Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) water needs ... - SciELO Colombia

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May 18, 2017 - How to cite: Daza-Torres, M.C., Arias-Prado, P.C., Reyes-Trujillo, A., Urru- tia-Cobo, N. (2017). Basil (Ocimum basilicum L) water needs ...
Ingeniería e Investigación vol. 37 n.° 3, december - 2017 (08-16) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v37n3.65058

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) water needs calculated from the crop coefficient Necesidades hídricas de la albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) calculadas con el coeficiente del cultivo Martha Constanza Daza-Torres1, Paulo César Arias-Prado2 Aldemar Reyes-Trujillo3, and Norberto Urrutia-Cobo4 ABSTRACT The determination of the crop coefficient (Kc) throughout the phenological stages is important for the calculation of water requirements of plants. This study determined the Kc curve for Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in Candelaria, Valle del Cauca, and evaluated this Kc in greenhouse conditions. Three drainage lysimeters and a portable meteorological station were used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo), which were set up randomly in an experimental plot. The field capacity (FC) moisture content was determined, and the soil moisture and drainage depth were periodically monitored. Daily water balance calculations were conducted to determine the crop’s water needs (ETc), and the Kc was calculated based on the quotient between ETc and ETo by performing statistical regression analysis. In the second experiment, in a completely randomized bifactorial design, four treatments were established in Cali (Valle). These treatments were amount of water necessary to maintain the soil moisture at FC and amount of water calculated with the Kc (72 % FC), both treatments with and without fertilizers application. The results showed that the Kc values for basil are: growth stage, 0,45 ± 0,02 (25 days after transplant, dat); maturity stage, 0,59 ± 0,02 (26 – 50 dat); and senescence stage, 0,42 ± 0,03 (51 – 71 dat). In greenhouse conditions, dry mass percentage, plant height, soil pH and electrical conductivity were similar for both water regimens. The reduction on water with Kc increased the nitrogen foliar but the water use efficient decreased. Keywords: crop coefficient, efficient water management, lysimeter, crop water needs.

RESUMEN La determinación del coeficiente del cultivo (Kc) de los estados fenológicos es importante para el cálculo de los requerimientos hídricos de las plantas. Este estudio determinó la curva del Kc para la albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) en Candelaria, Valle del Cauca, y evaluó estos Kc en invernadero. Se ubicaron tres lisímetros de drenaje y una estación meteorológica portátil para determinar la evapotranspiración de referencia (ETo), en una parcela experimental. Se determinó la humedad as capacidad de campo (CC) y se monitorearon periódicamente tanto la humedad del suelo como el agua de drenaje. Se realizaron balances hídricos diarios para determinar las necesidades de agua del cultivo (ETc) y el Kc se calculó como el cociente entre ETc y ETo por medio de análisis de regresión. En el segundo experimento se establecieron cuatro tratamientos en un diseño completo al azar en Cali (Valle). Los tratamientos consistieron en evaluar la cantidad de agua calculada a partir de CC y a partir del Kc hallado (72 % de CC), ambos tratamientos con y sin fertilización. Los resultados mostraron que los valores de Kc para cada etapa de albahaca fueron: crecimiento, 0,45 ± 0,02 (25 días después del trasplante, ddt); madurez (0,59 ± 0,02 (26 – 50 ddt) y senescencia 0,42 ± 0,03 (51 – 71 ddt). En invernadero, el porcentaje de materia seca, altura de planta, pH del suelo y conductividad eléctrica fueron similares para ambos regímenes de agua. La cantidad de agua calculada con Kc incremento el nitrógeno foliar y decreció la eficiencia del uso del agua.  

Palabras clave: coeficiente del cultivo, manejo del agua, lisímetro, necesidades hídricas de los cultivos. Received: May 18th 2017 Accepted: September 26th 2017

Introduction 3

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family that is used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, ornamental and pesticide industries. This plant is cultivated in Mediterranean regions and tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa and South 1

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Agricultural Engineer, M.Sc., Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Affiliation: Associate Professor, Universidad del Valle, Escuela de Ingeniería de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] Agricultural Engineer, Universidad del Valle, Escuela de Ingeniería de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente Colombia. Affiliation: Irrivalle. E-mail: [email protected].

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Agricultural Engineer, M.Sc., Universidad del Valle. Affiliation: Assistant Professor, Universidad del Valle, Escuela de Ingeniería de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] Agricultural Engineer, M.Sc., Ph.D., Agricultural University – Wageningen,. Affiliation: Full Professor, Universidad del Valle, Escuela de Ingeniería de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] How to cite: Daza-Torres, M.C., Arias-Prado, P.C., Reyes-Trujillo, A., Urrutia-Cobo, N. (2017). Basil (Ocimum basilicum L) water needs calculated from the crop coefficient. Ingeniería e Investigación, 37(3), 08-16 DOI: 10.15446/ing.investig.v37n3.65058

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DAZA-TORRES, ARIAS-PRADO, REYES-TRUJILLO AND URRUTIA-COBO

America. In Colombia, basil crops of the both Genovese and F1 Nufar Hybrid varieties have been reported primarily for use in the food as well as in cosmetic industries. Few studies are available concerning the cultivation of basil in tropical regions in terms of water management, the calculation of irrigation depths and the plant response to water stress. The lack of information about the crop coefficient (Kc) of these plants and the use of Kc values determined for non-tropical conditions have led to the use of inadequate water irrigation depths that unfavourably affect the efficiency of both water management and fertilizer, leading to environmental pollution problems. Water management in basil cultivation has been assessed based on the known field capacity (FC) moisture content of the soil and water balance calculations. Barroso et al. (2004) found that a good biomass performance and acceptable behaviour of the water state of the plant were obtained when 75  % of the evaporation–precipitation balance of the week prior to irrigation was used. However, Ekren et al. (2012) found that the best agronomic responses of the plant, such as height and dry weight, were obtained when 125 % of the field capacity of the soil was used, whereas the oil concentration in the leaves was higher when water stress was present (50 % of the FC). For Khalid, (2006), subjecting basil plants to water stress reduced the dry matter crop but increased the concentration of the essential oil components. Bekhradi et al. (2015) found reductions of up to 40 % in dry mass in the Genovese basil crop when using water irrigation depths equivalent to 50  % of the FC of the soil. However, agronomic characteristics, such as stem length, foliage area and dry matter, did not exhibit differences for different irrigation water depths (100 %, 75 % and 50 % of the field capacity). This results show that the amount of water irrigation used when cultivating basil depends on the final use intended for the plants, which may be sold fresh, dry or for the extraction of oils.

The objective of this study was to determine the values of the crop coefficient (Kc) for the different phenological stages of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and to evaluate this Kc in a potter crop experiment measuring some agronomic variables of basil plant.

Materials and Methods Experiment 1 Crop coefficient (Kc) determination This study was performed between January and August of 2015, using commercial basil crops located in Juanchito, Candelaria, Valle del Cauca (Colombia), (N03 26.767’ W076 27.551’). The soil taxonomic classification was Flueventic Haplustepts, whose main physicochemical characteristics are shown in Table 1. The plots were located in the warm climate conditions of the Cauca river valley (Colombia). The climatological conditions were recorded throughout the entire experiment with a portable meteorological station (Davis Vantage pro 2, Davis California, USA), which was installed and calibrated based on the manufacturer’s recommendations. The minimum recorded temperature was 17,3 ˚C, and the maximum was 32,8 ˚C. These records were compared with those obtained in the nearest climatological station. Three drainage lysimeters were designed using an aluminium plate with a volume of 0,125 m3. Two diameter holes of 0,08 m were located at depths of 0,10 and 0,15 m to allow the insertion of a time domain reflectometer (TDR) to measure the volumetric water content. A layer of gravel was placed at the bottom of the lysimeter to reduce soil loss; then, the different layers of soil were added to each lysimeter following its natural conditions. A drainage cone was installed at the lower part of each lysimeter and it was connected to a plastic hose; in turn, the plastic hose was connected to a covered container to store the drained water. The volume in the container was subsequently measured.

Table 1. Physicochemical characterization of the soil with basil crops (Ocimum basilicum L.) in Candelaria, Valle del Cauca Colombia Propiety (units)

Value

Reference values

Propiety (units)

Value

Reference values

pH

7,47

5,3 – 6,6*

S (mg kg-1)

45,34

6 – 12* 0,5 – 1,0*

O.M. (g kg )

23,17

20 – 30*

B (mg kg )

1,37

P disp (mg kg-1)

29,56

15 – 30*

Cu (mg kg-1)

1,85

1 – 3*

Ca (cmol (+) kg-1)

10,66

3 – 6*

Fe (mg kg-1)

14,85

25 – 50*

Mg (cmol (+) kg-1)

5,95

1,5 – 2,5*

Zn (mg kg-1)

3,79

1,5 - 5,0* -

-1

-1

K (cmol (+) kg-1)

1,69

0,15 – 0,3*

Texture (%)

A: 33,0, Ar: 37,4 y L: 29,6, Texture class: clay Loamy

Na (cmol (+) kg-1)

0,44