded kenaf fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites Mohd Hafiz Zamri1,2, Hazizan Md Akil1,2,*, Z.A. Mohd Ishak1,2 and A. Abu Bakar1 1School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia 2Cluster of Polymer Composite (CPC), Science and Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia Polymer Composites. Vol. 35, 2014 Abstract: Application of the available natural resources became crucial for developing sustainability recently. The use of natural fiber as reinforced materials in polymer composite materials is gaining new interest from within industry. In this research, the effect of different fiber loadings and different types of kenaf yarns, used on the properties of Pultruded Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Composites (PKFRC), was studied. The pultruded composite samples were prepared with different fiber loadings and sizes (tex) of kenaf fiber. Three different fiber loadings, i.e., 60, 65, and 70% were used during the preparation of the PKFRC samples. Flexural and compression testing was performed, to study the effect of different fiber loadings and different kenaf fiber yarns, on the mechanical properties of kenaf fiber pultruded composites. The results show that the highest fiber loading of 70% gave more desirable flexural and compression properties to the PKFRC. The use of twist kenaf yarn fiber showed lower mechanical properties of PKFRC as compared to the single kenaf yarn. Damage configurations and accumulations for each loading case were examined. A morphological study, using optical microscopy (OM) revealed the type of fracture that occurred in the pultruded samples after mechanical testing
K56. Nano-mechanical properties of internally cured kenaf fiber reinforced concrete using nanoindentation Vahid Zanjani Zadeh, Christopher P. Bobko Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA Cement and Concrete Composites. Vol. 52, September 2014 ; P. 9–17 Abstract: Kenaf fiber reinforced concrete (KFRC) is being considered as a more sustainable fiber reinforced concrete. The effect of water-absorbing kenaf fibers on the microstructure of concrete was studied using nanoindentation. Results showed that cement hydration products found in KFRC are similar to those in conventional concrete, but relative volume fractions of these hydration products differ in KFRC. KFRC samples have more CH/Csingle bondSsingle bondH and less LD Csingle bondSsingle bondH in bulk than would be expected for plain concretes with similar water–cement ratios. Further nanoindentation experiments were performed in the interfacial transition zones around individual kenaf fibers, revealing a porous phase, a high percentage of LD Csingle bondSsingle bondH, and a lack of HD Csingle bondSsingle bondH in the fiber interfacial zones. The water absorbance of kenaf fibers and associated internal curing effects explain both results. Enhanced production of higher density hydration products in KFRC may provide a pathway for optimal design of these materials. Keywords: Hydration products; Interfacial transition zone; Microstructure; Mechanical properties; Internal curing 187
K57. The Effects of Laminate Orientation in Resin Infused Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composite Kim Yeow Tshai, Kok Cheong Wong, W.J. Tan, A.B. Chai Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 627, 2014 ; p. 24-28 Abstract: Water retted kenaf fibre reinforced epoxy laminates with five distinct fibre orientations, unidirectional, [+30/0/-30], [+45/0/-45], [+60/0/-60] and [90/] s were produced through resin infusion technique. The fibre weight fraction in each laminate was controlled and the effects of varying orientation in the resulting composite lamina were characterized through tensile and impact properties of the specimens. Superior tensile strength and modulus were observed for the unidirectional lamina while the orthogonal lamina [90/] s depicted the greatest resistance to impact. Specimen with higher proportion of fibres aligned parallel to the loading direction show greater enhancement in tensile strength while impact property of the lamina was found to be greater with increases in fibre orientation perpendicular to the direction of impact load. Keywords: Fibre Orientation, Kenaf, Laminate, Resin Infusion
K58. The Influence of Chemical Surface Modification of Kenaf Fiber using Hydrogen Peroxide on the Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Kenaf Fiber/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites Nur Inani Abdul Razak 1, Nor Azowa Ibrahim 1, Norhazlin Zainuddin 1, Marwah Rayung 1 and Wan Zuhainis Saad 2 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails:
[email protected] (N.Z.);
[email protected] (M.R.) 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail:
[email protected] Molecules. Vol. 19(3), 2014 ; p. 2957-2968 Abstract: Bleaching treatment of kenaf fiber was performed in alkaline medium containing hydrogen peroxide solution maintained at pH 11 and 80 °C for 60 min. The bleached kenaf fiber was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The bleached kenaf fiber was then compounded with poly-(lactic acid) (PLA) via a melt blending method. The mechanical (tensile, flexural and impact) performance of the product was tested. The fiber treatment improved the mechanical properties of PLA/bleached kenaf fiber composites. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) morphological analysis showed improvement of the interfacial adhesion between the fiber surface and polymer matrix. Keywords: poly(lactic acid); kenaf fiber; melt blending; hydrogen peroxide; composite
K59. Implications of fiber characteristics and mat densification on permeability, compaction and properties of kenaf fiber panels Imtiaz Ali, Krishnan Jayaraman , Debes Bhattacharyya
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Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand Industrial Crops and Products. Vol. 61, November 2014 ; p. 293–302 Abstract: In the manufacturing of medium density and high density fiberboards the fiber characteristics and mat density substantially influence mat permeability, compaction pressure and panel's physicomechanical properties. In this paper, the permeability and compaction response of kenaf bast fiber mats are experimentally determined at three fiber lengths for both dry and resinated fiber mats with various levels of mat densification. The mats of long fibers have demonstrated higher permeability and require higher compaction pressure than short fiber mats at the same level of densification. Furthermore, kenaf panels in the density range of 800 kg/m3 to 1100 kg/m3 are manufactured with commercial melamine urea formaldehyde resin and three fiber categories. The panels are evaluated to demonstrate the effects of these factors on a panel's physicomechanical properties. The higher compaction pressure and good stress distribution with long fibers have resulted in higher mechanical properties than those of short fiber panels. On the other hand, a decrease in fiber length has lowered the mat permeability, resulting in significant improvements in dimensional properties. The panel physicomechanical properties can also significantly improve by increasing the panel density. The high density kenaf panels have shown excellent mechanical properties which are well above the standard requirements of MDF and HDF panels according to (ANSI, A208.2: 2009) and (ANSI, A135.4-2012) standards. Keywords: MDF/HDF panels; Permeability; Compaction; Mechanical properties; Dimensional properties
K60. Implementing Neural Network for Damage Severity Identification of Natural Kenaf Fibre Composites M. Zaleha, S. Mahzan *, I. Maizlinda Izwana Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 564, 2014 ; p. 189-193 Abstract: The emergence of natural fiber as a potential alternative for glass fibre replacement has seen various development and investigation for various applications. However, the main issue with the natural fibre reinforced composites is related to its susceptibility to impact damage. This paper presents a preliminary case study of damage identification in Natural Fibre Composites (NFCs). The study involves a simple experiment of impact on a NFC panel. The strain data are measured using piezoceramic sensors and the response signal was investigated. Then an effective impact damage procedure is established using a neural network approach. The system was trained to predict the damage size based on the actual experimental data using regression method. The results demonstrated that the trained networks were capable to predict the damage size accurately. The best performance was achieved for an MLP network trained with maximum signal features, which recorded the error less than 0.50%. Keywords: Natural Fibre Composites (NFC), Neural Network (NN), Regression, Strain Data
K61. Mechanical Properties of Kevlar Reinforcement in Kenaf Composites Noor Haznida Bakar, Koay Mei Hyie , Ahmad Safwan Ramlan, Mohd Khalid Hassan, Jumahat Aidah
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Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 465-466, 2014 ; p. 847-851 Abstract: The development of high-performance materials made from natural resources are increasing worldwide in recent years. Natural fibres offer both cost savings and reduction in density when compared to Kevlar fibres. However, the strength of natural fibres is not as great as Kevlar. The following preliminary research investigated the use of Kevlar fibres in kenaf composites as a possible to improve the impact properties. The impact properties of Kevlar reinforced in kenaf composites was studied by using DYNATUP 9250 drop weight machine. According to the standard ASTM D638 Kevlar fibres in different weight percentage of 10,15,20 and 25 wt% were reinforced with kenaf/epoxy composites by using hand lay-up combined with cold-press method. It is clearly observed that the impact strength and hardness were increased with the addition of weight percentage of woven Kevlar in the kenaf composites. The highest energy was recorded at 12.76 J by hybrid composite in combination of 2Kevlar/Kenaf/2Kevlar. The microstructure observation of impacted hybrid samples indicated that the delamination area was increased with the increasing of the impact energy. Keywords: Epoxy, Hybrid Composite, Impact, Kenaf, Kevlar
K62. Epoxy, Hybrid Composite, Impact, Kenaf, Kevlar Reza Mahjouba,, Jamaludin Mohamad Yatimb, Abdul Rahman Mohd Samb, Mehdi Raftaria a Faculty of Engineering, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran b Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Malaysia Materials & Design. Vol. 64, December 2014 ; p. 640–649 Abstract: Kenaf fibers generally has some advantages such as eco-friendly, biodegradability, renewable nature and lighter than synthetic fibers. The aims of the study are to characterize and evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of continuous unidirectional kenaf fiber epoxy composites with various fiber volume fractions. The composites materials and sampling were prepared in the laboratory by using the hand lay-up method with a proper fabricating procedure and quality control. Samples were prepared based on ASTM: D3039-08 for tensile test and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for microstructure analysis to observe the failure mechanisms in the fracture planes. A total of 40 samples were tested for the study. Results from the study showed that the rule of mixture (ROM) analytical model has a close agreement to predict the physical and tensile properties of unidirectional kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composites. It was also observed that the tensile strength, tensile modulus, ultimate strain and Poisson‟s ratio of 40% fiber volume content of unidirectional kenaf fiber epoxy composite were 164 MPa, 18150 MPa, 0.9% and 0.32, respectively. Due to the test results, increasing the fiber volume fraction in the composite caused the increment in the tensile modulus and reduction in the ultimate tensile strain of composite. Keywords: Kenaf fiber composite; Unidirectional fiber; Tensile properties; Physical properties; Scanning electron microscopy; Rule of mixture
K63. Effect of kenaf fiber age on PLLA composite properties Sunny M. Ogbomo1, Brian Ayre2, Charles L. Webber3 and Nandika A. D'Souza1,4,*
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1Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of North Texas 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton 3USDA, ARS, SRU, Houma, Louisiana 4Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, University of North Texas Polymer Composites. Vol.35(5), 2014 ; p. 915–924 Abstract: A challenge facing engineering with natural fibers is the high standard deviation of mechanical properties of natural fiber compared with synthetic fiber. Plants have a chemical and physical architecture reflective of their age. The region near the apex is more flexible than that near the base. In this paper we investigate the impact of increasing age of plant fiber on the corresponding composite. Bast fibers stems of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus, L.), a warm season tropical herbaceous annual plant extracted corresponding to different age, were dispersed into Poly-l-lactide (PLLA) matrix by melt blending followed by compression molding. The resulting bio-based hybrid composites were characterized by Xray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were conducted. DSC and XRD indicated that the kenaf was effective in promoting crystallization. TGA indicated that the thermal stability of composites is reduced compared with PLLA, but the older fiber sample based on 120–150 cm from the plant apex improved thermal stability compared with the rest. SEM and OM inferred good fiber dispersion while dynamic mechanical tests revealed increased modulus.
K64. Analysis of Mechanical Properties for 2D Woven Kenaf Composite Md Saidin Wahab , Muhammad Nazri Rejab, Mohd Pahmi Saiman Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 660, 2014 ; p.125-129 Abstract: Woven composite based on natural fiber increasingly used for many applications in industries because of their advantages such as good relative mechanical properties and renewable resources, but there are some issues as cost and protracted development period to perform reliability evaluation by experimental with real scale. Predictive modeling technique is use to minimize the need for physical testing, shorten design timescales and provide optimized designs. Mechanical properties of woven fabrics for technical textile depend on a) type of raw materials b) type and count of warp and weft yarns c) yarn density and d) the type of weave structure. The effect of fabric architecture to the mechanical properties is investigated. Woven kenaf composite is modeled using the modeling software to get the properties of the model. Further, the model is analyzed using finite element analysis to predict the mechanical properties of the woven kenaf composite. In addition, the effect of the combination of yarn size and weave pattern to the woven kenaf composite is stated base on the mechanical properties to predict the optimum structure of woven kenaf composite.
K65. The impact of CO2 enrichment on fiber dimension and lignocellulose properties of three varieties of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) A. Mahdi Khalatbari1, H.Z.E. Jaafar1* and A. Ali Khalatbari1 1Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malasia, 43400 191
Journal of soil science and plant nutrition. Vol.14(3), 2014 Abstract: The effects of two different carbon dioxide levels on fiber yield, fiber dimension and lignocelluloses properties of three varieties of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) namely Fuhong (FH991), V36 and Kohn-Kaen60 (KK60) were assessed in a growth house experiment at faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Seeds were sown in polyethylene bags containing top (loamy soil). Carbon dioxide enrichment treatment started when the seedlings reached four weeks and plants were exposed to 400 and 800 µmol mol-1 of CO2. A factorial experiment was arranged in a split plot using a randomized complete block design (The CO2 chamber is perpendicular to sunrise and sunset) with CO2 levels as the main plot, and different varieties as sub-plot replicated three times. Different CO2 levels had significant impact on fiber dimension, fiber yield and lignocellulose properties of bast and core fiber for all three varieties. Result indicated that increasing CO2 concentration from 400 µmol mol-1 to 800 µmol mol-1 positively affected fiber of all varieties under study. Increase in fiber length and slight reduction in fiber diameter at 800 mol-1 resulted in higher fiber quality for paper production purposes. These results provide significant insights into opportunities for growing of kenaf under enriched CO2 concentration. Keywords: Carbon dioxide levels, bast fiber, core fiber, fiber dimensions, fiber length, fiber diameter.
K66. Effect of Impregnated Inorganic Nanoparticles on the Properties of the Kenaf Bast Fibers Kaiwen Liang 1, Sheldon Q. Shi 1,* and Ge Wang 2 1 Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA; E-Mail:
[email protected] 2 International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; E-Mail:
[email protected] Fibers. Vol. 2(3), 2014 ; p. 242-254 Abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate the properties of the chemically retted kenaf bast fiber impregnated with the inorganic nanoparticles. High quality kenaf bast fibers were obtained from a chemical retting process. An in situ inorganic nanoparticle impregnation (INI) process was used to introduce the CaCO3 nanoparticles into the retted kenaf bast fibers. It was found that some of the ligninbased components in the retted fibers were further removed during the INI treatment. From the characterization results, the inorganic nanoparticles CaCO3, with different shapes and sizes, appeared at the surface of the impregnated fiber after treatment. Heterogeneous CaCO3 nanoparticle distribution was observed on the INI treated fibers. The CaCO3 contents were different at different locations along the impregnated fiber. The presence of CaCO3 inorganic nanoparticles at the fiber surface increased the root mean square (RMS) surface roughness by 5.8% and decreased the hydrophilic nature of the retted fibers, evidenced by a 59.4% decrease in adhesion force between the fiber and hydrophilic AFM tip. In addition, the impregnation of CaCO3 dramatically increased the Young‟s modulus of the fiber by 344%. Keywords: kenaf; nanoparticle; impregnation; Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM); X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS); Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
K67. Effect of kenaf fibre loading and thymol concentration on the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/kenaf/thymol composites Intan S.M.A. Tawakkala, Marlene J. Cranb, , , Stephen W. Biggera 192
College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia Industrial Crops and Products. Vol. 61, November 2014 ; p. 74–83 Abstract: Composites of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) containing up to 40% (w/w) of kenaf fibre and up to 10% (w/w) of thymol were studied to evaluate the mechanical and thermal properties. These composites were compared with control systems containing either no fibre or no thymol and were prepared using melt blending and compression moulding techniques. The composites with 10% (w/w) thymol had the lowest tensile strength with slightly higher flexibility compared with those systems containing lower concentrations of this additive. The tensile properties of composites containing 5% (w/w) thymol demonstrated that the addition of fibre to the PLA/kenaf composites was affected more than the incorporation of the thymol alone. Thermogravimetric analysis of neat PLA and PLA/kenaf composites incorporated with 5% and 10% (w/w) thymol revealed no significant changes in the decomposition temperature. Analysis by differential scanning calorimetry, however, showed a decrease in all of the key thermal transitions with the addition of 5% and 10% (w/w) thymol into the neat PLA and PLA/kenaf composites. The results of the mechanical and thermal properties tests suggest that thymol acts as a plasticizing agent in this composite. Keywords: Polymer-matrix composites (PMCs); Mechanical properties; Rheological properties; Thermal properties; Poly(lactic acid)
K68. Effect of Fiber Treatment on Stress-Strain Behavior of Kenaf Fibers Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites Y.A. El-Shekeil, S.M. Sapuan Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 575, 2014 ; p. 46-49 Abstract: Natural fiber composites are getting much attention by researchers and industries. Natural fiber composites face the problem of incompatibility between fibers and polymers. Alkali treatment is the most common treatment for natural fiber composites . In this work, short “Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus) Fiber” (KF) reinforced “Themoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)” was prepared using Haake Polydrive R 600 internal mixer. After mixing, sheets for specimen cutting were prepared by compression molding. The aim of this work is to study the effect of alkali fiber treatment on stress-strain behavior of TPU/KF composites. Different alkali concentration was used, namely; 2, 4 and 6% NaOH. Tensile stress and strain were deteriorated with increase in NaOH concentration, while modulus increased slightly. Keywords: Alkali Treatment, Isocyanate Treatment, Kenaf Fiber, Stress Strain Behavior, Thermoplastic Polyurethane
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K69. Improvement in the mechanical performance and interfacial behavior of kenaf fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composites by the addition of maleic anhydride grafted high density polyethylene Fauzani Md. Salleh (1), Aziz Hassan (1), Rosiyah Yahya (1), Ruth A. Lafia-Araga (2), Ahmad, Danial Azzahari (1), Mohd Nazarul Zaman Mohd Nazir (3) 1. Polymer and Composite Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2. Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Federal University of Technology, 920001, Minna, Nigeria 3. Central Service Unit (Laboratory), Dean‟s Office, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Journal of Polymer Research. April 2014, 21:439 Abstract: The effects of compatibilizer on the tensile, flexural and interfacial adhesion behavior of kenaf fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composites were investigated. The addition of maleic anhydride grafted high density polyethylene (MA-HDPE) as compatibilizer into the composites was found to improve the mechanical properties and the adhesion behavior of the composites. These improvements were due to the improved compatibility between matrix and fiber. 8 % MA-HDPE loading provided maximum enhancement in tensile and flexural properties when compared to the other compatibilizer contents. Meanwhile, uncompatibilized composites showed poorer mechanical properties and interfacial behavior relative to the compatibilized composites. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the changed chemical structures by the appearance of stretching vibration of the ester carbonyl groups (C = O) around 1725 cm−1 to 1742 cm−1 and the peak of hydroxyl group at 3327 cm−1 in the compatibilized composites. This indicates that the maleic anhydride has bonded to the kenaf fiber through esterification reaction, giving rise to strong interfacial bonding between the matrix and fiber. The improvement in the interfacial behavior was evident from the tensile fracture surface morphology using a field emission scanning electron microscopy. Keywords: Mechanical properties ; Interfacial behavior ; Compatibilizer ; Kenaf fiber
K70. Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the Mechanical Properties of Kenaf Binderless Board Noor Leha Abdul Rahman, Nor Amalina Nordin, Mohammad Fadhirul Ahmad Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 446-447, 2014 ; 321-324 Abstract: In recent years, natural fibers become an attraction to all people especially for researcher, scientist and engineer because natural fibers can be as substitute candidate for synthetic fibers. Due to their characteristics which are cheap, lightweight, less damage to processing equipment, renewable resources, and also good relative to mechanical properties, they are made to challenge the conventional fibers like glass and carbon. The purpose of this study is to investigate on mechanical properties of binderless boards from kenaf fiber. For hot pressing process, there are two required parameters need to be change. There were temperature and pressure that changed which for temperature were at 120 °C, 140 °C and 160 °C. For pressure, there were changed at 4 ton, 6 ton and 8 ton. Density, flexural and tensile test were conducted on the sample. Morphological analyses were done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From the result obtained, the maximum value of tensile stress was at specimen 8 ton at 140 °C
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which is 7.4 MPa and the flexural properties are 44.6 MPa. The changes of mechanical properties corresponding to the various temperatures and pressure during specimen preparation had been obtained. Keywords: Binderless, Density, Flexural, Kenaf, SEM, Tensile
K71. Modelling Analysis on Mechanical Damage of Kenaf Reinforced Composite Plates under Oblique Impact Loadings Mohd Nazrul Roslan, A. Emran Ismail, Mohd Yussni Hashim, Muhd Hafeez Zainulabidin, S.N.A. Khalid Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 465-466, 2014 ; p.1324-1328 Abstract: This research focuses on the study of oblique impact on kenaf reinforced composite plate. This study summarizes modeling analysis of targets subjected to certain angle of collisions which ranging from 0o-45o. Due to the low density, natural fiber such as kenaf fiber provides relatively good mechanical properties than glass fiber. Thus, natural fibers have high potential for better reinforcement in light weight structures such as aircraft, automobile. In this research, the velocity impact analysis is conducted by using the commercial finite element analysis software, ANSYS. A few finite element models of the nonwoven composite panel and a rigid impactor is developed using ANSYS software. Experimental investigations in determining mechanical properties and validating purposes are conducted in earlier study by using Universal Testing Machine and High Speed Impact Puncher. Total force, total energy, deformation, and energy absorption of kenaf reinforced composite for oblique impact are analyzed and discussed. The rise of oblique angle will increase the energy absorption of the composite. Keywords: Kenaf Composites, Kenaf Fiber, Modelling Analysis, Oblique Impact
K72. Interfacial Adhesion Characteristics of Kenaf Fibres Subjected to Different Polymer Matrices and Fibre Treatments Umar Nirmal, Saijod T. W. Lau, and Jamil Hashim Centre of Advanced Materials and Green Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, 75450 Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Melaka, Malaysia Journal of Composites. Volume 2014, 2014 Abstract: This study is aimed at determining the interfacial adhesion strength (IAS) of kenaf fibres using different chemical treatments in hydrochloric (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with different concentrations. Single fibre pullout tests (SFPT) were carried out for both untreated and treated fibres partially embedded into three different polymer matrices; polyester, epoxy, and polyurethane (PU) as reinforcement blocks and tested under dry loading conditions. The study revealed that kenaf fibres treated with 6% NaOH subjected to polyester, epoxy, and PU matrices exhibits excellent IAS while poor in acidic treatment. The effect of SFPT results was mainly attributed to chemical composition of the fibres, types of fibre treatments, and variation in resin viscosities. By scanning electron microscopy examination of the material failure morphology, the fibres experienced brittle and ductile fibre breakage mechanisms after treatment with acidic and alkaline solutions.
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K73. Transparent and Printable Regenerated Kenaf Cellulose/PVA Film Hatika Kaco, Sarani Zakaria, Chin Hua Chia, Lina Zhang BioResources. Vol 9, No 2, 2014 Abstract: Cellulose was extracted from kenaf core powder by a series of bleaching processes and subsequently dissolved using an alkaline LiOH/urea solvent at low temperatures. The produced cellulose solution was mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with different ratios of cellulose/PVA and coagulated to produce regenerated transparent films. The films were then air dried to produce transparent film. The effects of PVA content on tensile index, transparency, pore size, and printability of the films were studied. A slight reduction of 7% on the tensile index of the film was observed when the content of PVA increased to 10%. Nevertheless, the addition of 10% of PVA increased the porosity of the regenerated cellulose/PVA film, while the transparency of the film increased by 10%. The films were color-printed using a laser printer and can be recycled, in which the printed ink can be removed easily from the films with higher amount of PVA content. In addition, the films can be reprinted repeatedly several times. Keywords: Reprint; Ink adhesion; Porosity; Film
K74. Effect of Fiber Content and Temperature on the Dielectric Properties of Kenaf Fiber-filled Rigid Polyurethane Foam Peng Li, Yubo Tao, Sheldon Q. Shi BioResources. Vol 9(2), 2014 Abstract: Kenaf fiber-filled polyurethane foams were prepared using the free rising method. The dielectric constants and the loss tangents of the composites were studied as functions of fiber content (0, 5, 10, and 15 parts per hundred of polyols by weight), temperature (from 30 to 200 °C), and electric field frequency (from 20 Hz to 2 MHz). The dielectric constant and the loss tangent increased with increasing fiber content. The dielectric constant was very high in the range of 101 to 102 Hz and varied little in the range of 103 to 106 Hz, but decreased rapidly above 106 Hz. The loss tangent decreased as the frequency increased. The effect of frequency on the loss tangent value was greater at frequencies below 102 Hz. Higher temperatures led to a higher dielectric constant and loss tangent. When the temperature was above approximately 120 °C, the loss tangent dramatically increased. The incorporation of kenaf fiber can improve the growth rate of the dielectric constant with increasing temperature. The dielectric constant and the loss tangent increased with increasing fiber content, indicating that both the dielectric capability and energy dissipation ability of the composites were improved. Keywords: Kenaf fiber ; Polyurethane foam ; Composites ; Dielectric Properties
K75. Flexural and tensile behaviour of kenaf fibre composite materials B. Abdi; S. Azwan; M. R. Abdullah*; A. Ayob Centre for Composite (CFC), University Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor, Malaysia
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Materials Research Innovations. Vol.18(S6), 2014 ; pp. S6-184-S6-186 Abstract: This paper presents the behaviour of kenaf fibre–epoxy composite material subject to threepoint bend and tensile loading. Because of the nature of kenaf fibres that have high water and resin absorption capability, the effect of drying process and compression process on flexural and tensile behaviour of kenaf fibre composite materials was studied. Different kenaf–epoxy laminates including wet kenaf–epoxy, dried kenaf–epoxy and dried and compressed kenaf epoxy were fabricated by using vacuum infusion process and compression. Stress–strain curve for tensile test and flexural stress–extension curve for three-point bending were plotted. As a result, it was found that by drying the kenaf fibres before laminating, the mechanical properties of laminate were improved, and by compressing the laminate after the vacuum infusion process, the excess absorbed resin from the laminate was removed and the mechanical properties of laminate were improved. These parameters have a big effect on the flexural and tensile behaviour of kenaf fibre composite materials. Keywords: Kenaf–epoxy, Flexural, Tensile, Drying, Compressing
K76. Kenaf fibre composites using thermoset epoxy and polyester polymer resins: energy absorbed versus tensile propertie N. H. Bakar ; K. M. Hyie ; A. F. Mohamed ; Z. Salleh ; A. Kalam Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia Materials Research Innovations. Vol.18(S6), 2014 ; pp. S6-505-S6-509 Abstract: Composite has been created to improve the mechanical characteristics in natural fibres such as stiffness, toughness and impact resistant. This research investigated the tensile properties and low velocity impact behaviour of the long kenaf with two different thermoset polymer resins (epoxy and polyester). The tensile properties of kenaf/epoxy and kenaf/polyester composite were studied by experiment using Instron Universal Testing Machine according to the standard ASTM D638. Tensile testing of kenaf fibres was carried out by different fibre weight percentages (10, 15, 20 and 25%).The impact test was conducted using an instrumented drop tower device at 10 J energy level according to the standard ASTM D3763. The results of this study indicated that kenaf/polyester composite has better impact absorption energy than kenaf/epoxy composite. However, the kenaf/epoxy composite has higher tensile properties than kenaf/polyester composite. This is a good indication to show that epoxy bonds better than other thermoset polymer resin. Keywords: Kenaf, Thermoset polymer resin, Energy absorbed, ensile properties Epoxy Polyester Composite
K77. Effects of kenaf bast fibres on hydration behavior of cement BA Amell, MT Paridah2, S Rahim3, Z Osman1, A Zakiah4 & SH Ahmed4 1Institute of Technological Research, National Center for Research, Ministry of Science and Communications, PO Box 2404 Khartoum, Sudan 2Laboratory Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 197
3Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 4Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA,40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Journal of Tropical Forest Science. Vol. 26(3), 2014 ; p. 340–346 Abstract: The compatibility between cement and kenaf bast fibre and its improvement with various types of accelerators were investigated by observation and analysis on hydration behaviour in terms of hydration characteristics, namely, maximum hydration temperature and required time to reach maximum temperature. Five extraction methods (crude, water retting, decortication, NaOH retting and benzoate retting), four accelerators (CaCl2, AlCl3, Na2SO4, CaO), three concentrations (2, 4 and 6%) and three particle sizes (0.5, 0.8 and 4.0 mm) were used. The hydration behaviour of mixtures demonstrated that NaOH and benzoate were unsuitable with cement. Meanwhile, CaCl2 and CaO were found to be effective accelerators for restraining inhibitory influences. In addition, 2% accelerator was available and acceptable for quick-curing cement. Particle sizes of 0.5 and 0.8 mm required addition of accelerators to reach maximum cement setting. Keywords: Accelerators, particle size, cement hydration reaction
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Pineapple fibre P1. Fabrication and Properties of Pineapple Fibre / High Density Polyethylene Composites A. Danladi*, J. Shu’aib Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 816000, Nigeria American Journal of Materials Science. Vol. 4(3), 2014 ; p.139-143 Abstract: Composites of pineapple fibre (PAF) with High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) were produced using the injection molding machine. The maximum amount of PAF accepted by HDPE was observed to be 50% of the HDPE weight. The composites were subjected to tests to evaluate their physical and mechanical properties. The density was found to decrease from 0.99 to 0.64 g/cm3 as the fibre content increased from 0 to 50%. Water absorption showed increase with increase in fibre content and with increase in the number of days in water. The result obtained from the impact strength, hardness, tensile strength and elongation of the composites were all found to decrease with increased fibre content. Keywords : Pineapple fibre, High density polyethylene, Water absorption, Hardness and composites
P2. Comparison of Pineapple Leaf and Cassava Peel by Chemical Properties and Morphology Characterization Zawawi Daud *, Halizah Awang, Angzzas Sari Mohd Kassim, Mohd Zainuri Mohd Hatta, Ashuvila Mohd Aripin Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 974, 2014 ; p. 384-388 Abstract: Proper waste management in Malaysia is needed for the organic wastes such as pineapple leaf and cassava peel where affects the increase the amount of solid waste dump into landfill. Thus, to overcome this problem agro waste material can be constructed in many production industries to commercialize the use of alternative fibre for the paper industry. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of fibrous in pineapple leaf and cassava peel by production of alternative fibre based on chemical properties and surface morphology characteristic. This study conducted for the chemical composition by analysed by TAPPI Test method, Chlorination method and Kuchner-Hoffner method. Every chemical components analyse; Cellulose (Kuchner-Hoofner), Holocellulose (Chlorination method), Hemicellulose (Chlorination method), Hemicellulose, Ash content (T211-om-93), Lignin content (T222om-98) and Sodium Hydroxide soluble (T203-om-88). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe and determine the morphological characteristic of both crops. The result indicates that pineapple leaf more suitable for becoming an alternative fibre than cassava peels. Pineapple leaves have a high Holocellulose content (85.7%), cassava peels 66%, followed by Cellulose pineapple leaf (66.2%), cassava peels (37.9%). However, hemicellulose content in pineapple leaf (19.5%) less than cassava peels (37.0%). Lignin content of pineapple leaf is lower (4.2%) compared to cassava peels (7.52%) in this study. From SEM images, cassava peel contained abundance fibre such as hemicellulose and cellulose that is held by the lignin in it and Pineapple leaves give a condensed composition of fibre structure. The chemical compositions and morphology study of pineapple leaf and cassava indicate pineapple leaf have a high percentage to be used as an alternative pulp in paper making industry, promoting the green 199
technology. However, cassava peels make some of properties that can also be through for the paper industry. KeywordS: Cassava Peels, Fiber, Green Technology, Organic Waste, Pineapple Leaf P3. Chemical Characterisation of the Industrial Residues of the Pineapple (Ananas comosus) María Elena Sánchez Pardo1*, María Elena Ramos Cassellis2, Rosalva Mora Escobedo1, Epifanio Jiménez García1 1Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Sto. Tomás. C.P. 11340, México D.F., México 2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av.San Claudio y 18 sur Edif.106, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla,Pue.3ExHacienda san Juan Molino, km 1.5 carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, México. Email: *
[email protected] Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment. Vol.3(2B), 2014 ; p. 53-56 Abstract: In Mexico pineapple processing produces industrial residues with a high concentration of dietary fibre. The aim of this study was to quantify the constituents of the fibrous residues from the industrial processing of pineapples which exhibited low concentrations of lignin. Keywords: Pineapple; Total Dietary Fibre; Hemicelluloses; Cellulose; Lignin; Pectin
P4. Preliminary Study on the Pulp Blending Potentials of Kenaf and Pineapple Leaf Fibre for Papermaking Fagbemi O.D., Fagbemigun T. K.*, Otitoju O., Mgbachiuzor E., Igwe C.C. Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria Indian Journal of Natural Fibers. Vol. 1(1), 2014 ; p. 113-118 Abstract: Natural fibres from non-wood materials are important resources being exploited to meet the increasing demand for pulp and paper products. Competition for paper products between industries around the world has prompted the need for paper makers to continuously develop and improve their products. In order to achieve this, pulp blending plays an important role. This study investigated the impact of pulp blending on the strength properties of papers obtained from the combination of pulp from Kenaf bark (Hibiscus cannabinus) and pineapple leaves (Anannus comosus). Pulp of Kenaf bark and pineapple leaves were obtained using soda pulping process at 18% and 7% alkali respectively. Handmade paper sheets were subsequently produced from bleached pulp samples combined in ratios (kenaf bark: pineapple leaves) 1:1, 3:1 and 1:3. Results showed that strength properties (modulus of elasticity, tensile stiffness, tear strength and elongation at peak) of paper samples produced from different ratios of pulp mixture vary significantly from the properties of paper from individual materials. Tear strength of paper from 100% pulp of pineapple leaves (2.34 N/mm) increased by 41% when combined with pulp of kenaf bark in ratio 1:1, while the highest modulus of elasticity (63.02 N/mm) was observed in paper produced from pulp mixture (1:3). Depending on targeted end use, papers of differing strength properties can be obtained from the combination of pulp from kenaf bark and pineapple leaves in varying ratios and this can serve as a veritable alternative for softwoods.
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Keywords: Fibre, paper, pulp, kenaf bark, pineapple leaf
P5. The preparation and dyeing properties of pineapple leaf fibres modified with a cationic modifier Chaohong Dong1,2, Zhou Lu1, Xiao Zhang1, Ping Zhu1 and Nana Li1 1Laboratory of New Fibre Materials and Modern Textiles, State Growing Base Key Laboratory, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China 2College of Textiles and Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China Coloration Technology. Vol.130(4), 2015 ; p. 260–265 Abstract: Pineapple leaf fibres were modified with cationic modifier GX-H23 and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (surfactant 1227) to change their surface electric properties. After modification, the pineapple leaf fibres were dyed separately with CI Reactive Red 15 under traditional and salt-free dyeing conditions. Based on dye uptake analysis, the influence of different modification and dyeing conditions on the dyeing properties of pineapple leaf fibres were evaluated. The results showed that the modified pineapple leaf fibres under salt-free dyeing conditions exhibited superior dye uptake, especially when the cationic modifier GX-H23 was used. The optimum parameters for modification with surfactant 1227 were: 15 g/l of surfactant 1227, 10 g/l of sodium hydroxide, and 90 °C for 30 min; the optimum parameters for modification with cationic modifier GX-H23 were: 15 g/l of cationic modifier GX-H23, 20 g/l of sodium hydroxide, and 60 °C for 40 min.
P6. Mechanical and thermal properties of josapine pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) and PALFreinforced vinyl ester composites A. R. Mohamed (1), S. M. Sapuan
[email protected] (2), A. Khalina (3) 1. Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100, Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2. Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3. Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Fibers and Polymers. Vol.15(5), 2014 ; pp 1035-1041 Abstract: Although the pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) are long known as domestic threading material in Malaysia, they are currently of little use despite being mechanically and environmentally sound. This study evaluated some selected properties of Josapine PALF and PALF-vinyl ester composites as well as the effects of simple abrasive combing and pretreatments on fiber and composite properties. Using PALF vascular bundles extracted from different parts of the leaves did not significantly affect PALF-vinyl ester composite mechanical properties. At low weight fraction and consolidating pressure, PALF fibers regardless of diameters and locations performed equally well in enhancing composite flexural properties under static loading. Finer bundles enhanced PALF-vinyl ester composite toughness indicated by tests at higher speeds. Abrasive combing produces cleaner and finer bundles suitable for reinforcing composites for applications not requiring high toughness. Keywords: PALF ; Abrasive combing ; Thermal stability ; Mechanical properties ; Vinyl ester 201
P7. Effect of Surface Treatment on the Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibers Reinforced Polyamide 6 Composites Kloykamol Panyasarta, Nattawut Chaiyuta, , Taweechai Amornsakchaib, Onuma Santawiteec a Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sceicne, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand c National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand Energy Procedia. Vol. 56, 2014 ; p. 406–413 Abstract: In order to improve compatibility and composite properties of pineapple leaf fibers/polyamide 6 composite, alkaline and silane treatments were conducted for fiber modification. Effect of fiber surface treatment on the properties of the composites was investigated. Untreated and treated fibers were raw (RPALF), alkaline treated (Na-PALF) and silane treated pineapple leaf fibers (Si-PALF). Fiber loading was varied in polyamide 6 based composite. Morphology and fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion, thermal and mechanical properties were examined. Surface treatments can improve interfacial adhesion between these two phases. All PALFs have enhanced thermal stability of all composites. However, thermal characteristics of the composites, i.e. Tc, Tm and crystallinity, have not been affected by PALF types. NaPALF and Si-PALF help improving mechanical properties of the composites. Young's modulus and tensile strength have been increased whereas elongation decreased by both treated PALFs which indicates that the composites become stiffer and stronger but less flexible. From the results, it could be stated that alkali treatment is sufficient to improve compatibility and properties of the PALF/polyamide 6 composites at fiber loading of 30%wt. Keywords: Fiber reinforced composites ; pineapple leaf fiber ; polyamide 6 ; surface treatment
P8. Extraction and Physicochemical characterstics of Ethanol from Pineapple pulp and waste S. Anbuselvi1* and S. Muthumani2 1Department of industrial biotechnology, Bharath university, Chennai -73,India. 2Department of management studies, Sathyabama University, Chennai-119 India. International Journal of ChemTech Research. Vol.6(4), 2014 ; pp 2374-2376 Abstract: Pineapple is a rich source of ascorbic acid supplement to our diet. Pineapple pulp waste showed maximum amount of reducing sugars (30.5mg/100g) and ash(1.8mg/100g)respectively. Pineapple waste contains high concentration of biodegradable organic material and suspended particles. Pineapple waste showed higher concentration of crude fibre, non-reducing sugar, protein, ascorbic acid and moisture content. Therefore pineapple waste is used as substrate for growth of microbes in fermentation process to produce ethanol using yeast. Keywords: pineapple pulp, waste, sugars,ethanol, fermentation.
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P9. Utilization of Pineapple Leaf Fiber as Technical Fibers Siti Asia Yahya *, Yusri Yusof Applied Mechanics and Materials.Vol.470, 2014 ; p. 112-115 Abstract: Nowadays, pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) is getting more attention in research area since its showed the enhanced properties to be utilized in few industries. From the previous studies, it has been proved that, PALF is mechanically sound as a composites reinforcement agent and its showed the good contribution in pulp and papermaking production. Due to its enhanced properties, PALF now is commercialized as an alternative textile fiber. PALF is silky, fine and textile grade. Apart from being used as an alternative fiber for home textile and apparel, PALF meet the basic requirement to be used as technical fibers. Instead of having a good strength, PALF also have a reasonable length as well as can be pliable. All of these are the main principle of rope making fibers hence make PALF have huge potential to be used as rope making fibers. This paper will present the possibility of converting PALF into textile yarns and then into rope yarns for cordage and rope making. The methodology involved is included PALF extraction, PALF spinning, and PALF twisting. Finally, this paper will present the expected approached for the upcoming work area. Keywords: PALF Extraction, PALF Spinning, Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF), Technical Fibers, Textile Fibers
P10. A new approach to “Greening” plastic composites using pineapple leaf waste for performance and cost effectiveness Nanthaya Kengkhetkit, Taweechai Amornsakchai Center for Alternative Energy, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand Materials & Design. Vol.55, March 2014 ; p. 292–299 Abstract: The work described in this paper is the first detailed study aimed to demonstrate the important opportunity available in using all parts of a single renewable source, i.e. pineapple leaf waste, as filler for the preparation of green plastic composite with a wide range of adjustable properties. This will not only provide the product designer an opportunity to lower the material cost, but also offer an opportunity to adjust the price-performance ratio and make use of every part of the waste leaf. Fresh pineapple leaves, which contain about 85% water, are chopped into small pieces and ground into paste. This is called whole ground pineapple leaf (WGL) and contains approximately 2.8% by weight of high quality dry fiber, called pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) as well as a large fraction of non-fibrous material (NFM) of approximately 10% by weight. WGL, PALF and NFM are examined as fillers for polypropylene reinforcement. It was found that PALF provided the highest improvement in all mechanical properties tested (tensile, flexural and impact tests) and also heat distortion temperature, followed by WGL and NFM, respectively. NFM, although it provided only slightly improved tensile and flexural properties, could maintain or even improve impact strength. Brief consideration of environmental issues suggests that using pineapple leaf waste can be beneficial in terms of both lower embodied energy and also lower overall emissions. Keywords: Pineapple leaf fiber; Natural fiber; Polypropylene composite; Reinforcement
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P11. Bioethanol Production From Pineapple Wastes Alessia Tropea, David Wilson, Loredana G. La Torre, Rosario B. Lo Curto, Peter Saugman, Peter TroyDavies, Giacomo Dugo, Keith W. Waldron Journal of Food Research. Vol 3(4) ; p. 2014 Abstract: There is great interest in producing bioethanol from biomass and there is much emphasis on exploiting lignocellulose sources, from crop wastes through to energy-rich crops. Some waste streams, however, contain both cellulosic and non-cellulosic sugars. These include wastes from pineapple processing. Pineapple wastes are produced in large amounts throughout the world by canning industries. These wastes are rich in intracellular sugars and plant cell walls which are composed mainly of cellulose, pectic substances and hemicelluloses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential to transform such residues into ethanol after enzymatic saccharification of plant cell walls, and fermentation of the resulting simple sugars using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 2826 strain. Three different fermentation modes, direct fermentation, separate hydrolysis and fermentation, and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the biomass were tested and compared. The results show that the main sugars obtained from pineapple waste were: glucose, uronic acid, xylose, galactose, arabinose and mannose. The highest ethanol yield was achieved after 30 hours of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and reached up to 3.9% (v/v), corresponding to the 96% of the theoretical yield. Keywords: ethanol production, pineapple waste, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, fermentation
P12. Pineapple leaf/recycled disposable chopstick hybrid fiber-reinforced biodegradable composites Yeng-Fong Shiha , Wen-Chieh Changa, Wei-Chen Liua, Chuan-Chen Leeb, Ching-San Kuanc, Yi-Hsiuan Yud a Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan b Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan c Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Chiayi, Taiwan d Chemical Systems Research Division, Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Lung-Tan, Taiwan Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Vol.45(4), 2014 ; p. 2039–2046 Abstract: In this study, pineapple leaf fiber and recycled disposable chopstick fiber were chemically treated by alkaline solution and a silane coupling agent (triethoxy-vinylsilane). Then, these hybrid fibers and biodegradable polymers (poly(lactic acid) (PLA) or poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)) were mixed to form hybrid fiber-reinforced green composites. These hybrid fiber-reinforced biodegradable polymer composites will be fully biodegradable. Moreover, the usage of hybrid fibers could modulate the properties and prices of the products. SEM analysis shows that the compatibility between the substrate and the reinforcing materials was improved after chemical modification. Moreover, the strong interfacial bonding between the modified fibers and the matrix limited the water absorption of the composites. The results revealed that the composite containing 30 wt% of chemically modified hybrid fiber exhibits the best properties. The tensile strengths of PBS and PLA can be improved by 121.7 and 66.1%, respectively. The flexural strengths of PBS and PLA can be all improved by 66%. As to the thermal properties, the heat 204
deflection temperature of PBS and PLA can be increased by about 33.6% and 75%, respectively, with the addition of 30 wt% modified hybrid fibers. As well as enhancing the mechanical properties and thermal stability, the reinforced composites are more environmentally friendly than the artificial additivereinforced ones. The waste from the pineapple leafs and recycled chopsticks is effectively reduced and reused, and the cost of materials lowered. Keywords: Pineapple leaf fiber; Recycled disposable chopstick fiber; Poly(butylene succinate); Poly(lactic acid); Green composites
P13. Preparation and characterization of sol–gel-modified pineapple leaf fiber/polylactic acid composites Yeng-Fong Shih
[email protected] (1), Ren-Hong Huang (1), Yi-Hsiuan Yu (2) 1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan 2. Chemical Systems Research Division, Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Lung-Tan, Taiwan Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. Vol.70(3), 2014 ; pp 491-499 Abstract: In this study, the fibers generated from agricultural waste-pineapple leaf are obtained through exposure, drying, crushing and sifting. A novel sol–gel method is utilized to modify the pineapple leaf fiber (PALF), which is subsequently treated by a coupling agent. The aim is to improve the compatibility between PALF and the polymer matrix and to enhance the heat resistance and mechanical properties of the composite material. Furthermore, a series of modified PALF/polylactic acid (PLA) composites are prepared. FTIR, high resolution solid-state 13C and 29Si NMR experiments show that the PALF was successfully modified by the silane coupling agent and sol–gel method. Polarizing optical microscopy analysis reveals PLA crystal growth of a sufficiently high density along the polymer-fiber interface. Moreover, the storage and loss moduli of PLA are increased by adding the modified PALF. Apart from the enhancement of the mechanical properties, the incorporation of modified PALF reduces the amount of agricultural waste and extends the application of PLA. Keywords: Pineapple leaf fiber ; Polylactic acid ; Sol–gel method ; Composite
P14. Remarkable improvement of failure strain of preferentially aligned short pineapple leaf fiber reinforced nitrile rubber composites with silica hybridization Ukrit Wisittanawata, Sombat Thanawanb, Taweechai Amornsakchaia, c a Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon District, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand b Rubber Technology Research Center, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon District, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand c Center for Alternative Energy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon District, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand Polymer Testing. Vol.38, 2014 ; p. 91–99 205
Abstract: Preferentially aligned short fiber reinforced nitrile rubber (NBR) composites with very high moduli at low elongation and high elongation at break were developed by using short and fine pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) and silica as the hybrid (two component) reinforcement. The amount of PALF was fixed at 10 parts (by weight) per hundred of rubber (phr) while that of silica was varied from 0 to 30 phr. Uniaxial NBR composites were prepared and tested for their mechanical properties in the directions both parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis. Comparison was made against silica-NBR composites of the same total filler loadings. All composites with PALF display very distinct stress-strain curves. The stress rises sharply when the composite is stretched, while that of silica filled composites with the same loading rises gradually. The addition of silica initially lowers the early part of the stress-strain curve but prolongs breaking to greater strains. Further addition of silica raises the early part of the stress-strain curve back to and above that of the lower silica contents. It also significantly increases the elongation at break. Observation of other properties is also reported. Considering all the properties evaluated, reinforcement of NBR with PALF-silica hybrid shows great promise for engineering applications. Keywords: Pineapple leaf fiber ; Silica ; Nitrile rubber ; Rubber composite ; Hybrid composite
P15. Particle passage kinetics and neutral detergent fiber degradability of silage of pineapple waste (aerial parts) under different packing densities Graciele Araújo de Oliveira CaetanoI; Severino Delmar Junqueira VillelaI; Margarida Maria Nascimento Figueiredo de OliveiraI; Fernando de Paula LeonelII; Wagner Pessanha TamyIII I
Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil II Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, Brasil III Laboratório de Zootecnia e Nutrição Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil R. Bras. Zootec. vol.43 no.1, 2014 Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the kinetics of in situ degradability parameters of the dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and the passage of materials originating from the ensilage of the waste from pineapple cultivation (aerial parts). The four treatments utilized were silage of pineapple waste compacted at 600, 700, 900 and 1000 kg/m3. After ensiling the material from the pineapple cultivation, the particle-transit and rumen-degradation kinetics were analyzed. For the analysis of particle transit, chromium was utilized as a marker to mark the fiber. Passage rates were determined by retrieving the markers in the feces of the animals. In the degradation assay, samples were incubated in nylon bags for 0, 6, 18, 48 and 96 hours. The behavior observed in the regression curves of the variables analyzed describes high correlation between them, i.e., the time during which the silage is retained in the rumen influences its digestibility and its degradation rate. Although the silage compacted at 900 kg/m3 shows a larger potentially digestible fraction, it is recommended that it be ensiled at a compaction density of approximately 750 kg/m3 due to the lower cost and shorter mean retention time in the rumen-reticulum and rumen fill, thereby increasing the ruminal degradation and passage dynamics. Key Words: compaction, mean retention time in the rumen, pineapple silage, rumen fill
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P16. Evaluation of antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles green-synthesized using pineapple leaf (Ananas comosus) Elemike Elias Emekaa , Oseghale Charles Ojiefoha, , Chuku Aleruchib, , Labulo Ayomide Hassana, , Owoseni Mojisola Christianab, , Mfon Rebeccac, , Enock Olugbenga Darea, d, , , Adesuji Elijah Temitopea a Department of Chemistry, Federal University Lafia, Nigeria b Department of Microbiology, Federal University Lafia, Nigeria c Department of Physics, Federal University Lafia, Nigeria d Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria Micron. Vol. 57, February 2014 ; p. 1–5 Abstract: Pineapple leaf was used in this study for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles based on the search for sustainable synthetic means. Indeed, this offered an economical and sustainable synthetic route relative to expensive and toxic chemical methods. The leaf extract was used and the corresponding nanoparticles obtained were subjected to UV–vis analysis at different times. The UV–vis was used to monitor the silver nanoparticle formation through sampling at time intervals. The formation of silver nanoparticles was apparently displayed within 2 min with evidence of surface plasmon bands (SPB) between 440 and 460 nm. The crystals was equally characterized using FTIR, X-ray diffraction methods and TEM. The different results obtained suggested the appearance of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) as determined by the process parameters with a particle size of 12.4 nm. The sample was further screened against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli using Gentamicin as control. From the results, there is evidence of inhibition towards bacteria growth. It can now be inferred from the studies that biosynthesis of nanoparticles could be a gateway to our numerous health issues. Keywords: Pineapple leaf; Esherichia coli; Gentamycin; Antibacterial; Nanoparticles
P17. Mechanical properties of highly aligned short pineapple leaf fiber reinforced – Nitrile rubber composite: Effect of fiber content and Bonding Agent Ukrit Wisittanawata, Sombat Thanawanb, Taweechai Amornsakchaia a Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon District, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand b Rubber Technology Research Center, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon District, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand Polymer Testing. Vol. 35, May 2014 ; p. 20–27 Abstract: Highly aligned short fiber reinforced rubber composite was developed from locally sourced and renewable material and nitrile rubber (NBR). Short and fine pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) was used as the reinforcement. Highly aligned PALF-NBR composites containing 10, 20 and 30 parts (by weight) per hundred of rubber (phr) of PALF were prepared and tested for their mechanical properties both in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis. In addition, systems containing a fixed amount of an adhesion promoter, so called bonding agent, composed of hexamethoxy methyl melamine, resorcinol and hydrated silica were also studied and compared. It was found that the stress-strain curves of the composites were greatly modified. In the longitudinal direction, the stress rose sharply with strain and the 207
slope of the curve increased with increasing PALF content. In the transverse direction, the effect was much less. The stress ratio anisotropy, defined as the ratio of stress measured in the longitudinal direction to that measured in the transverse direction, reached a peak value of 8.9 at 6.3% strain for 30 phr PALF. Bonding agent improved all properties mentioned above. Observation of the fractured surface with SEM suggested that there was improved interfacial adhesion between the rubber matrix and PALF. Keywords: Nitrile rubber; Pineapple leaf fiber; Natural fiber; Fiber reinforced rubber
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Ramie R1. QTL Mapping for Fiber Yield-Related Traits by Constructing the first Genetic Linkage Map in Ramie (Boehmeria Nivea L. Gaud) Touming Liu; Shouwei Tang; Siyuan Zhu; Qingming Tang Key Laboratory of Bast Fiber Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
[email protected] Molecular Breeding: New Strategies in Plant Improvement. Vol 34(3), 2014; PP: 883-892 Abstract: Ramie fiber extracted from stem bast is one of the most important natural fibers. The fiber yield of ramie is a valuable trait and is decided by several components, including stem number per plant (SN), the fiber yield per stem (FYPS), stem length (SL), stem diameter (SD), and bark thickness (BT). All of these fiber yield-related traits are inherited in a quantitative manner. The genetic basis for these traits is still uncharacterized, which has hindered the improvement of yield traits through selective ramie breeding. In this study, an F2 population derived from two ramie varieties, Zhongzhu 1 and Qingyezhuma, with striking differences in fiber yield-related traits, was used for cutting propagation and to develop an F2 agamous line (FAL) population. A genetic linkage map with 132 DNA loci spanning 2,265.1 cM was first constructed. The analysis of quantitative trait locus (QTL) for fiber yield-related traits was performed in ramie for the first time. Finally, a total of 6, 9, 5, 7, and 6 QTLs for FYPS, SL, SN, SD, and BT, respectively, were identified in the FAL population in two environments. Among these 33 QTLs, 9 QTLs were detected in both environments and 24 QTLs exhibited overdominance. The overdominance of these QTLs possibly contributed to the heterosis of these yield-related traits in ramie. Moreover, there were 7 QTL clusters identified. The identification of the QTLs for fiber yield-related traits will be helpful for improving the fiber yield in ramie breeding programs. Keywords: Ramie; Genetic Linkage Map; Quantitative Trait Locus; Overdominance; F2 Agamous Line Population
R2. Genetic Resource Management of Ramie (Boehmeria sp.): A Bast Fibre Crop of North Eastern India Sharma A K*, Gawande S P, Karmakar P G, Satpathy S Ramie Research Station [Central Research Institute For Jute & Allied Fibres], Indian Council of Agricultural Research, P.O. Sorbhog, District-Barpeta (Assam)-781317, India Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research. Vol.27(2), 2014 ; p. 289-286 Abstract: Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) is one of the oldest valuable textile fibre crop of the world and it is well known as one of the strongest and longest natural fibre in the world. In India ramie is a semi-perennial bast quality fibre crop of various uses traditionally grown the North East. Commercially ramie is an asexually propagated crop but flowering in the cultivated types occurs twice in a year and produced large number of tiny viable seed which a best material for maintenance and genetic improvement of this crop. Apart from quality fibre ramie has a great potential for its diversified uses in 209
green nutritive fodder, paper pulp, bio-composites, biomedicine, etc. A total 181 germplasm accessions have been collected and maintained at Ramie Research Station, Sorbhog (Assam). Total ramie gene pool including exotic and wild uncultivated species, have been broadly classified into three major groups (i) Tall (cultivated) (ii) Creeping (wild) and (iii) bushy types (wild). Majority of the accessions belong to tall cultivated types followed by creeping un-cultivated types and busy types. Germplasm evaluation screening for fibre quality, winter and herbicide tolerance have a great role in economic maximization, farm mechanization and yield optimization of ramie. Keywords: Ramie, Germplasm exploration, characterization and herbicide & winter tolerance
R3. Transcriptome Comparison Reveals the Patterns of Selection in Domesticated and Wild Ramie (Boehmeria Nivea L. Gaud) Touming Liu; Shouwei Tang; Siyuan Zhu; Qingming Tang; Xia Zheng Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China Plant Molecular Biology. Vol. 86(1-2), 2014; PP: 85-92 Abstract: Ramie is an old fiber crop, cultivated for thousands of years in China. The cultivar ramie evolved from the wild species Qingyezhuma (QYZM, Boehmeria nivea var. tenacissima). However, the mechanism of domestication of this old fiber crop is poorly understood. In order to characterize the selective pattern in ramie domestication, orthologous genes between the transcriptomes of domesticated ramie variety Zhongzhu 1 (ZZ1) and wild QYZM were assessed using bidirectional best-hit method and ratio of non-synonymous (Ka) to synonymous (Ks) nucleotide substitutions was estimated. Sequence comparison of 56,932 and 59,246 unigenes from the wild QYZM and domesticated ZZ1, respectively, helped identify 10,745 orthologous unigene pairs with a total orthologous length of 10.18 Mb. Among these unigenes, 85 and 13 genes were found to undergo significant purifying and positive selection, respectively. Most of the selected genes were homologs of those involved in abiotic stress tolerance or disease resistance in other plants, suggesting that abiotic and biotic stresses were important selective pressures in ramie domestication. Two genes probably related to the fiber yield of ramie were subjected to positive selection, which may be caused by human manipulation. Thus, our results show the pervasive effects of artificial and natural selections on the accelerated domestication of ramie from its wild relative. Keywords: Ramie; Transcriptome; Ka/Ks; Domestication; Selective Pattern
R4. Comparative Proteome Analysis of the Response of Ramie under N, P and K Deficiency Gang Deng; Li Jun Liu; Xin Yue Zhong; Cheng Ying Lao; Hong Yang Wang; Bo Wang; Cong Zhu; Fahad Shah; Ding Xiang Peng MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China Planta. Vol 239( 6), 2014; PP: 1175-1186 Abstract: Ramie is an important natural fiber. There has been little research on the molecular mechanisms of ramie related to the absorption, utilization and metabolism of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). One approach to reveal the mechanisms of N, P and K (NPK) utilization and 210
metabolism in ramie is comparative proteome analysis. The differentially expressed proteins in the leaves of ramie were analyzed by proteome analysis after 6 days of N- and K-deficient treatments and 3 days of P-deficient treatment using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry and 32, 27 and 51 differential proteins were obtained, respectively. These proteins were involved in photosynthesis, protein destination and storage, energy metabolism, primary metabolism, disease/defense, signal transduction, cell structure, transcription, secondary metabolism and protein synthesis. Ramie responded to NPK stress by enhancing secondary metabolism and reducing photosynthesis and energy metabolism to increase endurance. Specifically, ramie adapted to NPK deficiency by increasing signal transduction pathways, enhancing the connection between glycolysis and photosynthesis, promoting the intracellular flow of carbon and N; promoting the synthesis cysteine and related hormones and upregulating actin protein to promote growth of the root system. The experimental results provide important information for further study on the highefficiency NPK utilization mechanism of ramie. Keywords:Comparative Proteome Analysis; NPK Stress; Ramie; Stress Resistance
R5. Mechanical and Sound Adsorption Properties of Cellular Poly (lactic Acid) Matrix Composites Reinforced with 3D Ramie Fabrics Woven with co-Wrapped Yarns Nanting Zhou; Xueyan Geng; Mingqi Ye; Lan Yao; Zhongde Shan; Yiping Qiu Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, China Industrial Crops and Products.Vol 56, May 2014; PP: 1-8 Abstract: In order to produce a light weight composite with reasonable mechanical and sound absorption properties, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) cellular matrix composites reinforced with three dimensional ramie fabrics woven with 3 types of co-wrapped yarns are manufactured by compression molding. The cowrapped yarns are produced by wrapping PLA filament yarns around ramie core staple yarns on a fancy twisting machine, achieving more uniform resin and voids distribution and thus better resin impregnation for 3D thermoplastic composites. The linear density of PLA filament yarns for the co-wrapped yarns is varied to produce three kinds of light-weight composites with different fiber volume fractions and void contents. The surface morphology and yarn geometries of the molded composites are microscopically observed. The results of the mechanical testing show that the composite fabricated by the co-wrapped yarn with the highest PLA weight content has the best tensile and impact performance, mainly due to a better resin impregnation. The composites with co-wrapped yarn can absorb the sound energy in the frequency range from 1000 to 2500 Hz because of the existence of the voids evenly distributed in the composites. Keywords: 3D Composites; Co-Wrapped Yarn; Light Weight; Mechanical Properties; Sound Absorption
R6. Effects of Concentrations of Sodium Chloride on Photosynthesis, Antioxidative Enzymes, Growth and Fiber Yield of Hybrid Ramie Chengjian Huang; Gang Wei; Yucheng Jie; Longchang Wang; Hangfei Zhou; Chunyan Ran; Zaocun Huang; Huijuan Jia; Shakeel Ahmad Anjum Institute of Ramie, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan Province, PR China Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. Vol 76, Mar 2014; PP: 86-93 211
Abstract: Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) is one of the oldest and most important fiber crops in China due to the comfortable textile of its fine fiber. Increased ramie fiber demand brings ramie cultivation to saltaffected regions. The aim of this research was to determine morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of ramie by subjecting plants to varying concentrations of NaCl (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g NaCl/kg dry soil) at vigorous growth stage for 10 and 20 days. Results indicated that salinity stress substantially inhibited the growth of hybrid ramie plants and led to remarkable decline in fiber yield. However, when grown at 2 g NaCl/kg growth and fiber yield were similar to non-saline control. In addition, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters were correlated with growth and yield response. Salt treatments promoted a subsequent decrease in maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), quantum efficiency of open PSII reaction centers (Fv'/Fm') and quantum yield of PSII (fPSII) while non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) changed conversely. Photochemical quenching (qP) and electron transport rate of PSII (ETR) increased at 2 and 4 g NaCl/kg then decreased at 6 and 8 g NaCl/kg. Substantial decline in the PSII activity at high salinity was associated with the loss of chlorophyll contents. Moreover, marked decrease in net photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs) was also recorded. Nonetheless, intercellular CO2 (Ci) decreased at low salt stress, subsequently increased at high salt stress while water use efficiency (WUE) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) altered in opposite direction. Substantial decrease of photosynthesis at high salinity was due to non-stomatal factors. Furthermore, salinity stress led to decrease of proteins and accumulation of proline and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.6), whereas, catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.7) enhanced at low salinity, decreased at high salinity. Nonetheless, these changes were closely related with the severity and duration of the salinity stress and their interaction. The results suggested a certain tolerance to salinity stress for hybrid ramie. This meets the essential condition for utilization in salinity-prone environments. Keywords: Ramie; Gas Exchange; Chlorophyll Fluorescence; Pigments; Antioxidant Enzymes; Yield; Salinity Stress
R7. Investigations and management of major foliar diseases of ramie (Boehmeria nivea) Gawande S.P., Sharma A.K.*, Satpathy S. Ramie Research Station Central Research Institute For Jute & Allied Fibres, (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), P.O. Sorbhog, District-Barpeta (Assam), Pin-781317 Progressive Agriculture. Vol.14(1), 2014 ; p. 160-167 Abstract: Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) is being considered as an oldest and valuable fibre crop of the country and it is well known for the strongest and longest natural fibre in the world today. Survey and surveillance of important foliar diseases of ramie were carried out in different fields of RRS, Sorbhog and at ramie plantation sites at upper Assam throughout the year during 2011–2012. Occurrence of different foliar diseases was studied to know the important foliar diseases of ramie. The diseases such as Cercospoera leaf spot caused due to Cercospora boehmeriae, Anthracnose leaf spot caused due to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and mosaic of ramie which is the viral disease were observed to be important foliar diseases of ramie crop causing considerable damage to the crop. For the management of this foliar diseases, field screening of six different fungicides were carried out. Amongst all the fungicides Propiconazole proved to be very effective followed by Difenconazole and Mancozeb in management of cercospopra leaf spot and anthracnose leaf spot also increases the plant height, strip weight and ultimately fibre yield. Keywords: Ramie, Foliar diseases, Fungicides, Disease management. 212
R8. Effect of Irrigation and Nutrient Management on Growth, Fibre Yield and Water Use of Ramie (Boehmeria Nivea) Sabyasachi Mitra; Mukesh Kumar; Monidipta Saha; B S Mahapatra Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. Vol 84(5), 2014 Abstract: The experiment was conducted at Research Farm of CRIJAF, Barrackpore, Kolkata during 2006 and 2007 with two irrigation regimes (IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 and 0.9) and three nutrient management schedules (100% N from ramie compost, 50% N from ramie compost + 50% N from chemical fertilizer and 100% N from chemical fertilizer based) to determine the effect of irrigation and nutrient management on growth, yield and water use of ramie. Irrigation based on 0.6 IW/CPE ratio recorded higher LAI (7.425%), net photosynthetic rate (4.6-9.3%), dry matter (28.5 42.8%), fibre yield (23 – 28% ) and water use efficiency (7-19%) of ramie compared to 0.3 IW/CPE ratio irrigation treatment. In second year (2007), the LAI, net photosynthetic rate, fibre yield as well as water use efficiency of the crop receiving INM treatment (50% N from ramie compost + 50% N from inorganic source) was statistically at par to that receiving 100% N from chemical source. The results indicated that application of irrigation to ramie based on IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 and substitution of 50% of the recommended fertilizer nitrogen (15 kg/ha/cut) through integration of ramie compost in the fertilizer schedule of the crop showed better growth and fibre yield of ramie, increased the water use efficiency and economized the requirement of inorganic nitrogen by the crop and can be adopted for commercial cultivation of ramie in south Bengal condition. Keywords: Nutrient Management; Irrigation; Fibre; Water Use Efficiency; Chemical Fertilizers; Photosynthetic Rates; Dry Matters
R9. Interfacial crystallization enhanced interfacial interaction of Poly (butylene succinate)/ramie fiber biocomposites using dopamine as a modifier Mi Zhou, Yuhan Li, Chao He, Tianxiang Jin, Ke Wang, Qiang Fu, Department of Polymer Science and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China Composites Science and Technology. Vol.91, January 2014 ; p. 22–29 Abstract: In this work, dopamine was introduced as a modifier for the surface treatment of ramie fiber. The interfacial crystallization of Poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) on the surface of treated fiber was investigated using polarized light microscope (PLM). It was found that raw ramie fiber has almost no nucleation ability on the crystallization of PBS. However, a beautiful transcrystalline (TC) structure could be successfully induced at the surface of treated fiber, which indicates a significantly improved nucleation ability of dopamine on PBS crystallization. Even more importantly, it was found that the interfacial shear strength between PBS and the treated fiber was very much improved due to the formation of transcrystalline structure. In order to further investigate the role of dopamine on interfacial enhancement, PBS/treated ramie fiber (10 wt%) composites were prepared by compression molding under the same condition with PLM. The tensile test showed that the tensile strength of composites with TC structure was increased by 30% when crystallized for 4 min than that of composites with an amorphous layer when crystallized for 0 min. This result suggested again that the interfacial enhancement was indeed due to the interfacial crystallization. Our work demonstrates that dopamine could be a green and novel surface modifier for natural fiber, and control of interfacial crystallization could be an efficient way for the interfacial enhancement between matrix and fillers. 213
Keywords: Polymer–matrix composites (PMCs); Interfacial strength; Mechanical properties; Stress transfer; Optical microscopy
R10. Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube for improving the flame retardancy of ramie/poly(lactic acid) composite Tao Yua, Ning Jianga, Yan Lia, b, , a
School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China b Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China Composites Science and Technology. Vol.104,November 2014 ; p. 26–33 Abstract: Carbon nanotube (CNT) as a candidate of flame retardant additive has raised great interest among researchers. However, the insolubility and the aggregation of CNTs have severely limited their applications. This work aimed to functionalize CNT with a phosphorus-containing flame retardant to improve both flame retardancy and the dispersion. 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) had been successfully covalently grafted on the surfaces of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to obtain DOPO-linked MWCNTs (MWCNT–DOPOs) by a three-step process. MWCNT– DOPO was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The thermal stability of MWCNT–DOPO was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). MWCNT–DOPOs in the ramie/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites were shown to be effective in improving flame retardancy according to UL94 test and limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements. TGA results demonstrated that the char residues increased with the addition of MWCNT–DOPO. Moreover, the tensile strength of the ramie/PLA composite showed an improvement with the addition of MWCNT–DOPO. Keywords: Carbon nanotubes ; Polymer–matrix composites ; Thermal properties; Mechanical properties; Flame retardant
R11. On the Discussion of Abstract Form and Art Empathy of the Ramie Materials in Modern Fiber Art Ming Juan Li Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 644-650, 2014 ; p. 4844-4847 Abstract: form and Art Empathy of the Ramie Materials in Modern Fiber ArtLi Mingjuan,FangZhi Road, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, Art and Design College of Wuhan Textile
[email protected]: Modern fiber art, Ramie fiber, Abstract form, Empathy manifestationAbstract. Fiber art is both a traditional art and modern art, while the material is the first language for fiber art,since the material is the basis of fiber art, which is also the carrier of fiber art and the external materialized result of fiber language.With the development of modern fiber materials are becoming increasingly rich, the new materials bring the fiber art new opportunities for its development. This paper is based on the importance of the materials on fiber art, taking it as the cutting point, using the double-sided description of ramie fiber material, discussing the performance of empathy and abstract form of ramie fiber material, so as to provide references for the creation of textile fiber art . 214
Keywords: Empathy Manifestation, Modern Fiber Art, Ramie Fiber
R12. Identification of 32 full-length NAC transcription factors in ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) and characterization of the expression pattern of these genes Touming Liu, Siyuan Zhu, Qingming Tang, Shouwei Tang Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China Molecular Genetics and Genomics. Vol. 289(4), 2014 ; pp 675-684 Abstract: NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC) genes are plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) that play key roles in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. To date, none of the ramie NAC (BnNAC) genes had been identified, even though ramie is one of the most important natural fiber crops. In order to mine the BnNAC TFs and identify their potential function, the search for BnNAC genes against two pools of unigenes de novo assembled from the RNA-seq in our two previous studies was performed, and a total of 32 full-length BnNAC genes were identified in this study. Forty-seven function-known NAC proteins published in other species, in concert with these 32 BnNAC proteins were subjected to phylogenetic analysis, and the result showed that all the 79 NAC proteins can be divided into eight groups (NAC-I– VIII). Among the 32 BnNAC genes, 24, 2, and 1 gene showed higher expression in stem xylem, leaf, and flower, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of 14, 11 and 4 BnNAC genes was regulated by drought, cadmium stress, and infection by root lesion nematode, respectively. Interestingly, there were five BnNAC TFs which showed high homology with the NAC TFs of other species involved in regulating the secondary wall synthesis, and their expressions were not regulated by drought and cadmium stress. These results suggested that the BnNAC family might have a functional diversity. The identification of these 32 full-length BnNAC genes and the characterization of their expression pattern provide a basis for future clarification of their functions in ramie growth and development. Keywords: NAC transcription factor ; Ramie ; Phylogenetic analysis ; Expression pattern ; Stressresponsive genes R13. Hot compaction and mechanical properties of ramie fabric/epoxy composite fabricated using vacuum assisted resin infusion molding Yizhuo Gu, , Xuelin Tan, Zhongjia Yang, Min li, Zuoguang Zhang Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China Materials & Design. Vol. 56, April 2014 ; p. 852–861 Abstract: Recently, natural fiber has been a focus for environmental and recyclable polymer composite, because of its excellent properties, such as low cost, low density, high specific strength and modulus. Vacuum assisted resin infusion (VARI) molding is an attractive manufacturing technique for natural fiber reinforced polymer composites with high quality and low cost. Because of low applied pressure of VARI and special compacting property of natural fiber fabric, how to increase natural fiber content of composite is a critical issue for improving the mechanical performances of composite fabricated by VARI. In this paper, ramie fabric/epoxy resin composite laminate was prepared using VARI. In order to increase ramie fiber content, pre-compaction operation on dry ramie fabric stack was carried out before injecting epoxy resin into the fiber fabric. Vacuum pressure compaction and hot compaction with high pressure and 215
temperature were respectively used to compress the fiber stack, and the compaction responses of fabric stack under different vacuum pressure loading cycle and hot compaction conditions were studied. The morphology, structure and tensile property of ramie fiber before and after pre-compaction procedure were investigated and the compaction mechanism under different conditions was discussed. Moreover, the composite laminates using compacted ramie fabric were manufactured using VARI, and tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear properties were measured. It is found that hot compaction can significantly increase ramie fiber content and the mechanical properties of composites. However, when the temperature and pressure of hot compaction are beyond certain values, the mechanical properties of ramie fiber and its composite obviously decrease, indicating that hot compaction conditions have optimizing scope. Keywords: Natural fibers; Composite; Polymer matrix; Vacuum assisted resin infusion; Mechanical properties; Compaction behavior
R14. Transcrystalline formation and properties of polypropylene on the surface of ramie fiber as induced by shear or dopamine modification Mi Zhou, Shuman Xu, Yuhan Li, Chao He, Tianxiang Jin, Ke Wang, Hua Deng, Qin Zhang, Feng Chen, Qiang Fu, Department of Polymer Science and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China Polymer.Vol.551(13), 2014 ; p. 3045–3053 Abstract: The key for fiber reinforced polymer composites is the interfacial interaction between fiber and polymer matrix. The crystallization of polymer on the surface of fiber as a possible way to enhance the interfacial interaction has received increasingly attention. In this work, the transcrystalline (TC) formation and properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) on ramie fiber surface, as induced either by fiber pulling or by dopamine modification, were investigated and compared. It was found that the growth rate of shear induced TC is faster than that obtained via dopamine modification. There exists α–β crystal form transition in the TC formation process as induced by pulling while only α-crystal form is obtained via dopamine modification. By using both dopamine modification and fiber pulling, a formation of TC with two step growth was observed for the first time: the first step growth has much enhanced rate than that induced by fiber pulling, and second step growth has the same rate with that induced by dopamine modification. Thus a unique TC structure was obtained, with α-crystal form presented in the inner layer and the outer layer, and β-crystal form in between. The result from single fiber fragmentation test indicated that interfacial shear stress (IFSS) between iPP and ramie fiber for dopamine modification induced TC is much higher than that of shear induced TC. Our work provides guidance for the preparation of polymer/fiber composites with enhanced interfacial interaction via formation of TC layer by using shear or fiber surface modification. Keywords: Dopamine; Interfacial crystallization; Interfacial strength
R15. Salt-free dyeing of ramie fabric with an amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer Guo-Wei Wang
(1) (2)
, Ling-Hua Zhuang (3), Jie Sun (1) (2), Chun-Ling Zheng (1) (2)
1. College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People’s Republic of China 216
2. Institute of Textile Chemicals and Ecological Dyeing and Finishing, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People’s Republic of China 3. College of Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People’s Republic of China Cellulose. Vol.21(5), 2014 ; pp 3725-3736 Abstract: A new amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer (at-HBP) was synthesized, and its salt-free dyeing property on ramie fabric was studied. The structure and molecular weight of at-HBP were established by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, H nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography. The untreated ramie fabric and modified ramie fabrics were characterized by an X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron micrograph (FE-SEM). XRD results showed a transformation of the crystalline structure from ramie cellulose I to cellulose II allomorph during mercerization and epichlorohydrin modification, and the crystalline structure of cellulose II was maintained with an obvious crystallinity index increase after at-HBP modification. FE-SEM results confirmed that at-HBP was successfully grafted onto the fabric surface. Dyed with reactive dye C.I. reactive Blue 4, the color strength of the at-HBP-modified fabric was enhanced, even when dyeing was carried out without the electrolyte. The washing and rubbing fastness of the salt-free dyeing of fabrics was also good compared with those obtained by conventional dyeing. The adsorption isotherm of C.I. reactive Blue 4 on modified fabric was examined and found to follow a Langmuir-type adsorption model. The at-HBP modification mechanism of ramie fabric and dyeing mechanism with reactive dye were suggested. Keywords: Ramie fabric, Salt-free dyeing, Amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer, Synthesis ; Adsorption isotherm R16. Liquid ammonia dyeing of cationic ramie yarn with triazinyl reactive dyes Yingjie Cai (1) (2), Yingya Huang (2), Fan Liu (1), Linwei He (1), Lina Lin (1), Qingfu Zeng (1) 1. Engineering Research Centre for Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, China 2. Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Textile Chemistry, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, China Cellulose. Vol. 21(5), 2014 ; pp 3841-3849 Abstract: Cationic ramie yarn was prepared using a 2,3-epoxypropytrimethylammonium chloride agent. Subsequently, original and cationic ramie yarns were dyed in liquid ammonia with triazinyl reactive dyes (C.I. reactive orange 5, C.I. reactive red 2, and C.I. reactive green 19). The dyeing time was varied from 10 to 600 s with 10 % dye on mass of fabric (o.m.f) and dyeing concentration ranged from 1 to 100 % dye o.m.f for 600 s dyeing time at −35 °C at a liquor ratio of 35:1 were evaluated. After dyeing, the samples were baked at 100 °C for 10 min. The results indicated that the time taken to attain equilibrium for the original ramie yarn was 60 s and was 300 s for the cationic yarn. The cationic treatment increased the dye exhaustion and fixation and improved the wash fastness, but decreased the degree of rub staining. Pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data. The adsorption process of the liquid ammonia dyeing followed the second-order kinetics. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the experimental isotherms. The experimental data for dyeing untreated ramie yarn fitted the Freundlich model, but the kinetics of the cationic ramie yarn was found to fit the Langmuir isotherm.
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Keywords: Liquid ammonia dyeing ; Ramie yarn ; Cationic treatment ; Reactive dye
R17. Study on short ramie fiber/poly(lactic acid) composites compatibilized by maleic anhydride Tao Yua, b, Ning Jianga, Yan Lia, , a
School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China b State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 64, September 2014 ; p. 139–146 Abstract: Short ramie fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites without and with maleic anhydride (MA) were developed. The influence of PLA-g-MA as a compatibilizer on the properties of the composites was studied. The tensile, flexural and impact strength of the composites have improvements with the addition of PLA-g-MA. The morphology of fracture surface evaluated by SEM indicates that the composites with the addition of PLA-g-MA can get better adhesion between the fiber and the matrix. And the Vicat softening temperature and the degradation temperature of the composites are increased with the addition of PLA-g-MA. However, PLA-g-MA leads the glass transition temperature (Tg) decrease according to the DSC results. Keywords: Polymer–matrix composites (PMCs); Interface; Mechanical properties; Thermal properties
R18. Degumming of Ramie: Challenge to the Queen of Fibres Deb Prasad Ray1, Pratik Satya2, Sabyasachi Mitra2, Pradipta Banerjee1 and Rakesh Kumar Ghosh1 1National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology 12, Regent Park, Kolkata – 700040, India 2Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrakpore, Kolkata–700 120, India Email:
[email protected] International Journal of Bioresource Science. Vol. 1(1), 2014 Abstract: Ramie is considered as a valuable textile fibre and is known from ancient times. It is considered as the queen of all fibres due to its lustre as well as high tenacity, enhanced strength and good microbial resistivity. The fibre is extracted from the stem of the plant. It is an herbaceous perennial growing plant and is one of the oldest vegetable fibres that have been used for thousands of years.The raw ramie fibres obtained by decortications consists of long fibres in which they are tightly cemented together by gum. The raw ramie fibre contains high proportion (25-30%) of colloidal pectic gummy substances. It is apparent that removal of gum from decorticated ramie is necessary to unveil its unique properties and make it suitable for textile purpose. The cost of extraction and degumming is the major disadvantage of ramie fibre. The process of removal of gum requires chemical, microbial or rather enzymatic treatment which is difficult to perform in farmers’ level. Literature scan showed that there is hardly any standard method of degumming. Moreover, no standard method has been found full proof for extraction of textile grade ramie fibre. Therefore, an integrated methodology which include all the above mentioned conventional methods and non-conventional biotechnological technologies have been evaluanted to degum raw ramie fibres to obtain the textile grade ramie fibre. 218
Keywords: Ramie, degumming, natural fibre, chemical degumming, microbial degumming, textile
R19. miRNAs expression profile in bast of ramie elongation phase and cell wall thickening and end wall dissolving phase Jun Wang (1), Jing-shu Huang (3), Xin-yan Hao (1), Yan-ping Feng (2), Ya-Jun Cai (1), Li-qin Sun (4) 1. Department of Bio-engineering, Faulty of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Research Center for Cleaner Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China 3. Hubei Provincial Bureau of Animal Husbandry, Wuhan, 430064, China 2. Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Ariculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China 4. Logistic Manage Office, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China Molecular Biology Reports. Vol. 41(2), 2014 ; pp 901-907 Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20–24 nucleotide long non-coding RNAs that play critical regulatory roles during plant development, organ morphogenesis, and cell fate determination and differentiation. In this study, miRNA microarray chips were used to explore the expression profile of ramie miRNAs between the bast of fiber elongation phase and those of cell wall thickening and end wall dissolving phase. There are 150 and 148 credible miRNAs in the bast of fiber elongation phase and cell wall thickening and end wall dissolving phase, respectively. These miRNAs distributed in 27 species and mainly concentrated in nine species. Analysis showed that 51 miRNAs were differentially expressed: 27 up-regulated (miR166, miR172, miR396, miR482, miR894 and miR2911 families) and 24 downregulated (miR156, miR159, miR164, miR319 and miR1450 families) in the bast of fiber elongation phase compared with the bast of cell wall thickening and end wall dissolving phase. To further confirm our results, we examined the expression of three miRNAs (zma-miR172b*, pvu-miR482 and vvi-172a) by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Our results will provide a molecular basis for future research miRNA function on ramie genetics and breeding. Keywords: miRNA ; Ramie ; Fiber development phase ; miRNA microarray ; Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR)
R20. Preparation and properties of ramie fabric-reinforced thermoset poly lactic acid composites Xie Chen. Tongji University, China Naiwen Zhang. Tongji University, China Shuying Gu. Tongji University, China Jianbo Li. Tongji University, China Jie Ren
[email protected]. Tongji University, China Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. Vol.33, 2014 Abstract: Ramie fabric-reinforced thermoset poly lactic acid composites were produced from ramie fabrics and methacrylated four-armed star-shaped poly lactic acid resin by hot press molding. The resin was brushed uniformly on the surface of ramie fabrics. The properties of the composites were investigated 219
by mechanics performance test, water absorption test, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The result shows that ramie content should be properly controlled at as much as 48%. The composite with 8% alkali treatment obtained higher tensile strength and flexural strength, as well as decreased impact strength caused by surface treatment. The composite with treated ramie fabrics had slightly better water resistance and thermal stability than those without surface treatment because of enhanced interfacial adhesion between fabrics and matrix. The DMA results and morphologies of the composites confirmed the improvement of ramie–matrix interface bonding. R21. Genome-wide transcriptional changes of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) in response to root-lesion nematode infection Siyuan Zhu , Shouwei Tang, , Qingming Tang , Touming Liu, Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China Gene. Vol. 552(1), 2014 ; p. 67–74 Abstract: Ramie fiber extracted from stem bark is one of the most important natural fibers. The rootlesion nematode (RLN) Pratylenchus coffeae is a major ramie pest and causes large fiber yield losses in China annually. The response mechanism of ramie to RLN infection is poorly understood. In this study, we identified genes that are potentially involved in the RLN-resistance in ramie using Illumina pair-end sequencing in two RLN-infected plants (Inf1 and Inf2) and two control plants (CO1 and CO2). Approximately 56.3, 51.7, 43.4, and 45.0 million sequencing reads were generated from the libraries of CO1, CO2, Inf1, and Inf2, respectively. De novo assembly for these 196 million reads yielded 50,486 unigenes with an average length of 853.3 bp. A total of 24,820 (49.2%) genes were annotated for their function. Comparison of gene expression levels between CO and Inf ramie revealed 777 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The expression levels of 12 DEGs were further confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Pathway enrichment analysis showed that three pathways (phenylalanine metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis) were strongly influenced by RLN infection. A series of candidate genes and pathways that may contribute to the defense response against RLN in ramie will be helpful for further improving resistance to RLN infection. Keyword: Root-lesion nematode; Ramie; Illumina sequencing; Transcriptome; Differentially expressed genes
R22. Superhydrophobic and conductive properties of carbon nanotubes/polybenzoxazine nanocomposites coated ramie fabric prepared by solution-immersion process Tao Zhanga, b, , , Hongqiang Yanc, Zhengping Fangc, Yuping Eb, Tao Wub, Fei Chenb a
MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China b Department of Packaging Engineering, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China c Lab of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China Applied Surface Science. Vol. 309, August 2014 ; p. 218–224 220
Abstract: Nanocomposites coating consisting of pristine multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and polybenzoxazine has been constructed onto ramie fabric through solution-immersion process. The adsorbed nanocomposites coating is a hierarchical three-dimensional interpenetrating network structure, and the surface coverage and density increase substantially with increasing repeated immersing cycles. Measurements of the superhydrophobicity and conductivity for the coated ramie fabrics show that the highest water contact angle reaches 152°, the lowest water sliding angle reaches 3°, and the corresponding sheet resistance is 3410 Ω sq−1, which shows strong dependency on the number of repeated immersing cycles and concentration of MWNTs suspension. This work provides a facile pathway to design and fabricate nanocomposites coated natural cellulosic fabric for superhydrophobic and conductive applications. Keywords: Ramie fabric; Carbon nanotubes; Polybenzoxazine; Nanocomposites coating; Superhydrophobicity; Conductivity
R23. Flammability and Mechanical Properties of Ramie Reinforced Poly(lactic Acid) Composites by Using DOPO Tao Yu, Yan Li* and Yonglong Wang School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University,1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China *Corresponding author:
[email protected] Journal of Engineering Science. Vol. 10( 9–18), 2014 Abstact: Ramie reinforced poly(lactic acid)(PLA) composites have been receiving a lot of research attention due to their excellent biodegradability. However, poor flammability of the composites limits their application in a few areas such as automobile and aircraft interior. In the present study, 9,10dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as flame retardant was incorporated into the ramie fibre reinforced composites to render the environment friendly character of the biocomposites in flame-retarded composition. Flame retardancy of the composites was greatly improved according to the UL94 vertical test and limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements. The composites could achieve a UL94 V-0 rating and LOI value increases from 21.6 for ramie/PLA to 27.5 for the flame-retarded ramie/PLA. Enhanced char yield at higher temperatures was observed according to the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results. The influence of DOPO on the mechanical properties of the composites was also studied. DOPO can influence the mechanical properties of the composites. Observation can be made directly from scanning electron microscope (SEM) image that the compatibility between PLA and ramie fibre is disturbed by DOPO introduced into the composites. Not a lot of research has been done on the flame retardancy of natural fibre reinforced PLA composites. Therefore, this study offers benefits for future research on composites flame retarding. Keywords: Ramie, poly(lactic acid), 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), composite flammability, mechanical properties, biodegradability studies R24. Helium plasma treatment voltage effect on adhesion of ramie fibers to polybutylene succinate Ying Lia, b, Jie Zhangc, Panjiao Chenga, b, Jianjun Shic, Lan Yaoa, b, Yiping Qiua, b, , , a
Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, China College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China c College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China b
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Industrial Crops and Products. Vol.61, November 2014 ; p. 16–22 Abstract:Plasma modification effect on fiber surfaces is closely related to the plasma treatment voltage. In this study, ramie fibers with ethanol pretreatment were treated by helium plasma under four different applied voltages of 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 kV, respectively, to study the influence of plasma voltage on treatment effect. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed rougher fiber surfaces with increasing plasma voltage. Dynamic contact angle analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the fiber surface wettability decreased and more Csingle bondC bonds were incorporated to ramie fiber surface by plasma treatment when the voltage was above 3 kV. Microbond pullout test showed that interfacial adhesion between ramie and polybutylene succinate for 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 kV group increased by 9.6, 29.6, 45.5, and 19.4%, respectively. Single fiber tensile strength test confirmed no significant strength loss for all groups after the plasma treatments. This study showed that proper selection of treatment voltage was critical for optimal improvement of bonding between cellulose fiber and thermoplastic resin using ethanol pretreatment followed by plasma treatment. Keywords: Ramie; Plasma; Treatment voltage; Surface; Interfacial adhesion
R25. Pretreatment of ramie and kenaf stalk for bioethanol production Guo F, Sun W, Li X, Zhao J, Qu Y Chinese Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 30(5) ; p. 774-783 Abstract: Ramie and kenaf were traditional fiber crops in China, but their stalk after decorticating has not been used effectively. The stalk contains a lot of cellulose, and can therefore be used for the production of bioethanol. We studied the effects of different chemical pretreatment on enzymatic digestibility of ramie stalk and kenaf stalk. Ramie and kenaf stalks pretreated with alkali were chosen to produce ethanol using quasi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (Q-SSF) process. The results show that for the stalks pretreated with 4% NaOH and 0.02% anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt (AQSS) as catalyzer at 170 degrees C for 1 h, the ethanol concentration could reach 51 g/L after fermentation for 168 h at 18% of solid substrate concentration. By fed-batch to 20% of solid substrate concentration, the ethanol concentration could reach 63 g/L, 77% and 79% of the cellulose conversion could get for ramie stalk and kenaf stalk, respectively. For kenaf stalk pretreated with 5.2% NaHSO3 and 0.2% H2SO4 at 170 degrees C for 1 h, the ethanol concentration and cellulose conversion could reach to 65 g/L and 72%, respectively.
R26. Degumming of Decorticated Ramie Fibre through Novel Chemical Process Ray Deb Prasad1,*, Banerjee Pradipta1, Satya Pratik2, Mitra Sabyasachi2, Ghosh Rakesh Kumar1, Mondal Subhendu Bikas1 1National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, 12, Regent Park, Kolkata-700040 2Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120 *Corresponding author: Deb Prasad Ray;
[email protected] Abstract: Ramie is the strongest vegetable fibre with high textile value. The ramie fibre is extracted from the stem of China grass (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud.). The most stringent difficulty is generally faced due to extraction of ramie fibre from the plant due to presence of gummy substance which embedded the 222
fibrous part. Several methods have been adopted for degumming of ramie fibre but chemical method for extraction is still in practice in which mainly NaOH is used. It is generally used in arrange of 10 gL−1 to 50 gL−1. For processing of huge quantity of decorticated ramie plants the chemicals requirement is high. Excessive use of these chemicals and applications of other means of energy made this process uneconomical and unsuitable for a very big plant. Therefore, an alternative approach has been adopted to remove the gummy substances from the ramie plant and to get a quality ramie fibre for textile use. Three methods of degumming was adopted, the conventional Na2OH method, application of NaCO3 with polyvinyl alcohol and with Na2CO3 alone. In every stage gum loss was and residual gum content was measured compared. The percent gum removal increased significantly (r= 0.778–0.975) with increase in alkali concentration of these treatments. The order of percent gum removal was sodium hydroxide> sodium carbonate + PVA> sodium carbonate. However, treatment with sodium carbonate and PVA was found to be a novel alternative for degumming of ramie as the order bundle tenacity was sodium carbonate + PVA> sodium hydroxide. Keywords: Ramie, gummy substances, degumming, textile.
R27. Performances of ramie fiber pretreated with dicationic imidazolium ionic liquid Linghua Zhuang (2), Chunling Zheng (1) (3), Jie Sun (1) (3), Ailin Yuan (1) (3), Guowei Wang
(1) (3)
2. College of Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 210009, PR China 1. College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 210009, PR China 3. Institute of Textile Chemicals and Ecological Dyeing & Finishing, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 210009, PR China Fibers and Polymers. Vol.15(2), 2014 ; pp 226-233 Abstract: The chemical structure of a new gemini dicationic imidazolium ionic liquid, 3,3′-[1,2ethanediylbis (oxy-2,1-ethanediyl)]-bis[1-methyl-imidazolium]-dibromide (PEG150-DIL) was established by 1H-NMR and elemental analyses. Then, PEG150-DIL was applied to pretreat ramie fiber. PEG150-DIL treated ramie fiber was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, DSC-TG and FE-SEM. Finally, the mechanical and dyeing properties of PEG150-DIL pretreated ramie fibers were studied. The optimum condition of PEG150-DIL modification was carried out at 100 °C for 30 min. The color strength increased obviously with the duration time and temperature of the PEG150-DIL. The tensile strength and strength retention of PEG150-DIL -treated ramie fibers decreased with the increase of pretreating time and temperature. The tensile strength retention was 86.20 % under optimal PEG150-DIL pretreating condition (100 °C, 30 min). Keywords: Gemini dicationic imidazolium ionic liquid ; Ramie fiber ; Modification ; Dyeing
R28. Decrease of Auxin Binding Protein 1 Gene Expression Alters Shoot Development in Ramie Xuewen Zhang1*, Lihua Huang1, Yan Zhao1, Chao Hu1, Qingquan Guo2 and Jianrong Chen2 1College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China 2Department of Bioengineering & Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha 410003, China 223
Plant Biochemistry & Physiology. 2014, 2:2 Abstract: AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 (ABP1) has long been proposed as a candidate of auxin receptor to mediate auxin action in plants. It is essential for plant organ development. The function of ABP1 in the development of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) remains unclear. Here, we examined the role of the ABP1 gene in the development of shoot in ramie, especially in leaf venation ontogeny, by transforming ABP1 antisense construct into the plants. We showed that ABP1 expression was decreased in ABP1 antisense transgenic plantlets. The decrease of ABP1 expression led to defects in plant growth including dwarf plant, and decreased apical dominance in the intact plant. In addition, ABP1 antisense lines exhibited a serious retard of leaf development involving small and twisted leaves, sparse trichome, and a decreased cell expansion. Moreover, the decreased ABP1 expression repressed the development of leaf venation. ABP1 antisense lines developed an incomplete leaf venation, which became smaller and lacked in some leaf tissues. Though the cell arrangement was normal in midrib and lateral vein, cell size was decrease and some cell layers were missing in midrib. The abnormal phenotype of leaf venation was attributed to the decreases in cell number and size. Our data support that ABP1 is necessary for shoot growth in ramie. More importantly, it plays a key role for the development of ramie leaf venation by regulating both cell expansion and division. Keywords: Boehmeria nivea L.; Auxin binding protein 1; Expression decrease; Shoot development; Leaf venation R29. Comparison of the Mechanical Properties Between 2D and 3D Orthogonal Woven Ramie Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites Qian Zhang, Xiaomeng Fang, Xiaojuan Sun, Baozhong Sun, and Yiping Qiu Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University,Shanghai, China, 201620 Polymers & Polymer Composites. Vol. 22(2), 2014 Abstract: Polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced with ramie 2D plain fabric is widely developed recently. In this paper, PP composites reinforced by using 3D orthogonal woven ramie fabric under hotpress molding process were made. The tensile and flexural strength of reinforced composites were tested and discussed. The results showed that the normalized tensile strength and the normalized tensile Young's modulus of 3D composite were significantly improved compared with that of 2D composites. The normalized flexural strength and the normalized flexural Young's modulus of 3D composite were also greatly improved. Overall results indicating that compared with 2D composite the 3D orthogonal woven ramie fabric could significantly improve the mechanical property of PP composites. Keywords: Green composites, 3D orthogonal woven, 2D plain fabrics, Ramie yarns, Polypropylene
R30. Adsorption behavior of reactive orange 5 and reactive red 2 on ramie fabric and their quantum chemical calculations Xiongyi Peng (1) (3), Yingjie Cai (1) (2), Qingfu Zeng (2), Qili Hu (1), Changhai Yi (1), Yao Chen (1) 1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, P. R. China
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3. The Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China 2. Engineering Research Center for Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, P. R. China Fibers and Polymers. Vol.15(10), 2014 ; pp 2146-2153 Abstract: The adsorption behavior of Reactive Orange 5 and Reactive Red 2 on ramie fabric is studied, and their structures are investigated by using density function theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations. The results indicate that Reactive Red 2 reaches a saturation adsorption state more quickly than Reactive Orange 5. With the increase of temperature from 30 to 50 °C, the equilibrium adsorption amount of Reactive Red 2 and Reactive Orange 5 increases correspondingly, and at the same temperature the former presents a larger adsorption amount than the latter. In addition, the chlorine atom and the conjoint carbon atom of Reactive Red 2 produces a weaker binding force than those of Reactive Orange 5, which implies the nucleophilic attack of hydroxyl groups of ramie fabric to the corresponding carbon atoms occurs more easily in Reactive Red 2 than in Reactive Orange 5. The energy band gap (translation from HOMO to LUMO) of Reactive Red 2 is lower than that of Reactive Orange 5, and this indicates Reactive Red 2 has a higher chemical activity. The LUMO of Reactive Red 2 (−3.05 eV) is lower than that of Reactive Orange 5 (−2.93 eV), which indicates that Reactive Red 2 presents a stronger ability to accept electrons than Reactive Orange 5. The conclusion that Reactive Red 2 has stronger adsorption activity than Reactive Orange 5 is supported and explained by the results of these quantum chemical calculations. Keywords: Reactive dye ; Density function theory ; Chemical reactivity ; Adsorption
R31. Durability study of a ramie-fiber reinforced phenolic composite subjected to water immersion Hongguang Wang (1), Guijun Xian
[email protected] (1), Hui Li (1), Lili Sui (2) 1. School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China 2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shenzheng University, Shenzhen, China Abstract: In the present paper, ramie fiber reinforced polymer (RFRP) plates prepared by hot compression process were subjected to water immersion at 20 oC and 40 oC for four weeks, and the variation of water uptake and mechanical properties with immersion time were investigated. It was found that the saturated water content and the coefficient of diffusion in RFRP were much higher than those in synthetic fiber based composites, due to the strong hydrophilic characteristic of the ramie fiber. After fully drying of the immersed samples, mass loss from 1.6 % to 3.6 % was found, indicating occurrence of a serious hydrolysis of the resin and the ramie fibers. After a short term of immersion (i.e., 1 day), RFRP showed a remarkable deterioration in the flexural and short beam shear properties. Further increase of the immersion time, the degradation rate of the mechanical properties was much reduced. After fully drying, the mechanical properties of the samples can be recovered to some extent, but still much less than the original values. The variation of mechanical property as a function of the water uptake content exhibits three stages (i.e., dramatic reduction, leveling off and quick decrease again). This may be due to the sequent occurrence of the degradation of natural fibers, fiber debonding and hydrolysis of the fiber and resin during immersion Keywords: Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites ; Ramie fiber fabric ; Phenolic resin ; Durability 225
R32. Optimization of Enzyme Mixture Degumming of Ramie Fiber Ruo-Yao Dinga*, Xing-Qun Zhanga & Chong-Wen Yua a
Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China Journal of Natural Fibers. Vol.11(1), 2014 Abstract: An enzyme mixture was undertaken to improve degumming of ramie fiber. Optimum parameters of enzyme production were as follows: pH 8.45, temperature 40°C, inoculums size 5%, shaking speed 205 rpm, and degumming time 24 h. Using enzyme produced under the optimal conditions, the removal of residual gum of ramie fiber was 10.94% which fulfill the textile requirement. In addition, the fiber quality was measured to evaluate effective degumming and the gum in the ramie fiber was mostly degraded compared with chemical treated. Keywords: enzyme mixture, degumming, ramie, optimization, fiber quality, residual gum
R33. Flame-retardant coating by alternate assembly of poly(vinylphosphonic acid) and polyethylenimine for ramie fabrics Li-li Wang (1) (2), Tao Zhang (1) (2), Hong-qiang Yan (2), Mao Peng 彭懋 Yan Li (3), Wang Hao (4)
(1)
, Zheng-ping Fang (1) (2),
1. MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Institute of Polymer Composites, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China 2. Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China 3. School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China 4. Centre of Excellence in Engineered Fibre Composites, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, 4350, Australia Chinese Journal of Polymer Science. Vol.32(3), 2014 ; pp 305-314 Abstract: A novel intumescent flame retardant coating, consisting of poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA) as the acid source and branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) as the blowing agent, was constructed on the surface of ramie fabrics by alternate assembly to remarkably improve the flame retardancy of ramie. The PVPA/BPEI coating on the surface of individual fibers of ramie fabric pyrolyzes to form protective char layer upon heating/burning and improves the flame retardancy of ramie. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that the PVPA/BPEI-coated ramie fabrics left as much as 25.8 wt% residue at 600 °C, while the control (uncoated) fabric left less than 1.4 wt% residue. Vertical flame test shows that all PVPA/BPEIcoated fabrics have shorter after-flame time, and the residues well preserved the original weave structure and fiber morphology, whereas, the uncoated fabric left only ashes. Microscale combustion calorimetry shows that the PVPA/BPEI coatings greatly reduce the total heat release by as much as 66% and the heat release capacity by 76%, relative to those of the uncoated fabric. Keywords: Alternative assembly ; Poly(vinylphosphonic acid) ; Flame retardant ; Ramie fabric
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R34. Flame-Retarding Modification for Ramie/Benzoxazine Laminates and the Mechanism Study Hongqiang Yan †, Huaqing Wang ‡, and Zhengping Fang *†§ †
Lab of Polymer Material and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China ‡ Zhejiang Textile & Fashion Technology College, Ningbo 315211, China § MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Institute of Polymer Composites, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.Vol. 53 (51), 2014 ; pp 19961–19969 Abstract: Flame retardant ramie/benzoxazine resin laminates were prepared and modified by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and a nitrogen–phosphorus flame retardant (NEWRAY911). The results showed that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of the ramie/benzoxazine laminates could be ameliorated by the addition of APP, but did not achieve V0 level in UL94 test. Their mechanical strengths were also partially damaged. To improve the flame retardancy and reduce the mechanical damage to laminates, ramie fabric was modified by NEWRAY911 before compounding. The LOI value of the laminate made by flame retardant ramie fabric could be increased to 44.8%, and the laminates achieved V0 level in UL94 test. Compared to the unmodified laminates, the flame retarding modification of the fabric helped to improve the mechanical properties of laminates. The mechanism of flame retardancy of these laminates was investigated further by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with infrared spectroscopy, microscale combustion calorimetry measurements and scanning electron microscopy.
R35. Development of green composites reinforced with ramie fabrics: Effect of aging on mechanical properties of coated and uncoated specimens G. Koronis, A. Silva, A. P. Soares Dias Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1049001, Portugal Fibers and Polymers. Vol.15(12), 2014 ; pp 2618-2624 Abstract: Bio-polymers have already penetrated in a great number of industries such as packaging and automotive in which they typically target the eco-minded consumers. Following that lead, novel green composites were prepared by resin transfer molding (RTM) and tested. Mechanical properties of ramie/bio-polyester composites were investigated in different fiber loadings. The results indicate that the flexural strength can be increased up to 138 % while tensile strength improved up to 31 %. The Young’s and bending moduli have also been increased up to 26 and 79 % respectively by the presence of the fiber fabrics. Environmental degradation tests have been performed on a set of coated and uncoated specimens. It is envisaged that an appropriate coating on the composite surfaces can preserve the durability properties under the range of exposure conditions examined by this study. Keywords: Polymer-matrix composites ; Environmental degradation ; Mechanical properties ; Resin transfer molding
R36. Effect of peroxide and softness modification on properties of ramie fiber Zhaoling Li (1) (2), Chongwen Yu
(1) (2)
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1. College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China 2. Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201620, P.R. China Fibers and Polymers. Vol.15(10), 2014 ; pp 2105-2111 Abstract: Ramie fiber is one of the natural cellulose fibers that have undergone rapid development due to its good performance. This study confirmed that hydrogen peroxide and isopropyl alcohol can be used as very efficient agents for simultaneous removal of non-cellulosic substances and improvement of ramie fiber properties. The factors influencing the properties of modified fiber with combined chemicals were investigated. Optimum treatment conditions were achieved at 85 °C, 60 min, pH 11.0, hydrogen peroxide concentration 7 %, and isopropyl alcohol concentration 4 %. SEM, XRD, and FT-IR were used to elucidate the effects of preparation and modification. Results showed that fiber preparation and chemical modification process in the same bath solution could successfully remove most of the gummy materials. The treated fibers demonstrated improved softness, elongation, and fineness properties as compared to the alkali or peroxide method. Keywords: Ramie fiber ; Fiber preparation ; Chemical modification ; Softness ; Mechanical properties R37. Thermal Characterization of Polyester Composites Reinforced with Ramie Fibers Sergio Neves Monteiro, Frederico Muylaert Margem, Alice Bevitori, Isabela Leão da Silva, Michel Picanço Oliveira Materials Science Forum. Vol. 775-776, 2014 ; p. 272-277 Abstract: Polyester composites reinforced with natural lignocellulosic fibers have attracted interest in several engineering areas due to their low cost, low energy consumption during fabrication in association with a number of possible applications. One of these applications is the replacement of traditional composites such as the fiberglass. Characterization of polyester composites incorporated with ramie fiber has recently been conducted for physical and mechanical properties. However, the effect of increasing temperature on these composites has not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the thermogravimetric behavior of polyester composites reinforced with up to 30 vol% of ramie fibers. The analysis was conducted by TG and DTG techniques. The presence of ramie fibers induces sensible changes in the thermal stability of the polyester composites, showing a significant effect of the ramie fibers by reducing their temperatures of degradation. Keywords: Polyester Composite, Ramie Fiber, Thermal Analysis R38. Study on the Mechanical Property of Ramie Fiber in Different Temperature Gen Yang Cao, Xin Fang Xiao, Wei Lin Xu Advanced Materials Research.Vol. 881-883, 2014 ; p. 1501-1504 Abstract: Ramie fiber is known as "China grass". In this paper, Ramie was treated in the experiment of high temperature, low temperature, high and low temperature conditions. The results show that the high temperature affects the strength and breaking elongation obviously for ramie fiber. Low temperature and high & low temperature cycle does not affect much on the strength and breaking elongation. 228
Keywords: Mechanical, Property, Ramie Fiber, Temperature
R39. Effects of alternating temperatures and humidity on the moisture absorption and mechanical properties of ramie fiber reinforced phenolic plates Zhaohui Yang1,2, Guijun Xian1,2,* and Hui Li1,2 1Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China 2School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China Polymer Composites. Vol. 35, 2014 Abstract: In this article, ramie fiber reinforced phenolic (RFRP) plates were prepared with compression molding process, and the plates were subjected to 98% humidity environment and alternating temperatures (from 25°C to 55°C in 24 h for a cycle) for 4 weeks. The resulted moisture absorption and the variation of the mechanical properties of RFRPs were studied. As found, compared to constant exposure temperatures (25°C or 60°C), alternating temperatures brought in higher moisture uptake and more serious degradation in the flexural strength, flexural modulus and short beam shear strength of the RFRP samples under the same humidity condition. The deteriorated effects of alternating temperatures is attributed to more remarkable degradation of the bonding between the fiber and resin, due to the moisture uptake and the internal cyclic stress around the ramie fibers with alternating temperatures. The flexural modulus of RFRP plates was much more susceptible to the moisture uptake than the flexural strength. After fully drying, the mechanical properties of the RFRP samples were recovered to some extent, but still less than the original values, indicating permanent damages occurred. Fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in the RFRP plate was applied to monitor the variation of the internal strain during the exposure. As indicated, the moisture absorption and alternating temperatures bring in relaxation of the internal tension stress formed during compressing process, and decrease in the coefficient of thermal expansion of the RFRP samples.
R40. Effects of Nitrogen on Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) Hybrid and Its Parents Grown under Field Conditions Chengjian Huang, Gang We, Zizi Luo, Jianjun Xu, Siyi Zhao, Longchang Wang, Yucheng Jie Journal of Agricultural Science. Vol 6(12), 2014 Abstract: Excessive nitrogen supply has resulted in environmentally negative impacts. In order to select and develop N-effcient ramie cultivars in increased N application environments, the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of a ramie hybridization line (Chuanzhu 11) and its conventional parents (C9451 and R79-20) to N fertilizer were investigated under rain-fed conditions during three consecutive growing seasons. Two contrasting nitrogen levels (low nitrogen, LN: 20kg ha2; high nitrogen, HN: 120kg ha-2) were used. Results indicated that high N substantially promoted the growth of ramie plants and led to remarkable increase in fiber yield in all cultivars during the three growing seasons. Such increase was also recorded in net photosynthesis, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, as well as chlorophylls and carotenoids. However, high N supply caused no alteration or increase in intercellular CO2 (Ci) and Ci/ Ca (ambient CO2) ratio, depending on species. Moreover, high N application significantly improved soluble protein and proline content while it reduced 229
malondialdehyde content. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase also elevated, whereas peroxidase activity decreased by high N application in all cultivars. Furthermore, hybrid cultivar Chuanzhu 11 exhibited better performance as compared to its parents C9451 and H7920 due to improved growth, fiber yield, leaf gas exchange traits and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems under high N supply conditions. In conclusion, ramie hybrid cultivar Chuanzhu 11 was more efficient to absorb and utilize high levels of N. This meets the need for uptake and utilization of high concentration of N in increased N fertilizer environments. R41. Study on the Oxidation Degumming of Ramie Fiber Chao Ran Meng, Chong Wen Yu Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 881-883, 2014 ; p. 1497-1500 Abstract: In this paper, ramie was degummed with hydrogen peroxide and then reduced with reducer. The reducing process can improved the strength and softness of the fiber by 20.96% and 23.88%, respectively. A comparison was made between the fiber oxidation degummed with reducing and degummed with traditional method. Compared with the fiber degummed with traditional method, the strength of the fiber oxidation degummed with reducing was 13.87% lower, but the elongation of the fiber is 12.27% higher. Keywords: Degummed with Oxidation, Ramie Fiber, Reducer R42. Technological design of ramie/wool top dyed siro spinning ZHANG Feng; ZHOU Xiang-qi; CHEN Jian-xiang Wool Textile Journal .Vol. 42( 2), 2014 ; p16-19 Abstract: Using reasonably selected combed dyed wool sliver and ramie sliver, it developed the technology of ramie/wool siro spun yarn in each process on long spinning system of ramie, developed the measure of reducing the hair on the surface of the yarn and increasing the strength of the yarn. During the process, the top dyed wool pie-processed before the pre-drawing process, designing reasonable technology for each process, the electrostatic clinging problem is solved effectively. Using fit siro equipment, it improved the suspended spindle equipment of the long spinning system of ramie. With reasonable parameter of auto-winding machine and double twisting machine, the 30% wool 70% ramie blended yarn (36 Nm) is successfully produced. The double twisted blended thread 36/2 Nm is got and then the wool ramie blended fabric is produced, which became one of the most popular fabrics for autumn winter garment on the market. R43. Determination of Cotton Content in Cotton/Ramie Blended Fabric by NIR Spectra and Variable Selection Methods SUN, Tong; GENG, Xiang; LIU, Mu-hua Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis.Vol.34(12), 2014 ; pp. 3257-3261 Abstract: Rapid detection of textile fiber components is very important for production process of quality control, trading and market surveillance. The objective of this research was to assess cotton content in cotton/ramie blended fabric quickly by near infrared (NIR) spectrum technology and variable selection 230
methods. Reflectance spectra of samples were acquired by a NIRFlex N-500 Fourier spectroscopy in the range of 4 00010 000 cm-1, primary election of spectral range and pretreatment analysis were conducted first. Then, three variable selection methods such as UVE (uninformative variables elimination), SPA (successive projections algorithm) and CARS (competitive adaptive reweighted sampling) were used to select sensitive variables. After that, PLS (partial least squares) was used to develop calibration model for cotton content of cotton/ramie blended fabric, and the best calibration model was used to predict cotton content of samples in prediction set. The result indicates that range of 4 0528 000 cm-1 is optimal spectral range for cotton content modeling. CARS method is an efficient method to improve model performance, the correlation coefficient and root mean square error of CARS-PLS for calibration and prediction sets are 0.903, 0.749 and 8.01%, 12.93%, respectively. So NIR spectra combined with CARS method is feasible for assessing cotton content in cotton/ramie blended fabric, and CARS method can simplify model, improve model performance. Keywords: Cotton content; Cotton/ramie blended fabric; Near infrared; Variable selection R44. Influence of degumming loss rate on property of ramie fiber composites GU Xi; CHENG Ling; WANG Xin-miao Journal of the Tianjin Polytechnic University.Vol. 33(1), 2014 ; p5-14 Abstract:Four kinds of ramie fibers under different states of degumming are chosen. They are raw ramie fiber 40% degumming loss DL fiber 70% DL fiber and 100% DL fiber completely degumming fiber . The basic properties of those four kinds of ramie fibers are tested and discussed. Then the composites were made by RTM process with those fibers and epoxy resin. An instron testing system was used for mechanical testing of these composites. The results show that when the DLR degumming loss rate of ramie fiber is 70% the composite s tensile and flexural property are best. The compression performance and shear performance of composites are better with the increase of DLR. In general DLR of ramie fiber made a significant influence on the property of those fiber and composites. When the DLR is 70% the ramie fiber composites show the best mechanical properties R45. Study of the dimension of the retreat of ramie yarn by chemical method WANG Hua-jun; WANG Jian-hong; LI Mei-zhen Wool Textile Journal . Vol. 42 (4), 2014 ; p. 46-49. Abstract: Lightweight wonited fabric is a trend for modern textile industry. Using the textile technology with carrier water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol ( PVA) for ramie fabric, the fabric has not only the properties of soft and lightweight, but also cost is low. Which can improve the economic efficiency of enterprises. Containing vinylon products have a difficult technical on finishing process of ramie fabrics, because of its unique technological conditions. This experiments have studied the finishing process of vinylon. The method of using oxidant can get the best removal of vinylon, and get the best optimized process of vinylon through the experiment. There is important guiding significance to the production practice. R46. Studies of Negative Pressure and Cleaning Condition Effects on Gathering for Ramie Compact Spinning with a Suction Groov H C Ma, L. D. Cheng, G X Yan, S P Xu
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Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. Nr 3(105), 2014 ; p. 54—57 Abstract: The application of the compact spinning technique with a suction groove could reduce the spinning triangle to a minimum and dramatically decrease the hairiness of ramie yarn. The change range of negative pressure was discussed when the hairiness index was reduced to a minimum for the best gathering effect. The relationship between the doffing time and hairiness index of compact yarn was studied. When the suction groove was not cleaned, the spinning times influenced the fibre number accumulated inside the suction groove. The cleaning suction groove made airflow run smoothly, and the gathering effect of fibres was basically unchanged; thus the hairiness index of yarn rarely fluctuated. For compact yarn compared with 100% 27.8 tex traditional ring-spun yarn, the 4 mm hairiness index and above decreases by more than 79.72%. The result shows that ramie compact spinning with a suction groove could gather edge fibres effectively and reduce harmful hairiness markedly.
R47. Impact test and analysis of fracture toughness of ramie stalk Yan, Keman; Zou, Shuchang; Tang, Lingbo; Su, Gongbing Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. Vol.30(21), 2014 ; pp. 308-315 Abstract: Ramie is a perennial crop and is normally harvested three times a year. The mechanical and physical properties of ramie differ from each period due to the different growth climate and environment. The first period of ramie was abundant from late May to early June, the second period was abundant in early August, and the third period of ramie was abundant in late October. It was discovered that the separation of ramie stalk has a lot to do with the time of harvesting, storage, stripping, and moisture content. The ramie stems of the second harvest were struck and used as the objects of study. Impact tests of the ramie stems of the second harvest were carried out to discover the distribution law of fracture energy and to design the mechanical peeling parameters of ramie harvest and store. According to the standard of GB/T 1843-2008 with a TF-2056B Izod impact testing machine, the ramie stems varying in moisture percentage were struck in different parts. Tests of ramie stalk impact fracture energy under different conditions of moisture content were carried out to investigate the biggest impact fracture energy, and the result can provide a theoretical basis and main technical parameters for the determination of time for harvesting, storage, stripping, and mechanism design for low energy consumption with high efficiency separation.Method of control variable was used for the impact tests of 3 kinds of ramie stalk samples. Sample 1 was made to be a standard sample without gap type sheet by cutting the lower end and the middle tip of the ramie stalk to a length of (80±1) mm, width of (6±0.1) mm, and thickness of (3±0.1) mm according to the GB/T 1843-2008. Sample 2 was composed of the lower end, the middle, and the tip of the ramie stalk, which were cut to be cylindrical specimens of whole stalk with the xylem and phloem with the length of (80±1) mm. Sample 3 was composed of the lower end, the middle, and the tip of the ramie stalk which were cut to be cylindrical specimens of whole stalk without phloem with the length of (80±1) mm. The experiment involve two processes: firstly, the impact test for samples 1, 2 and 3 were carried out to investigate the distribution law of the impact fracture energy of the whole stalk of ramie with the moisture content of 84.04%. Secondly, the part with biggest impact fracture energy as a standard according to the distribution law was selected. Then, this was followed by investigating the change trend of ramie stalk impact toughness which was changed with the moisture content, the impact test of the same part from samples 1, 2 and 3 with the moisture content of 84.04%, 82.37%, 81.71% and 73.18%.The results showed that when the moisture is 84.04%, the impact fracture energies of ramie from top to bottom and the xylem of ramie stalk part were in the range of 0.1860-0.7460 J and 0.0550-0.29100 J respectively. Meanwhile, the average impact fracture energy of the standard samples from the top to bottom was 0.0571, 0.0520 and 0.0528 J, and that of the pectin adhesive layer was 0.3072, 0.2165 and 0.1662 J. In the moisture percentage of 84.04%, 82.37%, 81.71% and 73.18%, the average impact fracture 232
energy of the bottom was 0.0571, 0.0549, 0.0543 and 0.0528 J; the xylem of ramie stalk part was 0.5067, 0.4404 , 0.4227 and 0.4031 J; and the woody bottom parts was 0.0240, 0.1824, 0.1676 and 0.1658 J. The results stated that with a decrease in moisture content, the impact of the lower portion of the fracture toughness of Ramie stalk gradually becomes smaller. However, with the moisture content decreased, stalks gradually dry, phloem and xylem become withered and adhesions, and ramie stalk separation showed poor results. Therefore, the ramie stalk should have been harvested and stripped in time Keywords: fracture energy; impact test; impact toughness; ramie stalk; toughness; water content
R48. Molecular cloning and characterization of Bn-α-amylase gene from Ramie Yu WeiLin; Zhong YingLi; Jie YuCheng; Zhou QingMing; Zhou JingHua; Zhu ShouJing Institute of Ramie, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology .Vol. 22(1) ; pp. 27-36 Abstract: α-amylase is not only involved in plant sugar metabolism and biological energy transfer, but also associates with the stress resistance of plants. The aim of this study was to clone the Bn-α-amylase gene, analyze the gene sequence and the gene expression pattern. The full-length coding sequence of Bnα-amylase gene was cloned by RT-PCR methods, based on the sequence of Unigene4746 in the transcriptome library of ramie (Boehmeria nivea). Then the sequence was analyzed using bioinformatics methods. And the expression patterns of Bn-α-amylase in various ramie tissues or under different stress conditions were analyzed by Realtime PCR. The full-length coding sequence of Bn-α-amylase was 2 295 bp(GenBank accession no. KF860891). The encoded protein contained 765 amino acids, whose predicted pI was 5.685 and molecular weight was 86.11 kD. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that two conserved domain located in the carboxyl terminal, Subcellular localization prediction showed that the protein was located in the cytoplasm, there was no signal peptide and Transmembrane domain, the protein sequence was highly identical to α-amylase of other species. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the sequence was highly identical to α-amylase of other species. It shared a 80% nucleotide identity to Malus × domestic, 76% to Arabidopsis thaliana and to Actinidia chinensis, 73% to Ricinus communis, and 67% to Glycine max. And it also shared the high protein similarity to these species with the valure of 68%, 65%, 65%, 69% and 51%, respectively. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the α-amylase of Glycine max, Vitis vinifera, Actinidia chinensis and Ricinus communis was closer to Bn-α-amylase than the α-amylase of Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa and Sorghum vulgare, then the α-amylase of Selaginella tamariscina was less closer to Bn-α-amylase than the α-amylase of Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Sorghum vulgare. The results of Real-time PCR analysis suggested that Bn-α-amylase expressed in root, bark, stem xylem, stem apex and leaves, with a highest level in leaves, while a lowest level in root. Interestingly, the expression of Bn-α-amylase could be strongly induced by high salt or drought stress, while down regulated by ABA treatment. These results indicate that the Bn-α-amylase may play a role in ramie stress torlerance.
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Sisal S1. Effect of flame retardants on flame retardant, mechanical, and thermal properties of sisal fiber/polypropylene composites Rachasit Jeencham, Nitinat Suppakarn, Kasama Jarukumjorn, School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand Composites Part B: Engineering. Vol. 56, January 2014 ; p. 249–253 Abstract: A flame retardant efficiency of flame retardants; ammonium polyphosphate (APP), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), zinc borate (Zb), and combination of APP with Mg(OH)2 and Zb in sisal fiber/polypropylene (PP) composites was investigated using a horizontal burning test and a vertical burning test. In addition, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used as a compatibilizer to enhance the compatibility in the system; i.e. PP-fiber and PP-flame retardants. Thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of the PP composites were also studied. Adding the flame retardants resulted in improved flame retardancy and thermal stability of the PP composites without deterioration of their mechanical properties. APP and combination of APP with Zb effectively enhanced flame retardancy of the PP composites. No synergistic effect was observed when APP was used in combination with Mg(OH)2. SEM micrographs of PP composites revealed good distribution of flame retardants in PP matrix and good adhesion between sisal fiber and PP matrix. Keywords: Polymer–matrix composites; Thermal properties; Mechanical properties; Flame retardants
S2. Physical Performance of Sisal-PALF-Banana/Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Hybrid Composites S. Rathika1,2, K. Palanikumar2 and P.S. Raghavan1,* 1Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College, Chennai-600 059, India 2Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology, Chennai-600 044, India *
[email protected] Asian Journal of Chemistry. Vol.26(14), 2014 ; p. 4157-4161 Abstract: The natural fibers are used as an alternate substitute for glass fiber reinforced polymer composite materials because of its availability and low cost. The present study investigates the mechanical properties of sisal-PALF-banana-glass fiber reinforced with polyester hybrid composites. The results indicated that there will be a vast increase in the superior properties like tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of sisal-PALF-banana fiber when it is reinforced with glass fiber in the polyester matrix composites. The interfacial properties are analyzed by scanning electron microscope. Keywords: Hybrid Natural fiber composites, Polymer matrix composites, Sisal-PALF-banana fiber, Mechanical properties.
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S3. Influence of Tool Materials on Thrust Force and Delamination in Drilling Sisal-glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (S-GFRP) Composites M. Ramesha, d,, K. Palanikumarb, d, K. Hemachandra Reddyc, d a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur,Anatapuramu-515002, Andhra Pradesh, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sai Ram Engineering College, Chennai-600044, Tamil Nadu, India c Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology, Chennai-600044, Tamil Nadu, India d Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur,Anatapuramu-515002, Andhra Pradesh, India Procedia Materials Science. Vol. 5, 2014 ; p. 915–1921 Abstract: Natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites (PMCs) find applications in many fields in terms of research, industrial applications and widely accepted by scientists, researchers and engineers due to their inherent superior properties. In this paper the sisal fibers are incorporated with glass fiber by using polymer matrix and the S-GFRP hybrid composites have been prepared. The drilling of the composites is carried out using an auto feed drilling machine and the thrust force, drilling induced damages have been evaluated for different feed rates using brad and spur drill. From the results it has been observed that all the above said parameters affect the thrust force of the hybrid composites and the tool material was found to be an important parameter which has more effect on the thrust force and subsequently the drilling induced damage. Keywords: Natural fiber; S-GFRP composites; Drilling; Thrust force; Delamination S4. Effectiveness of novel xylanases belonging to different GH families on lignin and hexenuronic acids removal from specialty sisal fibres Susana Valeria Valenzuela1, Cristina Valls2, M. Blanca Roncero2, Teresa Vidal2, Pilar Diaz1 and F.I. Javier Pastor1 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 2Department of Textile and Paper Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. Vol. 89(3), 2014 ; p. 401–406 Abstract: Background: The effectiveness of xylanases on lignin removal from pulps differs widely depending on the enzyme family, the type of pulp and the bleaching sequence among other factors. Xylanases can also reduce the presence of undesirable hexenuronic acids in the papermaking fibers. The performance of non-commercial xylanases belonging to families GH10, GH30, GH30-CBM35 and GH11, and of the multicomponent xylanase from Paenibacillus barcinonensis for lignin and hexenuronic acids removal from sisal (Agave sisalana) has been evaluated. Results: Sisal pulps were bleached by an XP sequence, where X denotes the enzyme treatment and P a hydrogen peroxide extraction stage. Kappa number, brightness, viscosity and hexenuronic acid content of samples were determined. Sugars released from sisal pulps, other non-wood fibres and also eucalyptus fibres, by the treatment with xylanases were also analysed. The best results were obtained with the GH10
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xylanase and with crude supernatants of P. barcinonensis, which produced a lignin removal of 23% and a reduction of 25% in the hexenuronic acid content of sisal pulps without a significant loss of viscosity. Conclusion: The release of sugars in the effluents from the X stage applied to sisal correlated with the effectiveness of the xylanases tested. The xylan content of wood and non-wood fibres, the type of xylan and its accessibility also had an influence on the xylanase activity on pulps. Keywords: biobleaching;hexenuronic acids;sisal;xylanase;effluents S5. Processing and thermal properties of composites based on recycled PET, sisal fibers, and renewable plasticizers Rachel Passos de Oliveira Santos1,Daniele Oliveira Castro1, Adhemar Collà Ruvolo-Filho2,* and Elisabete Frollini1,* 1Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center for Science and Technology of BioResources, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil 2Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil Journal of Applied Polymer Science. Vol. 131(12), 2014 Abstract: This investigation focuses on the preparation of bio-based composites from recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and sisal fibers (3 cm, 15 wt %), via thermopressing process. Plasticizers derived from renewable raw materials are used, namely, glycerol, tributyl citrate (TBC) and castor oil (CO), to decrease the melting point of the recycled PET (Tm ∼ 265°C), which is sufficiently high to initiate the thermal decomposition of the lignocellulosic fiber. All used materials are characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, and the composites are also characterized via dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The storage modulus (30°C) and the tan δ peak values of CT [PET/sisal/TBC] indicate that TBC also acts as a compatibilizing agent at the interface fiber/PET, as well as a plasticizer. To compare different processing methods, rheometry/thermopressing and compression molding are used to prepare the recycled PET/sisal/glycerol/CO composites. These two different methods of processing show no significant influence on the thermal properties of these composites. Keywords: biopolymers and renewable polymers ; cellulose and other wood products ; composites
S6. Friction Properties of Sisal Fiber Reinforced Nano-SiO2 Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Brake Composites Si Hua Zeng, Chun Wei, Ming Zeng, Xue Mei Xiong, Hong Xia Liu, Jian Lv, Ai Miao Qin Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 490-491, 2014 ; p. Abstract: The friction-resistant sisal fiber/nanoSiO2 phenol formaldehyde resin composites were prepared through compression molding. In order to enhance the bonding between the sisal fiber (SF) and polymer matrix, sisal fibers were treated with different surface modifiers (alkali, coupling agent and borax). The friction and wear properties of the composite materials were investigated with a constant speed (D-SM) tester. The worn surfaces of composites were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the adoption of nanoSiO2 phenol formaldehyde resin as matrix resin can solve the heat fade of the friction material. The friction and wear parameters of the treated sisal fiber 236
composites can meet the requirement of standards GB5763-1998. The fiber treatment methods had great influence on the friction and wear properties of the fiber composites. Specifically, the borax treated fiber composites showed low wear rates at different temperatures. The highest friction and wear resistances of sisal fiber composites were reached when the fiber content was 15%. Our data demonstrated that the sisal fiber is an ideal substitute of asbestos for brake pads. Keywords: Brake Lining, Friction, Nanometer Particles, Sisal Fiber, Wear
S7. Analysis of Wood Laminated Beams Reinforced with Sisal Fibres Nilson Tadeu Mascia, Raul Martini Mayer, Reinaldo Washington Moraes Key Engineering Materials.Vol. 600, 2014 ; p. 97-104 Abstract: Natural fibres have recently raised attention for presenting adequate mechanical characteristics for the reinforcement of wood structural elements. The use of both natural fibres, in laminated beams and wood from reforestation, is in accordance with the current economic interest and sustainable appeal. This paper focuses on the analysis the viability of sisal fibre use, in wood laminated structures as a reinforcing material, taking three methods into consideration: Stress functions, Classical lamination theory and Transformed section method. The laminated beams were reinforced by sisal strips with a thickness of 2 mm and constituted by the species of wood: Pinus (Pinus sp). Each lamina has the following dimensions: width of 5 cm, height of 10 cm and length of 150 cm. It was noted that the differences between the results from the classical lamination theory and transformed section method were, in an average of 14 % and 16 % for normal and shear stresses respectively. The difference of 12 % for displacements is a normal result taking into account that the span used is considered high for this wood species. In relation to the stress function method, the differences are minimal, around less than 1% for all analyses. It was also noted that the beam with reinforcement presented a decrease of the values of normal and shear stresses and displacements in relation a beam without reinforcing fibres. This decrease was of the order of 8% for the normal and 5% for the shear stresses and 12 % for the displacements In general, the strengthening of wood laminated beams with sisal fibres is more effective for structures that are used only in wood structural elements, in which the elastic modulus is at least equal to these fibres. Keywords: Laminated Beams, Reinforcement, Sisal Fiber, Tension Test, Wood
S8. Enhanced interfacial adhesion via interfacial crystallization between sisal fiber and isotactic polypropylene: direct evidence from single-fiber fragmentation testing Songjia Han, Kun Ren, Chengzhen Geng, Ke Wang*, Qin Zhang, Feng Chen andQiang Fu* College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China Polymer International. Vol.63(4), 2014 ; p. 646–651 Abstract: Bioresource natural sisal fiber (SF) was used to prepare single fiber-reinforced isotactic polypropylene (iPP) composites. Three kinds of interfacial crystalline morphologies, spherulites, medium nuclei density transcrystallinity (MD-TC) and high nuclei density transcrystallinity (HD-TC), were obtained in the single fiber-reinforced composites by implementing quiescent or dynamic shear-enhanced crystallization and by modulating the compatibility interaction between SF and iPP. The development of 237
interfacial shear strength (IFSS) during the interfacial crystallization process was demonstrated for the first time using a combination of single-fiber fragmentation testing and optical microscope observation. A close correlation between IFSS and morphological characteristics of interfacial crystallization was well elucidated. The increases in IFSS were very different for spherulitic, MD-TC and HD-TC morphologies. The highest IFSS obtained was 28 MPa, after the formation of HD-TC, which was about 62% of the tensile strength of neat iPP (45 MPa). These results offer powerful and direct evidence that interfacial crystallization could play an important role in the enhancement of interfacial adhesion of real SF/iPP composites Keywords: interfacial shear strength ; single-fiber fragmentation test;interfacial crystallization ;transcrystallinity
S9. Water absorption and hydrothermal performance of PHBV/sisal biocomposites J.D. Badiaa, b, T. Kittikornc, d, E. Strömbergc, L. Santonja-Blascoa, e, A. Martínez-Felipea, f, A. RibesGreusa, M. Ekb, S. Karlssonc, g, a
Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain b Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria, Universitat de València, Av. de la Universitat, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain c KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 5658, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden d Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand e Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St, Tallahassee, FL 32310-6046, United States f Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Pedro Cerbuna, Zaragoza 50009, Spain g University of Skövde, Högskolevägen 1, SE-541 28 Skövde, Sweden Polymer Degradation and Stability. Vol.108, October 2014 ; p.166–174 Abstract: The performance of biocomposites of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) and sisal fibre subjected to hydrothermal tests at different temperatures above the glass transition of PHBV (TH = 26, 36 and 46 °C) was evaluated in this study. The influences of both the fibre content and presence of coupling agent were focused. The water absorption capability and water diffusion rate were considered for a statistical factorial analysis. Afterwards, the physico-chemical properties of water-saturated biocomposites were assessed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Analysis, Size Exclusion Chromatography, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Scanning Electron Microscopy. It was found that the water diffusion rate increased with both temperature and percentage of fibre, whereas the amount of absorbed water was only influenced by fibre content. The use of coupling agent was only relevant at the initial stages of the hydrothermal test, giving an increase in the diffusion rate. Although the chemical structure and thermal properties of water-saturated biocomposites remained practically intact, the physical performance was considerably affected, due to the swelling of fibres, which internally blew-up the PHBV matrix, provoking cracks and fibre detachment. Keywords: Hydrothermal degradation; Biocomposites; Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV); Lignocellulosic fibres; Sisal; Statistical factorial analysis (SFA) 238
S10. Synthesis and Intrinsic Peroxidase-Like Activity of Sisal-Like Cobalt Oxide Architectures Qi Wang , Suwen Liu *, Haiyan Sun , and Qifang Lu School of Material Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, People’s Republic of China Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol.53 (19), 2014 ; pp 7917–7922 Abstract: Sisal-like architectures of cobalt hydroxide carbonate precursors were prepared using Co(NO3)2·6H2O and CO(NH2)2 as raw meterials via a hydrothermal process, and the precursor could be transformed to Co3O4 nanoparticles by calcination, while maintaining the original morphology. The asprepared sample was characterized in detail by XRD, SEM, TG-DSC, FT-IR, and N2 adsorption– desorption analysis and other techniques. The XRD, TEM, and SEM analysis indicate the microarchitecture was accumulated by Co3O4 nanorods with good crystallinity. The peroxidase-like activity of the sisal-like Co3O4 nanoparticles was also investigated, showing higher activity than that of Co3O4 powder, which was obtained by calcining cobalt nitrate.
S11. Study on Mechanical Properties and Mechanism of Sisal Fiber Cement Mortar Feng Lv *, Zi Ye He, Xiao Ming He, Jun Yi Qian, Ding Liu Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 1044-1045, 2014, p. 111-114 Abstract: This paper comparatively study on fluidity, flexural strength, compressive strength and other mechanical properties of sisal fiber cement mortar and the base mortar. The results show that fluidity of sisal fiber makes sisal fiber cement mortar than that of the base group decreased about by 11.1%;When sisal fiber content is 4.5 kg/m3, water reducing agent is 2.78 kg/m3, the best mixing proportion of sisal fiber cement mortar for water: glue: sand = 0.45:1.:2.5, flexural strength improved by 52.4%, 54.3%, 20.1% respectively, compressive strength increased by-1.5%, 6.5% and-2.1%.And analyzed the mechanism of flexural and compressive from the chemistry of sisal fiber and cement Keywords: Cement Mortar, Mechanical Property, Mixing Proportion, Sisal Fiber
S12. Preparation and Characterization of Sisal Fiber-based Activated Carbon by Chemical Activation with Zinc Chloride Xincheng Lu, Jianchun Jiang,* Kang Sun, and Xinping Xie Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; Suojin wucun 16, Nanjing 210042, P.R. China. *E-mail:
[email protected] Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. Vol. 35(1), 2014
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Abstract: Sisal fiber, an agricultural resource abundantly available in china, has been used as raw material to prepare activated carbon with high surface area and huge pore volume by chemical activation with zinc chloride. The orthogonal test was designed to investigate the influence of zinc chloride concentration, impregnation ratio,activation temperature and activation time on preparation of activated carbon. Scanning electron micrograph,Thermo-gravimetric, N2-adsorption isotherm, mathematical models such as t-plot, H-K equation, D-R equation and BJH methods were used to characterize the properties of the prepared carbons and the activation mechanism was discussed. The results showed that ZnCl2 changed the pyrolysis process of sisal fiber. Characteristics of activated carbon are: BET surface area was 1628 m2/g, total pore volume was 1.316 m3/g and ratio of mesopore volume to total pore volume up to 94.3%. These results suggest that sisal fiber is an attractive source to prepare mesoporous high-capacity activated carbon by chemical activation with zinc chloride. Key Words : Sisal fiber, Chemical activation, Activated carbon, Surface characterization, Activation mechanism
S13. Isolation, structural characterization and antioxidant activity of a neutral polysaccharide from Sisal waste Xuehong Zhanga, b, Lina Liua, Cuiwu Lina, , a
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, PR China b School of Chemistry and Life Science, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning 530001, PR China Food Hydrocolloids. Vol. 39, August 2014 ; p. 10–18 Abstract: A new water-soluble polysaccharide (PSP) was isolated from the waste of a Sisal (Agave sisalana) plant after the plant's fibers were extracted. The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that PSP consists of galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, and galacturonic acid in a molar ratio of 3.0:2.4:1.4:1.0:0.2:0.2. The structure analysis indicated that the PSP backbone chain comprises 1,4-linked β-D-Galp; 1,3-linked β-D-Glcp; 1,3-linked α-D-Manp; and 1,2-linked α-L-Rhap in a ratio of 3:1:1:1. Some of the Glcp, Manp, and Rhap residues in the backbone chain were branched. The in vitro antioxidant activity assay showed that PSP moderately scavenges hydroxyl and DPPH radicals in a dosedependent manner. Keywords: Sisal; Polysaccharide; Isolation; Structure; Antioxidant
S14. Fatigue in Sisal Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites: Hysteresis and Energy Dissipation A. Belaadia, , , A. Bezazia, M. Maachea, F. Scarpab a
Laboratoire de Mécanique Appliquée des Nouveaux Matériaux (LMANM),Université 8 Mai 1945, B.P. 401 Guelma 24000, Algeria b Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, Queens Building, University Walk BS8 1TR Bristol UK Procedia Engineering. Vol.74, 2014 ; p.325–328 240
Abstract: Natural fibre reinforced polymer biocomposites (NFPBCs) constitute an important branch in the field of green composite materials. The work describes the fatigue behaviour of polyester biocomposites reinforced with natural sisal fibres and stacked as cross laminates with [0/90]s sequence Three-point bending static and cyclic tests have been used to investigate the fatigue behaviour of these particular bio-reinforced composites. The cyclic tests have been carried out at 1.5 Hz of frequency using a sinusoidal waveform and loading levels varying between rd = 0.55 to 0.95 and the curves of stiffness degradation (F/F0) has been plotted. Failure is reached after the first few cycles for high loading levels, whereas for low values of rd (0.55) fracture is only partial, even after reaching one million of cycles. Keywords: sisal fibre; polyester; biocomposite; 3-point bending; fatigue
S15. Evaluation of mechanical properties of banana and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites: Influence of glass fiber hybridization V.P. Arthanarieswaran, A. Kumaravel, M. Kathirselvam Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India Materials & Design. Vol. 64, December 2014 ; p.194–202 Abstract: In this work, the effect of glass fiber hybridization with the randomly oriented natural fibers has been analyzed. The banana (B), sisal (S) fibers were chopped and woven E-glass (G) synthetic fibers were reinforced with epoxy matrix. Nine different kinds of laminates were prepared in the following stacking sequence of B, S, BS, G/B/G, G/S/G, G/BS/G, G/B/G/B/G, G/S/G/S/G and G/BS/G/BS/G. Mechanical properties like tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength were evaluated and compared. Interfacial analysis was also carried out with the help of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to study the micro structural behavior of the tested specimen. It was observed that the addition of two and three layer of glass fiber can improve the tensile strength by a factor of 2.34 and 4.13 respectively. The flexural properties were enhanced on banana–sisal fiber with two layers of glass fibers rather than three layers and the laminate with sisal and three glass ply offers better impact strength.
S16. Mechanical properties of sisal fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composites: Effect of fiber content, interfacial compatibilization, and manufacturing process Xuefeng Zhaoa, b, 1, Robert K.Y. Lib, Shu-Lin Baia, , a
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, LTCS, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China b Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. Vol. 65, October 2014 ; p. 169–174 Abstract: In this paper, we investigated the effect of fiber content, interfacial compatibilization, and manufacturing process on the mechanical properties (tensile, impact and creep) of sisal fiber (SF) reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. The increase of fiber content and interfacial compatibilization with maleic anhydride grafted HDPE (MAPE) were found to improve the mechanical 241
properties of the composites. Compared with simultaneous blending, a pre-impregnation process with the compatibilizer, namely MAPE, improved the interfacial bonding between the fibers and the matrix, which in turn improved the mechanical properties of the composites. The General Power-Law equation was used to model the creep behavior of the composites. The identified material parameters based on the creep data were used to predict the creep-recovery behavior of the composites, and good agreement was achieved between the predicted and experimental creep-recovery responses. Keywords: Polymer–matrix composites (PMCs); Creep; Mechanical testing S17. Assessment of the Mechanical Properties of Sisal Fiber-Reinforced Silty Clay Using Triaxial Shear Tests Yankai Wu, Yanbin Li, and Bin Niu Civil Engineering and Architecture College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China The Scientific World Journal. Volume 2014 (2014) Abstract: Fiber reinforcement is widely used in construction engineering to improve the mechanical properties of soil because it increases the soil’s strength and improves the soil’s mechanical properties. However, the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced soils remain controversial. The present study investigated the mechanical properties of silty clay reinforced with discrete, randomly distributed sisal fibers using triaxial shear tests. The sisal fibers were cut to different lengths, randomly mixed with silty clay in varying percentages, and compacted to the maximum dry density at the optimum moisture content. The results indicate that with a fiber length of 10 mm and content of 1.0%, sisal fiber-reinforced silty clay is 20% stronger than nonreinforced silty clay. The fiber-reinforced silty clay exhibited crack fracture and surface shear fracture failure modes, implying that sisal fiber is a good earth reinforcement material with potential applications in civil engineering, dam foundation, roadbed engineering, and ground treatment.
S18. Predicting the elastic properties of sisal fiber reinforced polypropylene composites by a new method based on generalized method of cells and laminate analogy approach Zhanying Sun, Xiongyan Zhao, Xin Wang, Jinsong Ma College of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China Composites Science and Technology. Vol. 91, January 2014 ; p. 45–49 Abstract: In this paper, a new method based on generalized method of cells and laminate analogy approach was used to predict the elastic properties of short sisal fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. The effects of fiber volume fractions and fiber aspect ratios on the elastic properties of composites were studied by the new model and other models. Continuous fiber composite and layered composite, as two special cases were analyzed in detail by this new model. The results show that both fiber volume fraction and fiber aspect ratio have significant effects on the axial Young’s modulus. However, the fiber volume fraction has very small effects on the transverse Young’s modulus, axial shear modulus and axial Poisson’s ratio. The new model agrees better than other models with the experimental 242
data. The elastic properties of composites with complex microstructures can be predicted efficiently by this new model. Keywords: Short-fiber composites ; Anisotropy ; Elastic properties ; Modeling ; Natural fiber composites
S19. Characterization of thermally stable gamma alumina fibres biomimicking sisal Mónica Benítez-Guerreroa, , , Luis A. Pérez-Maquedab, Pedro E. Sánchez-Jiménezb, José Pascual-Cospa a
Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Materiales y Fabricación, Universidad de Málaga, C. Dr. Ortiz Ramos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain b Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, C. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. Vol.185, February 2014 ; p. 167–178 Abstract: Mesoporous gamma alumina fibres of high surface area, stable up to 1000 °C, were synthesized by bioreplica technique using sisal fibres as templates. Alumina formation during pyrolysis and calcination of fibres infiltrated with aluminium chloride solution has been studied, paying special attention to the interaction between the precursor and sisal fibres, using several experimental techniques such as ATR-FTIR, coupled TG-FTIR and thermo-XRD analysis. The morphology and microstructure of the resulting alumina fibres were characterized using SEM and TEM. The crystallographic analysis of the alumina sample performed by electron and X-ray diffraction suggests that fibres are constituted by η and γ-Al2O3 crystallites, whose chemical structure was confirmed by ATR-FTIR and Al27-MAS-NMR. The specific surface area and porosity of ceramic fibres were determined by N2 and CO2 adsorption– desorption measurements. Resulting alumina fibres retain high specific surface areas of 200 and 150 m2/g even after calcination at 1000 °C for 15 h in dry air and for 4 h in wet air, respectively. Keywords: Biomorphic alumina ; Biomimetic alumina ; Inorganic salt infiltration ; Sisal fibre biotemplate
S20. Bio-composites for structural applications: Poly-l-lactide reinforced with long sisal fiber bundles Marek Prajer†* and Martin P. Ansell‡ Department of Mechanical Engineering, BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom † Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic ‡ Martin P. Ansell, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom Abstract: Fully bio-based and biodegradable composites were compression molded from unidirectionally aligned sisal fiber bundles and a polylactide polymer matrix (PLLA). Caustic soda treatment was employed to modify the strength of sisal fibers and to improve fiber to matrix adhesion. Mechanical properties of PLLA/sisal fiber composites improved with caustic soda treatment: the mean flexural strength and modulus increased from 279 MPa and 19.4 GPa respectively to 286 MPa and 22 GPa at a fiber volume fraction of Vf = 0.6. The glass transition temperature decreased with increasing 243
fiber content in composites reinforced with untreated sisal fibers due to interfacial friction. The damping at the caustic soda-treated fibers-PLLA interface was reduced due to the presence of transcrystalline morphology at the fiber to matrix interface. It was demonstrated that high strength, high modulus sisalPLLA composites can be produced with effective stress transfer at well-bonded fiber to matrix interfaces. Keywords: biopolymers and renewable polymers ; cellulose and other wood products ;composites ; mechanical properties;morphology
S21. Behavior of Sisal Fiber Mat Reinforced Alkaline Activated Metakaolin Matrix under Direct Flame Gabriel de Sá Teles e Lima, Sandro Marden Torres, Kelly Cristiane Gomes *, Silvio Romero de Barros, Antônio Farias Leal, Marçal Rosas Florentino Lima Filho Key Engineering Materials. Vol. 600, 2014 ; p. 433-441 Abstract: Biodegradable containing composites are increasingly present in several industries, mainly because they are renewable but also for their engineering properties. Despite environmentally friendliness has become an issue of paramount importance, the use of natural fibers has some limitations, especially when high temperature exposure is concerned. Geopolymers are known to withstand temperatures as high as 1000°C, preserving significant mechanical properties. This paper aims to explore the potential use of sisal fiber reinforced alkaline activated in high temperature environment. The composites were exposed to direct flame and visual changes and temperature profile were assessed up to 35 minutes. The results shows that material behavior works as an insulation barrier with a c.a. 80% temperature reduction between the direct flame exposed surface to the opposite side. Also, samples with thickness above 5mm maintained their integrity without developing smoke or spreading flame throughout the study time. Keywords: Composite, Device Firewall, Geopolymeric/Organic, Thermal Property
S22. Development of durable cementitious composites using sisal and flax fabrics for reinforcement of masonry structures R.S. Olivitoa, , , O.A. Cevallosa, b, , A. Carrozzinia, a b
Dipartimento Ingegneria Civile, Università della Calabria, Rende (CS) 87036, Italy Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba 060150, Ecuador
Materials & Design. Vol. 57, May 2014 ; p. 258–268 Abstract: Natural fibres are one of the most studied materials. However, the use of these fibres as reinforcements in composite materials for structural applications, especially for existing or historical masonry structures, remains a challenge. In this study, efforts were made to develop sustainable composites using cementitious matrices reinforced with untreated bi-directional fabrics of natural fibres, namely, flax and sisal fibres. The fibres were mechanically characterised by tensile tests performed on both single yarns and fabric strips. Ageing effects due to fibre mineralisation in alkaline cement paste environments may cause a reduction in the tensile strength of natural fibres. The matrices used to study fibre durability were a natural hydraulic lime-based mortar (NLM) mix with a low content of watersoluble salts and a lime-based grouting (NLG) mix containing natural pozzolans and carbonated filler. 244
Tensile tests on impregnated single yarns subjected to wetting and drying cycles by exposure to external weathering were conducted at different ages to quantify these problems. Composite specimens were manufactured by the hand lay-up moulding technique using untreated fibre strips and an NLG matrix. The mechanical response of natural fibre reinforced cementitious (NFRC) composites was measured under tension, and the effect of the matrix thickness was also addressed. Both sisal and flax fibres showed good adhesion with the NLG matrix, making them capable of producing composites with ductile behaviour and suitable mechanical performance for strengthening applications in masonry structures. Keywords: Natural fibres ; Cementitious composite ; Masonry structure
S23. Effect of Partial Shade on the Growth and Yields of Two Commercial Types of Sisal (Agave sp.) Grown in India Sitangshu Sarkar* and D.K. Kundu Central Research Institute for Jute & Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata-700 120, West Bengal Journal of Agricultural Physics. Vol.14(1), 2014 ; p. 96-99 Abstract: Field experiment was conducted on the effect of partial shade on the fibre yield of two commercial types of sisal (Agave sisalana and Hybrid Sisal No. 11648) at Sisal Research Station of CRIJAF, Odisha. A. sisalana produced more fibre in full ambient light (FAL) (13.0-53.7 g leaf-1) than partial shade (50% FAL) condition (8.8-46.3 g leaf-1). Similar observations were recorded in case of hybrid sisal, where full light produced more fibre (23.7-53.0 g leaf-1) than partial shade (7.3-44.0 g leaf1) condition. Among two types of sisal, hybrid sisal yielded higher (36 g leaf-1) than A. sisalana (32.8 g leaf-1) in light condition. The reverse was observed in partial shade condition, where A. sisalana produced more fibre (24.7 g leaf-1) than hybrid sisal (23.3 g leaf-1). In both the types, the partial shade condition reduced the fibre yield. The yield reduction due to shade was more pronounced in case of hybrid sisal (35.5%) than A. sisalana (24.7%). Therefore, to incorporate sisal in any intercropping or agrisilviculture system, Agave sisalana may be selected over the hybrid one. Key words: Sisal, Agave, Partial shade, Growth, Fibre yield
S24. Mechanical and thermal degradation behavior of sisal fiber (SF) reinforced recycled polypropylene (RPP) composite Arun Kumar Gupta, Manoranjan Biswal , S. Mohanty, S. K. Nayak Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET) Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751024, India Fibers and Polymers. Vol.15(5), 2014 ; pp 994-1003 Abstract: The present investigation focuses on the effect of fiber surface treatment on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of sisal fiber (SF) reinforced recycled polypropylene (RPP) composites. The surface of sisal fiber was modified using different chemicals such as silane, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and O-hydroxybenzene diazonium chloride (OBDC) to improve the compatibility between fiber surface and polymer matrix. The experimental results revealed an improvement in the tensile strength to 11 %, 20 % and 31.36 % and impact strength to 78.72 %, 77 % and 81 % for silane, 245
GMA and OBDC treated sisal fiber reinforced recycled polypropylene (RPP/SF) composites respectively as compared to RPP. The thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and heat deflection temperature (HDT) results revealed improved thermal stability as compared with RPP. The morphological analysis through scanning electron micrograph (SEM) supports improves surface interaction between fiber surface and polymer matrix. Keywords: Recycled polypropylene (RPP) ; Surface treatment ; Mechanical properties ; Thermal degradation
S25. Kinetics of thermal degradation applied to biocomposites with TPS, PCL and sisal fibers by non-isothermal procedures Vitor Brait Carmona (1) (2), Adriana de Campos (2), José Manoel Marconcini (2), Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso (2) 1. Materials Science and Engineering Department (PPG-CEM), Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil 2. National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. Vol.115(1), 2014 ; pp 153-160 Abstract: The thermal degradation behavior of the biocomposite with thermoplastic starch (TPS), poly(εcaprolactone) (PCL) and bleached sisal fibers were investigated by thermogravimetry analysis (TG/DTG) under synthetic air atmosphere, differential scanning calorimetry, and their crystal structure by X-ray diffraction. Applying the non-isothermal Ozawa method, the TG/DTG curves average activation energy could be obtained for thermal degradation of the biocomposites with 5, 10, and 20 % of bleached sisal fibers. The apparent activation energy values for the biocomposites decreased when compared with the TPS/PCL blend, requiring lower energy to recycle this material. However, continuous addition of sisal fibers increased the activation energy of composites. Keywords: Thermal degradation ; Activation energy ; Thermoplastic starch (TPS) ; Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) ; Sisal fibers
S26. Improving degradation resistance of sisal fiber in concrete through fiber surface treatment Jianqiang Wei, Christian Meyer Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA Applied Surface Science.Vol. 289, January 2014 ; p. 511–523 Abstract: As part of an ongoing effort to improve the sustainability of reinforced concrete, recycled concrete aggregate is being considered together with natural fibers such as sisal fiber as replacement of synthetic reinforcement. Since natural fibers are known to undergo potential deterioration in the alkaline cement matrix especially in outdoor erosive environment, they need to be treated to improve their durability. This paper describes two such methods (thermal and Na2CO3 treatment) and evaluates their effects on the degradation resistance of sisal fiber and durability of sisal fiber-reinforced concrete with 246
recycled concrete aggregate. Concrete specimens were subjected to cycles of wetting and drying to accelerate aging. The microstructure, tensile strength and Young's modulus of sisal fiber as well as the weight loss of the composite were evaluated. Of primary interest were the effects on compressive and splitting tensile strength of sisal fiber-reinforced concrete. Thermal treatment and Na2CO3 surface treatment were shown to improve the durability of the composite as measured by splitting tensile strength by 36.5% and 46.2% and the compressive strength by 31.1% and 45.4%, respectively. The mechanisms of these two treatment methods were also analyzed. The thermal treatment achieved improvement of cellulose's crystallization, which ensured the initial strength and improved durability of sisal fiber. A layer consisting of calcium carbonate sediments, which protects the internals of a fiber from the strong alkali solution formed in the cement hydration process, was formed and filled in pits and cavities on the Na2CO3 treated sisal fiber's surface to improve their corrosion resistance and durability and reduced the detrimental effects of Na+ ions on concrete. Keywords: Sisal fiber; Degradation resistance; Surface treatment; Durability; Recycled concrete aggregate; Sustainability
S27. Effect of Sisal Fiber Hornification on the Fiber-Matrix Bonding Characteristics and Bending Behavior of Cement Based Composites Saulo Rocha Ferreira, Paulo Roberto Lopes Lima, Flávio Andrade Silva, Romildo Dias Toledo Filho Key Engineering Materials.Vol.60, 2014 ; p. 421-432 Abstract: Cycles of wetting and drying can change the microstructure of vegetable fibers through a mechanism known as hornification, which modifies the polymeric structure of the fiber-cells resulting in a higher dimensional stability. In the present work the influence of hornification on the sisal fiber-matrix bond adhesion as well as in the sisal fiber dimensional stability and mechanical behaviour under direct tension was evaluated. Furthermore, cementitious composites reinforced with randomly dispersed hornified sisal fibers were developed and characterized under bending loads. The results show that the tensile strength and strain at failure of the hornified sisal fibers were increased by about 5% and 39%, respectively, whereas the modulus of elasticity was reduced by 9%. The fibers also presented higher dimensional stability with the hornification process. The fiber-matrix bonding was improved and the pullout resistance of the fibers submitted to ten cycles of wetting and drying was increased by about 40% to 50%. The higher fiber-matrix bond strength contributed to an increase in the ductility and post-cracking behaviour of the composite. The fracture process was characterized by the formation of multiple cracks with the hornified sisal fibers presenting a higher ability to bridge and arrest the cracks. Keywords: Cementitious Composites, Hornification, Interface, Sisal Fiber
S28. Effect of silane treatment on microstructure of sisal fibers Feng Zhou, Guangxu Cheng, , Bo Jiang School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, PR China Applied Surface Science. Vol. 292, February 2014 ; p. 806–812 Abstract: Sisal fibers were modified using silane coupling agents to determine the mechanism of the chemical reaction between the fiber and silane. A combination of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier247
transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and TG/mass spectrometry (TG/MS) were used to investigate the effects of chemical treatment on sisal fibers systemically. The results showed that a layer of film was formed on the fiber surface by silane adsorption. The layer consisted of siloxane and polysiloxane. FTIR spectroscopy indicated that chemical bonds were formed between the silane coupling agent and the fiber. It was further verified by TG-DSC and TG/MS analysis that the decomposition properties of the sisal fibers were changed by the formation of chemical bonds between the silane and the sisal fiber surface. Keywords: Sisal fibers; Silane treatment; Infrared spectra; Differential scanning calorimetry; Mass spectrometry
S29. Characterization and treatment of sisal fiber residues for cement-based composite application Paulo R. L. LimaI ; Rogério J. SantosII ; Saulo R. FerreiraIII ; Romildo D. Toledo FilhoIV I
Engº Civil, Prof. Doutor, Programa de Pós-graduação Engenharia Civil e Ambienta,/UEFS, Av. Transnordestina, SN, Novo Horzonte, Feira de Santana - BA, Fone: (75) 31618117,
[email protected] II Engº Civil, Mestre, Programa de Pós-graduação Engenharia Civil e Ambienta,/UEFS,
[email protected] III Tecnológo Saneamento Ambiental, Doutorando, Programa de Engenharia Civil/COPPE/UFRJ, CP 68506, CEP 21945-970, Rio de Janeiro -RJ.
[email protected] IV Engº Civil, Prof. Dr., Programa de Eng. Civil/COPPE/UFRJ, CP 68506, CEP 21945-970, Rio de Janeiro - RJ,
[email protected] Eng. Agríc. vol.34(5), 2014 Abstract: Sisal fiber is an important agricultural product used in the manufacture of ropes, rugs and also as a reinforcement of polymeric or cement-based composites. However, during the fiber production process a large amount of residues is generated which currently have a low potential for commercial use. The aim of this study is to characterize the agricultural residues by the production and improvement of sisal fiber, called field bush and refugo and verify the potentiality of their use in the reinforcement of cement-based composites. The residues were treated with wet-dry cycles and evaluated using tensile testing of fibers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Compatibility with the cement-based matrix was evaluated through the fiber pull-out test and flexural test in composites reinforced with 2 % of sisal residues. The results indicate that the use of treated residue allows the production of composites with good mechanical properties that are superior to the traditional composites reinforced with natural sisal fibers. Keywords: Agricultural residue, Biocomposites, Pull-out test, Fiber treatment, Flexural behavior.
S30. Characterization and treatment of sisal fibers from agricultural residues for use in cementbased composite Paulo Roberto Lopes Lima, Rogério Jesus Santos, Saulo Rocha Ferreira, Romildo Dias Toledo Filho Journal of the Brazilian Association of Agricultural Engineering. Vol.34(5), 2014
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Abstract: Sisal fiber is an important vegetable fiber used in the reinforcement of polymeric or cement based composites. During the fiber production process, however, it generates a large amount of waste which currently has a low potential for commercial use. In this work two types of residues, called field bush and refugo, were treated with 10 and 20 wet-dry cycles and characterized by tensile testing and SEM aiming at their use as reinforcement in cement based composites. A pull out test with treated and untreated fibres indicate an improvement of bond stress between fibre and cement matrix after wet-dry cycles. Flexural test were carried out in cement based composites reinforced with 2% of fibres showed that the treated sisal waste has great potential for use as reinforcement of cement based composites. Keywords: Resíduo agrícola; Biocompósito; Ensaio de arrancamento; Tratamento de fibra; Resistência a flexão
S31. Effect of Pretreatment on the Structure and Properties of Sisal Cellulose Huan Liu, Fei Wang *, Ji Hua Li, Xiao Yi Wei, Te Li, Li Hong Cui, Qing Huang Wang Advanced Materials Research.Vol. 864-867, 592-596 Abstract: The goal of this article was to develop an optimum process to extract cellulose from sisal fiber and study the influence of pretreatment on the structure and property of sisal fiber. The sisal fiber was treated with 3% HNO3 solution at 120°C for 3h, then treated with 3% sodium hydroxyl solution at 110 °C for 2h which was the optimum refining condition. The percentage of cellulose reached 97.23% after pretreatment by chemical analysis. The morphology analysis and FTIR analysis proved that hemicellulose and lignin were removed from sisal fiber. The result of XRD indicated that the crystallinity of pretreated fiber declined. The pretreated fiber presented higher thermal stability by TGA Keywords: Pretreatment, Property, Sisal Fiber, Structure
S32. Flexural strengthening of RC beams using natural sisal and artificial carbon and glass fabric reinforced composite system Tara Sena, , H.N. Jagannatha Reddyb a
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Barjala, Tripura (West), Jirania 799055, India b Department of Civil Engineering, Bangalore Institute of Technology, K.R. Road, V.V. Puram, Bangalore, India Sustainable Cities and Society. Vol.10, 2014 ; p. 195–206 Abstract: Sisal fabric reinforced polymer composite system was developed and its tensile and flexural behaviour was characterized and compared with that of carbon and glass fabric reinforced polymer composite. In the present work the efficacy of sisal fabric reinforced polymer composite (SFRP) was compared to carbon fabric reinforced polymer composite (CFRP) and glass fabric reinforced polymer composite (GFRP), by utilizing all the fabric composites for the flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The work carried out includes the study of failure modes, flexural strengthening effect on ultimate load carrying capacity and load deflection behaviour of RC beams bonded externally with SFRP, CFRP and GFRP, wrapped as U wraps in single layer, along entire length of the beam in two 249
different wrapping techniques, i.e. full wrapping and strip wrapping technique. SFRC strengthening of RC beams showed good increase in its flexural strength and improvement in load deflection behaviour similar to CFRP and GFRP strengthening. The RC beam strengthened by SFRC showed highest amount of ductility, and also delayed the formation of cracks, without rupture failure of FRP as in the case of CFRP strengthened beams and also without debonding failure of FRP as in the case of GFRP strengthened beams. Therefore sisal fabric reinforced polymer composite system, with its various environmental benefits, being a natural fibre, could be used as alternate fabric reinforcement in FRP, for flexural strengthening of RC beams effectively. Keywords: Sisal fibre; Flexural strength; Strengthening
S33. Preparation of Polypropylene/Sisal Fiber Composites and Study on the Fiber Orientation Rong Yuan Chen, Zan Huang, Wei Zou, Hai Chen Zhang, Jin Ping Qu Advanced Materials Research.Vol.989-994, 2014 ; p. 581-586 Abstract: The polypropylene/sisal fiber composites were prepared by twin screw extruder and vane extruder, respectively. The tensile test specimens perpendicular to the extrusion direction and parallel to the extrusion direction were prepared from the extruded composites, respectively. SEM observation showed that fiber orientation of sisal fiber in the composites was not obvious when the content of sisal fiber not more than 15wt%. When the content of sisal fiber was 15wt%, the ability to orientate of sisal fiber in the composite prepared by vane extruder was better than that of in the composite prepared by twin screw extruder, which the fiber orientation of sisal fiber was obvious along the extrusion direction in the composite. Tensile tests showed that the tensile properties of the composite parallel to the extrusion direction with 15wt% sisal fiber prepared by vane extruder were the best compared with other composites in this work. The results illustrated that the orientation of sisal fiber in the composites was beneficial to the improvement of the tensile properties of the composites. Keywords: Orientation, Polypropylene (PP), Sisal Fiber, Twin Screw Extruder, Vane Extruder
S34. Modification of sisal fiber by in situ coating steam explosion and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of sisal fiber/PP composites He-Zhi He*, Yao Zhao, Ke-Xiang Wang, Xi He, Hui-Qing Zhou, Yan-Dong Yao and Yan-Hong Feng Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China *e-mail:
[email protected] Polymer Composites.Vol.35(6), 2014 ; p.1038–1043 Abstract: The technology of steam explosion was adopted to modify sisal fiber (SF) material and two different carbon particles, expanded graphite and conductive carbon black (CCB), were in situ coated on the surface of SF during steam explosion process. The DC conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (SE) of the modified SF/polypropylene (PP) composites were studied and the measurement of electromagnetic interference (EMI) SE was conducted in two frequency ranges of 400– 1,000 MHz and 1–18 GHz. The experimental results showed that this novel coating technology could 250
improve the SE of the modified SF/PP composites significantly, which has a strong dependence on the loadings of the expanded graphite modified sisal fiber (SF-EG) and conductive carbon black modified sisal fiber (SF-CCB). When the loadings of SF-EG and SF-CCB reached 50 wt%, the maximum values of the SE were 33 dB and 51 dB, respectively. For the modified SF/PP composites, the experimental EMI SE values are in good correlation with the theoretical calculation values in far field of electromagnetic radiation.
S35. The Effects of Alkalized and Silanized Woven Sisal Fibers on Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Modified Epoxy Resin S. Srisuwana, b, N. Prasoetsophaa, b, N. Suppakarna, b, P. Chumsamronga, b, , a
School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering,Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand b Center of Excellence on Petreochemical and Materials TechnologyChulalongkorn University Bangkok, Thailand Energy Procedia. Vol.56, 2014 ; p. 19–25 Abstract: Bisphenol-A based epoxy resin was modified by blending with 1% by weight (wt%) of methyl methacrylate (MMA)/glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) grafted depolymerized natural rubber (GDNR). The blend showed the impact strength of 163% higher than that of neat epoxy resin. In order to study the effect of alkalized and silanized woven sisal fiber on the properties of 1 wt% GDNR/epoxy resin blend, alkalized woven sisal fiber was prepared using 2 wt% NaOH solution and silanized fiber was prepared by treated alkalized fiber with glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (A-187). Composites of the blend with alkalized and silanized woven sisal fiber were manufactured by hand-lay up process. Amounts of woven sisal fiber in the composite were 3, 5 and 7 wt%. The flexural modulus of all composites was higher than that of the blend and increased with increasing the amount of fiber. In addition, when silanized sisal fiber was used, the composites showed further improvement in flexural modulus. Flexural strength of all composites was lower than that of the blend but it was improved after silanized sisal fiber was employed. Compared to GDNR/epoxy resin blend, the impact strength of the composite containing 7 wt% silanized sisal fiber was significantly enhanced to 230%. Keywords: modified epoxy resin; natural rubber; sisal fiber
S36. Thermochemical and statistical mechanical properties of natural sisal fibres Ahmed Belaadia, , Abderrezak Bezazia, , Mostefa Bourchakb, , Fabrizio Scarpac, d, , , Chenchen Zhuc, d a
Laboratoire de Mécanique Appliquée des Nouveaux Matériaux (LMANM), Université 8 Mai 1945, B.P. 401, Guelma 24000, Algeria b Aeronautical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia c Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS) University of Bristol, BS8 1TR Bristol, UK d Bristol Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information (NSQI), University of Bristol, BS8 1QU Bristol, UK Composites Part B: Engineering. Vol. 67, December 2014 ; p. 481–489 251
Abstract: The paper describes from a statistical perspective the diameter-dependence tensile strength and Young’s modulus in 40 sisal fibres samples. The fibres tensile properties depend significantly upon their diameter, which has been determined using optical and SEM microscope techniques. Further characterisation of the sisal fibres has been carried out using FT-IR and DSC techniques. The fibres’ ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus have been evaluated using four different estimation methods from two and three-parameter Weibull distribution statistics. We show the significant sensitivity of the Weibull predictions versus the number of fibres samples used in the distributions, with the Weibull modulus mζ obtained from our results being 10% smaller compared to what is reported in open literature. The scatter of the mechanical properties of the sisal fibres shown in this work is also compared to analogous distributions present in other works. Keywords: Wood ; Mechanical properties ; Statistical properties/methods ; Optical microscopy Physical methods of analysis
S37. Comparison of thermal behavior of natural and hot-washed sisal fibers based on their main components: Cellulose, xylan and lignin. TG-FTIR analysis of volatile products Mónica Benítez-Guerreroa, , , Jorge López-Beceirob, Pedro E. Sánchez-Jiménezc, José Pascual-Cospa a
Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Materiales y Fabricación, Universidad de Málaga, Escuela de Ingenierías, C/ Dr. Ortiz Ramos s/n, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain b Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial II, Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade da Coruña, Avda. Mendizábal, 15403 Ferrol, Spain c Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain Thermochimica Acta. Vol.581, April 2014 ; p. 70–86 Abstract: This paper presents in a comprehensive way the thermal behavior of natural and hot-washed sisal fibers, based on the fundamental components of lignocellulosic materials: cellulose, xylan and lignin. The research highlights the influence exerted on the thermal stability of sisal fibers by other constituents such as non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCP) and mineral matter. Thermal changes were investigated by thermal X-ray diffraction (TXRD), analyzing the crystallinity index (%Ic) of cellulosic samples, and by simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis coupled with Fourier-transformed infrared spectrometry (TG/DTA-FTIR), which allowed to examine the evolution of the main volatile compounds evolved during the degradation under inert and oxidizing atmospheres. The work demonstrates the potential of this technique to elucidate different steps during the thermal decomposition of sisal, providing extensible results to other lignocellulosic fibers, through the analysis of the evolution of CO2, CO, H2O, CH4, acetic acid, formic acid, methanol, formaldehyde and 2-butanone, and comparing it with the volatile products from pyrolysis of the biomass components. The hydroxyacetaldehyde detected during pyrolysis of sisal is indicative of an alternative route to that of levoglucosan, generated during cellulose pyrolysis. Hot-washing at 75 °C mostly extracts non-cellulosic components of low decomposition temperature, and reduces the range of temperature in which sisal decomposition occurs, causing a retard in the pyrolysis stage and increasing TbNCP and TbCEL, temperatures at the maximum mass loss rate of non-cellulosic polysaccharides and cellulose decompositions, respectively. However, enriching sisal fibers in cellulose 252
produces a decrease of TbCEL under an oxidizing atmosphere, and furthermore, a delay of the combustion process, displacing TbCOM to higher temperatures. The results and findings of the paper would help further understanding of thermal processes where Agave fibers are involved, as the decomposition of their composites. Keywords: Sisal fiber; Hot-water treatment; Biomass components; Gas evolution; Pyrolysis; Combustion
S38. Developing a new generation of sisal composite fibres for use in industrial applications A. Ramzy, , D. Beermann, L. Steuernagel, D. Meiners, G. Ziegmann Institute of Polymer Materials and Plastics Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Agricolastr. 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Composites Part B: Engineering. Vol. 66, November 2014 ; p. 287–298 Abstract: The aim of this work is to develop a new generation of nanoparticle-reinforced natural sisal fibres, which are also provided with several polymeric coating materials namely natural latex, polylactide and polyurethane. The improvement in the modified sisal fibres is validated by measuring the moisture content, mechanical properties by single fibre tensile testing and the thermal stability using the TGA through individual fibre tests. In addition, pull-out test is performed to examine the fibre/matrix adhesion. Further investigations of surface morphology are carried out using the optical microscope. Distribution of nanoparticles on the surface of fibres and in between the bundles as well as the polymer sleeving around the fibres are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, from this new type of natural fibre, a technical textile is made, which is processed through a common resin infusion process for production of fibre-reinforced composites. The analysis of the produced sleeved nanoparticle reinforced sisal fibre bundle samples proved a significant reduction in moisture absorption by 50% from the starting value. SEM investigations show uniform distribution of the injected nanoparticles between the fibrils and on the surface of the fibre bundle. Tensile strength of the single composite fibre increases by around 50% in comparison to the original unmodified sisal fibre for the latex sleeving. The change in the modulus of elasticity of the modified fibres follows a trend which complies with the properties of the applied sleeving material. Thermal stability of the composite fibre is positively improved where the decomposition temperature increased by 20 °C after fibre modification. The fibre/matrix bonding of imbedded modified sisal fibres in the epoxy resin is also dramatically enhanced especially in PLA and Latex sleeving cases as no matrix debonding as failure aspect is reported out of the pull-out test. Microscopic investigations of the laminate produced from the modified fibres show very uniform surface profile enhanced by the latex sleeve around the single fibres. Keywords: fibres; ANano plastics; Mechanical properties; Thermal properties; Fibre/matrix bond
S39. Drilling Characteristics of Sisal Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy and Polypropylene Composites Kishore Debnatha*, Inderdeep Singha & Akshay Dvivedia a Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttaranchal , India 253
Materials and Manufacturing Processes. Vol. 29(11-12), 2014 Abstract: Natural fiber composites have attracted global attention due to their lightweight, low-carbon footprint characteristics as well as good mechanical properties. Due to these distinct advantages, the application spectrum of these composites has grown at an unprecedented rate. These composites are used for making a wide variety of sophisticated engineering products; therefore, certain degree of machining operations is necessary for assembly purposes. Drilling is an indispensable machining operation that is frequently performed for making of holes to facilitate assembly of several components into an intricate part. In the present research endeavor, the drilling behavior of unidirectional sisal-epoxy and sisalpolypropylene composite laminates has been experimentally investigated. Chip formation characteristics in the context of both thermoset and thermoplastic natural fiber composite laminates have been discussed. Further, the analysis of drilling force signals has been reported and the mapping of drilling forces has been proposed. Influence of drill geometry, feed, and spindle speed on drilling forces and a comparative analysis of damage characteristics of drilled hole have also been reported. From the current research work, it has been established that the tooling requirement for drilling of composite laminates under investigation is substantially different. Keywords: Composites, Drilling, Thermoplastic, Thermosets
S40. FTIR Analysis on Alkali Treated Sisal Fibre and Characterization on Mechanical Properties of Sisal-Vinyl Ester Composites Mahato, Kalpana; Goswami, Sudipta Advanced Science Letters. Vol.20(3-4), 2014 Abstract:Now a days there is increase demand of bio-composites using natural fibres like flax, jute, kenaf, hemp or sisal fibres from recycled wood or waste paper or even by-products from food crops. etc. due to advantages such as low density, high toughness, acceptable specific strength properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy recovery, carbon dioxide sequestration and biodegradability. But the natural fibres have poor compatibility with the matrix and they have relatively high moisture sorption. Therefore different chemical treatments are done on the fibres to modify the surface of fibre. In this research, sisal fibre reinforced vinyl ester composites have been developed by hand lay-up technique with varying fibre loading (15, 25%, 30% and 40% by weight). To increase the interfacial bonding between the fibre surface with the matrix, fibres are treated with 5% NaOH treatment for 2, 5 and 8 hours. The composite specimens are tested for mechanical properties. The results showed that tensile strength increases with increase in the fibre loading and also with increase in dipping hour. However after 40% fibre loading, the strength decreased again. There was increase in the strength of composite with treated fibres compared to composite with untreated fibres.
S41. Compressive stress-strain behaviour of cement mortar-composites reinforced with short sisal fibre Paulo R. L. LimaI, ; Romildo D. Toledo FilhoII ; João A. Melo FilhoIII I
Post-graduate Program of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Technology, State University of Feira de Santana - UEFS, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil II Civil Engineering Department, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in 254
Engineering - COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CP 68506, CEP 21945-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil III Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, AM, Brazil Materials Research. Vol.17(1), 2014 Abstract: To design building elements using sisal fibre reinforced mortar composites, the stress-strain curves of the composites both under tensile and compression load is needed. In this study short sisal fibre-cement based composites were developed and their stress-strain behaviour under compression characterized experimentally. The composites consisted of two mortar matrices, one self-compacting and one of normal consistency, reinforced with randomly distributed short sisal fibre (25 and 50 mm long) in volume fractions ranging from 2% to 6%. Based on the experimental results a compressive constitutive law for the composites was proposed based on the damage theory developed by Mazars (1986). This theory was used to model the ascending branch of the stress-strain curve and a damage parameter associated to the fibre-reinforcing index is proposed to allow the modelling of the post-peak behaviour of the composites. The modified model was then validated using results available in the literature. The experimental results obtained in the study indicated that the addition of short sisal fibres to cement matrices tends to reduce its elastic modulus, peak stress and strain and to increase its toughness. However, the use of a self-compacting matrix allowed better sisal fiber dispersion and composites with superior performance were obtained. The modified analytical model was able to predict with good accuracy the ascending and descending branch of the stress-strain curves of the sisal fiber-mortar composites and allowed evaluating the effect of fibre reinforcing index on material damage. In the ascending branch, an increase in the damage from 40% to 70% is recorded for fiber volume ranging from 2 to 6%. In the descending branch, on the other hand, the variation of fiber volume allowed a reduction of the damage from 65% to 60%. Keywords: sisal fibre, stress-strain behaviour, compressive loads, damage model
S42. Mechanical and biodegradable properties of L-lactide-grafted sisal fiber reinforced polylactide composites Wuchang Fu1, Xiaoqiang Xu2, Hongwu Wu1⇑ 1National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, China 2The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, South China University of Technology, China Hongwu Wu, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, 181 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, China. Email:
[email protected] Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites.Vol. 33(22), 2014 ; p. 2034-2045 Abstract: Sisal fiber (SF) was grafted with low polymerization degree polylactide (PLA) according to the principle of coordinative ring-opening polymerization of lactide, and then the lactide-grafted sisal fiber (SF-g-LA) was mixed with PLA to make PLA/SF-g-LA composites. The mechanical properties, morphology, and biodegradability of PLA/SF-g-LA composites were systematically investigated, comparing with untreated SF reinforced PLA (PLA/USF) and alkali-treated SF reinforced PLA (PLA/ASF) composites. Results showed that the interfacial properties between SF-g-LA and PLA matrix showed dramatic improvement. The PLA/SF-g-LA composites exhibited noticeably superior tensile and flexural properties; however, their impact strength decreased slightly compared with pure PLA. All of the composites were buried in soil and different degrees of degradation were achieved. Because of better interfacial adhesion between SF-g-LA and PLA matrix, the degradation rate of PLA/SF-g-LA composite 255
was lower than those of PLA/USF and PLA/ASF composites, although still higher than that of pure PLA. The biodegradation of PLA/SF-g-LA composites was marked by appearance of cavities, the exfoliation of fragmental materials, and the degradation of cellulose fibrils. Keywords: Polymer–matrix composites ; natural fiber ; surface treatments ; mechanical properties ; environmental degradation
S43. Sisal fiber-reinforced cement composite with Portland cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and nanoclay Jianqiang Wei, Christian Meyer Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th St., Room 706D Mudd, New York, NY, 10027, USA Journal of Materials Science. Vol. 49(21), 2014 ; pp 7604-7619 Abstract: This paper reports the partial replacement of Portland cement (PC) by combination of metakaolin (MK) and nanoclay (NC) in sisal fiber-reinforced cement composites by studying the microstructure, mechanical behavior, and the interfacial properties between fiber and cement matrices. The mechanical properties of cement matrix and natural fiber-reinforced composites are studied using compressive strength development and flexural behavior, respectively. The tensile behavior of the natural fiber was also investigated and analyzed by Weibull distribution model. The characteristics of hydration products were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetry analysis. Our results show that the combination of MK and NC can improve the hydration of cement more effectively, with better microstructure and enhanced mechanical properties, than mixes without them. The calcium hydroxide (CH) contents of matrixes with 50 wt% combined substitutions, containing 1, 3, and 5 wt% of nanoclay, were 58.12, 60.16, and 64.25 % less than that of PC, respectively. The ettringite phase is also effectively removed due to the substitution of MK and NC, which improve both Al/Ca and Si/Ca ratios of calcium silicate hydrates (C–S–H) due to the high content of SiO2 and Al2O3. The interfacial bond between fiber and cement matrix and flexural properties of sisal fiber-reinforced cement composites are also significantly improved. The optimum interface adhesion between sisal fiber and matrix was achieved by replacing cement by 27 % MK and 3 % NC, which increased the bond strength and pull-out energy by 131.46 and 196.35 %, respectively. Keywords: sisal fiber ; fiber-reinforced cement ; cement composite ; interfacial bond strength ; blended cement ; ca si ratio ; cement mortar ; compressive strength ; cement hydration ; pure cement ; cement matrix ; fiber flexibility ; fiber break ; weibull modulus ; fracture energy
S44. Modification and Characterization of Hemp and Sisal Fibers Hamideh Hajihaa, Mohini Sainb* & Lucia H. Meic a
Chemical Engineering Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Forestry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada c Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil b
Journal of Natural Fibers. Vol.11(2), 2014
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Abstract: This work is to investigate the effectiveness of the surface treatment technique of fiber impregnation in polymer solution in improving compatibility of natural fibers with matrix. Hemp and sisal fibers were treated through polymer coating in comparison to acetylation, alkalization/acetylation, and silanization. Different analytical techniques were employed to examine effect of surface treatment, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in nitrogen and air. FTIR showed acetylation combined with alkalization led to the highest hemicellulose and lignin removal among all treated fibers for both fibers, while polymer coating led to an increase at peak around 1,736 cm−1 due to the carbonyl group. SEM micrographs of treated fibers showed cleaner surfaces due to removal of waxy substances and lignin during treatments. Thermal stability of treated fibers increased based on TGA results except for the alkalized/acetylated fiber. Acetylated fibers had the lowest moisture content, thus demonstrating that acetylation is an effective technique to reduce the hydrophilic tendency of natural fibers. In comparison, polymer coating was not as effective as other treatment methods. Keywords: fiber modification, fiber characterization, hemp, sisal, polymer coating, compatibility
S45. Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composite: A Comparison between Unidirectional and Mat form of Fibres M.K. Gupta, R.K. Srivastava Department of Mechanical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, 211004-India Procedia Materials Science. Vol.5, 2014 ; Pages 2434–2439 Abstract: Natural fibres offer several benefits such as low density, low cost, environmental friendly and high specific mechanical performance. This work investigates the tensile and flexural properties of sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composite. This composite is prepared by using Hand lay-up method with 15, 20, 25 and 30 wt % of sisal fibres into epoxy matrix. Fibres are oriented in unidirectional as well as in the mat form. The tensile and flexural properties of sisal fibre epoxy composite both in unidirectional and in the mat form are found to be maximum at 30 wt %. It is found that the composite in unidirectional orientation of fibres gives better tensile and flexural properties in comparison to the mat form. Keywords: Sisal; Epoxy; Tensile properties; Flexural properties; SEM
S46. Impact Behaviour Analysis of Sisal/Jute and Glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites M. Ramesh *, K. Palanikumar, K. Hemachandra Reddy Advanced Materials Research.Vol. 984-985, 2014 ; p.266-272 Abstract: The fibers from naturally available resources are considered to have potential alternate reinforcing agent in polymer matrix composite materials due to their properties such as high strength, stiffness, degradable in nature and renewable in nature. In this study a lightweight, low cost and environment friendly hybrid composites are prepared by using sisal-jute-glass fibers as the reinforcement materials. There are three types of composites such as sisal/glass fiber reinforced polymer (SGFRP) 257
composites, jute/glass fiber reinforced polymer (JGFRP) composites and sisal/jute/glass fiber reinforced polymer (SJGFRP) composites are prepared by hand lay-up process and underwent to charpy impact test in order to study their impact properties. Post impact induced damage, material failure mechanism, matrix cracking, fiber breakage and pullout was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results showed that the energy absorption and load carrying capacity of JGFRP composites are better and able to withstand higher loads than SGFRP composites and SJGFRP composites. It is further observed from the experiment, the inclusion of sisal and jute fibers with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites has gained good impact properties. It is suggested that these light weight sisal and jute fibers have been used as an alternative reinforcing material to synthetic fiber for medium load applications. Keywords: Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Composites, Hybrid, Impact Properties, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), SJGFRP Composites
S47. Adsorption of copper(II) and nickel(II) ions from aqueous solution using graft copolymer of cellulose extracted from the sisal fiber with acrylic acid monomer T. Hajeetha, K. Vijayalakshmib, T. Gomathib, P.N. Sudhab*& S. Anbalaganc a Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. b PG & Research Department of Chemistry, DKM College for Women, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. c Department of Chemistry, Dravidian University, Kuppam, Andra Pradesh, India. Composite Interfaces.Vol.21(1), 2014 Abstract: Certain investigation was done on the removal of heavy metals (Cu2+ and Ni2+) from aqueous solution using adsorption process. The prepared cellulose-g-acrylic acid copolymer was used as an adsorbent to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The efficiency of the adsorbent was identified from the variation in the adsorption % with contact time, adsorbent dose, and pH. From the observed results, it is evident that the adsorption of metal ions increases with the increase in contact time and metal ion concentration. An optimum pH was found to be 5.0 for both Cu2+ and Ni2+ onto cellulose-g-acrylic acid. The results of the Langmuir, Freundlich, and pseudo first and second order studies revealed that the adsorption was found to fit well with Freundlich isotherm and follows pseudo second order kinetics. From the results, it was concluded that the graft copolymer was found to be an efficient adsorbent. Keywords: grafting, cellulose, sisal fiber, acrylic acid, adsorption isotherm
S48. Tensile Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Continuous Sisal Fibers Sergio Neves Monteiro, Frederico Muylaert Margem, Wellington Pereira Inácio, Artur Camposo Pereira, Michel Picanço Oliveira Materials Science Forum. Vol. 775-776, 2014 ; p. 284-289 Abstract: The tensile properties of DGEBA/TETA epoxy matrix composites reinforced with different amounts of sisal fibers were evaluated. Composites reinforce with up to 30% in volume of long, continuous and aligned sisal fibers were room temperature tested in an Instron machine. The fracture was analyzed by SEM. The results showed significant changes in the mechanical properties with the amount 258
of sisal fibers. These mechanical properties were compared with other bend-tested composites results. The fracture analysis revealed a weak fiber/matrix interface, which could be responsible for the performance of some properties. Keywords: Epoxy Matrix Composite, SEM Fracture Analysis, Sisal Fiber, Tensile Property
S49. Morphology and mechanical properties of sisal fibre/vinyl ester composites Kalpana Mahato, Sudipta Goswami, Apoorva Ambarkar Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand-835215, India Fibers and Polymers. Vol.15(6), 2014 ; pp 1310-1320 Abstract: Sisal fibres were subjected to a 2 % sodium hydroxide solution treatment for 2, 5 and 8 h at 35 °C. Change in chemical composition of the alkali treated fibres in comparison to that of the untreated fibres was evaluated. Fibres were characterized with respect to its FTIR, linear density, crystallinity, tenacity, modulus and % breaking strain. Tenacity of the fibres increased initially and then decreased as the time of alkali treatment was increased. Modulus of elasticity of the fibres increased with increase in alkali treatment time. Fibres lost breaking strain (%) gradually with increase in treatment time. Variation in mechanical properties of composites was studied with respect to the duration time of alkali treatment of fibres. The failure mode was particularly investigated before and after treatment for better understanding of the effect of alkali treatment. Keywords: Mercerization ; Sisal fibre composite ; Vinyl ester ; Fracture ; Scanning electron microscopy
S50. Preparation and properties of L-lactide grafted sisal fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites Aiju Jiang1, Xiaoqiang Xu2 and Hongwu Wu2, 1National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 2The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, MOE of P. R. China, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China *Correspondence to: Hongwu Wu; e-mail:
[email protected] Polymer Composites. Vol. 35(9), 2014 Abstract: Pretreatment of the sisal fiber (SF) grafting with L-lactide (LA) monomer via a ring-opening polymerization catalyzed by a Sn(II)-based catalyst was performed to improve the interfacial adhesion between SF and poly (lactic acid) (PLA). Biocomposites from LA-grafted SF (SF-g-LA) and PLA were prepared by compression molding with fiber weight fraction of 10, 20, 30, and 40%, and then were investigated in contrast with alkali-treated sisal fiber (ASF) reinforced PLA composites and untreated SF reinforced PLA composites. PLA composites reinforced by half-and-half SF-g-LA/untreated SF (half SFg-LA) were prepared and studied as well, considering the disadvantages of SF-g-LA. The results showed that both the tensile properties and flexural properties of the SF-g-LA reinforced PLA composites were improved noticeably as the introduction of SF-g-LA, compared with pure PLA, untreated SF reinforced 259
PLA composites and ASF reinforced PLA composites. The mechanical properties of the half SF-g-LA reinforced PLA composites were not worse, even better in some aspects, than the SF-g-LA reinforced PLA composites. Fourier transform infrared analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis exhibited that both the chemical composition and crystal structure of the SFs changed after LA grafting. In addition, the fracture surface morphology of the composites was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The morphological studies demonstrated that a better adhesion between LA-grafted SF and PLA matrix was achieved.
S51. Unconfined Compressive Strength of Bentonite - Lime-Phosphogypsum Mixture Reinforced with Sisal Fibers Sujeet Kumar, Rakesh Kumar Dutta Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering. Vol.8(3), 2014 Abstract: This paper presents the effect of sisal fibers on the unconfined compressive strength of bentonite. The present study is aimed at determining the behavior of bentonite-lime-phosphogypsum reinforced with sisal fibers in a random manner. The sisal fiber content was varied from 0.5 to 2 %. The results indicated that the unconfined compressive strength of bentonite can be increased by the addition of lime, phosphogypsum and sisal fibers. The increase in unconfined compressive strength was highest with 8 % lime, 8 % phosphogypsum and 1 % sisal fibers. The reference mix reinforced with sisal fibers was able to bear higher strains at failure as compared to bentonite and bentonite- lime-phosphogypsum mixture. With the increase in sisal fiber content (0.5 to 2 %) in reference mix, there was an increase in the unconfined compressive strength. The bentonite - lime-phosphogypsum-sisal fiber mixture will boost the construction of temporary roads on such problematic soils. Further, its use will also provide environmental motivation for providing a means of consuming large quantities of phosphogypsum and natural fibers.
S52. Investigations of fiber twist on the mechanical properties of sisal fiber yarns and their composites Hao Ma. Tongji University, China Yan Li.
[email protected], Tongji University, China Di Wang. Tongji University, China Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. January, 2014 Abstract: The effect of fiber twist on the tensile properties of single sisal fibers was investigated by single fiber tensile test. Four kinds of sisal yarns with four different levels of twist were made and the mechanical properties were investigated on both unimpregnated and resin-impregnated sisal yarns. A critical fiber twist level for unimpregnated sisal yarns was found beyond which the tensile properties started to decrease with the increasing of the level of fiber twist. However, for resin-impregnated sisal yarns, both tensile strength and modulus decreased with the increasing of the fiber twist level. In addition, the effect of fiber twist on both the tensile and flexural properties of unidirectional sisal yarn reinforced composites was studied. It was shown that lower twist level led to higher mechanical properties of its reinforced composites. Compared with the experimental results, Rao’s model proved to accurately calculate the Young’s modulus of fiber yarns with different levels of twist. Thus, the Young’s modulus of sisal yarn reinforced composites could be predicted by the rule of mixtures hereafter. 260
S53. Mechanical characterization of sisal reinforced cement mortar R. Fujiyama1),a), F. Darwish2),b) and M. V. Perdra3),c) 1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Para Federal University, Belem PA 66075-110, Brazil 2) Department of Civil Engineering, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi RJ 24210-240, Brazil 3) Department of Materials Engineering Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 22453900, Brazil Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letter. Vol. 4, 061002, 2014 Abstract: This work aims at evaluating the mechanical behavior of sisal fiber reinforced cement mortar. The composite material was produced from a mixture of sand, cement, and water. Sisal fibers were added to the mixture in different lengths. Mechanical characterization of both the composite and the plain mortar was carried out using three point bend, compression, and impact tests. Specimens containing notches of different root radii were loaded in three point bending in an effort to determine the effect of the fibers on the fracture toughness of the material. The results obtained indicate that, while fiber reinforcement leads to a decrease in compressive strength, J-integral calculations at maximum load for the different notch root radii have indicated, particularly for the case of long fibers, a significant superiority of the reinforced material in comparison with the plain cement mortar, in consistence with the impact test data.
S54. Effect of Sisal Fiber Surface Treatments on Sisal Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene (PP) Composites Hou Lei Gan *, Lei Tian, Chang Hai Yi Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 906, 2014 ; p. 167-177 Abstract: The Interface of sisal fiber which was treated by using alkali, potassium permanganate, atmospheric plasma and silane reinforced polypropylene composites were investigated by single fiber pull-out testes and surface morphology were studied. The results indicated that the morphological changes observed on the sisal fiber surface were obviously evident. Untreated, permanganate and plasma treated sisal fiber reinforced PP show a stable debonding process. Silane treated sisal fiber reinforced PP show an unstable debonding process. Single fiber pull-out tests indicated that the IFSS value was in the order of FIB < FIBKMnO4 < FIBP < FIBKH-550 < FIBKH-570. As can be seen from surface morphology of pull-out fiber, a little of PP resin was adhered to the pull-out FIB, FIBKMnO4, FIBP of sisal fiber. In contrast, PP resin at the surface of pull-out fiber was flaked off and sisal fibril was drawn out from sisal fiber were observed from pull-out fibers of FIBKH-550 and FIBKH-570. Keywords: Interfacial Shear Strength, Sisal Fiber, Surface Morphology, Surface Treatments
S55. Charpy Impact Tests in Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced with Continuous Sisal Fiber Sergio Neves Monteiro, Frederico Muylaert Margem, Artur Camposo Pereira, Noan Simonassi, Michel Picanço Oliveira 261
Materials Science Forum. Vol.775-776, 2014 ; p.290-295 Abstract: The objective of this work was to investigate the toughness behavior of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with up to 30% in volume of long, continuous and aligned sisal fibers by means of Charpy impact tests. The addition of sisal fibers results in a visible improvement in the energy absorption ability of the composites. Macroscopic observation of the post-impacted specimens and the SEM fracture analysis showed that longitudinal rupture through the sisal fiber interface with the epoxy matrix is the main mechanism for the higher toughness attended by these composites. Keywords: Charpy Impact Test, Epoxy Composite, Rupture Mechanism, Sisal Fiber
S56. Investigation of mechanical properties of randomly distributed sisal fibre reinforced soil Y. K. Wu; Y. B. Li*; B. Niu Shandong Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention And Mitigation, College of Civil Engineering and Construction, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China Materials Research Innovations. Vol.18(S2), 2014 ; pp. S2-953-S2-959 Abstract: Fibre reinforcement technology, which has been widely used in geotechnical engineering, such as, ground treatment, slope protection, retaining wall and so on, can effectively improve the bearing capacity and the shear strength of soil body. The present study is aimed at determining the behaviour of silty clay reinforced with sisal fibre in a random manner. The soil used is a type of silty clay which is representative in Qingdao District. The fibres are cut to different lengths (5, 10 and 15 mm) and mixed randomly with soil in varying percentages (0·5, 1·0 and 1·5%). The test results indicate an improvement in the strength, deformation and shear failure characteristics of soil due to the addition of sisal fibres. Additionally, the cohesion and the peak of the principal stress difference of the sisal fibre reinforced soil are improved to some extent compared with the plain soil. Keywords: Sisal fibre, Triaxial shear test, Fibre reinforced soil, Shear strength
S57. Composite Fiber Based on Sisal Fiber and Calcium Carbonate Pablo Martín-Ramosa, Luis M. Navas-Graciaa* & Jesús Martín-Gila
a
Journal of Natural Fibers. Vol.11(2), 2014
Abstract: The impregnation of a raw sisal fiber in a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide generated a fiber coated by a remarkable quantity of calcium carbonate and calcium oxide. However, some detachments of the inorganic coating were observed at microscopic level, and interstices in the external walls, filled by the precipitated material, were less visible than in raw fiber. Additionally, some fiber components have been removed by the preliminary sodium silicate washing. The final composite exhibited
Laboratorio de Materiales y Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Forestal, Universidad de Valladolid, Palencia, Spain b Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, México, Mexico
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more amorphous characteristics than the original raw fiber, as well as its mechanical behavior was very similar to an elastomeric material with more homogeneous mechanical properties than the original raw fiber.
Keywords: sisal, calcium silicate, composite fiber, natural fiber, calcium carbonate, hybrid fiber
S58. Viscoelastic Properties Research of Sisal Fibre Asphalt Concrete Zi Ye He, Fu Xue Liu, Feng Lv Applied Mechanics and Materials. Vol. 505-506, 2014 ; p. 239-243 Abstract: Asphalt concrete is a typical complex of viscous, elastic and plastic.So the raw materials should be fully considered, such as asphalt, aggregate, filler, etc, when research to viscoelastic. Viscoelastic can influence various properties, even to service life of the road and its performance. Therefore, if can improve the viscoelastic properties, it will have a lot of influence to asphalt concrete. Through to add 0.2% sisal fibre to common concrete to study the viscoelastic properties, this article seek to improve the viscoelastic method, in order to play the role of asphalt concrete better. Keywords: Asphalt Concrete, Sisal Fiber, Viscoelastic
S59. Sisal natural fiber/clay-reinforced poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) hybrid composites 1. 2. Rapeephun Dangtungee1, Jiratti Tengsuthiwat1, Pawinee Boonyasopon2, Suchart Siengchin1,3⇑ 1
Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangsue, Bangkok, Thailand 2 Department of Office Automation Design and Business Management, Faculty of Architecture and Design, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand 3 Natural Composite Research Group, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangsue, Bangkok, Thailand Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. Vol.27(12), 2014 Abstract: Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) biocomposites different sisal, containing with the fiber length of 0.25 and 5 mm, and addition of clay particles were prepared by hot compression technique. Silane (Bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide) treatment has been used to modify, and thus enhance, the properties of related hybrid composites. All composites were subject to water absorption test. The mechanical properties of hybrid composites, such as tensile stiffness and strength, toughness, and hardness, determined tensile, impact, and hardness tests, respectively. It was found that tensile strength, stiffness, and impact strength of long sisal fiber improved with increasing fiber content. Hardness of short sisal fiber improved with increasing fiber content. Treated Silane of long fibers at 20 wt.% loading was found to enhance the tensile strength fiber by 10% and impact strength by 750% as compared with the neat PHBV. Note that this feature was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the hardness and water resistance of the PHBV/sisal composites increased with the addition of clay particles. The diffusion coefficient for the PHBV and hybrid composites systems 263
studied was also calculated. Keywords: Bio-composites ; poly-hydroxybutyrate-co-b-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) ; sisal ; mechanical properties ; water absorption
S60. Investigation of Tensile Behavior of Sisal and Coir Reinforced Hybrid Composites Using Vinyl Ester Resin C. Chaithanyan *, T. Panneerselvam, S. Raghuraman, B. Vijaya Ramnath Applied Mechanics and Materials.Vol. 591, 2014 ; p. 146-149 Abstract: Composite materials play a major role in engineering application due to its light weight, good stiffness, high specific strength and flexible nature. Because of these properties, fibers are interbreed with glass fiber for the applications in the automobile, aircraft industries and household appliances are wider. This paper deals with fabrication and investigation of tensile behavior of hybrid composites using vinyl ester resin. Natural fibers, sisal and coir fibers which are commixed with vinyl ester with a volume fraction of 0.4 and 0.5 using hand lay-up process. The tensile strength of sisal-coir-glass composites was found to be better than the other two combinations of composite. Keywords: Coir, Hybrid Composite, Sisal, Tensile Behavior, Vinyl Ester Resin
S61. Surface Modification of Sisal Fiber Cellulose Microcrystallites by a Renewable FlameRetardant CH/PA Coating 1. ZENG Sihua ; WEI Chun ;TAN Yuyuan ;WANG Wu ;FU Jun ; LIU Hongxia ; QIN Aimiao 2. 3. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology 4. Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 2014-02 Abstract: Sisal fiber cellulose microcrystallines(SFCM) was coated with a fully renewable flame-retardant coatings consisted of cationic chitosan(CH) and anionic phytic acid(PA) via layer-by-layer(LbL) assembly. The structure and properties of the formed microcrystallite composite were characterized by Zeta potential, TGA, FESEM, VFT, and MCC methods. Zeta potential and FESEM results show that the surface charge of the coated cellulose microcrystallites reversed due to the adsorption of polyelectrolyte during multilayer deposition process. TG analysis show that the initial decomposition temperature of the composites decreased from 299℃ to 257℃ and the residues increased from 5.41% up to 37.34% with the increase of CH/PA film layers. Examination of SFCM(CH/PA) 5 residues by FESEM revealed that the distinct fiber structure have been preserved and insignificant fiber shrinkage was observed.Vertical combustion testing(VFT)results show that for SFCM(CH/PA)5, in comparison with the plain SFCM, the afterflame time is drops from 150 s down to 39 s; the pkHRR and total heat release(HR)exhibit great reduction of 70.6% and 79.2% respectively. These results demonstrate that the CH/PA coating has obviously improved the flame retardant performance of SFCM. Keywords: composite ; LbL ; self-assembly ; SFCM(CH/PA)n ; thermal performance ; flame-retardant
264
62. Investigation on Dynamic Behaviour of Hybrid Sisal/Bagasse Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites N.Vijaya Sai, P. Nanda Kishore, Ch. Prem Kumar Vrsec college, Vijayawada International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE). Vol.1(6), 2014 Abstract: The present study deals with transverse vibration analysis of hybrid sisal-bagasse fabric reinforced epoxy composites. The hybrid sisal-bagasse composite are prepared by hand lay-up technique using treated sisal and bagasse as reinforced materials and commercially available epoxy resin as a matrix material. Hybrid sisal-bagasse fabric reinforced epoxy composite having aspect ratio of 0.83 with 5 layers of cloth for hybrid sisal-bagasse composite with fiber direction orientation at [+90°/+45°/0°/-45°/-90°] composite is prepared. In the analysis, a frequency domain model is used along with Frequency Response Function (FRF) measurements obtained from the plate. These measurements are made using a Fast Fourier Technique (FFT) based spectrum analyzer. Natural frequency, damping factor and mode shapes are obtained from the composites. Keywords: vibration; matrix material; mode shapes; Frequency Response Function; damping factor; Natural frequency
63. Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Sisal Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites Isiaka Oluwole Oladele*, Oluyemi Ojo Daramola, And Solomon Fasooto Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies. Issue 24, January-June 2014 ; p. 1-12 Abstract: The effect of extraction by soil retting and chemical treatment on the mechanical properties of sisal fibre reinforced polyester composites was investigated. The sisal fibre was extracted by soil retting method followed by chemical treatments. Treatments were carried out on the fibre at an elevated temperature of 70°C for 2 hours with 2 molar solutions each of NaOH, KOH, H2O2 and Ethanol. Both treated and untreated fibres were used to develop the sisal fibre reinforced polyester composites in predetermined proportions after which they were tested for mechanical properties. From the results, it was observed that, KOH treated fibre reinforced polyester composite followed by Ethanol treated fibre samples gave the best results. KOH treatment was observed to enhance the tensile and hardness properties of the polyestercomposites than other treatments. Keywords: Soil Retting; Chemical Treatment; Mechanical Properties; Sisal Fibre; Polyester; Composites. 64. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Sisal Particles Reinforced Polypropylene
265
Composite S. I. Durowaye*, G. I. Lawal, O. I. Olagbaju Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria International Journal of Composite Materials. Vol. 4(4), 2014: p.190-195 Abstract : The mechanical properties of polypropylene composite reinforced with sisal particles were studied to assess the possibility of using it as a new material for engineering applications. The composite was produced by compounding and compressive moulding technique by using different weight fractions (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25) % of reinforcement with particles size of 150 and 300μm. The results revealed that sisal particles improved the hardness property of the polypropylene matrix composite. A general increase was observed in the hardness trend of 300μm sisal particles reinforced polypropylene composites, showing a peak value of 3.83BHN at 25 %wt of sisal reinforcement. The toughness of the composites dropped as the concentration of sisal particles increased in the polypropylene matrix. This indicates that shock absorption reduces with increase in reinforcement. The microstructural analysis shows a good dispersion of the sisal particles in the matrix which is responsible for the increase in strength. The tensile strength increased up to a maximum value of 6.96MPa at 20 wt % of reinforcement using 150μm particle size. In terms of strength, 150μm particle size is better than the 300μm. Hence, this grade can be use for interior applications such as car seat, dash board, and car interior for decorative purposes or other interior parts of automobile where high strength is not considered a critical requirement. Hence, polypropylene matrix composite reinforced with sisal particles is a good material for engineering applications. Keywords : Mechanical properties, Polypropylene, Sisal plant, Composite, Microstructural analysis
65. Synthesis and Mechanical Characterization of Sisal-Epoxy and Hybrid-Epoxy Composites in Comparison with Conventional Fiber Glass-Epoxy Composite K. Hari Ram *, R. Edwin Raj Advanced Materials Research.Vol. 984-985, 2014 ; p. 285-290 Abstract: Polymer composites reinforced with natural fibers have been developed in recent years, showing significant potential for various engineering applications due to their inherent sustainability, low cost, light weight and comparable mechanical strength. Sisal is a natural fiber extracted from leaves of Agave Sisalana plants and substituted for natural glass fiber. Six different combinations of specimens were prepared with sisal, sisal-glass and glass fibers with epoxy as matrix at two different fiber orientation of 090° and ±45°. Mechanical characterization such as tensile, flexural and impact testing were done to analyze their mechanical strength. It is found that the hybrid composite sisal-glass-epoxy has better and comparable mechanical properties with conventional glass-epoxy composite and thus provides a viable, sustainable alternate polymer composite. Keywords: Hybrid Composite, Mechanical Property, Natural Fiber, Polymer Composites
266
Author Index Author's Name
Entry No.
Aart Van Vuure Ab Saman Abd Kader Abad E. Abbiramy K.S. Abderrezak Bezazi Abdi B. Abdul Aziza N.A. Abdul Gafur Abdul Khalilac H. P. S Abdul Munir Abdul Murad Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam Abdulhafiz A. Shaikh Abdullah M. R. Abu Bakar A. Abu Saleh Ahmed Acharya S.K. Acharya SK Adekunleb, K. Ademir José Zattera Adesuji Elijah Temitope Adhemar Collà Ruvolo-Filho Adhikari, B. Adlan Akram Mohamad Mazuki Adriana de Campos Adroja P.P. Afsar A.M. Aggarwal, Lakshya Ahmad Ahmad D. Ahmad Danial Azzahari Ahmad Fitrie M. I. Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi Ahmad Safwan Ramlan Ahmad Thirmizi M.Z. Ahmed Belaadi Ahsanul Haque M. Ai Miao Qin Aifen Tao Aifen Tao
J44 K28 G6 C11 S36 K32,K75 B20 J97,J99,J114 J23 K38 K10 K62 B36 K32,K75 K55 J55 J96 J58 J16 B35 P16 S5 J27 K2 S25 J117 J78 J5 K69 K42 K25 K3 C27 K61 K13 S36 J115 S6 J39 J110 267
Aiju Jiang Ailin Yuan Aimrun Wayayok Ainun Zuriyati Mohamede Aishwarya S. Aixue Dong Ajaya Kumar Behera Ajil Joy Akhtar Khurshid Akihiko Goto AKM Mohiuddin Akshay Dvivedi Al Emran Ismail Al Emran Ismail Alain Dufresne Alam M. K. Alena Kubátová Alessia Tropea Ali Abdulkhani Ali Akbar Zolriasatein Ali Karimi Ali Khudir Ali P. Alice Bevitori Alice Bevitori Alkbir M.F.M. Alothmanb, Othman Y. Al-Shuja O.M. Altaf Hussain Bagawan Álvarez-Mozos J. Alveera Khan Alves, Cristiano AM Sarwaruddin Chowdhury Amanda F. Dias Amarpreet Singh Ame B A Aminul Islam Amir Hossein Mahvi Amir Rabu Ammayappan, Lakshmanan Ana Iraidy S. Brígida Anbalagan S. Anbarasu Kalpana Anbuselvi S. André Luís S. Pereira Andréa Maria Andréa Rodrigues Marques
S50 R27 K19 C43 G9 J56, J81 J108 B3 J46 J79 B11 S39 J70 K54 K1 J98 K8 P11 K1 J91 K1 J71 J102 J72 R37 K26 J23 K18 B6 G6 C3,C7 J21 J99,J105 C12 J87 K77 J44 K44 K38 J19 B42 S47 C48 P8 B42 C9 C13 268
Andréa Rodrigues Marques Angeswari T Angzzas Sari Mohd Kassim Aniekemeabasi U. Israel Anna Krojidlová Annapoorna.K Ansari M.A. Antônio Farias Leal Antonio N. Nakagaito Anu Mathew Anuar Abdul Rahim Apoorva Ambarkar Araújo, A.L. Arive M. Arju S.N. Arthanarieswaran V.P. Artidteang S. Artur Camposo Pereira Arumugam V. Asaithambi B. Ashuvila Mohd Aripin Ashwini Kumar Singh Asif Mahmud Asuquo P.O. Aswin U.S. Aswinraj A. Atiqah A. Atluri V. Ratna Prasadb Atreya T. Sri Ananda Augustin Dinobi Omah Ayaz Ahmad M. Ayob A. Aysha Ferdoushi Ayyavoo Karthikeyan Azahari B. Azhar Abu Bakar Aziz Hassan Azman Hassan Azmin Shakrine Mohd Rafie Azwan S. Babu V Ramesh Babu, K.Mallikharjuna Badia J.D. Bakar N. H. Balaji N.S. Balamurugan Kulendran Balan Krishnan
G1 B18 P2 C2 C23 C53 B30 S21 C1 C15 K19 S49 J21 G6 J78 B23,S15 K27 S48,S55 J33 B14 P2 C25 J25 C4 B31 J33 K5 J20 B31 B10 C3 K75 B11 C48 B20 K2 K25,K69 J55,J67,K11,C32 C37,C40 K75 J85 J14 S9 K76 C45 C48 C46 269
Bandyopadhyay, N. R. Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh Sanchita Banerjee Pradipta Banerjee, Ruby Baozhong Sun Barik Anandamay Basak S. Bastia, Tapan Kumar Basudam Adhikari Beermann D. Beg M. D. H. Begum T Behera B. K. Behera, Dibakar Belaadi A. Bella G. Di Beníten A.N. Bennett, N Bera A. Bergado D.T. Bezazia A. Bhaduri Swapan K. Bharathiraja G. Bhata Rajeev Bhattacharya Bishwajit Bhattacharyya R. Bhoopathi R. Bhosale Subhash Hanmant Bin Niu Binapani Deka Bing Du Bing Yang Biswal Manoranjan Biswas C. Biswas Chinmay Biswas S. Biswas Subir Kumar Bizun Wang Blanca Roncero M. Bo Jiang Bo Wang Borsellino C. Brian Ayre Byung-Wan Jo Camelus Sunday Obayi Campo M.A. Cao,Yuanlin
J22 J93 R26 J29 R29 J89 J49 J18 J108 S38 C44 J38 J94 J18 S14 K30 B37 J11 J118 K27 S14 J121 C39 B20 B7 G5 B15 J93 S17 B9 K37 K33 S24 J118 J82,J84,J90,J109,K22 J73 B16 B34 S4 S28 R4 K30 K33,K63 J8 B10 G6 J2 270
Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira B38 Carmona Vitor Brait S25 Carolina Nascimento de Oliveira B38 Carrozzini A. S22 Casalí J. G6 Cevallos O.A. S22 Cha Chi Fan C30 Chai A.B. K57 Chaithanyan C. S60 Chaiyaput S. K27 Chakrabarti Kalyan J42 Chakrabarti Omprakash C6 J121 Chakraborti Debashis Chakraborty Ashis J42 Chakraborty Kaustav K22 J97 Chakraborty, Soma Chakraborty, Sumit J8 Chalivendra, Vijaya B. J3 Chandrasekaran M B4 Chandrasekaran M. B13,B26 Chang Hai Yi S54 Changhai Yi R30 Chan-Gi Park J53 Chantara Thevy Ratnam K36 Chao He R9,R14 Chao Hu R28 Chao Ran Meng R41 Chaohong Dong P5 Charles L. Webber and Nandika A. D'SouzaK63 Charles L. Webber III K33 Chattopadhay Chinmoy J89 J121 Chattopadhyay S N Chattopadhyay S.K. J49 Chattopadhyay Subhanjan Salil Kumar J101 CHEN Jian-xiang R42 Chenchen Zhu S36 Cheng L. D. R46 Cheng Ling R44 R4 Cheng Ying Lao Chengjian Huang R6,R40 Chengzhen Geng S8 K20 Chin Hua Chia Chin Hua Chia K73 Ching Wen Lou C30 Ching Y. C. K4 Ching Yern Chee K36 Ching-San Kuan P12 271
Chong Wen Yu Chongwen Yu Choong W.H. Choudhuri, P. K. Choudhury T.R. Choudhury, Koel Chowdhuri, Atin Chowdhury A.M.S. Chowdhury H Chowdhury Kaiser Mahmud Christian Meyer Christophe Hano Christopher P. Bobko Chuan-Chen Lee Chuku Aleruchi Chumsamrong P. Chun Wei Chun-Ling Zheng Chunyan Ran Cong Zhu Conrado de Souza Rodrigues Conrado de Souza Rodrigues Cristina Gomes da Silva Cristina Valls Cuiwu Lin D’Souza Nandika Anne Dana Koňákov Danial Azzahari Daniele Oliveira Castro Danladi A. Darwish F. Das Atanu Kumar Das Biswapriya Das D.K. Das Himadri Das S. Das Tapas Das, Debasish Datt, Animesh K. Datta Karabi Datta Suman Datta Swapan K Dauda S.M. David K. Visi David Wilson De D. K. de Andrade Silva, Flávio
K37,R41 R36 C41 J31 J102 J27 J28 J102 J88 J99 S26,S43 C20 K56 P12 P16 S35 S6 R15,R27 R6 R4 C13 G1 J1 S4 S13 K33,K35 C23 K69 S5 P1 S53 B16 J42 J78 C6 J49 G10 J28 J12 J83 J121 J83 K42 K33 P11 J119 C9 272
De D. K. de Souza Jr, Fernando Gomes Debes Bhattacharyya Debnath Kishore Debnath, Sanjoy Deepa C. Deepak, Dharmpal Deivanayagam S. Deka Pankaj Denise de Carvalho Urashima Denise de Carvalho Urashima Dennyson Savariraj A. Devi, M. Renuka Dey Kamol Dey P. Dey Piyali Dhakal H.N. Dhakal, H.N. Dhandapani Saravanan Dhar S. S. Di Wang Diego I. Diego M. do Nascimento Diego M. Nascimento Díez J. Ding Liu Ding Xiang Peng Divya G. S. Divyasree Gaju Dody Ariawan Dody Ariawan Dong, Aixue Donghwan Cho Dsouza C. Dudhane A. S. Dudhane A. S. Durowaye S. I. Dutta Rakesh Kumar Du-Yeong Kim Dwi Astuti Wijayanti Ealias Anju Mary Eashwar H. Eduok U.M. Edwin Raj R. Ehsan Gharehchahi Ekhlas A. Osman Ekhlas A. Osman
J45 C9 K43,K45,K52,K59 S39 J19 B15,B31 J5 J51 B9 C13 G1 C21 G7 J105 J118 J84,J90 J33 J16,J11 B18 J37 S52 G6 B42 C12 G6 S11 R4 C49 G9 K13 K23 J2 K14 J49 J119 J45 S64 S51 K40 K7 C8 B31 C4 S65 K44 K41 K53 273
Elanchezhian C. Elanchezhian C. Elayaperumal A. Elemike Elias Emeka Elisabete Frollini El-Shekeil Y.A. Emran Ismail A. Enock Olugbenga Dare Epifanio Jiménez García Eric Lainé Érika Virgínia Raphael de Almeida ES Zainudin Eun-Young Choi Eva Vejmelkov Evguenii Kozliak Fábio Soares dos Santos Fabrizio Scarpa Fadzlita M.T. Fagbemi O.D. Fagbemigun T. K. Fahad Shah Fan Liu Fan, Xuerong Fangchao Cheng Farah Diba Abu Bakar Farah Nadia Mohammad Padzil Farzaneh S. Faseha Shukor Fashen Li Fauzani Md. Salleh Fayeka Mansura Fei Chen Fei Wang Fei Xu Feng Chen Feng Lv Feng Tian Feng Tian Feng Zhou Fenggang Bian Fernando de Paula Leonel Ferreira, Saulo Rocha Filho, Romildo Dias Toledo Fiore V. Flávio Andrade Silva Flávio de Andrade Silva Foluke Salgado de Assis
J63 J59 J52 P16 J1,S5 K18,K68 K71 P16 P3 C20 J1 K49 C26 C23 K8 C13,G1 S36 C41 P4 P4 R4 R16 J2,J6 C33 K38 K20 B37 K11 C29 K25,K69 C32,J67 R22 S31 C29 R14,S8 S11,S58 J106 J77 S28 J77,J106 P15 C9 C9 K30 S27 J107 B39 274
Forhad Ibne Al Imamd Francis, Robert A. Frederico Muylaert Margem FU Jun Fu Xue Liu Fujiyama R. Furtado, Samuel C.R. Gabriel de Sá Teles e Lima Galtieri G. Gan S. N. Ganesan G. Gang Deng Gang We Gang Wei Gangadhara Pusty Gao S Gaoyang Zhang Garre P. Gawande S P Ge Wang Gen Yang Cao GENG, Xiang Ghataura Arvinder Ghorai A K Ghosh Rajesh Ghosh Rakesh Kumar Ghosh S K Ghosh Swapan Kumar Ghosh, Swagata Ghumara R.Y. Giacomo Dugo Giménez R. Giri Dev, V. R. Glòria Andreu Godfrey Habbi Gomathi T. Gopinath Ajith Goswami Sudipta Goswami Tridip Goswami, Sudipta Gotyal B. S. Gotyal B.S. Graciele Araújo de Oliveira Caetano GU Xi Guangxu Cheng Gudi, Harsha R. Guijun Xian
B12 C28 B39,J72,R37,S48,S55 S61 S58 S53 J21 S21 K30 K4 B14,J75 R4 R40 R6 B27 K16 J110 C42 R2,R7 K66 R38 R43 C1 J88 B8,B29 R18,R26 G5 G4 J29 J117 P11 G6 G7 K6 B24 S47 J52 S49 C6 S40 J120 J24,J35,J43,J85 P15 R44 S28 J14 R39 275
Gujjala Raghavendra Gujjala Raghavendra Guo F Guoguo Tan Guowei Wang Guo-Wei Wang Gupta Arun Kumar Gupta M.K. Gupta, V. K. Gutiérrez M Hai Chen Zhang Haiyan Sun Hajeeth T. Halizah Awang Hambali A. Hamideh Hajiha Hamidreza Soheili Najafabadi Hamma A. Hamza Güllü Han G Hangfei Zhou Haniffah W.H. Hao Ma Haofu Dai Haque Papia Harini Sosiati Hassan H. M. Hassan M.A. Hatika Kaco Hatika Kaco Haydar U Zaman Haydar U. Zaman Hazim J. Haroosh Hazizan Md Akil Hazizan Md Akil Hazizan Md Akil Hazleen Anuar He Qiu Helen P.A.Mary He-Zhi He Hiroyuki Hamad Hiroyuki Hamada Hitoshi Takagi Ho L.H. Hoggart, Simon P. G. Hong Xia Liu Hong Yang Wang
J58 J74 R24,R25 C29 R27 R15 S24 S45 J5 C56 S33 S10 S47 P2 K21 S44 C24 K12 J71 K16 R6 C34 S52 B34 J111,J114 K7 K47 K54 K20 K73 C38 C44 C1 K2 K55 J9 K3 J54 C5 S34 J79 J64 C1 B20 C28 S6 R4 276
Hongbing Lu Hong-qiang Yan Hongwu Wu Hoque A.K.M.A. Hossain S. Z. Hou Lei Gan Hua Deng Huan Liu Huaqing Wang Hubiao Wang Hui Chen Hui Li Hui Zhang Huijuan Jia Hui-Qing Zhou Huq F. Husain N. A. Hyeok-Jin Kwon Hyie K. M. Hyun-Bin Kim Hyung-Jun Lee Hyun-Joong Kim Ignaas Verpoest Igwe C.C. Ikechukwu Christian Ezema Ilce Aiko Tanaka Razera Ime B. Obot Imtiaz Ali Indraja Y. Intan S.M.A. Tawakkal Intezar Hussain Iqbal M. Iqbal Mokhtar Isabela Leão da Silva Ishak M.R. Isiaka Oluwole Oladele Islam Rabiul Ismail Hossain Israel A.U. Ivana Brzonova Jaafar H.Z.E. Jabasingh S. Anuradha Jagasthitha R Jamaliah Md Jahim Jamaludin Mohamad Yatim Jamarei O. Jamil Hashim
K33 R22,R32,R33,R34 S42,S50 J25 G3 S54 R14 S31 R34 J60 J39 R39 K24 R6 S34 G3 K32 K14 K76 K40 J53 K14 J44 P4 B10 J1 C2 K52,K59 J68 K67 B22 K5 K28 J72,R37 K26,K34 S63 J104 J48 C4 K8 K65 C42 B18 K38 K10,K62 K42 K72 277
Janaki Dehury Jani S. Mohamad Jari Vartiainen Javier Pastor F.I. Jawaid M Jawaid, M. Jaya Sree S. Jayabal S. Jayabal S. Jayabalan P. Jayanta Sarkhel Jayaraman Krishnan Jayasinghe G Y Jean-Philippe Blondeau Jebraj, Martin Jeencham Rachasit Jessica S. Almeida Jesús Martín-Gil Jeyaraj P. Jha S K Ji Hua Li Jia Horng Lin Jian Lv Jianbo Li Jianchun Jiang Jiang W Jianguang Su Jianjun Xu Jianmin Qi Jianmin Qi Jianqiang Wei Jianqiang Wei Jiantang Xu Jiantang Xu Jie Ren Jie Sun Jie Sun Jie Wang Jie Wang Jie Yuan Jie YuCheng Jignesh K. Patel Jin Mao Chen Jin Ping Qu Jin Tong Jing Guo Jing Lu Guo
C31 C52 B21 S4 K49 J23 C5 C35,C39,C47 C45 B41 J121 K52,K59 C57 C20 J14 S1 C12 S57 B40 J87 S31 C30 S6 R20 S12 K16 J110 R40 J39 J110 S26 S43 J110 J39 R20 R15 R27 J77 J106 C33 R48 B36 C30 S33 J60 K24 K37 278
Jinghua Qian Jing-shu Huang Jinhe Gao Jinsong Ma Jinyou Lin Jiratti Tengsuthiwat Jiri Militky Jiugang Yuan Ji-Won Park João A. Melo Filho João Paulo S. Morais Joe Okello Joël Doussot John Summerscales Jonas Alexandre Joon-Pyo Jeun Jorge López-Beceiro José Manoel Marconcini José Pascual-Cosp Jose R.J.Shalini Joshi S Joya, Ajil Judith P.A. Feitosa Jumahat Aidah Jun Fei Yin Jun Wang Jun Yi Qian Jung-Hun Lee Junjie Sun Jyotishkumar P. K. N. Indira Kabir M.E. Kaci M. Kakhandaki Anand Kalam A. Kalita Dipul Kandasamy Prabakar Kang Sun Karaduman Y. Karaduman Y. Karan Maya Karlsson S. Karmakar P G Karmakar P G Karmakar P. Karthick S. Karthik S.
K15 R19 B34 S18,J66 J77,J106 S59 J94 J56,J81 K14 S41 B42,C12 B24 C20 J30 B38 K40 S37 S25 S19,S37 C5 C14 J10 B42,C12 K61 J54 R19 S11 K14 J60 B32 B32 J25 K12 C49 K76 C6 C21 S12 J40,J62 J112 J82,J109,K22 S9 J29,R2 J84 K22 J63 J59 279
Karthikeyan A. Karunamoorthy L. Kasama Jarukumjorn Kathirselvam M. Kayal Nijhuma Ke Wang Keith W. Waldron Kelly Cristiane Gomes Ken Gotoa Ketsara Arrub Ke-Xiang Wang Kh. Mumtahenah Siddiquee Kh. Nurul Islam Khalid S.N.A. Khalina A. Khalina A. Khalina Abdan Khan A Khan A. J. Khan G. M. Arifuzzaman Khan Jahangir A. Khan M. Z. H. Khan M.A. Khan RA Khane M. Zahid H. Khurshid Akhtar Kim Yeow Tshai Kim, Yong K. Kin-Tak Lau Kittikorn T. Kivade, S.B. Ki-Young Choi Klanarong Sriroth Kloykamol Panyasart Koay Mei Hyie Kok Cheong Wong Koronis G. Krishna C Vinod Krishnan Jayaraman Krishnanb P. Navaneetha Kuakoon Piyachomkwan Kulkarni, Adarsh Kumar D Kumar G. Prem Kumar G. Suresh Kumar M. Kumar M. Senthil
C45 K48 S1 B23,S15 C6 S8,R9,R14 P11 S21 J47 J64 S34 J7,J97 J55 K71 P6 K42 K19 C14,J121 G3 J115 J95,J104 B12 J102 J105 B12 C25 K57 J3 C1 S9 J13 C26 K14 P7 K61 K57 R35 J59 C19 C35 K14 J13 J38 J63 J68 J118 J52 280
Kumar M. Suresh Kumar P.A. Udaya Kumar Pradeep Kumar Prem Kumar R. Prasanna Kumar S. Ananda Kumar Sujeet Kumar V. Kumar V. Kumar, M. A. Kumar, M. Suresh Kumar, Mukesh Kumar,K. Palani Kumaravel A. Kumaravel A. Kun Ren Kundu D K Kundu D K Kwang Won Yoon Labulo Ayomide Hassan Lai Jiu Zheng Lan MA Lan Yao Lawal G. I. Lei Tian Leman Z. Lew Christopher Lewis, Armand F. Li Guo Li Hong Cui Li Jun Liu Li Liping LI Mei-zhen Li X Li Y. B. Li Zhang Liang Kaiwen Liangbo Yu Libo Yan Life John Lihua Huang Lihui Lin Li-li Wang Lili Zheng Lim H. Yan Lina Lin Lina Liua
B17 C53 J36 S62 G9 B14 S51 J45 J119 J34 J26 J87,R8 B28,J113,S2,S3,S46 B23 S15 S8 J87,J88 S23 J8 P16 K37 K50 R5 S64 S54 K9,K31,K49,K51 K8 J3 J60 S31 R4 C51 R45 R24,R25 S56 C22 K66 J77,J106 C19 C8 R28 J39,J110 R32,R33 B34 C34 R16 S13 281
Lina Zhang Ling-Hua Zhuang Linwei He Li-qin Sun LIU Hongxia Liu Suwen Liu Xuejing Liu Yongjian LIU, Mu-hua Liwu Zhang LONG Chao-hai Longchang Wang Lopez-Arraiza A Lopez-Arraiza A. Loredana G. La Torre Lucia H. Mei Luis A. Pérez-Maqueda Luis M. Navas-Graciaa Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso Luqman Chuah Abdullah LV Jiang-nan M. Jawaid Ma H C Maachea M. Madoor Comandore Rangasai Mahapatra B S Mahato Kalpana Mahato, Kalpana Mahbub Hasan Mahdi Khalatbari A. Mahmud A.U. Mahzan S. Maity Anwesha Maizirwan Mel Maizlinda Izwana Majumdar B Maleque M.A. Mali Sachin L. Malik Ujjwal Malinen Raimo O. Mandal, Aninda Mandol S. Mangesh Nar Manickavasagam V.M. Manikandan V. Manna Kaushik Manna Suvendu
K73 R15,R27 R16 R19 S61 S10 C51 C51 R43 J39,J110 K50 R6,R40 J11 J33 P11 S44 S19 S57 S25 K36 K50 C34,K5,K9,K18,K31,K51 R46 S14 J93 J87,J88,R8 S49 S40 C32,J67,K11 K65 J25 K60 C6 K3 K60 J88 K5 B30 J89 B12 J12 G5 K33,K35 J59 B40 J121 J108 282
Mansor M.R. Mao Peng Marçal Rosas Florentino Lima Filho Mardhiah Ismail Marek Prajer Maria Clea B. Figueirêdo María Elena Ramos Cassellis María Elena Sánchez PardO Maria Ernestina Alves Fidelis Maria S. Peresin Marlene J. Cran Martin P. Ansell Martínez-Felipe A. Marwah Rayung Masomeh Ghassem Mayer Raul Martini Mazumdar Sonali P Md Saidin Wahab Md. Asanul Haque Md. Ashrafuzzaman Md. Ayub Md. Ayub Ali Md. Iftekhar Shams Md. Maksud Helali Md. Mamunur Rashid Md. Minhajul Islam Md. Mobarak Hossain Md. Moniruzzaman Md. Rashnal Hossain Md. Rejwan Bhuiyan Md. Saiful Islam Md. Saiful Islam Md. Shahjahan Md. Shamsul Alam Md. Zahangir Alam MDH Beg Meena P. N. Meena P. N. Megat Ahmad Kamal Megat Hanafiah Mehdi Raftari Meiners D. Melvin M. Men de sá M. Souza Filho Mfon Rebecca Mgbachiuzor E. Mi Zhou Michael Allen
K21 R32,R33 S21 K17 S20 C12 P3 P3 J107 B21 K67 S20 S9 K58 C24 S7 J87 K64 J99 J25 C24 J25 B16 J7,J97 B16 J114 J4,J57 J4,J57 J44 J25 K11 J55 J4,J57 J115 J4,J57 C38 J43 J120 K17 K62 S38 C41 B42 P16 P4 R9,R14 K33 283
Michel Picanço Oliveira Michelle Chebeir Michelle Pereira Babisk Milton Pereira Soares Júnior Min li Ming Juan Li Ming Zeng Mingli Yu Mingqi Ye Minoru Terano Mishra V. Mishra Vivek Mishra Rajesh Mitra S. Mitra S. Mitra Sabyasachi Mohamad Haafiz M. K. Mohamad Zaki Abdullah Mohamed A. F. Mohamed A. R. Mohammad Abdul Ahad Mohammad Ashik Iqbal Khan Mohammad Esmail Yazdanshenas Mohammad Fadhirul Ahmad Mohammad Hosseini Fouladi Mohammad Shah Jamal Mohammed Khalifa Mohammed Mizanur Rahman Mohammed Shahidul Islam Mohanty S. Mohanty Smita Mohanty, Priyabrata Mohd Amirul Abdul Rahman Mohd Azam Musa Mohd Hafiz Zamri Mohd Ishak Z.A. Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor Mohd Khairun A. U. Mohd Khalid Hassan Mohd Nazarul Zaman Mohd Nazir Mohd Nazrin Othman Mohd Nazrul Roslan Mohd Nazrul Roslan Mohd Pahmi Saiman Mohd Tobi A.L. Mohd Yazid Yahya Mohd Yussni Hashim
B39,J72,R37,S48,S55 K8 B38 B38 R13 R11 S6 K15 R5 J115 J73 J69 J94 J43 J120 R26 J55 K46 K76 P6 J99 J25 J91 K70 C24 J4,J57 B6 J111,J114 J114 S24 B1,B5,B33 J18 C37,C40 C27 K55 K2,K12,K13,K23,K55 C24 K3 K61 K69 K39 J70 K71 K64 J70 K28 K71 284
Mohd Zainuri Mohd Hatta Mohini Sainb Mollah M.Z.I. Mondal Subhendu Bikas Mónica Benítez-Guerrero Mónica Benítez-Guerrero Monidipta Saha Monika Čáchová Monisa Lopes Monteiro Monisa Lopes Monteiro Monzón M.D. Morsyleide de F. Rosa Moses M. Solomon Mostafa A.I. Mostefa Bourchak Mrinal Kanti Halder MT Paridah Mubarak A. Khan Muhammad Abdullah Al Mamun Muhammad Nazri Rejab Muhammad Razak Osman Muhd Hafeez Zainulabidin Mukherjee Abhishek Mukhopadhyay Samrat Munaim Ali Omar Baki Munirah Mokhtar Munshi, Rajiv Muraleedharan Nair Muthulingam M. Muthumani S. Nagamadhu M Naik R.K. Naiwen Zhang Nambi Muthukrishnan Nana Li Nanda Kishore P. Nanthaya Kengkhetkit Nanting Zhou Narayanan S. Narayanana, S. Narendar R. Narendra Yadav Narkar R. Nasim Ali Nasim Alib Nattawut Chaiyut Nawawi Chouw
P2 S44 J102 R26 S19 S37 R8 C23 C13 G1 B37 B42,C12 C2 J102 S36 J121 K77 J4,J57,J78,J95,J98,J100,J104 J100 K64 K2 K71 J89 B7 C37 K11 J28 C18 C11 P8 J13 J24,J35 R20 J51 P5 S62 P10 R5 B3 J10 C17,C18 J46 J49 J82 J109 P7 C19 285
Nayak S. K. Nie Zhao Niedja F. Vasconcelos Nik Hisyamudin Muhd Nor Nilavarasan T. Nilson Tadeu Mascia Ning Jiang Nirmal P. V. Niu B. Niveda A. Noan Simonassi Noor Haznida Bakar Noor Leha Abdul Rahman Nor Amalina Nordin Nor Azowa Nor Azowa Ibrahim Nor Mazlana Main Norhashila Hashim Norhazlin Zainuddin Nowshad Amin Nur Aimi, M. N. Nur Inani Abdul Razak Nur Izyan Wan Azelee Nuraini A.A. Nurfatimah Bakar Nurhafizah Seeni Mohamed Nurul Aliaa Mohd Adnan Obot I.B. Ogihara Shinji OjedaBustamante W Ojha Shakuntala Olagbaju O. I. Olivito R.S. Oluyemi Ojo Daramola Omer Mukhtar Tarar Onal L. Onal L. Onuma Santawitee Ortega Z. Oseghale Charles Ojiefoh Osman Z Othman Y. Alothman Otitoju O. Owoseni Mojisola Christiana Pablo Martín-Ramos Padal K.T.B Pal S.K.
S24 J77 B42 J70 K48 S7 R10,R17 J63 S56 G9 S55 K61 K70 K70 K36 K58 C43 K19 K58 C24 K3 K58 K38 K21,K26 K36 K3 C27 C4 J47 C56 J58 S64 S22 S63 B22 J112 J40,J62 P7 B37 P16 K77 C34 P4 P16 S57 J17,J50 J96 286
Pal SK Pan N C
Pang C. L. Panneerselvam T. Panu Lahtinen Paramanandham J Paridah Md. Tahir Paridaha M. T. Parsania P.H. Parsotam H. Parsania Patrícia Santiago de Oliveira Patrício Patrícia Santiago de Oliveira Patrício Paul Anju Paulo R. L. Lima Paulo Roberto Lopes Lima Pavel Reiterman Pawar Ankit C. Pawar Sandesh L. Pawinee Boonyasopon Pedro E. Sánchez-Jiménez Pegoretti A. Peng Chen Peng Li Perdra M. V. Peter Lescher Peter Saugman Peter Troy-Davies Phil-Hyun Kang Phua Y.J. Pilar Diaz Ping Zhu Pingping Fan Pingping Fang Pinku Poddar Pinto, Linford Pinto, Michael A. Pol, Anil Pooja P. Adroja Poulter R prabu V. Arumuga Pradeep Kumar Pradipta Banerjee Praharaj, Ankita Pritam PrakashReddy. B Prasad Vishnu Prasad VVS Prasad, Vishnu
J58 J121 K32 S60 B21 C11 K1 J23 J117 J116 C13 G1 C8 S29,S41 S27,S30 C23 B30 B30 S59 S19,S37 K12 K15 K74 S53 K43 P11 P11 K40 K13 S4 P5 J39 J110 J105 J14 J3 J13 J116 C59 B40 J76 R18 J18 C50 B3 B27 J10,J15 287
Prasad, VVS Praseeja Ayyappan Vasantha Prasoetsopha N. Pratik Satya Priya Dasan K. Priyadarshi Tapas Ranjan Swain Prosanta Saha Pruttipong Pantamanatsopa Pujari Satish Pujari, Satish Qi Shao Qi Wang Qiang Fu Qiang Wang Qifang Lu Qili Hu QIN Aimiao Qin Zhang Qing Huang Wang Qingfu Zeng Qingming Tang Qingquan Guo Qu Y Quan-yu Dai R. Yahaya Rabar Fatah Salih Rabiul Islam M. Rachel Passos de Oliveira Santos Raghavan P.S. Raghavendra G Raghavendra G. Raghavendra Rao H. Raghuraman S. Rahim S Rahman A. Rahman M. R. Rajakumar S. Rajakumar S. Rajamuneeswaran S. Rajasekhar P. Rajeena A P Rajendra Boopathy S. Rajesh R Rajesh S. Rajesh, Gunti Rajini N. Ram K. Hari
J17,J50 C46 S35 J82,J109,K22,R18 C17,C18 J65,J103 J83 J64 B17 J26 G2 K24,R29,S10 R9,R14,S8 J56,J81 S10 R30 S61 R14,S8 S31 R16,R30 R1,R3,R12,R21 R28 R24,R25 G2 K9,K31,K51 K19 J95 S5 B28,S2 J80 J96 J68 S60 K77 J48 K4 J10,J15 B3 C45 J75 C8 B2 C58 J63 J20 B40 S65 288
Ramakrishna A. Ramakrishna, A. Ramalingaiah Ramasubbarao Godavarthi Venkata Ramesh M. Ramesh S. Ramji K. Ramji K. Ramkumar P. Ramlah Mohd Tajuddin Ramnath B. Vijaya Ramprasath R. Ramu I Ramzy A. Ran Liu li Rapeephun Dangtungee Rashidi Othman Rasool Mohideen S. Rath, Prasanta Rathi, Akshat Rathika S. Rattiyakorn Suthamyong Ravichandran Y Dominic Ravindra A. Ravindranatha Menon A. R. Rawal A. Rawal A. Rawal Amit Rawal, Amit Ray Deb Prasad Ray Deb Prasad Ray Gupta K. Ray, D. Razaina Mat Taib Reddy H.N. Jagannatha Reddy H.N. Jagannatha Reddy K. Hemachandra Reddy, G. R. Reena G. Reena G. Reinaldo Washington Moraes Ren-Hong Huang Renouard Sullivan Renuganth Vartharajoo Reshma, J. K. Reza Arjmandi Reza Mahjoub
B8,B17,B29 J26 C53 C54 B15,B31,J113,S3,S46 K4 B27 J17,J50 G9 K39 J59 C47 J80 S38 K24 S59 K3 C27 J18 J15 B28,S2 J64 C58 B8,B29 B10 J112 J40 J62 J92,G8 R26 R18 G5 J22 K13,K23 J41 S32 J113,S3,S46 J34 B29 B8 S7 P13 C20 C37,C40 C15 J55 K10,K62 289
Rezaul K Khan Ribeiro, A.M.R. Ribes-Greus A. Ri-On Oh Rizwan Y. Ghumara Robert Černý Robert K.Y. Lib Rogério J. Santos Rogério Jesus Santos Rohit, Ram Romildo D. Toledo Filho Rômulo Leite Loiola Ronald Aseer J. Ronald Ross P. Rong Yuan Chen Rosalva Mora Escobedo Rosario B. Lo Curto Roshni Narendran Rosiyah Yahya Rosli Md Illias Rosnita A. Talib Roy A. K.
Roy A. Rozli Zulkifli Ru Li Ruby Banerjee Ruiyang Zhou cmskenaf Ruo-Yao Ding Rupam Borgohain Rushdan I. Rushdan Ibrahim Russly Abdul Rahman Ruth A. Lafia-Araga Ruth Marlene Campomanes SantanaII Saad A. Mutasher Sabu Thomas Sabyasachi Mitra Saha A R Saha Manas Kanti Saha Manju Bikash Sahu R. B. Sai N.Vijaya Said A. F. Al Said Saijod T. W. Lau Saiman M. P. Sairizal Misri Saito Makoto
J37 J21 S9 J53 J116 C23 S16 S29 S30 J14 J107,S27,S29,S30,S41 B39 B41 C11 S33 P3 P11 C10 K25,K69 K38 C43 J121 J43,J120 C24 K15 J82,J109 K15 R31 B9 C52 C43 C43 K69 B35 K41,K53 B32 R8,R18 J88 B11 J121 G5 S62 C3 K72 K29 K34 G2 290
Sajna V P Sajna V P Saleh Md. A. Haque Salleh Z. Sallih Nabihah Salma Siddika Salom Gnana Thang V. Samaneh Karimi Samanta Kartick K. Samson Rwawiire Sandhyarani Biswas Sandro Marden Torres Sangeetha D. Sang-Sun Cha Sang-Woo Park Sanjay K Nayak Sanjida Afrin Sankaranarayanasamy K. Sanower Hossian Santhanam V Santhanam V. Santonja-Blasco L. Santulli C. Santullib, Carlo Sapuan S.M. Sarani Zakaria Sarasinib, Fabrizio Saravanan K. Saravanan, D. Sarkar Chirabrata Sarkar Debabrata Sarkar S K Sarkar Sailendra N Sarkar Sitangshu Sarkarc M. A. R. Sathiyamurthy S. Satish S. Satoshi Kobayashid Satpathy S. Satpathy S. Satya P. Satya P. Satya Pratik Saulo R. Ferreira Saulo Rocha Ferreira Saviour A. Umoren Savita Dixit
B33 B1,B5 J48 K76 K43 C32,J67 C15 K1 J49 B24 C31,J65,J69,J103 S21 B2 J53 J53 B1,B5,B33 J111,J114 B41 B11 B4 B13.B26 S9 J33 J9 K9,K18,K21,K26,K31,K34,K49,K51,K68,P6 K20,K73 J9 J59 G7 J83 J83 J88 J83 S23 B12 C39 C50 J47 J24,J35,J43,J85,R2,R7 J118,J120 J119 J45 J29,R26 S29 S27,S30 C2 C36 291
Saw Sudhir Kumar Saw Sudhir Kumar Sayed Hamid Hashemi Sayeed M.M.A. Sayeed M.M.A. Scarpa F. Selvaraj K. Sen Ramkrishna Sen Tara Sen Tara Seng-Kwan Seo Sengupta, Surajit Senthilkumar C. Seong-Yong Park Sergio Neves Monteiro Sergio Neves Monteiro Sergio Neves Monteiro Severino Delmar Junqueira Villela Seyed Mahmood Taghavi Shahri Seyed Mostafa Batouli Sha Zhang Shaikh A.H. Shakeel Ahmad Anjum Shakuntala Ojha Shamna A. Shanmin Ran Shanmugam D. Sharan Chandran M Sharma A.K. Sharma AK Sharma, Manisha Shauddin S. M. Sheldon Q. Shi Shengsheng Ma Shi Hui Gao Shirish Joshi Shohrawardy, M. H. S. Shouwei Tang Shuaib J. Shukur Abu Hassan Shu-Lin Bai Shuman Xu Shuvobrata Majumder Shuying Gu Shyamsundar P China Si Hua Zeng Silva A.
J46 C25 K10 G8,J92 J40,J62 S14 J24,J35,J85 J108 J41 S32 C26 J19 J75 J53 B38,B39,J72 S48,S55 R37 P15 K44 K35 C29 J49 R6 J74,J80,J96 J24,J35,J87 K15 J61 J101 B25 B19,R2,R7 J27 J37 K74,K66 J60 K37 C3,C7 J98 R1,R3,R12,R21 P1 K28 S16 R14 J83 R20 J83 S6 R35 292
Silva, Arlindo Silvio Romero de Barros Singh Ashwini Kumar Singh Baleshwar Singh Chande Narendra Singh Inderdeep Singh Inderdeep Singh P. K. Singh P. K. Singh S R Singh Virk, Amandeep Singh Vismay Vinodkumar Singh, Evaran Sinyee Gan Siti Asia Yahya Siti Norhafiza Mohd Khazaai Siti Raihan Zakaria Sivadutt S Siyi Zhao Siyuan Zhu SK Acharya SK Pal Skrifvarsb, M. Soares Dias A. P. Soekrisno Solomon Fasooto Solomon M.M. Sombat Thanawan Songjia Han Sridevi Avancha Sridharan V. Srinivasan V.S. Srisuwan S. Srivastava R.K. Stephen W. Bigger Steuernagel L. Strömberg E. Su, Gongbing Subasinghe Aruna Subramanian Raman Subrata Satpathy Suchart Siengchin Sudha P.N. Sun W SUN, Tong Sunita Chauhan Sunny M. Ogbomo
J21 S21 J46 G10 J86 J76,S39 J36 J119 J45 J87 J30 J93 J5 K20 P9 K17 K17 C8 R40 R1,R3,R12,R21 J74,J80 J74,J80 J16 R35 K7 S63 C4 P14,P17 S8 J108 J51 B2 S35 S45 K67 S38 S9 R47 K45 J101 J84,J90 S59 S47 R24,R25 R43 B19,B25 K63 293
Sunthornvarabhas Jackapon Supatmi Suppakarn N. Suppakarn Nitinat Suresh K. Suresha B. Surya Nagendra Pentakota Surya VT Susana Valeria Valenzuela Swagata Ghosh Taib R. Mat Taís TurellaI Tamy Wagner Pessanha Tan B. K. Tan Hongsheng Tan W.J. Tan Zhexing Tang, Lingbo Tao Wang Tao Yu Tao Zhang Tawatchai Meekeaw Taweechai Amornsakchai Tcharkhtchi A. Te Li Tekla Tammelin Temesgen Berhanu Yallew Teresa Vidal Tetsuo Kikuchi Tewari V K Thiruchitrambalam M. Tholkappiya, E. Tholkappiyan E ThomasRenald C.J. Tianxiang Jin Timo Kaljunen Ting Ting Yan Tirillòb, Jacopo Touming Liu Tran Huu Nam Tripathi Sudipta Ubong M. Eduok Udoh A.P. Umar Nirmal Umoren S.A. Usharani R. Uthayakumar M.
K14 K7 S35 S1 J63 C49 B27 B18 S4 J82,J109 K47 B35 P15 K4 C51 K57 C51 R47 C29 R10,R17,R22,R23 R22,R32,R33 J64 P7,P10,P14,P17 B37 S31 B21 J36,J76 K6,S4 J79 J86 J61 G7 B18 C50 R9,R14 B21 J54 J9 R1,R3,R12,R21 J47 J42 C2 C4 K72 C4 K48 B40 294
V. Santhosh Kumar Vahid Zanjani Zadeh Valente, Teodoro Valenza A. Vallejo, FJ Varma S. Velumani S. Venkatachalam G. Venkatachalam, G. Venkateshwaran N. Verma Abhishek verma preeti Veronika Hovorková Vesa Kunnari Vidhu K P Vijay Baheti Vijaya Ramnath B. Vijaya Ramnath B. Vijayakumar S. Vijayalakshmi K. Vineet Kumar Bhagat Viswanathan Kodakkal Kannan Wahab M. S. Wahit M. U. Wan Ahmad Najmuddin Wan Saidin Wan Khaima Azira Wan Mat Khalir Wang Hao WANG Hua-jun WANG Jian-hong Wang Q WANG Wu WANG Xin-miao Wang, Qiang Warunee Ariyawiriyanan Wayne Hall WEI Chun Wei Gu Wei Lin Xu Wei Zou Wei-Chen Liu Wellington Pereira Inácio Wen-Chieh Chang Wensheng Qin Widyorini Ragil Wisittanawat Ukrit Wu Y. K. Wuchang Fu
J63 K56 J9 K30 J11 C42 C35 B3 J10,J15 B26 B8,B29 C36 C23 B21 J86 J94 B2 S60,J63 K48 S47 C31 C21 K29 K29 C27 K17 R32,R33 R45 R45 K16 S61 R44 J2,J6 J64 J30 S61 G2 R38 S33 P12 S48 P12 K8 K7 P14,P17 S56 S42 295
Xi He Xia Zheng Xiao Ming He Xiao Yi Wei Xiao Zhang Xiaojuan Sun Xiaomeng Fang Xiaoming Ma Xiaoping Niu Xiaoqiang Xu Xiaoxiao Lyu Xie Chen Xin Fang Xiao Xin Wang Xin Yue Zhong Xincheng Lu Xing-Qun Zhang & Chong-Wen Yu Xinping Xie Xin-yan Hao Xiongyan Zhao Xiongyi Peng Xiuhong Li Xu S P Xue Mei Xiong Xuefeng Zhao Xuehong Zhang Xuelin Tan Xuerong Fan Xuewen Zhang Xueyan Geng Yadav Narendra Yahaya R Ya-Jun Cai Yakubu Dan-Mallam Yan G X Yan Li Yan Zhao Yan, Keman Yanbin Li Yan-Dong Yao Yang Liu Yan-Hong Feng Yankai Wu Yanping Chen Yan-ping Feng Yao Chen Yao Zhao
S34 R3 S11 S31 P5 R29 R29 C29 J110 S42,S50 K24 R20 R38 S18 R4 S12 R31 S12 R19 S18,J66 R30 J77,J106 R46 S6 S16 S13 R13 J56,J81 R28 R5 C25 K49 R19 K46 R46 R10,R17,R23,R32,R33,S52 R28 R47 S17 S34 G2 S34 S17 J39 R19 R30 S34 296
Yasir Arafat Yeng-Fong Shih Yeo K.B. Yi-Hsiuan Yu Yimin Zhu Ying Xia Yingcheng Hu Yingjie Cai Yingya Huang Yiping Qiu Yizhuo Gu Yong-Beom Lee Yu Dong Yu WeiLin Yu Zhang Yuan, Jiugang Yuanyuan Yu Yubo Tao Yucheng Jie Yucheng Liu Yuhan Li Yuichiro Tani Yujia Zhang Yuka Takai Yumei Gong Yun Ji Yunhai Ma Yuping E Yusri Yusof Zainudin E.S. Zainulabidin M.H. Zakiah A Zakiah Ahmad Zaleha M. Zan Huang Zandvliet, C. Zaocun Huang Zawawi Daud ZENG Sihua Zh. H. Xu Zh. N. Kong ZHANG Feng Zhang X Zhang Y Zhang, Yongbing Zhang, ZY Zhanwu Sheng
J105 P12,P13 C41 P12,P13 K35 K24 C22,C33 R16,R30 R16 R5,R29 R13 C26 C1 R48 J54 J6 J56 K74 R6,R40 J60 R9,R14 J79 J110 J79 K24 K8 J60 R22 P9 C34,K9,K21,K31 J70 K77 K39 K60 S33 J22 R6 P2 S61 C55 C55 R42 K16 K16 J6 J11,J16,J33 B34 297
Zhanying Sun Zhao J Zhaohui Yang Zhaoling Li Zheng Lan Lin Zhengping Fang Zhihui Gao Zhipeng Huang Zhiqiang Jin Zhong YingLi Zhongde Shan Zhongjia Yang Zhou JingHua Zhou Lu Zhou QingMing ZHOU Xiang-qi Zhou, Chunxiao Zhu ShouJing Zi Ye He Ziegmann G. Zizi Luo Zou, Shuchang Zulkiflle Leman Zuoguang Zhang Zurhana Mat Hussin
S18,J66 R24,R25 R39 R36 C30 R22,R32,R33,R34 J60 K15 B34 R48 R5 R13 R48 P5 R48 R42 J2 R48 S11,S58 S38 R40 R47 K34 R13 K17
298
Keyword Index keyword
Entry No.
10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10oxide (DOPO)
R23
2D plain fabrics
R29
2-hydroxy ethyl acrylate
J23
3D Composites
R5
3D orthogonal woven
R29
3-indolylacetic acid
F22
3-point bending
S14
Abaca Fiber
B37
Abrasive combing
P6
abrasive wear
C49
abscisic acid
F22
Accelerators
K77
Acid corrosion
C2,C4
Acoustic emission
F7
acrylic acid
S47
Actinobacteria
K8
Activated carbon
S12
Activation energy
J98,S25
Activation mechanism
S12
Adhesion
F46
Adhesive wear
J36,J76
Adsorption
J4,J57,R30
adsorption isotherm
S47,R15
Agave
S23
Agribusiness
B42,C12
Agricultural residue
S29
Agricultural Waste
B22,C23
Agriculture
K4
Agrobacterium
J83
agro-pollutant
C11
Al2O3
J65
Alkali activator
J53
Alkali Treatment
J61,K23,K11,K48,K68
Alkaline aqueous solution
K20
Alkaline treatment
K10 299
Alternative assembly Amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer
R33
Ammonia-Lyase
J82
Ammonium polyphosphate
K45
Analysis
F14,K27
Analysis of Jute Fibre
J15
Analytic hierarchy process
J31
ANano plastics
S38
Anisotropy
S18
Annatto
J121
Annealing Treatment Method
C3
ANOVA
J51,J75
ANSYS
J101
anthocyanin extract
F40
Antibacterial
P16
antimicrobial
J49
Antioxidant
S13
Antioxidant Enzymes
R6
Apion Corchori
J85
Application of fibers
B17,J26
Aqueous Leachates
J89
Arabidopsis
J110
Aramid
C53
Epoxy
R15
Aramid fibres
K31
Aspergillus nidulans AJSU04
C42
Asphalt Concrete
S58
ASTM standards
G4
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
K66
Atoms and Molecules in Strong Fields
J2
Autoclave treatment
F41
automotive industry
J21
Auxin binding protein
R28
azo dye
J121
Bacillus cereus
K39
bacterial cultures
C15
Ball milling
J17
Ballistic limit
K31
Bamboo fiber
J68
Banana
B16 B5,B7,B8,B10,B17,B18,B24,B26,B29,B31,B33,B 34,B35,B37,B38,B40,B41,J26
Banana fiber
300
Banana Fibre (20mm)
B13
banana fibre composites
B4
banana fibre melt blending
B1
Banana Pseudo-Stem
B19,B22,B25
banana pseudo-stem flour
B20
banana stem
B12
Banana/Sisal fibre (BSF)
B14
Banana-Hemp-Glass fiber composites
B15
Bangla white
J44
Bark diameters
J45,J119
barrier
B21
Basic Physical Properties
C23
Basidiomycetes
K8
bast fiber
K65
bending strength
B18
Benzoyl peroxide (BP)
B14
Binderless
K70
Bioagents
J43
Bioassay
J89
Biobased thermoset resin
F46
biobleaching
S4 B18,F11,F14,F15,F24,F34,F58,J11,J22J111,K11, S9,S14,S29,S30,S59
Biocomposite Biodegradability
B27,J7
biodegradability studies
R23
Biodegradable
G5,G10
Biodegradable Composite
C58,J47
Biodegradable nanocomposite film
J94
biodegradation
C15,F16,J97
biofertilizer
C42,J43
biofibers
J46
Biomass
K8
Biomass components
S37
biomass utilization
B25
Biomaterials
F32
Biomimetic alumina
S19
Biomorphic alumina
S19
Bionanocomposite
B33
biopolymers & renewable polymers
J115,S5,S20
Bio-precursor
C6
bio-preparation
J91 301
bio-products
B11
Bitumen
G5
bleached
C52
Bleached jute fabric
J100
Bleached nanofiber
K1
bleaching
B12,J20,J121
Bleaching
J121
blended cement
S43
Blended yarn
J19
blowing agent
B35
Board properties
K52
Boehmeria nivea L.
R28
Brake Lining
S6
Breeding
J38
brightness
J91
Building envelope
K35
bulk density
B18
CaCO3
C51
calcium carbonate
S57
calcium silicate
S57
Capillary effect
J66
Carbon dioxide levels
K65
Carbon fiber
F51
Carbon nanotubes
R10,R22
Carbon template
C6
Cassava Peels
P2
Casting
B42
Cationic treatment
R16
CcCCoAOMT
J110
Cell wall
F23
Cellulose
F26,J17,J102,P3,S47
Cellulose aerogels
J77
cellulose and other wood products
S5,S20
Cellulose Extraction
B27
Cellulose membrane
K20
Cellulose nanocrystal
C12
cellulose nanofibril
B21,J77
Cellulose pads
J27
Cell-wall composition
F3
Cement
J8 302
Cement composite
K40,S43
cement hydration reaction
K77
Cement Mortar
S11
Cementitious composite
S22,S27
Cementitious mixture
F50
CEN
G4
characterization
C43,K1,K17
characterization and herbicide & winter tolerance
R2
Charpy Impact Test
S55
Chemical activation
S12
Chemical analysis
C17
chemical degumming
R18
Chemical Fertilizers
R8
chemical modification
B1,B5,R36
chemical properties
C9
Chemical reactivity
R30
Chemical resistance
B40,J68
chemical resistance test
J68
Chemical treatment
J17,K2,S63
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD)
R6 F23
Clayey Ceramic
B38
Cleaner Production
B22
Cluster analysis
C5
Coating
J107
coconut coir
C26
Coconut coir dust
C2,C4
Coconut Coir Fibre
C37,C40
Coconut Fibre
C59
Coconut Fibre Reinforced Concrete
F19
coconut shell
C8
Coconut Skull
C3
Coefficient of friction Coir
J36,J75,J76
Coir fiber
C3,C7,C20,C32,C39,C50,C59,S60, J67 C8,C9,C22,C33,C51,C53,C38,C43,C45,C54,C52, C55,F13
Coir fibreboard
C6
Coir geotextile
C13,C46,G1
Coir Pith
C23,C42
CoIr soft magnetic film
C29
coir-ret-liquor
C15 303
Color Yield
J121
colour fastness
F40
Combustion
S37
commingled yarn
F55
Compaction
K59,P15
Compaction behavior
R13
Comparative Proteome Analysis
R4
Compatibilizer
K69
Compliance method
K10 B8,B29,C35,B39,B41,F18,F20,F30, F46,F51,J52,J56,J20,J7,J22,J60,J70, J95,J97,J101,J100,J103,J104,J107,K24,K58,P13, R13,K7,K74,S5,S20,S21, S61,S63,S39,S64
Composite composite fiber
S57
composite flammability
R23
composite laminate
F56
Composite materials
F32
Composite process
F24
Composites Failure
B37
Compost
C57
Compost decay
F16
Compressing
K75
compression behavior
F38
Compression moulding
B32,F5,K33
compressive loads
S41
Compressive Strength
C8,J54,K28
concrete confinement
F13
concrete cylinders
F38
Conductivity
R22
conservant
C11
Consistency ratio
J31
Corchorus capsularis
J83,J85
Corchorus olitorius
J29
Corchorus olitorius L.
J12
Corchorus spp
J82
core fiber
K65
Corrosion inhibition
C2,C4
Corrosion test
J18
Cotton content
R43
Cotton/ramie blended fabric
R43
Coupling agent
C44 304
Co-Wrapped Yarn
R5
Crab carapace
C45
Crashworthiness
F43
Creep
K12,S16
creep compliance
K53
Creep Test
K41
Cropping Systems
J87
crosslinking of cellulose
J28
Crystalline cellulose
J111
cultivars
F36
cultural practices
J25
CuS counter electrodes
C21
Cut Flowers
C59
cutting energy
K42
cutting force
K42
cycle fatigue
F56
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)
K15
damage evolution
F56
Damage mechanics
F7
Damage mechanism
F21
damage model
S41
Damping
B40
Damping characteristics
F27
damping factor
J21,S62
damping properties
F18
damping ratio
F13
Dates of showing
J24,J35
Debonding
K5
Deformation
G10
Degradation resistance
S26
Degummed with Oxidation
R41
degumming
B34,R18,R26,R32
Delaminating
J16,J33,J51,S3
Dendrogram
C5
Density
K70
Density function theory
R30
Design of Experiment (DoE)
K9
Device Firewall
S21
Dielectric Properties
K74
Differential scanning calorimetry
S28 305
Differentially expressed genes
R20
Dimensional properties
K59
Discontinuous reinforcement
K43
disease incidence
J48
disease management
J48,R7
DMA
B24
DNA Markers
J82
Dodecyl gallate
J56
Domestication
R3
Dopamine
R14
Drilling
S3,S39
Dry Matters
R8
dry stem yield
F36
Drying
K75
DSC
C36
ductility
F13
Durability
R31,S26
dye exhaustion
J121
Dye Extraction
J121
dyeing
J91,J121,K37,R27
Dyeing Properties
F59
dynamic modulus
F56
Eastern India
J87
eco-friendly
B11
Ecofriendly management
J43
Ecological Engineering
C28
Economic Efficiency
J87
Effect
J48
effluents
S4
Elastic properties
S18
Electrical Conductivity
C56
electrical resistivity
C8
Electron microscopy
C17,F28
elementary fiber
F56
Elite lines
J38
Empathy Manifestation
R11
employment
B11
endurance limit
F56
Energy absorbed
F27,K76
Energy absorption
F43,K31 306
Engineering slopes
G6
Ensaio de arrancamento
S30
Environmental degradation
J9,J95,R35,S42
Environmental Friendly Paper Making
B22
Enzyme
F28
enzyme activity
J42
enzyme mixture
R32
enzyme treatment
J91
Epoxy
F51,J23,J52,J65,J101,K13,K61
Epoxy Composite
B4,B24,J72,J58,S55
epoxy laminar composites
J3
Epoxy matrix
K31
Epoxy Matrix Composite
S48
Epoxy Resin
B13,C37,K28
Erosion control
G2,G6
Esherichia coli
P16
esterification
J28
ethanol
P8
ethanol production
P11
EVA
B35
Evaluation
K50
expanded composite
B35
expansive soil
C54
Expression decrease
R28
Expression pattern
R12
Extrusion
K14,K25,K43,K45
F2 Agamous Line Population
R1
Fabric design
K29
Fabric finishing
J19
Fabric handle
J19
Fabric softness
J19
Fabrication
J14
fabrication methods
J3
Fabrication process
C33
Fabrics/textiles
F5,F18,F44
Failure
K32
Fastness
J121
Fatigue
F51,S14
fatigue behavior
F56
fatigue damage
F56 307
fatigue life
F56
fatigue limit
F56
fatigue strength
F56
FEA
J101
fermentation
P8
fermentation
P11
fertilizer recommendation rate
K19 B19,B25,C1,C20,C7,F4,F7,F8,F17,F45,J16,J101,J 23,J40,J60,J81,J102,K5,K12,K45,P4,P2,R8,S38
Fiber fiber characterization
S44
Fiber degradation
C13,G1
Fiber development phase
R19
fiber diameter
J44,K65
fiber dimensions
K65
fiber length
C48,K65
fiber matrix adhesion
J61
Fiber Modification
F59,S44
Fiber Orientation
B10
Fiber preparation
R36
fiber quality
J42,K19,R32
Fiber reinforced composites
P7
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
R31
Fiber reinforced rubber
P17
Fiber surface modification
K10
Fiber treatment
B32,F50,S29
Fiber/matrix bond
K36
fiber-reinforced cement
S43
fibre anatomy
J29
fibre cell block
J45,J119
fibre flax
F22
Fibre Metal Laminates
K32
Fibre Orientation
K34,K57
Fibre orientation distribution factor
J30,J32
Fibre quality
J38
Fibre reinforced soil
S56
Fibre treatment
F9
Fibre volume fraction
J30,J32
Fibre yield
S23,J24,J35,J38
Fibre/matrix bond
F4,F45,S38
film
B21,K73
finishes on jute cellulose
J28 308
Finite Element
J15
finite element analysis
B3,J10,J41
Finite element method
K27
finite fracture mechanics
F31
Flame retardancy
F9
flame retardant
J49,R10,R33,S1,S61
Flax
C20,F5,F26,F35,F51,F52,F59
Flax composite
F13 F3,F16,F20,F23,F24,F28,F37,F38,F41,F46,F47,F 50,F55,F56
Flax fiber Flax FRP tube
F27
Flax shives
F54
flax textile support
F40
Flax/epoxy
F33
Flax/epoxy tubes
F43
Flax–fiber composites
F31
Flexural
K70,K75
Flexural behavior
S29
Flexural Modulus
K9
Flexural Properties
F15,J11,J68,J80,K9,K23,S32,S45
Flexural test
J99
Flood Defence
C28
Flutter
C40
Fly ash
C8,J18,J80
Foliar diseases
R7
Fractography
F44,K5
fractography study
C45
fracture
F31,S49
Fracture Analysis
J72
fracture energy
R47
Fracture Toughness
B4
Fragmentation
F45
Freeze/thaw cycles
J71,K30
frequency domain reflectometry
C26
Frequency Response Function
S62
friction
J60,S6
Frindely’s Law
K41
FTIR
F53,J55,K7
Fungicides
R7
Fuzzy logic
C46
Gamma radiation
J4,J57,J100 309
Gamma-ray
K40
Gas evolution
S37
Gas Exchange
R6
gelatinization enthalpy change Gemini dicationic imidazolium ionic liquid
B20 R27
Gene
J82
genetic algorithm
C35
Genetic Analysis
J82
Genetic distance
C5
genetic diversity
J29
Genetic Linkage Map
R1
genetic linkage map
J39
Gentamycin
P16
Geopolymeric/Organic
S21
Geosynthetic
G10
geotechnical engineering
G4
Geotextile
G6,G10
Gerbera
C59
Germination
J89
Germplasm exploration
R2
Glass
J51,J80
Glass Fiber Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Composites
B26
Glass Fibre
J14,F37
Glass Fibre (20mm)
B13
grades
C11
Grafting
J56,J81,J100,K40,S47
grass fiber composites
J68
Green chemistry
C12
Green composites
P12,R29
green nanocomposites
B1,B5
green rubber composite
J64
Green Technology
P2
Growing Medium
C59
Growth
S23
gummy substances
R26
GUS
J83
Gyrase B
J90
Halogen-free flame retardant
K24
hand lay-up method
F15,J11
J113,S46
310
Handmade paper
B19,B25
hardness
B20
Hardness and composites
P1
Hardness reduction
K44
HDPE
J5
health care
B11
Hemicellulose
C20,K38,P3
Hemp
C20,S44
hexenuronic acids
S4
Hibiscus cannabinus L.
K44
High density polyethylene
P1
High Energy Ball Milling
B27,J94
High Fibre Yield
J12
High impact polystyrene
K24
High-frequency magnetic property
C29
Hornification
S27
Hot-water treatment
S37
Hybrid
J80,J113,K5,K14,S46 B4,B15,B13,B26,C32,C33,C53,J13,J23,J34,J46,J 61,J67,K9,K31,K49,K61,P14,S60,S65
Hybrid composite hybrid fiber
S57
hybrid matrix
B3,J10
Hybrid Natural fiber composites
B28,S2
Hybrid Polymer Matrix Composite
J15
Hydration products
K56
hydrogen peroxide
K58
Hydrolysis
F16
Hydrothermal degradation
S9
Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan-Coir Pith
C58
Hygric Properties
C23
Hygromycin
J83
Identifiability analysis
F33
Illumina sequencing
R20
Impact
K61
impact behaviour
F11,J33
Impact modifier
K47
Impact Properties
J113,S46
Impact Response
J70
impact strength
C45,K9
impact test
R47
impact toughness
R47 311
impedance spectroscopy
C21
impregnation
K66
impregnation of jute fiber
J66
Improvement Methods
F59
In plane shear
F46
Indentation
K32
Indo-Gangetic Plains
J87
industrial fabrics
F30
Infrared spectra
S28
Injection molding
J5
Injection molding process
B14
Ink adhesion
K73
Inorganic salt infiltration
S19
Interface
C33,R17,S27
Interfacial adhesion
R24
Interfacial behavior
K69
interfacial bond strength
S43
Interfacial crystallization
R14,S8
interfacial shear strength
S8,S54
Interfacial strength
R9,R14
Interfacial transition zone
K56
Interior application
J22
Internal curing
K56
intersimple sequence repeat
J39
intra-layer abaca–jute–glass fiber
J59
inverse gas chromatography
J1
ionized air treatment
J1
IR spectroscopy
J99
irradiated composite
J37
Irradiation
K40
Irrigation
R8
ISO 16983:2003
J22
Isocyanate Treatment
K68
Isolation
S13
Isophthalic resin
C50
Isotherm
K17
Izod Testing
B39
Jiugang Yuan
J6 C32,J14,J18J20,J24,J25,J35,J42,J49,J51,J56,J67,J 79,J80,J86,J87,J89,J90,J92,J97,J101,J102,J110,J1 11
Jute
312
Jute and flax
J63
Jute and Macrophomina phaseolina
J43
Jute caddies
J37
Jute fabric
J78,J95,J98,J121
Jute Fabric
J121 B17,J1,J3,J4,J5,J8,J17,J19,J21,J22,J31,J26,J27,J3 0,J32J34,J36,J52,J54,J57,J58,J62,J65,J68,J71,J72, J75,J77,J76
Jute Fiber Jute fiber/PP composite
J55
Jute Geotextile
G4,G5
Jute mat
G2
Jute mat reinforced polyester matrix composite
J99
Jute Nanofibres
J50
Jute nanofibrils
J94
Jute RIL
J84
Jute woven
J13
jute yarn
J91
jute/glass composites
J117
Ka/Ks
R3 K8,K13,K17,K22,K24,K29,K30,K32,K37,K38,K 39,K40,K44,K50,K52,K57,K61,K66,K70,K76
Kenaf Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)
K15
kenaf bark
P4
Kenaf bast
K1
Kenaf bast fibers
K18,K47
Kenaf Composites
K71
Kenaf core Kenaf Fiber
K35
Kenaf fiber characteristics
K10,K25,K53,K62
Kenaf Fiber Mat
K23
kenaf stems
K42
Kenaf Yarn
K54
Kenaf Yarn Fibre
K34
Kenaf–epoxy
K75
Kenaf-Polypropylene
K7
kerosene coated
C54
Kevlar
J13,K49,K61
Kinetic
K17
knit coir mat
C21
Laccase
J56
Laminate
K57
Laminated Beams
S7
K4,K11,K28,K31,K41,K58,K68,K69,K71,K74
313
Laminates
F44
Laser Matter Interaction
J2
layering pattern
J61
Lay-up (manual)
J63
LbL
S61
Leaf venation
R28
Leafy Vegetable
C57
length of fibre and weight of fibre
J45,J119
Life cycle assessment
K35
Lifecycle
F14
Light Weight
R5
Lightweight concrete
F54
Lignin
F23,F26,K8,P3
Lignin removal
K38
Lignocellulosic fibers
B27,S9
Lime
J71
Lime plasters
K30
Linseed oil
F54
Linum usitatissimum Linum usitatissimum L. nitrogen fertilization
F23 F36
Liquid ammonia dyeing
R16
LOI
J49
long flax roving
F42
Low Lignin Content
J12
Low Velocity Impact (LVI)
K54
lumen
J44
MADM
J103
Maleated polypropylene
J22
Masonry structure
S22
Mass spectrometry
S28
Material Mechanical Properties
C37
Mathematical model
C46
matrices
C11
matrix material
S62
MCDM
J103
MDF/HDF panels
K59
mean retention time in the rumen,
P15
Mechanical
R38
mechanical and thermal properties
C55,J95
Mechanical behavior
F24,J72 314
Mechanical defibrillation
K1
Mechanical Design Considerations
J86
Mechanical performances
F50 B8,B15,B16,B40,B28,B31,C1,C22,C23,C29,C33, C35,C36,C38,C44,C51,F2,F3,F8,F10,F11,F15,F1 7,F18,F25,F34,F49,F51,J9,J11,J14,J18,J23,J34,J4 6,J47,J50,J53,J59,J62,J63,J64,J65,J79,J98,J104,K 2,K12,K18,K33,K36,K43,K47,K48,K49,K56,K59 ,K67,K69,P6,R5,R9,R10,R13,R17,R23,R35,R36, S1,S2,S11,S20,S24,S36,S38,S42,S59,S63,S64,S6 5
Mechanical properties/Mechanical Property
mechanical strength
B8,B29,C27
Mechanical tensile properties
F3
Mechanical testing
B31,C19,F7,F10,F39,J63,K25,S16
mechanical tests
J37
Medium density fibreboards
K52
melt blending
B5,K58
Mercerization
B33,J1,S49
microbes
B20
microbial degumming
R18
Microstructural analysis
S64
Microstructure
K56
Microtensile Video Tests
B37
Mild steel
C2,C4
miRNA
R19
miRNA microarray
R19
Mirnas
J84
Mixing Proportion
S11
modal analysis
J21
mode shapes
S62
Modeling
S18
Modelling Analysis
K71
Modern Fiber Art
R11
Modification
J102,R27
modified epoxy resin
S35
modified jute fiber
J64
Modulus of elasticity (MOE)
B16
Modulus of rupture (MOR)
B16
MOE
K7
moisture
B20
Moisture content
F49,K42
monomer concentration
J102 315
MOOT
J75
MOR
K7
Mordanting
J121
morphology
F40,F47,K47,S20
mounds
C11
Muffle Furnace
C3
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
B41
Musa sapientum
B24
Musa sp.
B42
mutant
J29
N N-Dimethylaniline
J95
NABL
G4
NAC transcription factor
R12
Nanocellulose
J94
nanoclay (C30B)
B1,B5,B33
Nanocomposites coating
R22
Nanocrystals
B42
Nanometer Particles
S6
Nanoparticles
K66,P16
Nanotechnology
B42,C12
NaOH
B13
Natural and artificial FRP
J41
natural cellulose
B34
Natural Coir Fibres
C27
Natural Composite
C40,C53,J21
natural dye
F40
Natural Dyeing
J121
Natural Fiber Composite
C37,F1,F2,F15,F21,J11,J22,K41,K18,S18,K60
Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite
K54 B3,B4,B10,B31,B37,C9,C19,C50,F10,F12,F18,F3 9,F58,F53,J7,J9,J10,J30,J32,J33,J47,J63,J64,J70,J 107,K10,K27,K30,K48,P10,P17,R13,R18,S3,S22, S42,S57,S65
Natural Fiber/Natural fibre Natural fibre reinforcement
F9
natural frequency
F13,S62
Natural frequency natural matrix
F58
Natural Rubber
B10,C55,S35
n-BMA
J4,J57
Near infrared
R43
Needle Punching Direction
K13 316
Negative magnetocrystalline anisotropy
C29
Neural Network (NN)
K60
Next-Generation Sequencing
J84
Nitrile rubber
P14,P17
Nitrogen content
K19,K20
Non-cement porous vegetation blocks
J53
non-destructive characterisation method
J21
Non-destructive technique
F51
non-drainage system
C26
Non-linear behaviour
F3
nonwoven composites
J62
nonwoven fabric
F55
normal distribution
J44
Notch Toughness
B39
NPK Stress
R4
Numerical
K27
Numerical analysis
K14
Nutrient Management
R8
Oblique Impact
K71
Octadecylphosphonic acid
F26
oMMT filled and CS reinforced USP composites
C49
Optical measurement
F24
Optical microscopy
R9
Optical microscopy Physical methods of analysis
S36
optical properties
B12
optimization
R32
Organic Chemistry
J2
Organic Waste
P2
Orientation
S33
orthogonal experiment
B34
Overdominance
R1
Oxidizing agent
J104
packaging
B21
Packaging
B42
Packing Material
C58
PALF
P6
PALF Extraction
P9
PALF Spinning
P9
paper
P4
Paper machine
F42 317
paper properties
C43
paper pulp
B18
paper sheets
C52
paper testing
B12
Partial shade
S23
particle size
K77
Particleboard composite
C22
PCFC
F26
PcoA
K22
PCR
J90
Pectin
F41,P3
Pectinase
B19,B25
pectinolytic bacteria
J42
Peeling machine
K50
Penetration
J70
Permeability
K59
Peroxidase
J82
pH
C8,C56,K39
phenol
C15
Phenolic matrix
J1
Phenolic resin
R31
Phenomenological modelling
F33
Phenylalanine
J82
Photo degradation
C36
Photosynthetic Rates
R8
Phylogenetic analysis
R12
Physical Chemistry
J2
physical properties
B12,B16,C22,K62
Physico-mechanical properties
F54
phytohormones
F22
Pigments
R6
Pineapple
P3
Pineapple fibre
P1
Pineapple Leaf
P2,P4,P16
pineapple leaf fiber
P7,P9,P10,P12,P13,P14,P17
pineapple pulp
P8
pineapple silage
P15
pineapple waste
P11
Pisum Sativum
J87
Plant fiber
F49 318
Plant growth regulator
F22
Plasma
R24
Plasticizer
F9
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)
B33
Poly lactic acid
J20
Poly(butylene succinate);
P12
Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV)
S9
poly(lactic acid) B1,B5,F16,F55,K58,K67,P12,R23 Poly(vinyle chloride)/thermoplastic polyurethane poly-blend K18 Poly(vinylphosphonic acid)
R33
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)
S25
polyacrylic rubber
J28
Polyamide
J75
polyamide 6
P7
polyaniline
C9
Polybenzoxazine
R22
polycondensation
J115
Polyester
C39,J19,J52,J68,S14,S63
Polyester Composite
R37
Polyester mat
G2
Polyester Matrix
B39
Polyester net
G2
Polyester Resin
K28
polyethylene
C55
Polygalacturonase
F28
Polygounum orientale poly-hydroxybutyrate-co-b-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV)
J89
Polylactic acid
F9,K11,K47
Polylactic acid
P13
Polylactic acid (PLA)
B14,J22
Polymer
C7,J7,J97
polymer coating
S44
Polymer Composite
B4,C3,C38,C44,C45,C50,K48,S65
Polymer latex
J8
Polymer loading
J4,J57
polymer matrix
C35,R13 B28,B32,C1,F10,F12,F17,S16,F25,F49,J9,J16,J33 ,K2,K33,K36,K67,S1,S2,R9,R10,R17,R35,S42 C32,C38,F52,J37,J62,J67,J78,J98,J100,R29,S33,S 64
Polymer matrix composites polypropylene
S59
319
Polypropylene composite
J66,P10
Polysaccharide
S13
Polysiloxane
J19
Polyurethane composite
K35
Polyurethane foam
K74
Polyurethane foam-filler
F43
Polyvinyl alcohol
K4
Population structure
K22
Porosity
K73
Potential Biodiversity
C28
Potting Media
C57
PP
C44,J36,J76
PPAA compatibilizer
F47
Premature flowering resistance
J38
Pretreatment
K38,S31
Productivity
J87
Properties
C32,F47,J67
Properties of fibers
B17,J26
Property
R38,S31
Pseudostem
B11
Pull-Out Force
J54
Pull-out test
S29
pulp
P4
pulp and paper
C43
Pultrusion
F55,J9,K2
PVA
J111
Py-GC/MS
F26
Pyrolysis Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR)
S37
Quantitative Trait Locus
R1
quantum dot solar cells
C21
RACE
J110
radical polymerization
J81 R1,R2,R3,R4,R6,R7,R12,R18,R19,R20,R23,R24, R26,R32
Ramie
R19
Ramie fabric
R11,R15,R22,R27,R33,R36,R37,R38,R41
Ramie fiber fabric
R31
ramie stalk
R47
Ramie yarn
R16,R29
Random Oriented Fibre Composite
C37 320
randomly amplified polymorphic DNA
J39
RAPD analysis
C5
Rapid dissolution
K20
Raspador machine
B19
Reactive dye
R16,R30
Reconciliation Ecology
C28
Recycled concrete aggregate
S26
Recycled disposable chopstick fiber
P12
Recycled HDPE
J5
Recycled polypropylene (RPP)
S24
Recycling
F8
Redmud
B40,C39
Reducer
R41
Regression
K60
regression analysis
C39,C48
Reinforced Composites
J14,J59
reinforced concrete
B7
Reinforced Polymer Tube
F19
Reinforced soil
G10
Reinforcement
C7,K27,P10,S7
Reinforcing agent
J111
Reprint
K73
Reproducibility
F37
residual gum
R32
Resíduo agrícola
S30
Resin Infusion
K57
Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM)
B32,F11,F34,K13,R35
Resistência a flexão
S30
Resource Use Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
J87 K37
Retting
C15,F28
retting water
J42
Re-Use
B22
RGA
K22
Rheological Properties
F34,K25,K67
Rheology
F47,F50
rice husk
C39
Rice straw
C22
River Thames
C28
Root-lesion nematode
R20 321
Roselle
K22
Rotational Molding Process
B37
Rot-resistant
G5
RSM
J75
Rubber composite
P14
Rule of mixture
K62
rumen fill
P15
Rupture Mechanism
S55
Rural Load Carrier
J86
S/N Ratio
J51
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
P11
Salinity Stress
R6
Salt spray test
K30
Salt-free dyeing
R15
Sansevieria trifasciata
B24
SAR
J84
Saturated Alkali Treatment
J54
Sc fiber
J34
Scanning electron microscopy
B31,C22,C39,J99,K18,K62,S49
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
B14,B15,J113,K66,S46
Scattering
F37
Screening
J85
Seawater ageing
F21
Seed Bank
C28
seed quality
J48
Seedling growth
J89
Selective Pattern
R3
Self Propelled Seed Drill
J86
self-assembly SEM
S61
SEM Fracture Analysis
S48
SEM test
J68
Semilooper sequence-related amplified polymorphism
J24,J35 J39
Setting and hydration
J8
SFCM(CH/PA)n
S61
S-GFRP composites
S3
share of total and long fibre
F36
Shear strength
J41,S56
Sheet consolidation
F52
B10,C36,J46,J55,J61,J75,K48,K70,S45,J36
322
Shoot development
R28
Shoot Tip
J83
Short-fiber composites
S18
SiC ceramics
C6
silane
C38
Silane treatment
B33,S28
Silica
P14
Siliconization
C6
Silt
J71
Similarity matrix
C5
Simulated weathering
J104
simultaneous saccharification
P11
single-fiber fragmentation test sisal
S8
Sisal Epoxy
S45 S6,S7,S11,S12,S14,S25,S26,S27,S28,S31,S32,S3 3,S35,S37,S41,S43,S47,S48,S54,S55,S56,S58,S6 3
Sisal Fiber
K30,S4,S9,S13,S23,S44,S57,S59, S60
Sisal fibre biotemplate
S19
Sisal fibre composite
S49
Sisal plant
S64
Sisal-PALF-banana fiber
B28,S2
SJGFRP Composites
J113,S46
soda-AQ pulping
C43
sodium hydroxide treatment
C48
sodium metasilicate nonahydrate
J49
Softness
R36
Soil burial test
G5
Soil condition
G2
Soil erosion
C46
soil quality
J42
Soil Retting
S63
Solanum lycopersicum L.
C56
Solexa sequencing
K15
Sol–gel method
P13
Solid state
F28
solid state fermentation
C42
Solid State Physics
J2
Sound Absorption
F35, R5
Sound reduction
B18
Southern hybridization
J110
Specific wear rate
J36,J76 323
spectroscopy
J115
Spectroscopy/Spectrometry
J2
Speed duration
B27
splitting tensile strength
C8
Spray up fabrication method
J79
SSR
J29,K22
Statistical factorial analysis (SFA)
S9
Statistical properties/methods
S36
steam explosion
B34
Steel fiber
J71
Strain Data
K60
strength
B21,C19,F31,F39,J16
Strengthening
S32
stress concentrations
F31,F44
Stress Resistance
R4
Stress Strain Behavior
K68
Stress transfer
R9
Stress-responsive genes
R12
stress-strain behaviour
S41
Stress–strain curves
F3
stress-strain model
F38
s-triazine
J117
Structural
F32
Structural insulated panel
K35
Structural properties
C13,G1
Structure
S13,S31
Subsonic Speed Wind Tunnel
C40
Substrate
C56
sugars
P8
Sulfate ion resistance
J53
Super absorbent polymer
J27
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
K37
Superhydrophobicity
R22
Surface
R24
Surface analysis
C17
Surface characterization
S12
Surface modification
F26,F30,J78
surface morphology surface treatments
C51,S54
surfaces and interfaces
J81,J60
C9,J3,J18,J40,J47,K36,P7,S24,S26,S42,S54
324
Sustainability
B31,S26
Swelling in thickness
J22
Synchrotron radiation
J77
Synergistic effect
C2
Synthesis
R15
Taguchi experimental design
K52
tannin resin
F58
Technical Fibers
P9
Technological Properties
B38
Temperature
R38
temperature resistivity
C8
tenacity
J91
Tensile
F47,K70,K75
tensile behavior
C9,S60
Tensile Properties
B10,F20,F37,J78,K10,K62,S45 K76
tensile properties Epoxy Polyester Composite Tensile Property Tensile Strength
K34,S48
Tensile test
J99
Tension Test
S7
terpenoids
F22
Textile
J81,J107,R18,R26
Textile composites
F12,J78,K29
Textile Fibers
P9
Textile waste fibers
J94
TGA
C36,F53
Thermal analysis
C17,J40,K33,R37
thermal and hydrolytic stability
J117
Thermal degradation
S24,S25
Thermal insulation
K35
thermal performance
S61 C1,C23,F2,F17,J34,J47,J98,J104,K18,K45,K67,R 10,R17,S1,S21,S38
Thermal properties
B26,C13,C48,G1,J55,J68,J80,J101, K29
Thermal stability
P6
Thermal test
J99
Thermomechanical
J40
Thermoplastic
S39
Thermoplastic Polyurethane
K68
Thermoplastic Resin
F2,F45,K12,K14,K43
Thermoplastic starch
F9
Thermoplastic starch (TPS)
S25 325
Thermoset polymer resin
K76
Thermosets
S39
Thick Stem Mutant
J12
Thickness effect
F27
thickness swelling
J46
Thrust force
S3
time–temperature superposition principle
K53
Titrimetry method
J8
TOPSIS
J103
tossa jute
J29
Tossa Jute
J12
total and long fibre yield
F36
Total Dietary Fibre
P3
toughness
R47
Transcriptome
K15,R3,R20
Transcriptome Analysis
J84
transcrystallinity
S8
Transformation Optimization
J83
Transverse permeability
F52
Tratamento de fibra
S30
Treatment
F54,J20
Treatment voltage
R24
Triaxial shear test
S56
Triethyl phosphate
K24
Triggering
F43
twill woven composite
J13
Twin Screw Extruder
S33
Twin screw extrusion process
B14
UCC strength
C54
UCS
J71
Ultrasonic processing
C20
ultrasonic treatment
B8,B29
ultrasonication
F40
unbleached
C52
Unbleached nanofiber
K1
Unidirectional composite
F33
Unidirectional fiber
K62
unidirectional hybrid reinforcement
F42
Universal soil loss equation
C46
Universal testing machine (UTM)
B14 326
unsaturated epoxy polyester resin
J117
Unsaturated Polyester
K23,K34
unsaturated polyester resin
J37
Urban Biodiversity
C28
Urea
K20
Urea Formaldehyde
C27
uses of fibers
B17,J26
UV-radiation
J102
Vacuum assisted resin infusion
R13
Vacuum compaction
F52
Vacuum Infusion
K32
Vacuum infusion process
K29
Vane Extruder
S33
Variable selection
R43
Vegetation establishment
G6
Vegetation growth
G2
Vibration
B40,F5,F12,F10,F27,S62
vibration damping
F35
Vinyl ester
P6,S49
Vinyl Ester Resin
S60
Viscoelastic
S58
Viscoelastic behavior
B32
Viscoelastoplasticity
F33
Volume Fraction
B41
volumetric water content
C26
Washfastness
J121
Waste
C57,P8
Waste biomass utilization
B19 B8,B26,B29,C8,C38,C44,F15,J11,J22,J46,K4,P1, S59
Water absorption Water absorption test
J18,J99
water activity
B20
water content
R47
Water intake
J98
Water purification
J53
Water resistance
J22
Water Retting
K39
Water softening
K44
Water sorption
F41
Water Use Efficiency
R8
Wear
S6 327
wear and lubrication
J60
Wear mechanisms
C49
Wear Rate
J75
white jute (Corchorus capsularis)
J39
whiteness
J91
Wood
F8,S7,S36
wood flour
B35
Wood-based panels comparison
J22
Working quality
K50
Workplace
J86
Wound healing
J111
Woven Jute
J70
Woven kenaf
K49,K54
Xanthation
K17
Xanthomonas Campestris Pvcapsularii X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
J90 K66
XRD
C36
Xuerong Fan
J6
Xylan
F26
Xylanase
F28,S4
Yellow mite
J24,J35
yellow mosaic virus
J25
yield
J48,R6
Yongbing Zhang
J6
Young's modulus
C13,G1,J55
zeatine
F22
zeatinriboside
F22
Zinc Oxide
J75
328
