bangladesh char development and settlement project (cdsp)

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BANGLADESH CHAR DEVELOPMENT AND SETTLEMENT PROJECT (CDSP) DESIGN COMPLETION REPORT – APPRAISAL MAIN REPORT

Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

BANGLADESH CHAR DEVELOPMENT AND SETTLEMENT PROJECT (CDSP) DESIGN COMPLETION REPORT – APPRAISAL

Table of Contents Fiscal year Currency and Equivalents Units and Conversions Abbreviations, Acronyms and Glossary Map of the Project Area Project Summary

i i i i iii v

I. STRATEGIC CONTEXT AND RATIONALE FOR IFAD INVOLVEMENT, COMMITMENT AND PARTNERSHIP 1 A. Rural development context 1 B. Policy, governance and institutional issues, political and economic issues 1 C. The IFAD country programme. 2 II. POVERTY, SOCIAL CAPITAL AND TARGETING A. Rural poverty, information and analysis B. The target group, including gender issues C. Targeting strategy and gender mainstreaming D. Geographic coverage of the project

3 3 3 4 5

III. A. B. C. D. E.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION The knowledge base: Lessons from previous/ongoing projects Opportunities for rural development and poverty reduction Project goal and objectives Alignment with country rural development policies and IFAD strategies Project components

6 6 6 7 7 7

IV. A. B. C.

IMPLEMENTATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Institutional development and outcomes The collaborative framework Results-based M&E

9 9 10 12

V. PROJECT BENEFITS, COSTS AND FINANCING A. Summary benefit analysis B. Summary cost table C. Project financing

12 12 13 14

VI. A. B.

PROJECT RISKS AND SUSTAINABILITY Risk analysis Exit strategy and post-project sustainability

15 15 17

VII. A. B.

INNOVATIVE FEATURES, LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Innovative features Project knowledge products and learning processes

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

Annex 1: Logframe Annex 2: Scope of Project Activities Annex 3: Project Management Structure Annex 4: Key files Working Papers 1. Poverty and Gender Analysis 2. Review of CDSP 3. Lessons Learned 4. Water Management 5. Forestry 6. Internal Infrastructure, Water and Sanitation 7. Land Settlement 8. Agriculture 9. Social and Livelihood Support 10. Project Management and Institutions 11. Monitoring and Evaluation 12. Project Costs and Financing 13. Financial and Economic Analysis 14. Environmental Screening and Scoping Note

Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

Fiscal Year 1 July to 30 June Currency and Equivalents Currency Unit December 2009 USD 1.00

1 lakh 1 crore 1 acre 1 decimal

=

BANGLADESH TAKA (BDT) BDT 70.00

=

Units and Conversions = 100 000 = 10 000 000 = 0.407 ha = 0.01 acre Abbreviations, Acronyms and Glossary

ADB ADC AE Aman ASPS-II ATDP Aus AO ASA BARI BBS Boro BRAC BRRI BWDB CARE CBO CC CDF CDSP CDS Char CLP CZP COSOP DAE DANIDA DC DD DFID DLS DPHE DTW EIRR EKN ERD FAO FD FF FO FY GB GDP GoB GoN HBB hh/HH HIES IA

Asian Development Bank Assistant District Commissioner Assistant Engineer Main rice crop grown during the rainy season Agricultural Sector Programme Support – phase II (Danida) Agro-based Technology Development Project (USAID) Early rice crop grown during the early part of the rainy season Area Office A large NGO Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Irrigated rice crop grown during the winter season A large NGO Bangladesh Rice Research Institute Bangladesh Water Development Board An international NGO Community Based Organisation Climate Change Credit and Development Forum Char Development and Settlement Project Coastal Development Strategy Newly accreted land Chars Livelihood Programme (DFID) Coastal Zone Policy Country Strategic Opportunities Paper (IFAD) Department of Agricultural Extension Danish International Development Agency Deputy Commissioner (head of district administration) Deputy Director Department for International Development (UK) Department of Livestock Services Department of Public Health Engineering Deep Tubewell Economic Internal Rate of Return Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Economics Relations Division Food and Agriculture Organisation Forest Department Farmers’ Forum Field Officer Financial year Grameen Bank Gross Domestic Product Government of Bangladesh Government of the Netherlands Herringbone brick bond household Household Income and Expenditure Survey Implementing Agency (of CDSP)

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report ICZM IFAD IMSC IPSWAM IRRI Khal Kharif LCS LGED M&E MDTFCC MDG MIDPCR MFMSFP MFTSP MFI MIS MMC MOF MOL MOWR MoU MTR NAEP NATP NGO NNC O&M OSC p.a. PA PCD PCR PD PDT PIM PKSF PMC PMU PO PRSP PTO PY Rabi RFLDC RIMS RNE RRMAIDP SAE SCRMP SFG TA UE UNDP UNO UP Upazila USAID WFP WMA WMF WMG WMO XEN

Integrated Coastal Zone Management International Fund for Agricultural Development Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee Integrated Planning for Water Resources Management International Rice Research Institute Drainage channel (natural or man-made) Summer cropping season Labour Contracting Society Local Government Engineering Department Monitoring and Evaluation Multi Donor Trust Fund for Climate Change Millennium Development Goals Market Infrastructure Development Project in Charland Regions (IFAD) Micro Finance for Marginal and Small Farmers Project (IFAD) Micro Finance and Technical Support Project (IFAD) Microfinance Institution Management Information System Market Management Committee Ministry of Finance Ministry of Land Ministry of Water Resources Memorandum of Understanding Mid Term Review New Agricultural Extension Policy National Agricultural Technology Project Non–governmental Organisation Nangulia, Noler and Caring chars Operation and Maintenance Operations and Strategy Committee per annum Project Agriculturalist Project Coordinating Director Project Completion Review Project Director Project Development Team Project Implementation Manual Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation, government apex funding agency for NGOs Project Management Committee Project Management Unit Partner Organisation (of PKSF) Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Project Technical Officer Project Year Winter cropping season Regional Fisheries and Livestock Development Component (of ASPS-II) Results and Impact Management System Royal Netherlands Embassy (now known as EKN) Rural Road and Market Access Infrastructure Development Project (part of ASPS-II) Sub-Assistant Engineer Sunamganj Community Resource Management Project Social Forestry Group Technical Assistance Upazila Engineer United Nations Development Programme Upazila Nirbahi Officer Union Parishad Sub-district United States Agency for International Development United Nations World Food Programme Water Management Association Water Management Federation Water Management Group Water Management Organisation Executive Engineer

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

MAP OF THE PROJECT DISTRICTS

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

PROJECT SUMMARY Project:

Char Development and Settlement Project IV

Dates:

Inception Mission: April-May 2009 Formulation Mission: June-July 2009 Appraisal Mission: November-December 2009 Loan Negotiations and Loan Approval by EB:

Location:

Parts of three districts in the coastal chars of southern Bangladesh: Noakhali, Laxmipur, Chittagong.

Implementing agencies:

Lead agency: Bangladesh Water Development Board (Ministry of Water Resources). Implementation partners: Local Government Engineering Department and Department of Public Health Engineering (Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives); Ministry of Land; Department of Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture); Forest Department (Ministry of Environment and Forest)

Other agencies involved:

Contracted NGOs and consulting companies, and other service providers.

Goal and purposes:

The goal of the project is reduced poverty and hunger for poor people living on newly accreted coastal chars. This would be achieved via the purpose of improved and more secure livelihoods for 28,000 households.

Outputs:

The project outputs are: (i) water resources managed effectively to protect land from tidal and storm surges, improve drainage, and enhance accretion; (ii) climate resilient infrastructure for communications, markets, cyclone protection, potable water and hygienic sanitation; (iii) secure land title granted to 20,000 households; (iv) improved livelihoods and household resilience; and (v) knowledge management and lessons of ICZM.

Components:

The project has the following five components: (i) protection from climate change; (ii) internal infrastructure; (iii) land settlement and titling; (iv) livelihood support; and (vi) technical assistance and management support. The project will be implemented over a six year period.

Benefits:

Increase in average household income of 77%. Economic internal rate of return of 17.2%.

Costs and financing:

The total project cost is estimated at USD 89.2 million. Of this, USD 47.3 million will be funded via an IFAD loan, USD 20.6 million by a grant from the Government of The Netherlands, USD 15.6 million from the Government of Bangladesh, USD 4.9 million from participating NGOs (for micro-credit), and about USD 0.81 million from beneficiaries.

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

BANGLADESH CHAR DEVELOPMENT AND SETTLEMENT PROJECT (CDSP) PROJECT DETAILED DESIGN DOCUMENT – APPRAISAL MAIN REPORT I. A.

STRATEGIC CONTEXT AND RATIONALE FOR IFAD INVOLVEMENT, COMMITMENT AND PARTNERSHIP

Rural development context 1

1. With a population of over 150 million living in an area of 147,570 square kilometres (or 1,045 persons per square kilometre), Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. About 80% of the population lives in rural areas and is mainly engaged in agriculture and related non-farm activities. More than two thirds of the rural population is landless or functionally landless (owning less than 0.2 hectares of land), 44% are below the national poverty line and 29% are 2 classified as very poor . Endowed with limited land and other natural resources, and with a high population density, poverty is a pervasive problem in rural Bangladesh. 2. Agricultural production has increased substantially in Bangladesh over the past 20 years. Cropping is dominated by rice and annual rice production has grown from 10 millions tons in 1971 to just under 30 million tons in 2007/83. This increase has come from a transformation of rice production from extensive low input subsistence systems to highly intensive high input systems using modern rice varieties, a large increase in fertiliser use, and a substantial increase in irrigation during the dry winter. The country is now more of less self-sufficient in rice in a normal year. There is however no room for complacency as Bangladesh has to import rice following bad floods or droughts at critical growth periods, and with continued population growth and loss of land to urbanisation, there is an ever increasing need to produce more rice every year. 3. Bangladesh is the most disaster prone of the least developed countries. Between 1970 and 1998, 171 large-scale water-related hazards such as cyclones, storm-surges, droughts, floods, and river erosion disasters killed an estimated half million people and affected more than 400 million. The poor are hit hardest because they live at greater density in the most poorly constructed housing in settlements on lands prone to hazards - particularly along the 700 kilometres of coast affected by 4 storm surges . Annually up to 20,000-30,000 households loose their homes, land and livelihood as a result of erosion and thus become destitute5. 4. Bangladesh is also one of the countries that will be most affected by climate change, with an estimate of a 30cm rise in sea level by 2050 having the potential to affect over 35 million people in the vulnerable low elevation coastal zone6.

B.

Policy, governance and institutional issues, political and economic issues

5. Alignment with PRSP: The project fits very well with the government’s second poverty reduction strategy (National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction 2009-11). In this strategy water management, agriculture, forestry, rural roads, land policy and disaster management are all focal areas for pro-poor growth to which the project will contribute. Supporting strategies include actions to reach extreme poor groups, support for better water and sanitation, especially where groundwater conditions are unfavourable (such as the saline coastal area), and adapting to climate change. 1

Bureau of Statistics of the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. 2001. Population Census Preliminary Report (2001–2008) 2 Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 3 Rice Technologies: Strategic Choices and Policy Options, Mahabub Hossain et al, BIDS Policy Brief 2009 4 Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project, Project Performance Assessment Report, World Bank 2005 5 The Water Sector Track Record Of Bangladesh, Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, 2007 6 National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). Government of Bangladesh. 2005

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

6. The poverty reduction strategy identifies chars (areas of newly accreted land) as being a pocket of extreme poverty and it specifically mentions continuation of char development and settlement programmes – which this project is designed to both scale-up and deepen in terms of the scope of support for economic development and poverty reduction. The strategy also identifies the coastal zone as being of special risk from climate change. 7. Harmonization with Donors: The proposed project would be jointly funded by IFAD and the Netherlands, and would form part of a broader Integrated Coastal Zone Development Programme which is being planned as a framework for multi-donor support. This cooperation with the Netherlands follows the on-going Market Infrastructure Development Project in Charland Regions where the Netherlands has provided a grant of USD 5 million alongside the IFAD loan. The project would be closely linked to the Danida funded Agricultural Sector Programme Support Phase II, which would undertake parallel fisheries and livestock development activities in the project area. 8. The project could also link with the new Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Climate Change, which has been initiated by DFID and is being managed by the World Bank. 9. Institutional issues: the lead agency of CDSP IV would be the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). Although of vital importance to Bangladesh, the water sector has not been a political priority and, over the last 10-15 years GoB funds for new investments dwindled and O&M budget allocations have fallen far short of the requirement. BWDB has undergone a downsizing operation that saw its staff number reduced from around 19,000 to some 8,500 today. BWDB has now adopted the idea of ‘participatory water resources planning’ and so works much more closely with water users. However BWDB still lacks the right manpower and skill-mix to implement participatory water management, although the Netherlands, ADB and World Bank are now providing assistance in this area and a participatory water management cell has recently been established. It also has problems in efficiently managing projects, such as recruiting the staff required and managing finances. Plans for CDSP IV have taken these issues into account. 10. The local Government Engineering Department (LGED) is the other major implementing partner, and would be responsible for roads and other internal infrastructure. BWDB and LGED together would account for over 80% of project expenditure. LGED has considerable project implementation capacity, and greater flexibility in terms of staffing and movement of funds. The other government implementing agencies (Department of Public Health Engineering: DPHE), Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Forest Department and Ministry of Land have relatively small roles in terms of expenditure and this issue is more one of them being able to focus adequately on a relatively small programme. This has been addressed in project design by giving them their own budget and flow of funds so they have full ownership of their activities, and also by ensuring they have adequate staff and management resources at the local level. A SWOT analysis of implementing agencies is in Key File 2 in Annex 3. 11. Political and economic issues: Bangladesh has continued impressive economic and social gains over the past decade with steady annual economic growth of 5% to 6%, relatively low inflation and fairly stable domestic debt, interest rates and exchange rates. Bangladesh's growth performance has been remarkably resilient despite multiple natural disasters and some erosion in business confidence. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth in FY2008 remained strong at 6.2%. Nevertheless, Bangladesh remains a very poor country, with the third highest number of poor people in the world. The pace of poverty reduction slowed last year due to a sharp increase in food prices, and Bangladesh is now faced with the challenge of the global economic recession. The twin drivers of economic growth have been remittances from migrant workers, especially from the Middle East, and garment exports. These are already being affected by the global recession. As a result the World Bank has reduced its GDP growth forecast for FY 2008/9 from 5.7% to 4.5% and it foresees a further decline to 4% in FY 2009/10.

C.

The IFAD country programme.

12. The project focuses on adaptation to climate change in the coastal zone of Bangladesh. This is fully in line with IFAD’s COSOP, and was endorsed by Government at the COSOP MTR wrap-up meeting in October 2008. The proposed project fits with all five COSOP sub-programmes: in particular sub-programme 3 (innovations in pro-poor infrastructure development to benefit the extreme poor), sub-programme 2 (increased access to markets and financial services for rural small entrepreneurs), sub-programme 4 (increased access to common property resources for the rural poor), sub-

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

programme 1 (increased availability of agricultural technologies to small farmers), and subprogramme 5 (increased access to economic opportunities for women).

II. A.

POVERTY, SOCIAL CAPITAL AND TARGETING

Rural poverty, information and analysis

13. The process of erosion and accretion in the world’s largest river delta is the major driver of poverty in these “chars”, which are lands newly emerged from the water as a result of accretion. Rapid erosion of farmland makes many people landless, who then move to newly accreted land on emerging chars which: (i) have unfavourable conditions for agriculture due to salinity and flooding; (ii) are extremely vulnerable to cyclones and storms; harsh living conditions due to lack of fresh water and fuel; and (iii) there are very poor communications and minimal services from government and NGOs. In addition these settlers lack secure title, only occupying land with the consent of powerful “land grabbers” who illegally control this public land. Without secure title, settlers are unwilling to invest in improving their land or houses. This further discourages the commercialisation of agriculture. 14. As a result, newly emerged chars are a pocket of extreme poverty. The 2009 RIMS baseline survey for Noler, Caring and Nangulia chars (which account for 85% of the population of all five CDSP IV chars) estimated average household income to be Tk3,103 per month – or Tk18.80 per head per 7 day. This falls within the poorest 10% of the rural population . The same survey found that 87% of households report a food shortage, with 72% having a shortage for at least 3 months and 46% for at least 5 months. Over half (52%) of children under five years of age were stunted, suffering from chronic malnutrition, 18% of under-five children were wasted, showing acute malnutrition, and 57% of children were underweight for their age. The rates of wasting and stunting are significantly higher than for rural Bangladesh as a whole. Further details on the causes and consequences of poverty are in the Working Paper 1, Poverty Analysis, together with data from baseline studies. 15. As well as being poor, char communities face multiple vulnerabilities including cyclones and storm surges, floods and drainage congestion, droughts and salinity intrusion, erosion and deteriorating ecosystems. Apart from these physical risks, these chars are largely out of reach of the state and this, combined with the illegal nature of land occupation, results in a high degree of lawlessness and consequent risk of loss and physical harm for char settlers, especially women. 16. These uncertainties are exacerbated by the consequences of climate change, with a greater probability of cyclones and storm surges, increased rainfall during the monsoon season, less precipitation in winter, higher temperatures and sea level rise8. All these will have an adverse impact on livelihoods. Food security will be threatened and conflicts over scarce natural resources are likely to become more prevalent. Population growth will make the scenario more precarious.

B.

The target group, including gender issues

17. The project will target the whole population living on the selected chars who will all benefit from the development of water management, communications, water supply, cyclone protection and other infrastructure. A 2006 population survey for the five proposed CDSP chars reported a total of about 20,000 households with 112,000 population, although local people claim a much larger settlement and the population may well be 50% higher (Table 1). The population is growing rapidly as new settlers are still arriving from areas suffering from river erosion. For the purpose of this report, an estimate of 28,000 households has been used which implies a total population of about 155,000.

7

The average expenditure per head per day for the poorest 10% of rural households is Tk19.94 – Household Income and Expenditure survey 2005, adjusted to December 2008 prices. 8 The process of accretion in more rapid than sea level rise, so new chars will continue to emerge despite rising sea levels. In fact accretion tends to increase as sea levels rise. However in planning land reclamation it will be important to take account of sea level rise in the design on embankments and other works. This is discussed in more detail in Annex 2 of Working Paper 4.

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

Table 1: Coverage of area and population Char

Area

Feasibility study estimates 2006*

Mission estimate

Maximum local estimate Hectares Households Population Households Households

Nangulia

8,990

8,430

46,583

12,000

45,000

Noler

2,690

4,760

27,892

6,000

8,000

Caring

6,850

4,000

19,500

6,000

10,000

Ziar

1,943

1,420

8,015

2,000

2,000

Urir

10,300

1,716

10,404

2,000

3,000

30,773

20,326

112,394

28,000

68,000

Total

* for Urir char, population as per survey of 2008

18. Within this population, more disadvantaged sections of the community will be targeted for additional support. This includes: (a) Settlers who do not have proper title to the land they are now occupying (b) Other landless households who can be settled on any public land that is now vacant – in particular these will be households who loose land they now occupy because of project infrastructure works. (c) Women – including female headed households, women involved in capture of shrimp fry and women whose husbands have migrated to find work. Women will be particularly targeted for NGO activities and for participation in Labour Contracting Societies (LCS). (d) Children who are unable to attend school and who are involved the catching shrimp fry and other work. (e) Landless, marginal and small farmers who will participate in agricultural development projects. 19. A number of factors, that stem from living on newly accreted and low lying chars, specifically impact on the lives of women. Life for women is harsh. Lack of fresh water and fuel, and need to frequently repair homesteads damaged by tidal floods, and absence of men (most migrate to look for work elsewhere), mean women face a life of unremitting hard work. Unproductive agriculture and the low level of economic activity means there is little wage employment women. Education opportunities are minimal (there are no government schools). Lack of secure land tenure, lack of independent income and voice, widespread polygamy, and absence of male family members, mean women suffer from high levels of violence, both within and outside the home. Teenage girls are at particular risk so families arrange for them to be married as soon as they reach puberty. This early marriage, lack of family planning services (health service providers are absent), and traditional attitudes, mean women have significantly larger families than is now the norm in Bangladesh – so placing a further burden on women. Larger families are also an indicator of insecurity – when people have some confidence in the future they will choose to have smaller families. Further details are in Working Paper 1. 20. The additional burden on women from onerous household and family work makes it difficult for women to meet their practical needs. The lack of opportunities for women to earn their own income mean they have little strategic agency in terms of influencing household decision making or getting an equitable share of family resources. 21. Details of the char population by socio-economic strata and their priority needs are in Key File 4.

C.

Targeting strategy and gender mainstreaming

22. By selecting these newly emerged chars, the project has been able to reach a particularly poor and disadvantaged population. The vast majority (over 90%) of the population fall in IFAD’s target group in terms of poverty levels (below the poverty line) or land ownership (landless, small and marginal farmers). Some project activities will be delivered to specifically targeted households, using the following selection criteria:

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

(a) Land settlement – MoL criteria are that households getting land should be a family who depends on agriculture for their livelihood but have no agricultural land and not more than 10 decimals of homestead land. Land settlement policy gives priority to the following landless families: (i) Destitute Freedom fighter family; (ii) Families who have lost all of their lands in river erosion; (iii) Widow and abandoned women with adult son; (iv) Families with no homestead and agricultural land; (v) Families who become landless due to land acquisition for development work (b) Agricultural support would target landless, small and marginal farmers (owning under 2.5 acres of land, as per national land holding classifications). (c) Labour Contracting Societies (LCS): LGED, DPHE and BWDB will select women who meet the following criteria: (i) Unemployed, poor and living in the vicinity of the work site (ii) Source of income is mainly their physical labour (iii) Do not possess more than 0.5 acre of land including their homesteads (iv) Adult and physically fit. (v) Deserted and widowed (d) Social Forestry Groups (SFG): the Forest Department will select women and men who meet the following criteria: (i) Destitute women (ii) Landless people (iii) Fishing/other concerned communities (iv) Disadvantaged group, including households affected by the construction of infrastructure. (v) One member from each household (although husband and wife may be joint members) 23. The project will implement a strategy for gender mainstreaming to ensure maximum participation of women in project activities and the consequent benefits. This includes specific targets for participation by women in different field level institutions, with the objective of increasing participation and representation by women from the levels achieved in CDSP III (see Working Paper 3 and Gender Action Plans for each Implementing Agency in the draft Project Implementation Manual). 24. Existing char settlement policy is to grant land titles in the joint names of both husband and wife, with the wife’s name coming first. This gives women considerable empowerment and is a major achievement, which will be continued in CDSP IV (see Working Paper 3 on lessons learned). The NGO programme, which aims to cover all households, would almost entirely targeted at women, with homestead agriculture and other livelihoods, formation of women groups, micro-finance, health and family planning, and human rights and awareness all being delivered to women’s groups. NGOs will also form women’s tubewell user groups and train women caretakers. The LCS formed by LGED will be women-led with at least 80% women members. Experience in MIDPCR shows that women’s LCS comprise the very poorest women.

D.

Geographic coverage of the project

25. The project would be located on newly emerged chars in the south-eastern coastal zone – where the coastline has extended seawards by 40 km over the last 40 years. A feasibility study, carried out with Netherlands support, has planned the development of five chars (Nangulia, Noler, Caring, Ziar and Urir chars) covering to about 30,000 ha and mostly located in Noakhali district but with a small area in Chittagong district. A limited amount of additional development will take place in other chars where earlier phases of CDSP took place. This includes a road to connect one of the CDSP IV chars, markets in the CDSP III area and maintenance of roads and drainage khals. Some initial investment, primarily cyclone shelters, but also water supply and earth roads may take place in newer chars where development works have not yet started, but where recent settlers face extreme vulnerability and hardship. This would act as a precursor to a full development when the char becomes more mature. Such chars may be located in other parts of Noakhali and Chittagong districts, and also in the neighbouring Laxmipur district.

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

III. A.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The knowledge base: Lessons from previous/ongoing projects

26. Current and past IFAD-funded projects have generated significant experience and useful lessons in development of rural infrastructure at the village level, connecting communities to markets (including access to micro-finance), building cyclone shelters, disseminating new agricultural technologies, providing the poor with access to common property resources, and helping poor people improve their livelihoods. Specific lessons from IFAD projects which are being incorporated into the design of CDSP IV are: a) SCBRMP has demonstrated how development of village roads, currently overlooked in rural road development, can generate significant economic and social benefits. b) MIDPCR is showing how rural markets act as nodes for rural economic growth. c) The use of LCS for construction of concrete roads in SCBRMP and markets in MIDPCR has shown that groups of women supervised by LGED can undertake more than just earthwork. Members of LCS are drawn from extreme poor households so the additional income has a big impact on family welfare. The Project Management Unit is better than upazila LGED offices at carrying out formation and management of LCS. d) The provision of access to micro-finance alongside other support is effective in enabling poor households to take up new livelihoods and expand existing enterprises. It also leads to significant empowerment of women. However this support needs to be efficiently managed and sustainable after the end of the project. IFAD experience over many years shows that micro-finance services are best provided by PKSF and its NGO partners. e) Programmes to promote improved agricultural techniques need to be carefully planned. A purely demand-led approach results in a lack of focus and much effort being used on demonstrations and training which are not useful or effective. 27. There will be considerable synergy in combining the above IFAD experience with that of the Netherlands, who have a comparative advantage water resource management and coastal land reclamation. Working Paper 2 reviews this experience and the results that have been obtained. The Netherlands has asked IFAD to lead the design process for this integrated project. At the inception phase the design team has made a thorough review of current char development activities and outcomes in order to learn lessons for the future. This has involved extensive discussions with people who live on these coastal chars and the staff of implementing agencies. This review and lesson learning are in Working Paper 3 with further lessons regarding community organisations in Part II of Working Paper 10. An approach that combines IFAD support with that from the Netherlands will be able to go further in developing livelihoods and reducing poverty than these earlier projects – in particular by doing more to develop internal infrastructure, agriculture and access to markets.

B.

Opportunities for rural development and poverty reduction

28. Accreted land on the coastal zone is highly vulnerable to extreme climatic events and climate change. It is populated by some of the poorest and most vulnerable people in Bangladesh. This project would aim to protect and stabilize this newly accreted land, and enhance the livelihoods of their population. To productively utilise char lands it is necessary to: (i) provide protection from salt water intrusion via embankments, sluice gates and drainage channels; (ii) protect people and property from periodic cyclones with embankments, cyclone shelters, livestock refuges (killas); protective tree belts, and other cyclone-resilient infrastructure; (iii) ensure people can obtain potable water; (iv) introduce and disseminate appropriate (salt tolerant) agricultural technologies; and (v) build communications and market infrastructure (see Key File 1). 29. Ownership of newly accreted land is officially vested in the government, and represents an opportunity to provide very poor and landless households with secure land titles (in the name of both wife and husband). Government policy supports such settlement. Poverty reduction can also be supported through the development of non-crop livelihoods (livestock, fisheries, trading, cottage industries). 30. There are also opportunities to accelerate the rate of land accretion. The BWDB Estuary Development Project (Netherlands funded), with support from CDSP III, has been doing studies of

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

potential cross dams that could provide links between off-shore islands and accelerate the process of accretion of new land. A modelling study has concluded that the mainland to Urir char cross-dam could be technically feasible. This dam would also provide a road link with the mainland (a high priority for local people) as well as resulting in 9,336 ha of new land. Further studies are required (in particular an EIA) before a decision can be made to ahead with construction.

C.

Project goal and objectives

31. The overall objective (goal) of the Char Development and Settlement Project IV (CDSP IV) will be to reduce poverty and hunger for poor people living on newly accreted coastal chars. This would be achieved via the development of improved and more secure rural livelihoods in agriculture, provision of legal title to land, and through provision of climate resilient infrastructure. The project logframe is in Annex 1. 32. These objectives are in line with IFAD’s COSOP goal of supporting the scaling up of successful innovative approaches to poverty reduction. The project will give IFAD an opportunity to continue to pursue the COSOP policy objective of reform of policies for the management of rural markets.

D.

Alignment with country rural development policies and IFAD strategies

33. The Government adopted a Coastal Zone Policy (CZP) in 2005 and a Coastal Development Strategy (CDS) in 2006. The CZP states that “strategies for new chars will be developed” and “settled isolated chars and islands will be brought under special rural development programmes”. The CDS has nine strategic priorities: (i) ensuring fresh and safe water availability; (ii) safety from man-made and natural hazards; (iii) optimising use of coastal lands; (iv) promoting economic growth emphasizing non-farm rural employment; (v) sustainable management of natural resources; (vi) improving livelihood conditions of the people, especially women; (vii) environmental conservation; (viii) empowering through knowledge management; and (ix) creating an enabling institutional environment.

34.The goal of IFAD’s Strategic Framework, 2007-2010, “Enabling Poor Rural People to Overcome Poverty”, is that rural women and men in developing countries are empowered to achieve higher incomes and improved food security. This is to be achieved through six strategic objectives, four of which are highly relevant to this project. These are that poor rural men and women have better and sustainable access to: (a) natural resources (land and water), which they are then able to manage efficiently and sustainably; (b) improved agricultural technologies and effective production services, with which they enhance their productivity; (c) transparent and competitive agricultural input and produce markets, with which they profitably engage; and (d) opportunities for rural off-farm employment and enterprise development, which they profitably exploit.

E.

Project components

35. CDSP IV will have a total of five components (including project management). This stems from a need to adopt an integrated approach to coastal zone development. Although water management, in building embankments and drains to control flooding and saline intrusion (together with protective forestry), addresses the major underlying causes of low agricultural productivity, many other activities are needed if poverty reduction is to be effective. People also need secure access to land together with access to markets, finance and technology to improve agriculture. Despite reduced saline intrusion, the shallow aquifer will remain saline at least in the medium term, so potable water is a major priority. 36. The chars are extremely vulnerable to cyclones, so shelters are needed for people and livestock, together with disaster preparedness organisation and training. There is now only minimal such infrastructure (one cyclone shelter in the five CDSP IV chars, few DTW and almost no roads). There are also no provision for health and no education beyond a very few NGOs and local voluntary and religious schools. CDSP IV will provide some limited support preventive health and family services via NGOs and via a sanitation programme. Better health will improve people’s capacity to work and so directly impact on poverty. Education is another priority for char dwellers but, at the moment, CDSP IV is not proposing to intervene beyond equipping cyclone shelters for use as schools. Resources to support the operation of new primary schools are available from existing sector-wide

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

programme9, and CDSP IV would lobby for char schools to get such government support. This would enable schools to pay teachers and so provide better quality education, which would open opportunities that are now denied to children in the project chars. 37. Components and outputs of CDSP IV will include: 1. Protection from climate change: with the following two sub-components 1a. Water Management – implemented by the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). This would protect land on three of the five chars (Nangulia, Noler and Ziar) from tidal and storm surges, and improve drainage. This would involve 18 km of coastal dykes, 23 km of interior and 13 km of dwarf embankments, six sets of sluice gates, and 148 km of khals (drainage channels). The other two chars (Caring and Urir) are not yet mature or stable enough to be protected by embankments, but limited work to improve drainage would be carried out. It is calculated that about 286 hectares would be required for embankments and other works and households living on this land (as well as those outside of them embankments on Nangulia and Noler chars) would be assisted to move elsewhere. They would be paid a shifting allowance, helped to find other land and possibly accommodated in cluster villages. The component would also focus on improved O&M via formation of about 31 Water Management Groups and apex organisations, and funding of maintenance costs (using government funds). Much khal excavation and maintenance work would be done by LCS, and it is estimated that this could create employment for 3324 poor people, especially women, who have few other opportunities for work in the chars. Further details on water management are in Working Paper 4. 1b. Social forestry – implemented by the Forest Department. To complement embankments CDSP IV will establish on all chars protective plantations of trees on mud flats, foreshores and embankments using a social forestry approach. It has been shown that such a protective “green belt” can significantly reduce damage from cyclones – both to the embankment itself and to the surrounding area. In addition planting mangroves on mudflats accelerates accretion of new land. In total 344 km of strip plantation, 995 ha of block and foreshore plantation, and 1,800 ha of mangrove plantation would be established involving 490 Social Forestry Groups with 11,025 members. Further details on forestry are in Working Paper 5. 2. Climate-resilient infrastructure: with the following two sub-components: 2a. Internal infrastructure – implemented by the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED). Infrastructure for communications, market access and cyclone protection would be built on all five chars. This would include 160 km of roads, 25 bridges, 72 culverts, 48 cyclone shelters-cum schools, 16 killas (cyclone refuges for livestock), 6 markets, one bus stand, 9 boat landing ghats, and one Union Parishad complex. In addition CDSP IV could construct 3 markets and a Union Parishad complex on Boyer Char (the CDSP III project area). In addition some basic development (cyclone shelters, killas earth roads) could also take place in other newer chars where settlers are extremely vulnerable, but which are not yet sufficiently mature for a comprehensive development programme. Where possible work would be undertaken by Labour Contracting Societies (LCS) which would channel income directly to some of the poorest women, and it is planned to form a total of 194 LCS with 3360 members. There would also be support for road maintenance in the CDSP I, II, III and IV areas. Further details are in Working Paper 6. 2b. Water and sanitation – implemented by the Public Health Engineering Department (DPHE) The shallow aquifer in the coastal chars is saline so there is a need to provide more expensive deep tubewells (DTW) to tap fresh water at a greater depth. Each DTW would be shared between 15 to 20 households (total 1,329 DTW) with rainwater collection ponds or other schemes in locations where the deep aquifer is saline. The project would also provide a hygienic latrine for all households. In addition 150 DTW would be installed on newer chars where settlers have no water supplies. Manufacture of concrete rings and slabs for latrines would be undertaken by 69 female Labour Contracting Societies (LCS). Further details are in Working Paper 6. 3. Land settlement and titling: implemented by the Ministry of Land. CDSP IV will aim to get secure land titles granted to 20,000 households. This will involve a plot-to-plot survey to identify parcels of land and their current occupiers, followed by a six step process for registration of title which is 9

The Primary Education Development Programme II provides USD 850 million of donor resources plus another 35% from the government. It is a funded by a group of donors, led by ADB and including the Netherlands.

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

carried out by the land staff of the local administration. CDSP IV will also support improvements to the land record system involving computerisation of records. This will aim to make records less vulnerable to improper alteration and should make them more accessible to the public. Further details are in Working Paper 7. 4. Livelihood support: with the following two sub-components: 4a. Agricultural Support – implemented by the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE). This will aim to enable farmers to make better use of land resources. DAE will form 280 farmer groups and implement a programme promoting agricultural technologies that are adapted to saline conditions and resilient to climate change. This will involve technology identification and farm level testing, demonstrations, training of staff and farmers, and follow-up through DAE field staff and with publicity material. Further details are in Working Paper 8. 4b. Social and livelihood support – implemented by contracted NGOs who would form women’s groups covering all char households. NGOs will provide micro-finance services to these groups (including loans for agriculture), support livelihood development at the homestead level (including homestead agriculture, forestry and non-farm enterprises), legal rights and awareness raising, health and family planning, and disaster management and climate change. This support will be particularly targeted at women. NGOs would also support the water and sanitation component by collecting contributions towards the cost of DTW, forming female Tubewell User Groups, training women caretakers, and by supervising the installation of latrines by households. Further details are in Working Paper 9. 5. Technical assistance and management support – implemented by a contracted Technical Assistance team. The team will, in particular, be responsible for learning and disseminating lessons for coastal zone development and planning the future development of new chars. A consortium of international and local consulting companies would provide the TA team. The TA Team Leader would be an international consultant and the other 10 senior-level and 20 mid-level specialists would be national consultants. There would also be provision for short-term specialists, field and support staff, and studies and surveys. 38. A list showing the scope of project activities is in Annex 2. In addition it is envisaged there would an initiative to develop fisheries and livestock production to be implemented via the Regional Fisheries and Livestock Development Component of the Danida-supported ASPS-II. Such development would be implemented via Community Based Organisations, which would be formed within CDSP Water Management Groups.

IV. A.

IMPLEMENTATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

Institutional development and outcomes

39. Institutional development is an important element in a number of components. Water Management Organisations (WMOs) will be established to manage water control infrastructure. These WMOs would operate at three levels: Water Management Groups (WMG) represent farmers within a geographically defined water management area. At a polder level (i.e. one char with a surrounding embankment) a number of WMG would be federated together into a Water Management Association (WMA), with a Water Management Federation (WMF) at the district level. WMG are registered as cooperatives. NGOs would establish groups to would receive micro-credit and other services from NGOs, as well as Tubewell User Groups. DAE would establish Farmer’s Forums as the focal point for the agricultural development activities. Social Forestry Groups would be formed by the Forest Department to carry out tree planting, look after the trees, and share in the ensuing benefits of firewood, fruit and timber. BWDB, LGED and DPHE will form Labour Contracting Societies to undertake labour-intensive construction and maintenance works. Table 2 shows the projected number of these institutions and their membership. 40. Working Paper 10, Part II contains a review of project field level institutions in earlier phases of CDSP and linkages with local government. It also makes some recommendations for institution building and local level participation in CDSP IV – such as coordination of the different field level institutions through representation of these groups in WMG.

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

Table 2: Membership of Field Level Institutions Population of CDSP IV chars Field level institutions

Households 28,000

People 155,000

Groups

Member

% of all Organised Note hh by Represent all households Water Management Group 31 775 2.8% BWDB Farmers' Forums 280 5,600 20.0% DAE Social Forestry Group 441 11,025 39.4% FD Also for alternative water supplies Tubewell User Group 1,380 20,700 73.9% NGO For credit, savings and other support NGO groups 1,120 28,000 100.0% NGO 2 LCS1 BWDB 166 3,324 11.9% BWDB In CDSP IV chars only 2 LGED 194 3,880 13.9% LGED In CDSP IV chars only Produce latrine rings and slabs DPHE 69 1,380 4.9% DPHE Notes: 1. Number of LCS members are based on approximately 100 days work for each member (one season). In practice an LCS member may carry out work in more than one season. 2. In addition to the numbers shown, BWDB will create about 1,600 additional LCS jobs through maintenance works in the earlier CDSP areas, while LGED will create another 1,060 LCS jobs.

B.

The collaborative framework

(a) The main implementing agencies and their roles 41. The core activity in land reclamation is water management, and the overall programme would therefore be led by the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), and the Secretary of the Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR) would chair an Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee (IMSC). Other line agencies would be responsible for other activities: (i) the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) for roads, markets, cyclone shelters & killas, and Union Parishad complexes; (ii) Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) for water supply and sanitation; (iii) Ministry of Land (MoL) for land settlement; (iv) Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) for agricultural development; and (v) Forest Department (FD) for forestry. Further details are in Key File 5. 42. Each of these agencies would have its own government project document (Development Project Proforma – DPP), so coordinated implementation could proceed with only a minimal need for combined activities in the field. This approach has worked well in previous char development projects funded by the Netherlands. Where coordination is needed, it will be ensured by the IMSC and by a Project Management Committee (PMC), chaired by the Project Coordinating Director of the BWDB component with the Project Directors for each component as members. Coordination would also be ensured by having a single Technical Assistance (TA) consulting advisory team for the entire programme (to be funded and procured by the Netherlands). The TA Team Leader would be a member of the PMC. The TA Team would contract and manage the NGOs implementing Social and Livelihood Support. Details of project management arrangements are in Working Paper 10 and an organogramme is in Annex 3. Terms of Reference for Project Directors and the TA consulting company are in the draft Project Implementation Manual (PIM). 43. The project would be supervised by IFAD with active participation from the Netherlands embassy in supervision missions. The Netherlands would contribute its expertise in water resources and land reclamation, while IFAD’s country team for Bangladesh has considerable experience of infrastructure development, agriculture, rural livelihoods, poverty reduction, NGOs and M&E. (b) Technical partners in implementation 44. Implementation would also involve a range of other organisations. NGOs would be contracted to implement specific poverty, livelihood, social and gender-focused programmes. Research agencies, such as BRRI, BARI and IRRI may support agricultural development through the identification, development and testing of appropriate technologies for saline land. The Soil Resources Development Institute would provide testing services for soil and water samples at its laboratory in Noakhali. Local government at district, upazila and union level would also be involved in providing complementary services (e.g. health, education), supporting O&M with additional resources, organising market management and other regulatory functions, and would be including in local project

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

coordination meetings. Further details on the role of local government are in Working Paper 10, Part II, and local government is included in the institutional SWOT analysis in Key File 2. (c)

Links with complementary projects

45. The project would work very closely with the Danida-funded ASPS-II and, in particular, two of its sub-programmes, Regional fisheries and Livestock Development Component (RFLDC) and Rural Road and Market Access Infrastructure Development Project (RRMAIDP). RLFDC would have an Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with CDSP IV to take responsibility for fisheries and livestock development in the project area. RFLDC would do this by working through the Water Management Organisations formed by CDSP. RFLDC is also supporting local government and CDSP IV would also seek to use this and other local government initiatives to strengthen the involvement of Upazila and Union level government in the project. RRMAIDP has used LCS to build some earth roads in the project chars. These roads will be upgraded by CDSP, which will also adopt an LCS approach to road construction. Modalities and guidelines for use of LCS will be developed in consultation with RRMAIDP and well as MIDPCR and IPSWAM. RRMAIDP has also being supporting new approaches to road maintenance through performance based service contracts, and it is hoped that this approach will be replicated by CDSP IV. 46. The key institutional development initiative of CDSP IV is the establishment of three tiers of Water Management Organisations (WMO). BWDB has had support in this work from the BWDBNetherlands Integrated Planning for Sustainable Water Management (IPSWAM) project which has been piloting participatory water management systems and has supported the establishment of a participatory water management cell in BWDB. This cell will be able to help in the training and support of WMOs. The possible implementation of cross-dams and the planned studies for future char development would involve the BWDB-Netherlands Estuary Development Project which carries out studies on the morphological processes of accretion and erosion in the Meghna estuary and so provides the basic information for development planning. 47. Primary education in Bangladesh is being supported by the Second Primary Education Development Programme (PEDP-II) – a multi-donor funded sector-wide approach. CDSP IV will lobby the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education to agree to an MoU to recognise and fund school operations using PEDP-II resources in the 48 multi-purpose cyclone shelters that CDSP will build. Likewise CDSP IV will also press the Ministry of Health to provide resources to establish government clinics within the two Union Parishad Complexes to be constructed on Char Nangulia and Boyer Char. CDSP IV will also seek, through an MoU, to link its NGO health programme to government vaccination campaigns and other public health initiatives. Similarly NGO legal & human rights, disaster management and climate change initiatives may benefit from links to other programmes – for example Oxfam has a climate change and disaster management programme in some CDSP IV chars with pilot activities that could be up-scaled during CDSP IV. 48. CDSP IV may also link with the Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Climate Change, which has been established with initial funding from DFID and is managed by the World Bank. This fund may provide additional resources for climate change adaptation, such as saline and flood tolerant agriculture and household-level resilience. Further information is in Key File 3. (d) Integration within the IFAD country programme 49. CDSP IV will be well integrated with the IFAD country programme. Cooperation with the Netherlands started with on-going Market Infrastructure Project in Charland Regions (MIDPCR) which is developing roads and markets in more developed coastal chars. CDSP IV will also develop markets, and will follow the example of MIDPCR in making much greater use of LCS to directly channel work in construction directly to the poorest women. MIDPCR had contracted NGOs to provide micro-credit loans using their own capital resources, an approach that will be taken up by CDSP IV. NGOs will also be asked to focus on lending for agricultural inputs and investments – which is possible as PKSF (the wholesale provider of micro-finance funds) is up-scaling the PKSF/ IFAD Micro-Finance for Marginal and Small Farmers Project which has pioneering lending to farmers by NGO-MFIs. 50. Agricultural development activities will focus on increasing production in an unfavourable environment constrained by flooding and salinity. In identifying suitable technologies CDSP IV will benefit from close links with the grant funded Support to Agricultural Research for Climate Change Adaptation in Bangladesh. This project will be implemented from 2009 to 2011 by IRRI and partner research institutes. Agricultural development activities will also benefit from links to the World Bank-

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

IFAD/Ministry of Agriculture National Agricultural Technology Project. Although the current phase of NATP is not supporting agricultural extension in the project area, a research agency or NGO could access the competitive grants for agricultural research to develop technologies for coastal agriculture. Lessons on participatory water management and Water Management Organisations, and on complementary agricultural development, will be shared between CDSP IV and the forthcoming ADBIFAD/LGED Participatory Small Scale Water Resources Project. Further information is in Key File 3.

C.

Results-based M&E

51. Principal M&E indicators are shown in the logframe. At the goal level these include IFAD RIMS anchor indicators of chronic malnutrition, food security and asset ownership to be collected by a standard RIMS anchor indicator survey. Additional indicators would be collected at the goal and purpose level would include housing, women’s mobility, income earning occupations, and agricultural production. This, together with the RIMS indicators, would be collected via sample surveys to be carried out at the start (for baseline), mid-term and completion of the project. Indicators at the output level relate to delivery of outputs and also the functioning of community groups (to provide evidence for RIMS level 2 ratings for effectiveness and sustainability). Output indicators would be reported in the progress reports of implementing agencies, supplemented by participatory feedback from beneficiary groups and studies on the effectiveness of training. 52. M&E indicators in the COSOP Results Framework that link directly with the project include: number of hhs getting secure access to land; number of infrastructure schemes constructed and employment generated through construction; number of farmers receiving new agricultural technology; number of farmers reporting increased yields; number of water supply points and number of households with access; number of households with hygienic latrines; number of people with improved skills; and number of community organisations and their membership. Further details of the proposed M&E system are in Working Paper 12.

V. A.

PROJECT BENEFITS, COSTS AND FINANCING

Summary benefit analysis

53. Benefited population: the project will benefit the entire population of the project chars – estimated at 155,000 people in 28,000 households. All households will benefit from the development of water management, communications and cyclone protection infrastructure, and protective belts of trees. Water supplies from DTW or alternative sources will reach about 21,000 households, with latrines for 26,700 households (the remaining households already have adequate access to potable water and sanitation). The 48 cyclone shelters can shelter 24,000 families, and act as schools for about 10,000 children. The project will aim to provide a secure legal title for land to almost all of the 28,000 households. However a few households may already have a title and administrative delays (such as uncertainties regarding upazila boundaries) may cause delays in some areas, so 20,000 titles may be a more realistic expectation – along with around 1,000 titles carried over from CDSP III). 54. DAE will form groups for 5,600 farmers. This is about 20% of the total number but it is expected that most farmers will benefit from increased production due to improved water management and access to markets. Around 8,000 farmers in Urir and Caring Chars will not benefit from new embankments, and so will continue to face severe constraints. However they may benefit from limited improvements to drainage, adoption of saline tolerant crops and varieties, and though horticulture on raised homestead plots. Overall it is expected that 20,000 farmers will report increased crop production. Social Forestry Groups will have a total of 11,000 members – so almost 40% of households will gain from benefit-sharing in the plantations to be established as well as opportunities for forestry employment. Around 8,600 mostly female members of LCS will each get about 100 days of employment on project construction work. NGOs will aim to cover all households with a range of livelihood and social support services (micro-finance, health, rights, homestead enterprises etc.). 55. Almost 500,000 people living in the 45,000 ha covered by the CDSP I, II, and III project chars will also benefit from infrastructure maintenance and related employment opportunities funded by CDSP IV. Three rural markets will also be built in the CDSP III area.

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

56. Reduction in poverty: Based on information in baseline surveys, it is estimated that average household income in the pre-project situation is Tk40,489. Calculations in Working Paper 13 show that CDSP IV interventions would increase average household income by Tk39,348 per year. Allowing for a 20% reduction in current income sources as people switch income sources (in particular less seasonal out-migration), then with-project total income would be Tk71,740 per household. This is a 77% increase over Tk40,489 and amounts to Tk35.73 per head per day, only just below the national rural upper rural poverty line of Tk35.83. 57. Economic rate of return: char development involves a considerable investment spread over a limited area and population. Although cost per head may be high, the investment can be justified in terms of economic benefits stemming from increased crop and forest production and from the development of non-crop enterprises. An economic analysis has been carried out assuming a modest stream of benefits from cropping (increase in cropping intensity from 144% to 160% and average yields of around one third), income from forest plantations, and increased income of Tk10,000 per household from non-crop enterprises and employment. Wider benefits from improved communications have not been included, nor have the costs and benefits of cyclone shelters, water and sanitation or health activities. Based on these assumptions the EIRR for the overall project is estimated to be 17.2% (see Working Paper 13). 58. Wider welfare benefits: project interventions will also have wider benefits for the population – including: (i) protection from disasters (cyclone shelters and disaster preparedness programmes); (ii) better health (though access to health services and improved water and sanitation); (iii) opportunities for education (schools in cyclone shelters and roads to reach schools); and (iv) more secure lives (through dissemination of information on human and legal rights (especially for women), secure land tenure and easier access to government services). These gains will, in particular, benefit women and children. 59. Lessons for the future: lessons will be learned on how to reach some of the poorest people in Bangladesh, and on the impacts of a range of interventions. In particular, very few programmes have intervened in both livelihood and health fields. CDSP IV will be able to monitor the impact of such interventions. Studies would be carried out to plan further char development. Given the likely impact of climate change on coastal areas – including rising sea levels and more extreme weather events – it will be vital to engage coastal communities to adapt to climate change. The project, through developing community organisations, especially Water Management Organisations, will provide an opportunity for such community participation – and so learn lessons for Integrated Coastal Zone Management

B.

Summary cost table

60. The base cost of the project, at current 2009 prices, is estimated at USD 76.6 million (BDT 5.36 billion). Physical and price contingencies add an additional 16% to the cost in USD and 20% in BDT, making a total cost of USD89.2 million (BDT 6.46 billion). A summary of cost by subcomponent is in Table 3. Details of project cost calculations, including taxes and foreign exchange, are in Working Paper 12. Project costs have been estimated on the basis of a six year project implementation period, but there may be challenges in implementing such a large programme within this time-frame. The IFAD loan will therefore allow for a seven-year project implementation period in case life of the project needs to be extended.

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

Table 3: Project cost summary Component/sub-component

Taka ‘000

1. Protection from climate change a. Water Resources Management b. Social Forestry 2. Internal infrastructure a. Communications and Cyclone Protection b. Water and Sanitation 3. Land Settlement and tilting 4. Support for Livelihoods a. Agriculture Development b. Social and Livelihood Support 5. Technical Assistance and management support Sub-total Physical Contingencies Price Contingencies Grand total

%

US Dollar ‘000

%

1,469,562 253,897

27 5

20,994 3,627

27 5

1,959,581 219,586 44,945

37 4 1

27,994 3,137 642

37 4 1

57,065 679,178 679,357 5,363,170 348,910 748,861 6,460,942

1 13 13 100 7 14 120

815 9,703 9,705 76,660 4,984 7,612 88,697

1 13 13 100 7 10 116

61. Addition IFAD resources could be made available for the possible cross dam from the mainland to Urir char cross-dam (see Section III C above). The approximate cost is Tk340 million (USD 4.85 million). The possible funding of the cross-dam can be mentioned in the Project Financing Agreement between IFAD and GoB, but IFAD would only allocate funds via a top-up to the IFAD loan if the scheme is viable and agreed by the government. It is appreciated that the government may be able to mobilise other sources of funds for this project, so support from an increase in the IFAD loan is only one of a number of options.

C.

Project financing

62. The Project will be financed by IFAD, the Government of the Netherlands (GoN), and the Government of Bangladesh as well as by NGOs and project beneficiaries. The IFAD loan of USD 47.3 million will cover 53 percent of the total project costs, and a grant from the GoN of USD 20.6 million will cover 23 percent of total costs. The IFAD loan will cover 75% of civil works, 90% of office equipment, furniture and computers, 85% of operating costs (vehicle running, office costs etc.), and 100% of training, studies and other items (including forest planting) implemented by the GoB partner agencies. The Government of Netherlands (GoN) would finance the whole component of Technical Assistance and Management Support and the NGO Social and Livelihood Support subcomponent (except for capital for micro credit that will be financed by NGOs and beneficiaries). GoN will also fund 10% of the cost of all civil work. 63. The Government of Bangladesh contribution would pay taxes and duties, estimated at 25% of the cost of vehicles and 15% of the cost of construction equipment (a dredger). The Government is also expected to contribute to 15% of civil works, 15% of operating costs (office and vehicle running) and 10% of office equipment, computer and furniture. These contributions should be sufficient to cover all taxes on these items (which otherwise can be difficult to quantify). GoB will also cover 100% of the cost of incremental salaries and infrastructure maintenance in the CDSP I, II, III and IV areas. NGOs will provide USD 4.9 million in funds for microcredit lending, while beneficiaries will contribute a total of USD 0.81 million; this being savings used for micro-credit, and a cash payment of Tk4,500 for each deep tubewell. Table 4 provides a summary of project financing by component. Further details are in Working Paper 12.

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

Table 4: Financing plan by component Source of funding (USD thousand) IFAD

GoN

GoB

NGO

Benefic.

Total

16,245

1,763

6,155

24,164

4,157

5

370

4,532

1 Protection from climate change a. Water Resources Management b. Social Forestry 2 Internal infrastructure

0

a. Communications and Cyclone Protection b. Water and Sanitation 3 Land Settlement and Tilting

23,237

3,028

7,889

2,447

312

732

34,154 135

3,626

395

338

733

818

114

932

4 Support for Livelihoods a. Agriculture Development b. Social and Livelihood Support

4,427

Technical Assistance and management 5 support Total project cost

VI. A.

4,876

676

10,911

9,980 10,911

47,300

20,628

15,599

4,876

811

89,213

53%

23%

17%

5%

1%

100%

PROJECT RISKS AND SUSTAINABILITY

Risk analysis

64. Key risks and assumptions are identified in the logframe. At the goal level the risk is that there is a real increase in the price of rice relative to wages. This can mean that even if livelihoods improve as a result of economic development in the chars (the project purpose), malnutrition may increase as food consumption falls in response to higher prices. This happened in Bangladesh last year with the sharp increase in food prices and there is evidence that this led to an increase in indicators of child malnutrition. Although rice prices have now fallen back there is a risk that in future there could be national or worldwide food shortages that could lead to another price hike. Although such price hikes may be short lived, the risk is that they could coincide with impact surveys and thus the anthropometric indicators would show a negative outcome. 65. There are three significant risks to the purpose level objective of developing and protecting economic opportunities in project chars. These are: (i) the risks of a major natural disaster; (ii) overall economic growth and stability; and (iii) law and order in the chars. The chars are very vulnerable to cyclones and there is no doubt that a major cyclone could put back development some time – damaging livelihoods and disrupting project implementation. The experience of cyclone Sidr, which hit an area to the west of CDSP in late 2007, shows that a massive relief effort in itself can delay the return to normal livelihoods as people look to new opportunities funded by relief. However this risk will be mitigated by the comprehensive disaster risk reduction measures that CDSP IV will support – including: (i) cyclone shelters and killas (refuges for livestock). (ii) embankments and tree shelter belts designed to withstand or greatly reduce storm surges; (iii) roads as access to shelters and for disaster relief; and (iv) formation of community disaster management groups to prepare for disasters and link to higher level government disaster planning. In addition NGOs will implement house plinth raising and house strengthening on a pilot scale to help protect some of the most vulnerable households. 66. To emerge from poverty the chars need to link into a growing national economy and so if economic growth were to falter, this would impact on the chars. Even now, men from most households migrate to find work elsewhere – so poverty would increase if this work were no longer available, - notwithstanding that CDSP IV will be working to increase income earning opportunities at home on the chars. 67. Law and order is another risk at purpose level – in particular to women’s mobility and other indicators of empowerment. Law and order has greatly improved in the last five years with police camps being established in all chars. However it is still not good, and is said to be a factor that

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

contributes to early marriage. CDSP IV will improve road communications that will bring the chars into a closer orbit with the state which should help further improve law and order, but there is a risk that underlying governance will deteriorate allowing criminal gangs to operate with greater impunity. 68. At the output level, there is a risk that lack of O&M funding from the government may reduce the sustainability of the water management and internal infrastructure. A review of water sector O&M in the CDSP I and II areas was carried out by the Appraisal Mission (see Working Paper 10, Part II). These phases of CDSP were completed 13 and 5 year ago, but WMOs continue to be active drawing up O&M plans, organising regular cleaning and de-silting of drainage khals, and in operation of sluice gates. Overall O&M in the CDSP I and II areas is good and CDSP infrastructure continues to operate effectively. Moreover continued movement of the coast is now making some of these embankments and sluice gates redundant. 69. It is worth noting that the government has been significantly increasing funding for maintenance of BWDB water sector infrastructure. Annual funding from GoB’s own resources for BWDB’s maintenance programme is now Tk2,800 million having increased from Tk400 to Tk600 million four or five years ago. Other sources of funds are also used for maintenance of CDSP infrastructure - the appraisal mission found a group from the government’s seasonal employment creation programme cleaning one khal. For rural roads, GoB funding for LGED’s maintenance programme has increased from Tk300 million in 1992-3 to Tk10,000 million, an average annual increase of 22% per year over 17 years. It is therefore concluded that inadequate O&M is not a major risk to the success of CDSP IV. 70. Another output level risk is that it will not be possible to carry out foreshore plantations. Other projects, such as the World Bank funded Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project, have faced difficulties in foreshore planting as land is needed for other purposes, and trees may need to be planted on mounds above flood level. This risk can be mitigated by setting realistic targets for CDSP IV and by involving local people in drawing up plans and implementing foreshore planting in a way that provides them with direct benefits. 71. The supply of potable water using deep tubewells (DTW) assumes that the deep aquifer has good quality fresh water and that it does not become saline due to overuse or increased saline intrusion. This risk has been mitigated by: (i) reports that DTW recently installed by Danida and Oxfam in these chars produce fresh water; (ii) inclusion of test DTW to identify areas where groundwater is saline10; (iii) inclusion of funds for rainwater collection ponds and sand filters in places where groundwater is saline; and (iv) limiting use of the deep aquifer to water for domestic use extracted by hand pumps – no irrigation wells will be developed (such a limitation is consistent with a conservative assumption on the capacity of the deep aquifer). 72. The land settlement component assumes that vested interests and local elites do not disrupt the settlement process. In particular some powerful interests have already occupied some land for large fish and shrimp farms. However the settlement process is already well established, is part of government policy, and has been publicly backed by a local MP. The official system for land settlement seeks to minimize the risk of settlers loosing the land that they have been allocated. The Upazila Committee include non-official representatives (including NGOs) to safeguard the interests of settlers. Legally land can only be settled with landless people who meet the required criteria, and there is no evidence that elites have been able circumvent this process to grab land for themselves. In any case the title deeds for khas land (kabuliats) are not transferable except by inheritance. Monitoring in the CDSP-I area shows that, since receiving their land titles 12 to 15 years ago, only 14% of settlers have left the area. In CDSP-II, only 8% of the settlers have left their land over a period of 5 years. Further details are in Working Paper 2, page 3. 73. For the support for livelihoods and household resilience component to be successful requires the land settlement component to provide farmers with secure access to land, for DAE to disseminate appropriate agricultural technologies, and for NGOs to be able to operate effectively. The main for DAE is a lack of staff to implement its programme – which is mitigated by allowing DAE to contract project staff to make up for any shortages in its regular manpower. There is also a risk that increases in agricultural production will be limited by a slow reduction in salinity levels. This will be mitigated by identifying salt-tolerant crops and technologies – and the project has funded for adaptive research to test possible solutions in the project chars. In addition appropriate agricultural technologies will be developed by the IFAD grant funded Support to Agricultural Research for Climate Change Adaptation 10

In addition DPHE is about to sink an additional 10 test tubewells in CDSP IV chars using funds left over in CDSP III.

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

in Bangladesh, which will be implemented by IRRI for two years prior to the start of CDSP IV and during the first year of CDSP operation. 74. A final risk for the livelihoods and household resilience component would be that NGOs are not able to operate effectively. The major issue here is their freedom to operate micro-finance services – as income from micro-finance provides NGOs with a care income to ensure their sustainability. This risk has been mitigated by the recent Micro-Credit Act, which provides a legal framework for NGOMFIs to provide micro-finance services. However the regulations under the Act could result in onerous restrictions on MFI activities – such as setting of interest rate ceilings that do not allow for reasonable operating margins. This risk is limited by the size and influence of the micro-finance sector, with major institutions such as Grameen Bank, BRAC and ASA.

B.

Exit strategy and post-project sustainability

75. CDSP IV will follow a well-defined exit strategy that has been shown to work by the char development programme. The various implementing agencies will take over responsibility for their different activities and continue to provide the support needed. Although BWDB does not have adequate funding for O&M, (see above) evidence from chars areas developed over the last 25 years is that polders that were developed continue to provide a favourable environment for agriculture and have developed into a zone of prosperous agriculture with considerable areas of high value cash crops. Monitoring of these developed areas has continued and show that salinity levels are still falling. Monitoring also shows that the vast majority of settlers have retained their land so land titling has led to sustainable benefits. 76. Where NGOs have been able to develop viable micro-credit operations, they have also sustained their presence in the area and offer a range of services to their members. In addition other businesses and public agencies have been attracted by the economic growth – for example Milk Vita, a national milk producers’ cooperative, has recently set up a chilling plant in one of these chars. Water Management Organisations also continue to function with only limited support from BWDB.

VII. A.

INNOVATIVE FEATURES, LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Innovative features

77. The project has a number of innovative features, with opportunities of learning by the implementing agencies, the government and the donors. First of all, unlike earlier char development projects, over half the area to be covered will not be protected by embankment (as it is too immature and unstable for empoldering). To generate benefits for people living in these very vulnerable chars, innovations such as salt-adapted agricultural technologies, house plinth raising and house strengthening will be needed. CDSP IV also plans to construct killas as refuges for livestock on such chars – something that earlier char development programmes have not done. 78. CDSP may test new ways of surfacing village roads to make them suitable for light wheeled traffic. CDSP is planning to build rural markets – going further than earlier char development projects in improving market access. Working with the Danida funded ASPS-II for fisheries and livestock development is another innovations – with ASPS-II itself trying innovative approaches for supporting these sectors. Land settlement and titling is a new field for IFAD in Bangladesh, and CDSP IV will aim to introduce a practical system for computerised land record management at the upazila level.

B.

Project knowledge products and learning processes

79. CDSP IV represents an important opportunity for IFAD to learn more about the connections between poverty, nutrition and health. Previous IFAD projects in Bangladesh have not involved health interventions, and CDSP will have an enhanced capacity to collect and analyse information on outcomes and results as there will be a dedicated M&E unit within the TA team. This M&E unit will also be responsible for knowledge management and learning. 80. Processes for learning start with the various implementing agencies. CDSP IV will implement a process of internalisation, which involves identification of key lessons for each of these agencies and the adoption of these lessons in the processes used by these agencies such as training modules. Lessons will also be shared more widely through regular project progress reports, special studies and

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Design Completion Report - Appraisal Main Report

impact surveys. Information will be disseminated via a project website, newsletters (at project, IFAD Bangladesh and IFAD Asia Pacific levels) and through workshops and seminars. 81. The range of project activities presents an opportunity to participate in a range of networks and activities such as the NGO Drinking Water and Sanitation Forum, the Credit and Development Forum, the Market Development Forum, and various human rights, gender and land rights forums. At an international level CDSP IV could contribute to learning via IFAD’s network on Learning and Knowledge on Innovations in Water and Rural Poverty (Innowat).

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 1

Annex 1: Logical Framework Narrative summary Goal Reduced poverty and hunger for poor people living on newly accreted coastal chars Purpose Improved and more secure rural livelihoods for 28,000 households in coastal chars

Outputs 1. Water resources managed effectively to protect land from tidal and storm surges, improve drainage, and enhance accretion

2. Climate resilient infrastructure for communications, markets, cyclone protection, potable water and hygienic sanitation.

3. Secure land title granted to 20,000 households. 4. Improved livelihoods and household resilience

Indicators - Reduction of 25% in number of children stunted and number under-weight - 50% increase in household assets - No. hh with 5 months or more of food shortage reduced from 46% to 23%. - 20,000 hhs reporting increased agricultural production - 28,000 hhs with more livestock - 40,000 people* in income earning occupations; - 21,000 hh with access to improved water supply and sanitation Immediate oucomes in italics - 10,000 ha of land empoldered. - 41 km of embankment and 17.5 km of foreshore protected by plantation - 31 water management and 490 social forestry groups - 80% WMG rated effective/ sustainable - 70% empoldered land has reduced soil salinity and flooding - 160 km road constructed - 25 bridges & 72 culverts built - 9 markets constructed - Reduction in transport costs - 60 cyclone shelters & 24 livestock refuges constructed. - No. people* using cyclone shelters - No. children* at school in shelters - 1380 water supply points operational & no. of hh supplied. - 26,735 hygenic latrines operational - 17,600 women earning from LCS - 26,000 target group hh getting secure title to land - 5,600 farmers* attending agric. extension events - 20,000. farmers* report adoption of improved agricultural technologies - 28,000 women in 1120 NGO group - Amount of savings and no. of loans - 234 health workers & 13 clinics - No. people* using health services - 28,000 women trained in IGA - No. people* with improved employment & own enterprises - 28,000 women attend rights-based training and events - Indicators of improved rights Project reports, studies workshops and other events

Means of verification

Assumptions

Impact surveys at baseline, mid-term and completion (RIMS)

Real price of rice does not rise relative to wages

Impact and outcome surveys undertaken by the M&E unit.

No major natural disasters Economic growth and stability Law and order in char areas

- Field surveys of soil sanity and drainage. - Project reports from BWDB and FD

- Sufficient allocations for O&M by the Government. - Possible to carry out successful foreshore plantation

- Participatory monitoring of community orgs. - Project reports from LGED

- Sufficient allocations for O&M by Government.

- Participatory monitoring feedback and surveys

- No unexpected changes in groundwater quality due to sea water intrusion.

- Project reports from DPHE

- Project reports from MoL - Participatory monitoring feedback and surveys - KAP surveys - Project reports from DAE and NGOs

- Vested interests & elites do not disrupt land settlement. - DAE able to post staff to implement agricultural development programme. - Appropriate technologies for salt affected land available. - NGOs not subject to undue regulatory interference.

5. Knowledge management and Project reports Government continues to lessons for Integrated Coastal support coastal development Zone Mgt (ICZM). Activities 1. Protection from climate change: (a) sea dykes; (b) internal embankments; (c) drains and canals, (d) water control sluices, (e) Water Management Organisations; (f) water infrastructure maintenance; (g) formation of social forestry groups; (h) tree planting on embankments, roadsides, foreshores & mudflats roadsides etc; (i) plantation caretaking 2. Climate resilient infrastructure: (a) village and union roads and bridges; (b) cyclone shelters & killas; (c) rural markets; (g) deep tubewells; (e) drinking water ponds and rainwater collection; (f) hygienic latrines; (g) Labour Construction Societies for construction. (h) O&M user groups; (I) market management committees; (j) infrastructure maintenance 3. Land settlement and titling: (a) Surveys to assess availability of land and current ownership status; (b) selection of target group households; (c) process of land titling; (d) computerised land record management system. 4. Livelihood support: (a) formation of groups; (b) identification of appropriate technologies; (c) capacity building of service providers; (d) crop training and demonstrations; (e) other skill training; (f) access to livelihood opportunities and markets; (g) promotion of better health and hygiene; (h) social support and rights; (i) disaster preparedness and climate change resilience. 5. Technical assistance and management support: (a) support from TA team for implementing agencies; (b) quality control; (c) specialised training; (d) M&E system; (e) studies of development of new chars; (f) dissemination and sharing of experiences.

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 2

Annex 2: Scope of Project Activities Component Scope of works and project support 1. Protection from climate change (a) Water management Drainage sluices 3 large and 3 small Embankment: 17.5 km sea dyke, 23.5 km interior dyke, 13.25 km dwarf embankment 247.5 km khal excavation / re-excavation 31 WMG and 31 WMG group centres – approx 620 members, 3 WMA, 1 WMF Land acquisition – 5 ha Rehabilitation (resettlement) of 384 households from khas land LCS – approx 166 LCS with 3324 members for khal excavation plus 80 LCS with 1600 members for maintenance work in CDSP I, II and III areas. Mini-dredger and operating costs Maintenance in CDSP I, II, III, IV areas BWDB PMU Staff: PCD, 2 XEN, 3 SDE, 2 AE, 3 SAE, 33 other staff WMO strengthening: 390 training, visit and workshop events 4 cars, 11 motorcycles, office equipment PMU operating costs (b) Forestry Plantation: Embankment 41 km, foreshore 350 ha, mangrove 1800 ha, block plantation 645 ha, khal 205 km, road 98 km, killa 16, institutions 95 Social Forestry Groups – 490 SFG with 11,025 members Rehabilitate (resettle) 350 households from foreshore plantation area SFG training: 1,477 events, other training and workshops: 128 events DoF PMU PD (DFO Noakhali), 41 staff, 5 motorcycle, boat, office/dormitory, office equipment PMU operating costs 2. Climate resilient infrastructure (a) Internal infrastructure Communications infrastructure: 160 km roads, 25 bridges, 72 culverts, 9 boat ghats 48 cyclone shelters-cum-schools (plus 12 on other chars) 16 killas, plus 6 on other chars Cluster village 2, Rural market 6 (plus 3 on Boyer Char), Bus stand 1, UP complex 2 LCS – 194 LCS with 3,880 members, plus 53 LCS with 1060 members for work outside of the CDSP IV chars on road maintenance and also market construction in Boyer Char. LGED PMU PD, 2 AE, 3 SAE, 12 other staff Up to 46 staff to support LCS Staff and member training for LCS 2 cars, 12 motorcycle, 38 bicycle, office equipment PMU operating costs Road maintenance in all CDSP areas (b) Water & sanitation DTW 1,329 (plus 150 on other chars), test TW 17,ponds with sand filters 36, Rainwater collection schemes 15. 26,735 household latrines LCS – 69 with 1360 members to manufacture latrine rings and slab DPHE PMU PD, 1 AE, 2 SAE, 4 other staff Up to 16 staff to support LCS Staff and member training for LCS 1 car, 8 motorcycle, 10 bicycle, office equipment PMU operating costs 3. Land settlement and Land settlement process for 20,000 households titling Computerised land record system (hardware and software) Training in Bangladesh and internationally PD (DC Noakhali), AC-Rev, other staff, car

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 2

Component 4. Livelihood support (a) Agricultural support

DAE

Scope of works and project support Crop productivity zone mapping and PRA DAE staff training, workshops and ToT Group formation – 280 Farmer Forums with 5,600 members. Farmer training – 1200 batches Crop demonstrations – 1150 plots Field days, seasonal workshops, reports PD (DDAE Noakhali), 1 PA, 2 PTO, 6 FO, 4 other staff Car, 3 motorcycle, 6 bicycle, computer, PMU costs

(b) Social and livelihood support Group formation and micro-finance

3-5 NGOs appointed, 10-12 new NGO branches set up 1120 NGO groups covering women from all households (28,000) Staff training (including gender analysis) 858 training places , computer & internet, furniture Initial subsidy for staff and overheads Provision of micro-finance services using NGOs own capital Health and family 1 Paramedic and 2 facilitators in each branch (39 in total) planning Training and allowance for 195 TBAs Training for village doctors and elites Key inputs (contraceptives, de-worming, micro-nutrient, ORS) distributed/sold Clinic held at 13 branch offices Health campaigns and linkage with government Legal and human rights Rights awareness training for all NGO group members Building consensus on legal issues with elites Campaigns and publicity Staff training on HR Homestead agriculture Training of all women group members and forestry Demonstrations of new technologies (9,000) plus field days and local visits Agricultural facilitator in each branch office (13) NGO staff training Livelihoods and value Training on non-farm IGAs for all group members chains Implementation of small value chain projects Water and sanitation Establishment of 1329 TW user groups and collection of cost contribution for DPHE Training of TW caretakers (2 per TW) Organisation of latrine installation for DPHE (26,735 latrines) Disaster preparedness & Training members on disaster management (90 batches plus annual refresher) climate change Establishment of Climate Change and Mitigation Centres Meetings with Union disaster preparedness committee (one per branch per year) Pilot scheme for house plinth raining (500 plinths) Pilot scheme for house strengthening (500 houses) Introduction of improved stoves Training in construction of biogas plants 5. Technical assistance and management support Technical Assistance Specialist expertise, quality control, monitoring, financial coordination, Team Studies for development of new chars Impact evaluation surveys Monitoring of CDSP I, II and III areas Website and knowledge management

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 3

ANNEX 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

D r a ft P r o je c t M a n a g e m e n t S t r u c t ur e In t e r M in ist e r ia l S t e e r in g C o m m it t e e Sec . M W R (chair), JS : M L G RD C, M F E, M oL, M o A, Plan C o m . O b s erv e: E K N , T A

P r o je ct M a na g e m e nt C o m m it t e e P D B W D B (chai r), P D s : LG E D , D P H E, Do F, D A E ; D C ; T A-T L /CTA; N GO -P C

BW D B

LG E D

D P HE

Do F

DA E

M oL

PM U : P D

PM U : P D

P M U : X EN

P M U: DFO

P M U: D DAE

D C , A C (R e v )

TA Tea m

22

NGOs

Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 4

ANNEX 4 KEY FILE TABLES

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Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 4

Key File Table 1: Rural Poverty and Agricultural Sector Issues Priority Area

Major Issues

Rural poverty in  coastal areas

 Coastal zone development





 Agriculture

    

Gender

     

The process of erosion and accretion in the world’s largest river delta is a major driver of poverty in these chars. Rapid erosion of farmland makes many people landless, who then move to newly accreted land on emerging chars which: (i) have unfavourable conditions for agriculture due to salinity and flooding; (ii) are extremely vulnerable to cyclones and storms; harsh living conditions due to lack of fresh water and fuel; and (iii) there are very poor communications and minimal services from government and NGOs. As a result, newly emerged chars are a pocket of extreme poverty, with a survey showing 73% of households being below the lower poverty line. Coastal communities face multiple vulnerabilities including cyclones and storm surges, floods and drainage congestion, droughts and salinity intrusion, erosion and deteriorating ecosystems. These uncertainties are exacerbated by the consequences of climate change, with a greater probability of cyclones and storm surges, increased rainfall during the monsoon season, less precipitation in winter, higher temperatures and sea level rise. Land on newly emerged chars is grabbed by criminal gangs who allow poor people to occupy plots in return for illegal rents and other obligations.

Actions Needed     

A process of land reclamation is needed to make newly emerged chars productive for agriculture Grant landless people settling on chars a secure title to a plot of land Build infrastructure on chars, including protection from cyclones. Provide public services needed for local economic growth – such as support for agriculture, fisheries and livestock, as well as education, health and law and order. Enable social and livelihood support for poverty reduction.

Integrated approach to development of coastal zone involving:  Development of land resources , including accelerating the process of accretion  Policies to ensure landless people get secure access to land  Protection from man-made and natural hazards  ensure availability of safe drinking water,  promote economic growth and non-farm rural employment  improve livelihoods, especially for women  environmental conservation  create an enabling institutional environment. Saline soils, tidal flooding, drainage congestion and lack of fresh water for water  Improve water control and prevent saline intrusion limit agricultural production on coastal chars  Develop appropriate technologies for coastal agriculture Farmers use local crop varieties, which are low yielding but may be better adapted  Introduce profitable diversified crops to saline conditions  Provide producers with improved market access Government advisory services are almost absent  Develop public-private-NGO partnerships to support processing and related value It is difficult to obtain modern inputs, and linkages with private sector is weak addition of agricultural raw materials. Lack of access to markets – farmers need to transport products themselves and  Form groups of farmers to access micro-credit from NGOs and technical support may need to go some distance by land and boat to get to a market. If local from DAE and other providers. markets exist, prices can be very low. Women have low status and are significantly disadvantaged  Promote employment for women in road works, and self-employment through access to credit. Low levels of education & skills, and poor understanding of potential.  Enable women to access livelihood opportunities through micro-credit, training and Minimal access to assets and employment opportunities. access to markets Lack of raw materials and market access means existing handicraft skills cannot  Enhance education, literacy and skill training be used  Increase awareness amongst men and women on gender issues and legal rights. Women burdened with household tasks: lack of drinking water and fuel, poor housing and sanitation, large number of children No access to health and family planning services.

Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 4

Key File Table 2: Organisation Capabilities Matrix Organisation

BWDB

LGED

DPHE Department of Forestry

Strengths  Expertise in water management and water infrastructure construction  Long experience of land reclamation for coastal chars

 Outreach – stall in all upazilas  Capacity to implement large rural infrastructure projects using contracted staff.  Interface with local government  Efficient management  Expertise in rural water supplies  Staff at district and upazila level (but numbers limited).  Expertise in coastal forestry and programme for mangrove afforestation on emerging chars

Department of Agricultural Extension

   

Ministry of Land

 Clear policies allow settlement of char land by poor people  MoL functions integrated into local government administration

NGOs

 Local presence and knowledge of local circumstances.  Source of innovation in terms of approaches and services.  Some already operating on CDSP chars  Local presence and contact with local people  Responsible for delivering a number of government services such as safety nets  Regulatory, justice and disaster management functions

Local government (Upazila and Union)

Skilled manpower. Countrywide mandate Staff posted at village level Experience of working with NGOs

Weaknesses  Centralised management and divided line of control to project level.  Separation of responsibility for payments from project management – cause delays  Lack of mid-level manpower for field supervision and unable to recruit project staff on contract basis  Delays in project implementation  Centralised management in Dhaka  Large number of projects stretch management resources and weaken quality control

Opportunities  Streamlining of management systems could reduce delays in implementation  Newly established cell for participatory water management

Threats  Continued sidelining by national government. Water sector not giving the attention it requires.

 Establishment of a district-level PMU would decentralise management  CDSP can enhance quality control

 Maintaining quality of management

 Usually work through local government institutions which are absent in project chars  Little resource for follow-up and sustainability  Attempts to prevent illegal clearance of trees by settlers damage relations with local communities.  Problems in organising foreshore planting in CDSP III  Few women staff  Limited budget for operations – have to rely on projects for funding  Staff lack incentives and motivation for extension as pre-occupied with fertiliser distribution and other regulatory functions.  Overall shortage of staff and none in project chars – posts vacant and posted staff often spend little time in remote areas  Bureaucratic – slow decision making, inflexible  Very few women staff  Difficult to sustain own extension groups.  MoL has no provision for district level project management structure  Lack of a modern records management system

 Work with NGOs and project groups to implement basic water supply and sanitation  Acceptance of social forestry approach can rebuild community acceptance for afforestation

 Work could also be undertaken by other agencies

 Agriculture is a priority sector for government  Pipeline of other projects allow DAE activities to continue after char development complete.

 Reduced pipeline of new projects could reduce field activity  Little recent recruitment mean staff are ageing, and becoming technically out of date.  Private sector including NGOs will be seen as competitors.

 Manage land settlement component through District Administration with DC as Project Director  Development of computerised land record system  PKSF provides wholesale funds for micro-finance  Competent NGOs can be selected using appropriate criteria.

 Some risk of allocation of large areas of land for use by army and commercial fish farms - although MoL has assured IFAD that this will not happen.  Danger of inappropriate government regulation reducing viability of micro-finance and removing incentives to expand in remote areas.  MPs and central government extend reach down to local level.  May not support CDSP Field Level Institutions.

 Limited presence on remote chars  Some have weak management and limited technical knowledge.  Some lack financial resources to invest in micro-credit and to sustain activities after project support ends.    

Reflect local power structure, not pro-poor Very limited financial resources UP standing committees mostly inactive Chars now largely out of reach of local government

 Involvement helps enlist local support for the project.  New UP office may be built in CDSP IV char and election held for UP members

 Most work, other than mangrove planting, could be undertaken by other agencies

Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 4

Key File Table 3: Complementary Donor Initiative/Partnership Potential Donor/Agency

Nature of Project/Programme

Project/Programme Coverage

Status

Regional Fisheries and Livestock Component (RFLC) of Agricultural Sector Programme Support II (ASPS-II)

Five districts including Noakhali,

Danida/LGED

RRMAID P (ASPS-II) rural infrastucture – rural roads and markets – using LCS for construction work

Greater Barisal and Noakhali districts

IFAD-Netherlands/LGED

Market Infrastructure Development Project in Charland Regions (MIDPCR

Five districts including Noakhali,

On-going, due to end Lessons from developing roads and markets in 2014 using LCS will be applied in CDSP.

Netherlands-BWDB

Estuary Development Programme

Whole of coastal zone

Netherlands-BWDB

Integrated Planning for Sustainable Water Management

Two zones: Barisal-Patuakhali and Khulna

On-going – current phase due to end in 2010 On-going – due to end in 2010

Netherlands-World Bank /BWDB

Water Management Improvement Project

National

On-going – due to end in 2015.

World Bank/LGED

Rural Transport Improvement Project

21 districts – not include Noakhali

On-going – due to end in 2009

IFAD/IRRI

Support to Agricultural Research for Climate Change Adaptation (SARCCAB) in Bangladesh

Coastal areas – could include CDSP area

IFAD/PKSF

Micro-Finance for Marginal and Small Farmers Project

113 upazila in 14 districts – but none in CDSP area

World Bank-IFAD/Ministry of Agriculture

National Agricultural Technology Project – agricultural research and extension support

120 upazila in 25 districts – but none in CDSP area

Improved systems for road maintenance by LGED and local government – may be adopted in CDSP Due to start in 2009, Plan to work in CDSP chars to develop and 3 year project test salt-tolerant cropping systems before and after the start of CDSP On-going, due to end Micro-finance for agriculture is now being upin 2011 scaled by PKSF through its NGP partners to other districts including Noakhali. On-going, phase 1 Will fund agricultural research including climate due to end in 2013 change adaptation

Gates Foundation/IRRI

Stress-Tolerant Rice for Farm Households in Africa and South Asia

17 countries including Bangladesh

On-going, ends in 2010

Danida/DPHE

Water and Sanitation Sector Programme Support in the Coastal Belt

Eight districts including Noakhali Ends in 2009

ABD-other donors/Ministry Primary Education Development Project II USD 780 m of Primary Education from donors plus 35% contribution from GoB. Sector development programme (SWaP) Oxfam/local NGOs Disaster Management and Climate Change Adaptation – disaster preparedness plans, watsan, house plinth raising & strengthening DFID-other donors / World Multi-donor trust fund for climate change Bank

Current phase of ASPS ends in 2011, ASPS III expected from 2012 Extended up to 2011

Complementarity/Synergy Potential

DANIDA/DoF DANIDA/DLS

National

Ends in 2011, followup likely

A number of locations in coastal chars including 2 CDSP chars

On-going, may be expanded

All Bangladesh

Start-up in 2009

RFLC will work closely with CDSP to support fishery and livestock development in CDSP chars. Has built earth roads in some project chars witch CDSP can up-grade.

EDP has carried out studies for cross-dams that may link one CDSP char to the mainland and to other islands. Development of approaches, guidelines and training material for Water Management Organisations – of considerable relevance for CDSP Institutional strengthening of BWDB including revised staffing plans

Aims to develop stress (including salt and flood tolerant) varieties. Provided some DTW in CDSP chars, but more will need to be provided by CDSP Providing resources to expand primary education. Potential to fund school operation in cyclone shelters built by CDSP. Could have a formal linkage with CDSP NGOs in project chars and support NGO actvities Will provide funding for small climate change projects. However funds will be channeled through the GoB project mechanism, so potential to provide additional resources for CDSP is limited.

Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 4

Key File Table 4: Target Group Priority Needs and Project Proposals Typology

Poverty Level And Causes Power brokers,  Non poor land grabbers &  Own large number of cattle/buffalo their henchmen:  Own boats 5% to 10% of  Have flood-proof houses. population Settlers in newly  Newly emerged chars are a pocket of accreted chars: extreme poverty, with a survey showing 70% to 80% of 73% of households being below the the population lower poverty line.  Most (90%) of households have moved to new chars as have lost land elsewhere due to erosion.  Conditions on these new chars are unfavourable for farming and livelihoods: (i) low crop productivity due to salinity and flooding; (ii) vulnerable to cyclones and storms; (iii) harsh living conditions due to lack of fresh water and fuel; and (iv) very poor communications and minimal services from government and NGOs.  Poor housing and sanitation, large families.  No security of land tenure Female headed  Abandoned, divorced or widowed. households: 15% High rate of male out-migration means to 20% of many men start second families outside population the chars and abandon first family. Polygamy is also common.  Vulnerable to violence from men – lack of secure tenure means men continually extract money and favours from women headed households.  No rights of property or inheritance.

Coping Priority Needs Actions  Have connections to  Need cyclone powerful groups outside protection and of the chars. infrastructure as do other groups. 









Men migrate seasonally to find work elsewhere leaving women to cope by themselves. Some women also migrate to garment factories. Take loans from moneylenders to buy food at times of scarcity. Tend large herds of cattle belonging to outsiders. Some women resort to self-induced abortions to attempt to limit number of children.

Women may sleep in others’ houses for safety.  Catch shrimp fry (environmentally destructive and illegal).  Risk of harm to girls means early marriage contributing to large families 



   

  

Protection from cyclones with shelters, and killas Water supplies Roads and bridges Better draining Embankments to reduce flooding and salt intrusion Land settlement Health services Education

Support from Other Programmes 

Existing programmes have to work  Not a target group. Aim to remove their power through these people to be allowed over land by providing settlers with secure land access to the char population as a title, and reduce other power by reducing poverty whole. and building community organisations.

Very limited support now available. Programmes that have worked in CDSP chars include:  Danida funded earth roads and DTW – very limited coverage and this funding is now exhausted.  Oxfam (via local NGOs) disaster management programmes 



Local government units (Union Parishads) now yet elected and only minimal programmes Few government agencies are active (no government schools or clinics, no resident agricultural staff).

Opportunities to  Almost no support now as no earn income. targeted programmes for these women in the project chars.  Better water supply and housing  Security from persecution by men. 

Project Response

         

 



 

Water management infrastructure to improve conditions for agriculture. Road communications and boat landing stages Cyclone shelters (used fro schools) and killas Supply points for potable water Domestic sanitation Support for improved and resilient agriculture Creation of employment for local people, especially women, on project works Forestry to protect from cyclones, and to provide fuel and livelihoods Formation of groups and local institutions to plan and participate in development. Land settlement provides secure tenure, with title in mane of both wife and husband.

Employment in project works via LCS and SFG will focus on providing NGO programme to provide women with livelihoods, promote health, hygiene & family planning, and campaign on social issues (such as early marriage). Pilot NGO programme to increase access to fuel for cooking and make houses more resilient to climate change. Women fully participate in water management organisations. Land title in name of women

Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 4

Key File Table 5: Stakeholder Matrix/Project Actors and Roles Component Activity Coverage Water Management

 Construction of embankments and sluices, and deepening drainage khals  Establishment and support for Water Management Organisations  Infrastructure maintenance

Internal infrastructure development

 Construction of roads, bridges culverts  Construction of multipurpose cyclone shelters and killas  Construction of rural markets  Construction of cluster villages  Construction of Union Parishad offices  Road maintenance (off and on pavement, routine and periodic)  Installation of deep tubewells  Construction of rainwater collection ponds with sand filters  Manufacture of rings and slabs for latrines  Mangrove afforestation  Foreshore afforestation  Embankment afforestation  Roadside afforestation

Water supply and sanitation

Forestry

Agriculture

 Crop development via demonstrations and training  Plant Health Clinics  Adaptive Research

Land settlement

 Provision of land title to settlers  Land acquisition for project infrastructure

Livelihood and social support

     

Group formation & micro-finance Homestead crops and enterprises Livelihood training & support Health and family planning Latrine installation Tubewell user groups

Perennial Institution(s) Involved

Potential Contractors/ Other Possible Partners in Periodic Inputs Execution

 Three out of five project chars (Nangulia, Noler and Zia), plus possible limited drainage works in Urir and Caring chars  Maintenance works in CDSP I, II and III areas  All five CDSP chars plus markets and UP offices in Boyer char (CDSP III)  Road maintenance works

 BWDB (PMU and XEN in Noakhali)  TA consultants

 Construction contractors  BWDB participatory water management cell (established  Labour Contracting with support from IPSWAM). Societies  Water Management Organisations

 LGED (PMU & district XEN, Upazila Engineers)  Union Parishads  Market Management Committees  TA consultants

 All five CDSP chars

   

 Labour Contracting  ASPS-II/III (LCS approaches) Societies  Ministry of Education: official  Construction contractors adoption by government of schools in CDSP cyclone shelters.  Ministry of Health: funding of clinics in UP centres built by CDSP  Well drilling contractors  NGO Water and Sanitation Forum  Labour contracting societies

 All five CDSP chars

      Four CDSP chars (not Urir char)   

 Four CDSP chars (possibly Urir char later)  Completion of settlement work in CDSP I, II & III areas  All five CSDP chars

DPHE (District XEN is PD) Tubewell user groups TA consultants Project NGOs Department of Forestry Social Forestry Groups Embankment settlers BWDB and LGED TA consultants DAE (DD DAE is PD) Farmers’ Forums TA consultants

 MoL  District Administration  TA consultants    

NGOs TA consultants DPHE for water and sanitation Suppliers of drugs and healthrelated products  Union Disaster Management

 Private tree nurseries

 Bangladesh Forest Research Institution

 National research organisations  International research organisations  NGOs  Computer software and training organisations

 NATP competitive grants for agricultural research

 Training providers for health worker training and non-farm IGAs  Agricultural research agencies – new technologies for

 Link with Oxfam for climate change and gender issues.  Shouhard (USAID) project with SDI is Urir Char  RFLC (Danida) re homestead development

Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 4

Component

Activity   

Livestock and fisheries



Policy, Institutional and Management Support

   

Coverage

Perennial Institution(s) Involved Committees

Disaster management Climate change resilience Human rights and social campaigns Development of aquaculture and livestock Project management Project coordination. Monitoring and evaluation Lesson learning and dissemination



All five CSDP chars

 All five CSDP chars  Manage some works in older CDSP areas  Coastal zone development policy issues

     

Potential Contractors/ Other Possible Partners in Periodic Inputs Execution homestead agriculture  Ministry of Health for  PKSF provides vaccination campaigns wholesale funds for  Advocacy NGOs on legal rights micro-credit & social issues  NGOs supporting CBOs  Private sector linkages

RFLC of ASPS II CBOs established within WMGs Interministerial Steering  ICZM cell of WARPO Committee  EKN & IFAD Project Management committee Project management units in implementing agencies TA consultants

 Media and communications organisations  Academic & research institutions

Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 4

Key File Table 6: Expenditure Accounts by Components

BDT’000

Protection from clim ate change Water Resources Social M anagem ent Forestry I. Investm ent Costs A. Civil Works B. Plantation establishment and maintenance C. Vehicles and Equipm ent Vehicles /a Construction equipment Equipment, furniture,and computers Subtotal Ve hicles and Equipm ent D. TA Activities E. Compensation and Contribution F. Studies, Contract Staff, Training and w orkshops Studies Contract Staff Training, Workshops and Meetings Subtotal Studies, Contract Staff, Training and w /shops G. NGOs Activities Total Investm ent Costs II. Recurrent Costs A. Salaries and Allow ances B. Infrastructure O&M C. Operating Expenses Vehicle O&M Equipment and Building O&M TA activities Subtotal Operating Expense s Total Recurrent Costs Total PROJECT COSTS Taxes Foreign Exchange _________________________________ \a All vehicles are locally purchased.

Internal Infrastructure Technical Com m unications Land Assistance and Cyclone Settlem ent Support for Live lihood and Protection Water and and Agriculture NGOs M anagem ent Infrastructure s Sanitation tilting De velopm ent Support Support

1,271,936 -

3,425 263,832

2,197,289 -

218,930 -

-

-

-

-

25,991 199,165 1,256 226,412 -

567 2,420 2,987 4,468

14,092 1,256 15,347 -

7,212 1,256 8,468 9,727

6,186 1,949 8,135 -

6,526 1,812 8,339 -

-

720,446 -

17,286 17,286 1,515,634

21,933 21,933 296,646

18,824 18,824 2,231,460

3,137 3,137 240,262

12,242 3,477 15,719 23,853

3,406 20,449 24,703 48,559 56,897

723,167 723,167

720,446

54,824 148,800

24,783 -

52,355 185,517

14,290 2,232

20,887 744

5,755 -

-

-

21,004 3,720 24,724 228,348 1,743,982

1,166 6,458 7,624 32,407 329,053

5,094 3,720 8,814 246,687 2,478,146

2,806 1,860 4,666 21,188 261,450

2,186 5,357 7,543 29,174 53,027

2,186 2,678 4,864 10,619 67,516

723,167

84,155 84,155 84,155 804,601

36,373 415,826

142 6,014

3,523 613,575

1,803 65,914

1,546 5,797

1,632 7,554

-

1,706

Bangladesh: Char Development and Settlement Project Detailed Design Document - Formulation Main Report Annex 4

Key File Table 7: Expenditure Accounts by Financiers USD’000 IFAD Am ount I. Investm ent Costs A. Civil Works 38,250 B. Plantation establishment and maintenance 3,634 C. Vehicles and Equipm ent Vehicles /a 612 Construction equipment 2,351 Equipment, furniture,and computers 125 Subtotal Vehicles and Equipm ent 3,088 D. TA Activities E. Compensation and Contribution 61 F. Studie s, Contract Staff, Training and w orkshops Studies 217 Contract Staff 282 Training, Workshops and Meetings 1,231 Subtotal Studies, Contract Staff, Training and w /s hops 1,730 G. NGOs Activities Total Inves tm e nt Costs 46,763 II. Re current Costs A. Salaries and Allow ances B. Infrastructure O&M C. Ope rating Expenses Vehicle O&M 258 Equipment and Building O&M 279 TA activities Subtotal Ope rating Expenses 537 Total Recurrent Cos ts 537 Total PROJECT COSTS 47,300 _________________________________ \a All vehicles are locally purchased.

GoB_Cash Am ount

%

%

GoB_Taxes Dutch Gov Am ount % Am ount

75.0 100.0

7,650 -

15.0 -

72.8 85.0 90.3 82.4 31.2

11 13 24 -

1.3 9.5 0.7 -

210 25.0 415 15.0 0 625 16.7 -

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 58.3

7,674

9.6

0 0 0 625

0.8

4,427 19,469

44.4 24.3

2,376 99.7 4,648 100.0

8 -

0.3 -

-

-

-

0 0 0 8 634

0.1 0.7

1,160 100.0 1,160 59.1 1,160 12.9 20,628 23.1

4,876

54.4 85.0 27.4 6.0 53.0

216 49 266 7,290 14,965

45.6 15.0 13.5 81.0 16.8

0 -

-

5,100 -

Ngos Am ount

%

Beneficiaries % Am ount %

10.0 -

-

-

8 0.9 0 0.3 8 0.2 9,933 100.0 -

-

-

4,876 48.9 4,876 6.1

-

Total Am ount -

51,000 3,634

135 68.8

841 2,766 138 3,746 9,933 196

676 811

6.8 1.0

217 282 1,231 1,730 9,980 80,218

-

-

-

2,385 4,648

5.5

811

0.9

%

For. Exch.

57.2 14,280 4.1 0.9 3.1 0.2 4.2 11.1 0.2

169 555 41 764 24 -

0.2 52 0.3 1.4 224 1.9 276 11.2 89.9 15,344 2.7 5.2

-

475 0.5 86 328 0.4 1,160 1.3 1,962 2.2 86 8,995 10.1 86 89,213 100.0 15,430