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HARMONIZATION OF METHODOLOGIES FOR ESTIMATION AND SUSTAINABLE INCORPORATION OF BIOMASS AND OTHER RES IN MUNICIPAL AND NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT Proceedings of a Workshop

Skopje, 2010 2

In honour and remembrance of prof. Kiril Popovski

HARMONIZATION OF METHODOLOGIES FOR ESTIMATION AND SUSTAINABLE INCORPORATION OF BIOMASS AND OTHER RES IN MUNICIPAL AND NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

Proceedings of a Workshop Editors: Prof. Kiril Popovski Prof. Sanja Popovska Vasilervska Year of publication: 2010 Publisher: Macedonian Geothermal Association – MAGA For the publisher: Prof.Dr. Kiril Popovski Prints: 100 Copyright: All copy rights are kept by the publisher. Copying of parts of publications is allowed only with full citing of the source. NOTE: This publication is not of commercial character. It shall be distributed free of charge to the relevant state institutions, universities, research organizations, investors and other interested persons.

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CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY REMARKS …………………………………………………………………………

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INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………………… HARMONISATION OF THE ESTIMATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF BIOMASS FOR ENERGY, Matthias Dees at al. …………………………………………………………………. THE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF THE BIOMASS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA WITH A SPECIAL ACCENT ON THE FOREST BIOMASS, Vlatko Andonovski Ph. D. ……………………………………………………………………………… BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCE IN MACEDONIA ………………………………. CROP RESIDUES IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AND POTENTIAL TO BE USED AS ENERGY SOURCE, Prof. d-r Ordan Chukaliev …………………………………………….. ENERGY CROPS IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA, Prof. Zoran Dimov, Prof. Ordan Chukaliev ……………………………………………………… SUMMARY OF BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCE IN MACEDONIA, Prof. Slave ARMENSKI ………………………………………………………………………………….. BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCE IN OTHER BALKAN COUNTRIES ….. ENERGY FROM BIOMASS IN ALBANIA, Artan Leskoviku ………………………………… POTENTIALS AND UTILISATION OF BIOMASS ENERGY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, Azrudin HUSIKA …………………………………………………………………... BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCE IN BULGARIA, Anna Aladjadjiyan, Nikolay Kakanakov, Aleksandar Zahariev …………………………………………………………………... BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCES IN CROATIA, J. Domac, V. Segon, T. Savic ……….. BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCE IN SERBIA, Dr Branko Glavonjic, Full Professor, Ljiljana Pajovic ………………………………………. POTENTIAL OF WOOD BIOMASS IN SLOVENIA, MSc Jure Leben, Bojan Pogorevc ……………………………………………………………………. OTHER RES IN MACEDONIA ………………………………………………………………… STATE OF SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATION IN MACEDONIA, Ass.prof.Sanja Popovska-Vasilevska ……………………………………………………………… GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN MACEDONIA - First Signs of Recovery -, Kiril Popovski, Sanja Popovska Vasilevska, Eftim Micevski ........................................... HYDROENERGY IN MACEDONIA, Dr. Sotir PANOVSKI, Dr. Gordana JANEVSKA ………………………………………………….

SUSTAINABLE INCORPORATION OF BIOMASS AND OTHER RES IN MUNICIPAL AND NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ……………………………………………………………………………………….

POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AT THE MUNICIPALY LEVEL, V. Segon, J. Domac ……………………………..

OPEN REGIONAL FUND IN SOUTH-EAST EUROPE –ENERGY (ORF-E), EXPERIENCE AND OPPORTUNITIES IN WB COUNTRIES

OPEN REGIONAL FUND IN SOUTH-EAST EUROPE-ENERGY(ORF-E), EXPERIENCE AND OPPORTUNITIES IN WB COUNTRIES ………………………………...

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INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

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conducted biomass resource assessments and highlighted information requirements of target groups. Secondly, applied methodologies and data sources have been analysed. Based on the analysis a trial to identify the needs for improvement have been identified and prioritised. The third step was the elaboration of harmonised methodologies for biomass potential estimation with special emphasis on data harmonisation and improved data access. Case studies at EU level and for two selected countries have been implemented in order to illustrate and validate the harmonised biomass resource assessments achieved within this project. The final evaluation consist of identifying priorities for further development. The most complicated part of the investigations has been the identification of applied methodologies for biomass estimation in EU countries, their quality evaluation, type and quality of data collection, identification of resulting differences, gaps and estimation of possibilities for harmonization and improvement of the quality of final results, which should enable an harmonized national and regional estimation of this energy source. A comprehensive handbook has been produced, which shall be disseminated to all the governments, universities, scientific institutes and all the stakeholders in EU and candidate countries, working in the field of biomass production in general and particularly for the biomass use as an energy resource. When WB countries are in question, project consisted the illustration cases for Macedonia and Croatia. For Croatia a more or less good data collection and possibilities for their elaboration has been found, enabling application of the most of methodologies for estimation of the biomass energy resource. However, that is

INTRODUCTION BEE project objective is the harmonisation of biomass resource assessments with focus on the biomass potential for energy. Through harmonisation the project tries to contribute to improve the consistency, accuracy and reliability of biomass assessments. It will serve as information base for the renewable energy sectors in Europe and its neighbouring regions and support to the energy policy development in the European Union. The project activities included: (1) the classification of biomass, (2) assessment of currently applied methodologies, (3) data quality issues, and (4) a proposal for a harmonised biomass potential assessment methodology. One focus was the methodological harmonisation fostered by ongoing research of a multidisciplinary team of project participants, second focus to achieve a harmonised methodology in this project was on the opportunities of utilising both earth observation and terrestrial data for biomass assessments. The relevant sectors that were investigated on harmonisation potential were forestry, energy crops, traditional agriculture and waste. In order to achieve substantial progress towards the objective an interdisciplinary partnership has been established. The consortium build on its expertise allowed to produce sector-overarching studies. The work in the project was accompanied by targeted dissemination of its results to major stakeholders including the international scientific community. Firstly the current status of biomass resource assessments was assessed. It comprised of the analysis of policy backgrounds, presented the results of recently

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commodation to the EU applied harmonized methodologies. The case of Macedonia is used, as a base for determination of the situation in other WB and EU Balkan countries (Bulgaria and Slovenia). The presence and participation of experts from responsible ministries should help to find a common agreements how to improve it, i.e. to define elements of a common strategy for incorporation in the EU system of data collection and use of harmonised methodologies for estimation. We hope that it can be an initialization of a set of actions, needed for a smooth incorporation of these countries in EU.

not the case for Macedonia. Incomplete and not reliable data sources result with differences in the reported estimations of biomass energy resource to different international agencies, depending on the authors, i.e. reporters. Taking into account that similar situation can be identified in some of the other WB countries (Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia), it was decided to organize a special workshop, where to present the results of the BEE project, to get information about the present ways of estimation of different biomass energy resources and to define recommendations for necessary improvements for ac-

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HARMONISATION OF THE ESTIMATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF BIOMASS FOR ENERGY Matthias Dees1, Alicia Woynowski1; Dirk Lemp1, Barbara Koch1, Edward Smeets2, Andre Faaij2, Jo van Busselen3, Katja Gunia3, Vadim Goltsev3, Marcus Lindner3, Matias Pekkanen3, Hans Verkerk3, Steffen Fritz4, Hannes Böttcher4, Pirkko Vesterinen5, Kati Verijonen5, Göran Berndes6, Stefan Wirsenius6, Johan Torén6, Douwe van den Berg7, Martijn Vis7, Nils Rettenmaier8, A. Schorb8, A. Susanne Koeppen8, Tetiana Zheliezna9, Georgiy Geletukha9, Kiril Popovski10, Slave Armenski10, Elena Popovska10, Sanja P. Vasilevska10, Grzegorz Kunikowski11, Petro Lakyda12, Sergiy Zibtsev12, Davorin Kajba13, Velemir Segon13, Julije Domac13, Uwe Schneider14, Chrystalyn Ivie Ramos14, Ioannis Eleftheriadis15, Myrsini Christou15, Aleksi Lehtonen16, Jukka Mustonen16, Perttu Anttila16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

University of Freiburg, Department of Remote Sensing and Landscape Information Systems (FELIS), Tennenbacherstrasse4, 79085 Freiburg, Germany. e-mail: [email protected]. Tel.:+49 761 2033697/2033694 Fax:+49 761 203 3701 University of Utrecht, Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development - Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands. European Forest Institute, Torikatu 34, 80100 Joensuu, Finland. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O.Box 1603, 40101 Jyväskylä, Finland. Chalmers University of Technology, Physical Resource Theory, Dept. Energy and Environment, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden. BTG Consultancy, P.O. Box 835, 7500 AV Enschede, The Netherlands. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg. Wilckensstrasse 3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Scientific Engineering Centre ”Biomass”, P.O Box 66, 03067 Kiev, Ukraine. Macedonian Geothermal Association, ul. Dame Gruev br.1-3/16, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia. EC Baltic Renewable Energy Centre, Jagiellonska 55, 03-301 Warzawa, Poland National Agricultural University of Ukraine, 15 Heroiv Oborony str., Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine. Faculty of Forestry University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany. Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, 19th km Marthonos Ave., 190 09 Pikermi, Greece Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, 01301 Vantaa, Finland

SUMMARY Given the current high rank of the policy objectives for an increase of the use of renewable energy, a solid knowledge of the potentials of biomass for energy is crucial both for policy and industry. Since current potential estimates for the same area and biomass category differ considerably, a harmonisation of such potential estimates is necessary. Pathways to achieve such harmonisation are described in this paper, including proposals to harmonise the assessment methodology, to improve data sources and for an improvement of the characterisation and documentation of studies with the objective to achieve a higher comparability.

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1. Introduction The need for a harmonisation of the estimation of potentials of biomass for energy is based on the observation that current estimations of these potentials differ considerably from study to study, while at the same time the information on potentials is of high relevance both for policy and industry in order to make decisions towards an increase of the use of bioenergy as one of the major renewable energy sources. This increase is of high priority on the agenda of energy policy in the majority of countries, in order to achieve energy independence, to reduce the use of fossil energy and green house gas emissions, contribute to climate change mitigation and take into account the high costs for fossil energy that are expected to further rise in future. In almost every country there already are some stated targets for increased production of renewable energies. Within the European Union, after the transition period of the Directive 2009/28/EC (i.e., by 5 December 2010), each Member State will have implemented mandatory targets in their national legislation. 98 Mtoe of biomass was consumed in the EU in 2007. With that amount, biomass provided nearly 70% of all renewable energy or 5.4% of the total gross inland energy consumption in 2007 (Connel 2010, Eurostat 2009). For the EU, the Renewable Energy Road Map (COM(2006) 848 final) sets out a long-term vision for renewable energy sources in the EU. It proposes that the EU establish a mandatory target of 20% for renewable energy’s share of energy consumption in the EU by 2020, explains why it is necessary, and lays down a pathway for mainstreaming renewables into EU energy policies and markets. It further proposes a new legislative framework for the promotion and the use of renewable energy in the European Union. In doing so, it will provide the business community with the long term stability it requires to make rational investment

decisions in the renewable energy sector, so as to put the European Union on track towards a cleaner, more secure and competitive energy future. Dedicated objectives for an increase of biomass are formulated by The European Industrial Bioenergy Initiative under the Strategic Energy Technology Plan, which is aiming at an increase of at least 14% bioenergy in the EU energy mix by 2020, aiming at the same time to guarantee greenhouse gas emission savings of 60% for bio-fuels and bioliquids under the sustainability criteria of the new Renewable Energy Sources Directive (Connel 2010, EC 2009a). The impact assessment done for the energy and climate package and the Biomass Action Plan estimate that 165-195 Mtoe of biomass would be needed for the 20% target (Connel 2010, EC 2008). While the most recent impact assessment from the commission side stresses that the Commission strengthens its position affirming that between 2020 and 2050 the availability of land for biomass energy and of also forest biomass will continue to increase, because the population in Europe is projected to decrease, the consumption of food is saturated, while the efficiency of agriculture is projected to increase. (Connel 2010, EC 2010). Such an envisaged increase from 5,4 % in 2007 to 14% in 2020 are ambitious targets that require solid information on sustainable supply of biomass for energy and thus reliable potential estimates. An in-depth analysis of the political framework and user requirements for biomass potentials assessments for energy can be found in the BEE project report Vesterinen et al. (2010). 2. The BEE Project - Approach to contribute to a harmonisation of biomass potential estimations The objective of the BEE (Biomass Energy Europe) project is to increase the accuracy and reliability of biomass re-

assessment and analysis of the policy background and the requirements of the users of the information from resource assessments. This allowed the identifycation of major issues concerning the harmonisation of resource assessments. In WP4 Analysis of Biomass Resource Assessments, the methodologies and datasets that have been used in major studies identified in WP3 have been analysed in order to identify common approaches as well as important differences. This formed the basis of the development of a harmonised approach and harmonisation measures to be developed in WP5. In WP5 Harmonisation of Biomass Resource Assessments, elements of a harmonised methodology have been identified based on common methodological discussions, together with the identification and specification of data requirements. A first version of the report "Harmonisation of biomass resource assessments" with the two volumes has been produced: Volume I: Best practices and methods handbook; and Volume II: Data sources handbook. This report has been updated after a period of intensive review (including the consideration of most recent R&D results) and based on the experience of the illustration cases. In WP6 Illustration Cases, elements of the harmonised methodology will be applied in resource assessments of the Pan-European area with a focus on EU27 accompanied with single resource assessments at the national level, including case studies in Croatia, Finland, Macedonia (FYROM) and Ukraine to test and illustrate the feasibility of the developed approach.

source assessments for energy. A common interdisciplinary team (16 partners from 9 European countries, see www.eu-bee.com) with complementary thematic and regional experience aims to achieve this by · Coordinating research and development of leading research and development organisations in that field · Analysing studies on currently available biomass resource assessments, available methodologies and datasets the policy background and user requirements · Formulating the best practises, including both simple and advanced methods · Disseminating and promoting project results and discussion of these in the research, and with the user and stakeholder community, in order to achieve the maximum reception, acceptance and impact · Actively involving stakeholders, entities and initiatives responsible for providing and maintaining basic databases and resource potential studies The relevant sectors to be investigated are forestry, energy crops and residues from traditional agriculture and waste. The BEE project has been funded by the European Commission under the Framework Programme 7 within the "Energy Thematic Area" and shall contribute to a "Harmonisation of biomass resource assessments". The project is carried out from March 2008 to November 2010. Each of the thematic BEE work packages 3 to 7 are focused on a specific topic and constitute a logical working sequence: The first work package of this sequence, WP3 Status of Biomass Resource Assessment, covers two major themes: (i) a comparative analysis of existing resource assessments at the global, European, regional, and national scale, with the aim of analysing the heterogeneity of the results, methodologies and data sources used and (ii) the

3. Divergence of potential estimates at EU and national level The general biomass definition found in several EC documents on biofuels or bioenergy – for example in the Directive 2009/28/EC ‘on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable energy

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technical constraints. The technical potential is usually expressed in joule primary energy, but sometimes also in secondary energy carriers. Economic potential: The economic potential is the share of the technical potential which meets criteria of economic profitability within the given framework conditions. The economic potential generally refers to secondary bioenergy carriers, although sometimes primary bioenergy is also considered. Implementation potential: The implementtation potential is the fraction of the economic potential that can be implementted within a certain time frame and under concrete socio-political framework conditions, including economic, institutional and social constraints and policy incentives. Studies that focus on the feasibility or the economic, environmental or social impacts of bioenergy policies are also included in this type. The classification in types of biomass potentials helps the reader of studies to understand what information is presented. For instance, some biomass types show high technical potentials while their economic potential is rather limited due to the high costs of extraction and transport. Therefore, it is recommended that the type of potential is explicitly mentioned in every biomass resource assessment. In existing resource assessments, it is often difficult to distinguish between theoretical and technical potential and between economic and implementation potential. The technical and theoretical potential and the economic and implementation potential form two pairs of potential types. However, even more important than making this distinction in four types is the provision of insight into explicit conditions and assumptions made in the assessment. Sustainable implementation potential: In theory, a fifth type of potential can be distinguished, which is the sustainable implementation potential. It is not a potential on its own but rather the result of integrating environmental, economic

sources’ (EC 2009b) – which is also taken as a basis for the BEE project. Here, biomass is defined as ‘the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste’. This general definition, however, only includes biomass which is actually entering the economic cycle, i.e. when it is either used by agriculture, forestry and related industries or – in the case of industrial and municipal waste – occurring due to economic activities. For the BEE project, the following subdivision is used: (i) woody biomass from forestry, (ii) woody and herbaceous energy crops from agriculture (split up in (iia) dedicated energy crops and (iib) agricultural residues), and (iii) organic waste. When estimating and comparing potentials commonly the following types of potentials are usually distinguished • Theoretical potential • Technical potential • Economic potential • Implementation potential. They are meant as an orientation and therefore obviously may not cover all approaches found in the numerous studies that has been analysed during this project. Moreover, the concept of a fifth type of potential ‘the sustainable implementation potential’ is introduced. Technical potential: The technical potential is the fraction of the theoretical potential which is available under the regarded techno-structural framework conditions within current technological possibilities (such as harvesting techniques, infrastructure and accessibility, processing techniques). It also takes into account spatial confinements due to other land uses (food, feed and fibre production) as well as ecological (e.g. nature reserves) and possibly other non-

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traints and criteria are integrated that either limit the area available and/or the yield that can be achieved. Applying economic constraints and criteria leads to the economic potential and for the sustainable implementation potential, additional environmental, economic and social criteria may be integrated (see Figure 1).

and social sustainability criteria in biomass resource assessments. This means that sustainability criteria act like a filter on the theoretical, technical, economic and implementation potentials leading in the end to a sustainable implementation potential. Depending on the type of potential, sustainability criteria can be applied to different extents. For example, for deriving the technical potential, mainly environmental cons-

ECONOMIC POTENTIAL Agricultural policies

Food

TECHNIAL POTENTIAL

Land

Yield

(food and wood production)

(food and wood production)

THEORETICAL POTENTIAL

Water Climate Soil type Management

Potential primary bioenergy Population Economy

Energy

Energy policy Climate change policy

Land

Yield

(bioenergy production)

(bioenergy production)

Biodiversity Biodiversity policies

Conversion process Potential secondary bioenergy

Wood Other materials Forestry policies Biodiversity policies

GPP / NPP

(materials)

GHG emissions and climate change

Other limitations; social criteria, environmental criteira, institutional barriers, etc. IMPLEMENTATION POTENTIAL

Fig. 1 Illustration of the different biomass potentials With reference to these basic definitions, sub-divided along with the biomass categories (i) woody biomass from forestry, (ii) energy crops (iii) agricultural resides and (iv) organic waste. A set of 144 selected key assessments at the global, European, regional, and national scale have been studied, with focus on the different specific biomass categories. An extensive overview was compiled by characterising approach, methodology, geographical cove-

rage, time frame, estimated potential, as well as the strengths and weaknesses for each individual assessment. Particular attention was paid to the type of potential assessed, differentiating between theoretical, technical, economic, implementtation, and environmentally sustainable potential. Figure 2 and 3 illustrate the divergence of estimates from studies available for forestry and primary and secondary forest residues in Germany (Figure 2) and Finland (Figure 3).

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Fig. 2 Potential estimates of analysed studies: Forestry & Forestry Residues, National Level Studies Germany

Fig. 3 Potential estimates of analysed studies: Forestry & Forestry Residues, National Level Studies Finland For a comparison at EU level in total 12 studies have been selected. Since none of the studies covered the same biomass categories nor exactly all the EU27 countries, adjustments where necessary to increase the comparability. The effects of these adjustments are shown in Figure 4, which illustrates the necessity of these adjustments. While the first issue of the comparison of the studies is already available at the BEE website (Rettenmaier et al. 2008), the second issue that includes measures to increase the comparability will be available within soon and includes a comprehensive analysis (Rettenmaier et al. 2010).

In summary, the major reasons behind the disparities in estimated potentials that have been identified are: • Ambiguous and inconsistent definitions of concepts of potentials • Lack of consistent and detailed data on (current) biomass production and land productivity • Ambiguous and varying methods of estimating (future) biomass production and availability • Ambiguous and varying assumptions on system-external factors that influence potentials (such as land use and biomass production for food and fibre purposes)

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Three types of approaches can be distinguished:

Based on the analysis of the results and the documentation the following recommendations are derived to achieve a better comparability of future studies: - Clear documentation of all data sources, methods, constraints and assumptions used - Inclusion of interim results (area, cubic meter, tonnes and energy values) and, when considered, of several types of potentials considered in a study - Explicit and well documented inclusion of results for sub-regions to enable a comparison with studies that differ (slightly) in geographic scope - Presentation of quantitative results in tables in addition to visualisations in figures providing explicit estimate values

· Resource-focussed assessments investtigate the bioenergy resource base and the competition between different uses of the resources, i.e. the focus is on the biomass energy supply side. · Demand-driven assessments analyse the competitiveness of biomass-based energy systems, compared to conventional fossil fuel based energy systems as well as other renewable energy systems and nuclear energy, or estimate the production and use of biomass required to meet exogenous targets on climate-neutral energy supply, i.e. the focus is on the biomass energy demand side. · Integrated modelling assessments use integrated assessment models (IAMs), which are designed to assess policy options for climate change. IAMs include mathematical correlations between the socio-economic drivers of economic activity and energy use, which lead to emissions and other pressure on the environment leading to environmental changes, in turn leading to physical impacts on ecosystems, then socio-economic impacts and eventually return to cause changes in the socio-economic drivers.

4. Analysis of methodologies & data sets used As a next step out of the set of studies analysed as described above and further methodologically important studies (in total over 250 have been considered) a final set of 28 studies were chosen so that they, among others, cover the variability found in the literature with respect to the type of biomass, the type of bioenergy potential and the approach and methodology. Table 1 shows the categorisation of the approaches and methodologies that have been distinguished in the BEE studies.

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Fig. 4 Energy crops total (PJ) – without adjustments (left), adjusted (right)

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Table 1 An overview of the combinations of approaches and methodologies that are used in existing biomass energy assessments to investigate different types of biomass potentials. General approach

General methodology

Type of biomass potential TheoreticalEconomictechnical implementation

Resource-focussed Statistical analysis

Yes

No

Resource-focussed Spatially explicit analysis

Yes

No

Demand-driven

Cost-supply analysis

Noa

Yes

Demand-driven

Energy-economics and energysystem model analysis

No

Yes

Integrated assessment modelling

Integrated assessment model analysis

Yesb

Yesb

a

Some demand-driven cost-supply analysis start with a statistical analysis or spatially explicit analysis of technical biomass energy potentials, although this is not the key focus of these studies. b

Some demand-driven energy-economics and energy-system model analysis use the results of cost-supply analysis. c

IAMs typically focus on the economic and/or implementation potential, although IAMs are also used for the theoretical and/or technical biomass energy potential

The following methodologies have been identified: · Statistical analysis. The least complicated studies estimate the energy potential based on e.g. information on production areas, yield or increment per hectare, based on expert judgement, field studies or a literate review, in combination with assumptions. · Spatially explicit analysis. The most advanced resource-focussed assessments include spatially explicit data on the availability of land and forests in combination with calculations of the yields of energy crops and forests, based on data on crop growth models that use spatially explicit data on climate, soil type and crop management. · Cost-supply analysis. Cost-supply analysis start from a bottom up analysis of the potential, e.g. based on assumptions on the availability of

land for energy crop production, including crop yields, or based on assumptions on the availability of forestry and forestry residues. The demand of land and biomass for other purposes and environmental and other (social, technical) limitations are included, ideally by scenario analysis. The resulting bioenergy cost-supply curves are than combined with estimates of the costs of other energy systems or policy alternatives, often with specific attention for policy incentives (e.g. tax exemptions, carbon credits, and mandatory blending targets). Based on this analysis, it was identified that it is not possible to describe and recommend one uniform methodology but that a clear description and recommendation on methods and data sets per approach and the general methodology and data availability situation would contribute considerably to

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Methods are provided for four categories of biomass types: (1) forest biomass, (2) energy crops, (3) agricultural residues and (4) organic waste. Furthermore, five types of methods are identified: statistical methods, spatially explicit methods, cost-supply methods, energyeconomics and energy system model methods, and integrated assessments. For each of the before-mentioned biomass types, the handbook shows how these methods can be applied. Furthermore, the handbook provides a detailed overview of sustainability aspects, that can be implemented in future biomass assessments. Each method has its own merits and costs. The method handbook seeks to provide guidance to policy makers and companies that that need to specify their need for biomass resource assessments. In parallel it serves scientists and consultants in providing detailed descriptions of methods and a large selection of useful data sources for the performance of biomass resource assessments. With the methods and data sources handbook a first contribution towards a harmonisation of methods, data and conesquently on results is made. Still, it is clear that in many aspects further development is necessary, this with focus on integrating more accurate empirical data, more constraints and technological developments. Since there clearly is no uniform methodology, it is of high importance in biomass potential assessments for energy to clearly document all methods and data used. Moreover it is of special importance not only to characterise the type of potential that is assessed, but to provide clear information on methodological choices and constraints, describe the scope of the study and state which data sets that has been used etc. Only such clear documentation will increase the comparability of future biomass assessments for energy.

a harmonisation of assessments which was the next and subsequent step of the BEE project work. 5. Methods and data handbook In light of the overall objective, a two volume handbook has been developed to promote harmonisation in the development of biomass resource assessments. The first volume, Harmonisation of Biomass Resource assessments Volume I: Best Practices and Methods Handbook (Vis et al. 2010), provides best practice methods for determination of biomass resource potentials, and gives guidance for transparent presentation of results by providing terms and definitions needed for the execution and presentation of biomass resource assessments. The second volume, Harmonisation of Biomass Resource assessments Volume II: Data sources handbook (Vesterinen et al. 2010), provides information on data sets that are needed to conduct a biomass resource assessment with the methodologies described in Volume I. The handbook focuses on methods that can be applied in national and European level biomass resource assessments. If data source availability allows it, the methods can be used at a more local level and outside Europe as well. The handbook serves multiple functions, it: • can be used as a reference work on the use of terminology in the field of bioenergy resource assessments. • provides an overview of best practice methods in the range of relatively straightforward resourcefocussed biomass assessments to complex integrated assessments. • presents a detailed overview of sustainability themes, criteria and parameters that are relevant for biomass resource assessments, and shows how they could be implemented in future biomass resource assessments.

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6. Illustration cases

References

As a next step, based on the methodologies specified in the hand book, potential estimates have been made based on simple statistical methods, spatially explicit models and cost supply models, as well as for EU 27 and in national level illustration cases. The illustration cases were implemented successfully and important feedback was provided for making improvements to the descriptions of the handbook. One major problem identified was data source availability both on single biomass resources and, specifically, when preparing estimates for EU 27. It was observed that many relevant international data sets are incomplete for single countries. Obviously the availability of crucial information differs considerably from country to country and efforts to improve this situation on national level are highly important. The illustration case reports will soon be available on the BEE website.

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4.

7. Conclusions Within the methods and data sources handbook, the BEE projects offers the opportunity to use and make reference to the methodologies described there for future studies. However, further efforts are necessary to further develop the methods and to improve data availability both at national and international level. Future studies emphasise documentation standards and include interim and sub region results. Moreover, the need for a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of the current use of biomass for energy was identified. The assessment of the current use by source categories will contribute to better insight in future development opportunities since it can be used to identify the potential to increase the use of biomass for energy per source category.

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6.

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Connel, D. (2009): Issues Paper for DG RTD Biomass Availability Workshop, Brussels, April 16 2010, making reference to Eurostat 2009. EC (2010): „Impact assessment. Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on sustainability requirements for the use of solid and gaseous biomass sources in electricity, heating and cooling, SEC(2010) 65“ EC (2008): „SEC (2008) 85 Annex to the Impact assessment accompanying the package of implementation measures for the EU's objectives on climate change and renewable energy for 2020.“ EC (2009a): A Technology Roadmap. Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on Investing in the Development of Low Carbon Technologies (SETPlan), Brussels, SEC(2009) 1295. EC (2009b). The European Parliament and the Councile. 2009/28/EC, Derective on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable energy sources and amending and subsequently replacing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. Brussels, 23 April 2009 N. Rettenmaier, A. Schorb, S. Köppen, G. Berndes, M. Christou, M. Dees, I. Eleftheriadis, V. Goltsev, G. Kunikowski, P. Lakyda, A. Lethonen, M. Lindner, J. Röder, J. Torén, R. Vasylyshyn, K. Veijonen, P. Vesterinen, S. Wirsenius, T.A. Zhelyezna, and S. Zibtsev (2010). Status of Biomass Resource Assessments. Biomass Energy Europe (BEE) Project Report, FP7 GRANT AGREEMENT

7.

8.

N˚: 213417, University of Freiburg, Germany &, IFEU Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung, Germany. N. Rettenmaier, S. Köppen, G. Berndes, M. Christou, M. Dees, I. Eleftheriadis, V. Goltsev, G. Kunikowski, P. Lakyda, A. Lethonen, M. Lindner, J. Röder, R. Vasylyshyn, K. Veijonen, P. Vesterinen, S. Wirsenius, T.A. Zhelyezna and S. Zibtsev (2008). Status of Biomass Resource Assessments. Biomass Energy Europe (BEE) Project Report, FP7 GRANT AGREEMENT N˚: 213417, University of Freiburg, Germany & IFEU Institut für Energieund Umweltforschung, Germany. Smeets, E. et al. (2010). Methods & Data Sources for Biomass Resource

9.

Assessments for Energy. Biomass Energy Europe (BEE) Project Report, FP7 GRANT AGREEMENT N˚: 213417, University of Freiburg, Germany & Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Vesterinen, P., Uusi-Penttilä, P., Flyktman, M., Veijonen, K. and Batkova, E. (2010). Political Framework and User Requirements of Biomass Resource Assessments for Energy. Biomass Energy Europe (BEE) Project Report, FP7 GRANT AGREEMENT N˚: 213417, University of Freiburg, Germamy & VTT, Finland.

The reports of the project BEE will be published on the BEE website towards the end of 2010 (www.eu-bee.com).

23

THE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF THE BIOMASS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA WITH A SPECIAL ACCENT ON THE FOREST BIOMASS Vlatko Andonovski Ph. D. University Ss. Kiril and Metodij, Faculty of Forestry - Skopje Introduction

The secondary biomass is represented by any material that is derived from the primary biomass, but has undergone significant chemical and physical transformations. The secondary biomass includes paper, cardboard, leather, cotton, hemp, natural rubber, used cooking oils etc. The residuals of the production of substances that are not directly related to energy are also a significant source of biomass. The representatives of this group are the forestry residuals (bran, bark and branches), the agriculture byproducts (leghorn, fertilizers of animal origin), by-products in the food production system (by-products from the production of canned food) and the organic segment from the solid municipal waste that can be further processed into solid, liquid and gas fuels. The technical energy potential of the biomass in Macedonia participates in the total amount of produced energy in Republic of Macedonia with approximately 12 % (2006 statistics). The firewood and charcoal participate with 80 % in the overall quantity of biomass that is used for energy purposes. The eventual transformation of the whole energy potential of the biomass for production of electric energy would result in 3,2 % participation, but its real capacity is much bigger. The types and the regional prevalence of the biomass

Biomass is produced from living organisms, usually through the photosynthetic activity of the plants. A part of the biomass also comes from animals, insects and microorganisms. The largest part of the biomass is in a solid shape, but it can also be found as fluids. Biomass consists of complex carbonic polymers, hydrogen, oxygen, small quantities of nitrogen and inorganic matters. It often contains traces of brimstone, too. Biomass represents a renewable source of energy as a result of the growth of new plants and trees which replaces what has previously been wasted. Biomass can be used as a solid fuel, or it can be converted into liquid or gas. Thus, it can be used in the production of electric energy, different kind of chemicals and heating fuels. There are two types of biomass: primary and secondary biomass. Primary biomass predominantly consists of trees and shrubs in the forests, as well as the grass, leguminous plants, oil bearing plants, grained plants, cane etc. In this category we can also classify the water plants and algae, as well as the fertilizers made from animals. The group of primary biomass also covers the plants that are grown for the production of bio-fuels.

24

and the oil-bearing crops for production of bio-fuels can increase the technical energy potential of the biomass in the Republic of Macedonia.

sources in Macedonia depend on the characteristics of each region respectively. The biomass is mostly prevalent in the agricultural and forest regions of the country. It should also be mentioned that the above stated statistics show the current situation. The organized production of firewood for production of electric energy

Figure 1.1 Hierarchic structure of the sources of biomass energy

25

Table 2.1 Energy rates of the biomass in Republic of Macedonia Energy resource

Forests Agriculturally produced biomass Municipal waste Total

Theoretical potential

Participation in the total energy balance

Technical potential of the thermal energy

Participation in the total energy balance

Participation in the total energy balance

% 10,8 0,9725

Technical potential for production of electric energy GWh/year 1000 0,19

GWh/year 8000 2000

% 21,6 5,4

GWh/year 4000 287

830

2,24

415

1,12

0,327

0,327

10830

29,24

4702

12,695

3,27

3,217

% 2,7 0,19

average annual growth of 2.02 m3 per hectare. With the help of the Forestation Fund, which was active up to 1990, more than 140.000 hectares of wasteland were afforested. That meant an increase of the forestland for an index of 1,6. The forests that are state property occupy 90,14 % of the total forest area, and the total participation in wood mass is 92,2%. Forests in private property occupy 9,86 % (94146 hectares) of the total forest area, and their participation in the total wood mass is 7,8 %. The private forests cover a relatively small territories, less than 1 hectare, as individual or group parcels that represent enclaves within the forest area under state property. Approximately 8 % of the total area of forests and forestland are not commercially arranged. Forestry in Republic of Macedonia is a branch of the economy that participates in the gross domestic product by 0,3-0,5 %. However, if we take into consideration all the benefits from this branch, the participation is much higher. The participation of forestry in the national economy is mainly materialized through the Public Enterprise “Macedonian Forests” that was founded on December 15, 1997 with an act by the Macedonian Government. The primary function of this enterprise is management of the forests that are state property,

As it can be seen from the table, the biomass participates with approximately 12 % in the total energy balance of Republic of Macedonia. The largest segment in the total amount is the forest biomass, i.e. the firewood in the households. In energy terms for the year 2006, about 2000 Gwh from the total biomass have been exploited. The action plan in the First National Communiqué of Republic of Macedonia from the Framework Convention for Climate Change at the United Nations (UNFCC) recommends construction of heating systems in small communities based on biomass and combined heating and energy production systems (cogenerative) in the small rural municipalities. These co-generative installations provide thermal and electric energy from a single source- biomass. At the same time, they decrease the emission of greenhouse gasses, which is their contribution in the battle against global climatic change. FORESTRY AND FOREST BIOMASS Forest soil occupies 11.596 m² of the territory of Republic of Macedonia (1159600 ха), and the total forest area is 959259 hectares (statistics from 31.12.2006). The total wood mass is approximately 74.360.000 m3, and the total annual growth is 1853572 m3 with an

26

firewood and technical wood, and in the private forests additional 120.000180.000 m³ are being marked.

which includes exploitation, forestation and forest protection. On annual basis this enterprise provides about 600000 – 720000 m3 of

Table 3.1 Forest fund in Republic of Macedonia classified by types of trees Forest fund (in hectares) 31.12.2005 Forests classified by type of property (31.12.2006) State Private property property Total 955228 959259 854799 104460 Pure plantations of deciduous 555495 560389 486431 73958 trees Beech 232644 235311 216918 18393 Oak trees (all kinds) 284253 284587 237668 46919 Other types of hard deciduous trees 34224 35971 27867 8104 Poplar 457 480 201 279 Other types of soft deciduous trees 3917 4040 3777 263 Pure plantations of evergreen 83665 87569 76909 10660 trees Juniper 1419 1466 1427 39 Fir tree 3148 3278 3202 76 Black pine 61795 64971 55755 9216 White pine 10019 10259 8987 1272 Other types of evergreen trees 7284 7595 7538 57 Mixed plantations of deciduous trees Beech –oak – other deciduous Beech – other deciduous Oak trees – other deciduous Other types of deciduous trees Mixed stands of evergreen trees Juniper- fir tree White and black pine Other types of evergreen trees Mixed stands of deciduous and evergreen trees Beech- juniper- fir tree Black and white pine + other evergreen trees Other types of deciduous and evergreen trees

251006

248439

231338

17101

31768 23677 168339 27222 5161 295 1316 3550 59901

31406 22009 169123 25901 6383 242 2654 3487 56479

27610 19310 161076 23342 5068 242 1339 3487 55053

3796 2699 8047 2559 1315 1315 1426

10682 2656

10693 2787

10693 2768

19

46563

42999

41592

1407

27

Table 3.2 Basic indicators of the forestry in Republic of Macedonia Forest use in 1000 м3 Artificial forestation in hectares year total deciduous evergreen total deciduous evergreen 1979 842 785 57 10284 370 9914 1980 833 775 58 9527 318 9209 1981 873 815 58 8355 285 8070 1982 954 893 61 11323 462 10866 1983 937 880 57 9733 706 9032 1984 1086 1034 52 7354 256 7098 1985 1080 1021 59 7489 426 7063 1986 1088 1016 72 5588 188 5400 1987 1125 1063 62 6917 451 6466 1988 1092 1040 52 4872 632 4240 1989 1109 1048 61 5414 406 5008 1990 999 962 37 3949 366 3583 1991 1023 975 48 3368 269 3099 1992 1064 993 71 3735 322 3413 1993 1094 1037 57 3158 341 2817 1994 1063 977 86 3881 415 3446 1995 960 896 64 2924 431 2493 1996 1118 1012 106 2908 424 2484 1997 1000 947 53 3025 157 2868 1998 897 840 57 2021 213 1808 1999 953 905 48 3072 148 2924 2000 1148 923 225 2370 229 2141 2001 792 644 148 1879 252 1627 2002 810 755 55 1979 444 1535 2003 930 881 49 2879 845 2034 2004 845 775 70 1978 482 1496 2005 821 740 81 2063 568 1495 2006 901 821 80 2106 549 1557

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Figure 3.1: Forest use in the Republic of Macedonia Table 3.3 Forest categories in Republic of Macedonia Forest categories (Statistics from 31.12.2004) Form of growth High stands 262790 hectares with 46958000 timber volume Low stands 643210 hectares with 27375000 timber volume Structure Deciduous 825370 hectares Conifers 39860 hectares Mixed 40770 hectares Purpose Economy 834347 hectares Protection 17617 hectares National parks and other forests 54036 hectares for other purposes Table 3.4 Growth and exploitation balance of the wood mass Forest categories by the form of Growth 3 growth (31.12.2004 statistics) m m3/hectare High stands 906141 3,45 Uneven age 690977 4,14 Even age 215164 2,24 Low stands 888475 1,59 Others 34415 0,40 Bushes 31370 0,40 Мacchia 648 0,40 Shrubs 2397 0,39 Total 1829030 2,02

29

m3 m3

Table 3.5 Woodcutting of forests in the Republic of Macedonia In 1000 m3 Year 2002 2003 2004 State property forests 657 764 724 Private property forests 153 166 121 Technical wood 133 142 141 Fire wood 602 709 642 Waste wood 75 79 62 810 930 845 Total timber volume

2005 682 139 158 600 63 821

2006 821 80 162 662 77 901

roads and paths, the low quality technical equipment etc. Having in mind the above mentioned forest features (structure and form of growth), we don’t see a possibility for any significant increase in the woodcutting mass in the near future. As far as forestation is concerned, it should be mentioned that in 2008, a total number of 8 million trees were planted on a total area of 4100 hectares, and in 2009 a total number of 20 million trees were planted. This should increase the afforested area in the country, and in future it will mean an increase of the wood mass, i.e. the total forest biomass. From the entire timber cut, which is a total of 900.000 m³, 750.000 m³ are used as firewood for the heating needs of the households, and the rest is for the woodprocessing industry. Additional 150.000 m³ of the wood waste from the forestry and the wood-processing industry, which are equal to 100.000 tones of wood waste (its density being 650 kg/m³), are produced during the process of wood classification and wood processing. Thus, it is possible to increase the energy segment of the biomass through: - Increase of the firewood consumption for household heating - Utilization of the produced wood waste, which remains unexploited for the time being. The forest biomass that is derived from the woodcuttings and the line spacing, as well as the waste left after the woodcutting, can also be used as heating energy sources.

Taking into consideration the fact that 65 % of the forests are low stands categorized by the form of growth, which don’t have much technical timber volume, it is logical that they are used for the production of fire wood. We also have to bear in mind the fact that wood is still the most exploited raw material as an energy provider, and this implicates the necessity for production of this raw material in the Republic of Macedonia. From the total amount of forest products, the fire wood participates with 70 to 75 %, but we cannot consider this piece of information very accurate, because a large proportion of the population provides their fire wood from illegal woodcuttings that cannot be registered. If the institutions in charge introduce an overall protection from illegal woodcuttings, and if the prescribed growth measures come into force, there is a possibility for an increase in the production of fire wood by an index of 10 to 15 % from the total quantity of cut fire wood, which actually represents the real needs for fire wood on the market. There hasn’t been a research about the needs for fire wood on the market. The planned annual quantity of wood that can be cut in the Republic of Macedonia is approximately 1.300.000 m3, and 70 % of this quantity (or about 900.000 m3 is used. Some of the reasons for not exploiting the whole amount of the planned annual quantity of wood that can be cut are the terrain configuration, the inaccessibility of woods due to lack of

30

In the table below, there is a preview of the wood mass, as well as the energy Table 3.6 Energy rates of the wood Republic of Macedonia Thin branches m 3/ 16356 Annual year production of wood mass Deciduous m 3/ 15574 year

rates of the wood waste from the woodcutting.

waste from the woodcuttings in the forests in Branches

Bark

Bole

Logs

Total

40886

9810

2459

12265

81776

38547

8770

2198

11483

76572

Conifers

m 3/ year

782

2339

1040

261

782

5204

Energy potential Technically feasible production Technically feasible energy potential

GWh/ year 3 m / year

48,7

121,74

29,21

7,32

36,52

243,49

14020

36700

8810

2200

11010

72740

GWh/ year

41,75

109,3

26,23

6,55

32,8

216,63

CONCLUSION

general measures that refer to biomass, the strategy has the following predictions: - Promotion and implementation of acceptable energy technologies based on wood biomass; - Analysis of the national wood balance, particularly in the part of the wood used as fuel in the overall production. In relation to the exploitation of the wood biomass, a particular attention needs to be paid to the utilization of the residuals left after the woodcuttings in the forests (wood waste) the quantity of which is about 80.000m³, and the technical energy potential is approximately 200 Gwh/year. There is a necessity for stimulation of the production of pellets and briquettes, as well as introducing standards about this kind of production. For the time being, in the Republic of

There is a possibility (with the implementation of different technologies) to use the available forest biomass in Republic of Macedonia for production of electric energy and/or internal energy (heating), or it can be processed into commercially suitable forms of energy (pellets, briquettes and charcoal). Having in mind the fact that the largest segment of the forest biomass in Republic of Macedonia is firewood in the households, a possible increase of firewood mass for 10 to 15 % is anticipated by 2020. The Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Forestry in Republic of Macedonia that was enacted in 2007 projects an increase of the overall wood mass in the next 20 years, as well as improvements in the quality of the forests and the wood itself. In the segment of the

31

2.

Macedonia there are individual initiatives and experimental installations for production of pellets and briquettes from the forest and agriculture biomass, but this will not mean any significant change in the energy balance by the year of 2020. The extent to which the biomass energy potential will be used in Republic of Macedonia depends not only on the energy politics in the state, but also on the ability and the readiness of the different consumers, investors, producers, research institutions, the sectors of forestry, agriculture and finance, and the capacity of all the above mentioned to participate effectively in the sustainable use of biomass.

3.

4. 5.

6. 7.

References: 1.

Strategy for sustainable development of forestry in Republic of Macedonia, 2007, Ministry of agriculture, forestry and water management.

8. 9.

32

Statistic yearbook of Republic of Macedonia 2007, State Statistics Bureau PHARE Program “Investment possibilities in the energy sector in Republic of Macedonia”, 2003, Technical report: The utilization of renewable sources of energy and energy saving. EC FP7 Project: “Biomass Energy Europe-BEE” EC FP7 Project: “ Classification of European Biomass Potential for bioenergy using terrestrial and earth observations-CEUBIOM” International Energy Agency-IEA Statistics: Renewables and Waste in the Republic of Macedonia, in 2005 Analysis of the energy consumption in Republic of Macedonia and its importance for the balance in the payments and inflation, 2006, National Bank of Republic of Macedonia US Energy Information Administration, Biomass Energy Consumption Public Enterprise “Macedonian Forests”

33

1. BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCE IN MACEDONIA

34

35

CROP RESIDUES IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AND POTENTIAL TO BE USED AS ENERGY SOURCE Prof. d-r Ordan Chukaliev ss Kiril & Metodij University – Faculty of Agriculture, Skopje

SUMMARY Agricultural activities in Republic of Macedonia are taking part on almost ¼ of its territory. During these activities significant amount of crop residues are produced. Major source of crop residues is cereal straw with about 669 000 t. The biggest concentration of straw production is in communities of Bitola (13,51%), Kumanovo (8,56%), Cheshinovo-Obleshevo (5,59%), Dolneni 3,88% and Kochani (3,58%). Straw is traditionally used as litter and fodder in animal sector. Anyhow certain amount of straw is not used and it can be valuable source of energy. Estimated surplus of cereal straw is about 160 000 t. Pruning residues are second important source of biomass for use as energy source. The grape pruning residues are estimated to 128 000 t and almost 30% of it are located in Kavadarci area. Fruit pruning residues are estimated to about 28 000 t with high concentration in Resen area with about 18% of total production The biomass available for energy purposes is estimated on 316 000 t. The biomass with lower quality (suitable for gasification) is produced in other crop production sectors, and significant amounts are coming from greenhouse production, with estimation of 40 t of residues per hectare. The use of biomass from crop residues in energy sector almost does not exist in the country and there is need to promote these activities, especially in areas where big concentration appears. The use of biomass as energy source will promote sustainable rural development in the country. Introduction

the solar energy is stored in chemical bonds. The biomass energy can be from various sources (agriculture, forestry, algae etc), but finally it is transformed solar energy in process of photosynthesis that is taking part in green cell. In present it is the most efficient way of transforming and storing the solar energy. Biomass has always been a important source of energy for mankind from ancient times. The importance of biomass as energy source decreases with intensive use of fossil fuels. Biomass is a carbon neutral resource in its life cycle. Renewable

The current trend of decision makers (especially in EU) is actively encouraging the use of renewable energy sources to reduce dependence on finite reserves of the fossil fuels oil, coal and natural gas. The main sources of renewable energy are wind, solar, hydro and tidal power, geothermal energy (naturally generated underground heat), and biomass. Biomass comprises all the living matter present on earth. The biomass resources are the organic matters in which

36

le energy source that could improve our environment, economy and energy securities. · Biomass usage could be a way to prevent more CO2 production in the atmosphere as it does not increase the atmospheric CO2 level. The use of crop residues as energy source in Republic of Macedonia almost not exists. There is various causes for such situation. There is conflict if crop residues should be used as energy source or to be used for other purposes (litter, fodder, soil improvement). Here is presented production of crop residues that can be used as energy source.

biomass is being considered as an important energy resource all over the world. Due to this and fact that fossil fuels are finite resource biomass is again in focus as very important energy resource. Biomass can be converted into high quality fuels, such as biodiesel from vegetable oils, bioethanol - a petrol substitute from starchy and sugary crops, or biogas. These fuels can substitute directly for fossil fuels in transport, or heat and power generation, so biomass offers rapid opportunities to influence energy markets without fundamental changes in technology and infrastructure. Alternatively, biomass can be burned in its raw state to run power stations, or heating systems. Biomass usage as a source of energy is of interest due to the following benefits:

Crop residues production in Republic of Macedonia Use of Agricultural land in Republic of Macedonia shows that out of 1,25 milions of hectars, less than a half is cultivated 585 500 ha. Majority of this cultivated land is used for growing of annual crops and only about 43 000 ha are used for orchards and vineyards. (Table 1). Cropping pattern in Republic of Macedonia shows that most important crops are cereals with almost 206 000 ha (table 2). In the process of crop cultivation there is remains that are valuable biomass. Cereal straw is used for various purposes such as animal feeding and animal bedding. Corn stubble is partially used as animal fodder. Residues from industrial crops are left on the field and not utilised at all, as well as remain from vegetable production. Pruning residues from orchards and vineyards is almost not utilised. Usually there is certain amount of remains that are treated in an uncontrolled manner, either burnt in open-air fires or disposed of to decay. In both cases, they give rise to significant environmental impacts while at the same time useful resources are wasted in the expense of imported fuels.

· Biomass is a renewable, potentially sustainable and relatively environmentally friendly source of energy. · A huge array of diverse materials is available from the biomass giving the user many new structural features to exploit. · Increased use of biomass would extend the lifetime of diminishing crude oil supplies. · Biomass fuels have negligible sulfur content and, therefore, do not contribute to sulfur dioxide emissions that cause acid rain. · The combustion of biomass produces less ash than coal combustion and the ash produced can be used as a soil additive on farms, etc. · The combustion of agricultural and forestry residues and municipal solid wastes for energy production is an effective use of waste products · Biomass is a domestic resource which is not subject to world price fluctuations or the supply uncertainties as of imported fuels. · Biomass provides a clean, renewab-

37

Table1 Use of Agricultural land in Rep. of Macedonia average 1997-2007 in '000 ha Orchards VineMeadows PastuPonds, Total CultiArable yards res reed beds vated Land and fish and Land ponds Gardens 1250,6

585,5

486,9

15,7

27,0

55,9

663,7

1,4

Source: Field crops, orchards and vineyards, 2007, State statistical Office

Table 2 Use of Arable land and gardens in Republic of Macedonia average 1997-2007 in '000 ha Total Sown Cereals Industrial Vegetable Fodder crops Fallow and not crops cultivated area 486,9

326,7

205,8

31,0

55,3

36,3

148,3

Source: Field crops, orchards and vineyards, 2007, State statistical Office Agricultural residues have considered in three categories:

been

cedonia is most important sector and it is supported by the state trough the subsidies system. It is important to calculate amount of cereal straw that is considered as by product of cereal production in order to assess possibilities to use cereal straw as energy source. It is clear that most important cereal is winter wheat, followed by barley and maize. Unfortunately average yield of cereals in the country is very low due to various reasons (rainfeed agriculture is associated with negative impact of drought, low efficiency in use of existing irrigation schemes, old and low efficient mechanization, old agricultural practices, etc.) Yield results are shown in table 4.

· Annual crop residues that remain in the field after the crops are harvested. The main annual crops in Macedonia are cereals, maize, rice, tobacco, vegetables · Residues that remain in the field after pruning of perennials. In Macedonia important are fruit trees and vine grapes. · Agro-industrial residues that remain after processing of agricultural products. Production of Cereal Straw in Republic of Macedonia According the cropping pattern in the country the most important residue from agricultural production is cereal strow. Production of cereals in Republic of MaTable 3

Area Sown by Cereals in Republic of Macedonia average 2000-2005 in ha wheat rye barley oats corn rice total 109455 4832 48733 2399 34.462 2628 202508 Table 4. Yield of Cereals in Republic of Macedonia , average 2000-2005 in kg/ha wheat rye barley oats corn rice 2671 1773 2427 1349 3996 4908

38

The model derives very similar conversion factor for barley that fits in low yield, high straw ratio end of the curve. This factor for Macedonia is 1,20. This model for Macedonia gives grain straw ratio from 1,06 to 1,61 (increase with yield increasing). For estimating of corn conversion factor we used several literature sources and closest one to our region was find in Donkova, D., Tonev, T. 2005. Post-harvest residues of winter wheat and corn and their incorporation depending on nitrogen fertilization. I. Amount of postharvest residue, Bulgarian journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11, 11-21. The average yield of after harvest corn residues was 4,94 t/ha. In their experiment they incorporate whole plant in the soil, but common practice is to cut stubble on certain height above ground and part of the plant (part of the stubble, crown and root) remain in soil, and part is used for other purposes. We set up corn conversion factor to 1, what is correct for low yield regions. Finally production of cereal residues in Republic of Macedonia was estimated and presented in following table:

Conversion of crop yield in yield of straw is very tricky because depend on various factors (variety, agro-ecological condition, height of harvest, fertilization, irrigation etc.). There are several reliable sources about conversion of grain to straw yield. So, Engel R., Long F., Carlson G., Wallander R. (2005) Estimating Straw Production of Spring and Winter Wheat, Fertilizers Facts, No 33, Montana Extension Service, Bozeman state that conversion factor for spring wheat is 1,33 and for winter wheat is 1,64. One of the most used sources for energy crops is James A. Duke. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops (unpublished). The following conversion factors are given in this handbook. · Rice 2 · wheat is 1.23 · barley is 1.45 · oats is 1.16 · rye is 0.70 · Corn 0,55-1.20 · other cereals are 1.10 The most approximate data is given for corn, due to huge variety of hybrids with various vegetation periods and various vigority. Further, there is models for estimating of straw production, based on yield data. One of the most suitable models for Macedonia should be the modelthat was used in EU, presented in Edwards R.A.H., Suri M., Huld M.A., Dallemand J.F., (2005) GIS-Based Assessment of Cereals Straw Energy Resource in the European Union, Proceedings of the 14th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate protection, 17-21 October 2005, Paris. This model is presented for winter wheat and barley. We update this model with results for Macedonia and derive that grain:straw yield ratio for winter wheat grown in our regions is 1,21. This number is very close with other sources, and this factor will be used in further calculation.

39

Table 5 Estimated production of cereal crop Republic of Macedonia in t wheat rye barley grain production 292354 8567 118275 conversion factor 1,21 0,70 1,20 Straw production 353749 5997 141929

residues (straw and corn stubbles) in oats

corn

rice

total

3236

137710

12898

573041

1,16

1,00

2,00

3754

137710

25796

668936

Straw can be valuable energy source in the country. The most feasible use of straw as energy source is combustion for producing of heat energy. Due to the low bulk density of straw bales, their utilization should take part in 10-20 km from the field, because of high transport cost. This fact promote straw as important energy source for rural communities, because it transportation in bigger centers is not economical. The biggest concentration of straw production is in communities of Bitola (13,51%), Kumanovo (8,56%), Cheshinovo-Obleshevo (5,59%), Dolneni 3,88% and Kochani (3,58%). These 5 communities produce 35% of cereal straw in the country. Together with next 5 from the list (first 10 communities from the list) produce about half of the straw in the country. It is clear that these communities are first choice to locate projects for utilization of straw as energy source.

The corn stubbles are utilized differently than other cereal straw, so production of corn stubbles amounting 137710 t is subtracte from total cereal remains production and straw production is estimated on production 531226 t. Majority of straw production comes from winter wheat (66,6%) and barley (26,7%). Straw can be utilized for: · Fodder · Litter · Incorporation to soil · Surplus for energy use Straw is considered as by product of cereal production with its market price. The utilization of the straw depends on the farmer decision and each of possible utilization has its value. Main utilization in present is as fodder and litter. Incorporating in soil is not common practice and usually straw is regularly removed from fields (only wheat stubbles and roots are in ploughed into the soil). Value for straw incorporated in soil is value of fertilizers (per 1 t of straw: 6-7 kg N, 2-2,5 kg P2O5 and 14-17 kg K2O). Higher value than these fertilizers is environmental benefits as carbon sequestrated in the soil, enrichment of soil with organic matter and erosion protection. Straw is most common bedding material for cattle production in the country. Number of cattle in year 2005 is 248 185. Average use of straw for bedding is 1-2 t/head. Using the average number of 1,5 t/head it is assumed that 372 277 t or about 70% of straw is used in cattle breeding. Still 30% or 158 949 t remain as surplus ant that straw can be valuable source for energy production.

Production of Pruning Residues in Republic of Macedonia Despite straw, pruning residues in present are almost not utilized, and either are burned on the field, either are exposed to decay. This material has not market price. Unlike straw there is not machinery to collect it on the field and biggest problem is to remove it from the field and to transport it to the place of utilization. Also there is problem with moisture content in pruning residues and usually should be additionally dried. Pruning residues are from grape production and from fruit production. Assessing the amount of pruning

40

residues amounts from 4-8 t/ha. We will use average data of 6 t/ha. According report on Field crops, orchards and vineyards, 2007, published by State Statistical Office harvested area of grape is 21 312 ha. Assuming 6 t/ha of pruning remains it is total of 127 872 t of pruning residues. The concentration is very high in Tikvesh region with almost 30% of the total production in the country.

residues is very tricky, because it depend on vigority of the rootstock, system of pruning, planting density and other agro environmental condition. In order to be able to get real picture for amount of pruning residues we will use data published in Ilic, M, Grubor B., Tesic M., (2004) The state of biomass Energy in Serbia, Thermal Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp 5-19. These data seem to be closest to our condition, because big portion of planting material in the country is imported from Serbia.

Orchards pruning residues Pruning residues from orchards are calculated based on data from statistical office about number of trees and data presented by Illic at all (2004) for pruning residues yield by each type of fruit.

Grape pruning residues Grape production in Republic of Macedonia is very specialized in several regions, and there is huge concentration of pruning residues in certain region. According Ilic at all. (2004) grape pruning

Table 6 Production of orchard pruning remains in Republic of Macedonia Cherry 160338

Sour Cherry 931792

Apricot 136551

Apple 3942243

Pear 381863

Plum 1336789

Peach 406599

Yield of pruning residues kg/tree

4,5

4,5

8,0

2,0

2,0

7,0

7,0

Pruning resides in t %

722 2,63

No of trees

4769 17,38

1092 3,98

41

7884 28,74

764 2,78

9358 34,11

2846 10,37

Total 7296175

27435 100

soil carbon content and nutrients availability, depletion of organic matter content, decreased water retention capacity of soils, as well as increased sensitivity to erosion). These and some other negative impacts of crop residues removal should be considered. Biomass removal should not affect soil fertility and land productivity. Biomass from crop residues could play an important role for sustainable energy production. Biomass is a local/ regional resource, which could contribute to the rural regional development and security of energy supply. It could also contribute to the improvement of competitiveness and local/regional employment whilst creating environmental benefits in terms of greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Implementation of bioenergy technologies depends on the concepts for bioenergy technologies, availability and efficiency of conversion technologies, economic issues, environmental norms or regulations to be fulfilled, requirements of conversion plants, etc.

Production of pruning residues from orchards in Macedonia is estimated on 27 435 t, with big concentration in Resen (about 18%) Other crop residues Other residues from crop production are characterized with high moisture content (vegetable production) and it is not reasonable to transport it. The greenhouse production is highly efficient and there is big concentration of residues. The residues from greenhouse production are estimated on 40 t/ha and it can be reasonable amount for fermentation and biogas production with emphasizing that there is big amount produced in same time and there is not continuous supply of residues to maintain permanent activity of bioreactors. The tobacco stubbles are very valuable, but the harvesting of tobacco is lasting till September and there is not enough time to dry stubbles, but some technologies should be developed due to big presence of tobacco in the cropping pattern.

Possible Use of Crop Residues in Republic of Macedonia

Environmental & agricultural constraints

Crop residues in Republic of Macedonia are underutilized. Cereal straw and corn stubbles are used as litter and fodder, but there are certain surpluses of straw that can be used as energy source. Pruning residues are almost not utilized. Cereal straw and pruning residues can be used as valuable energy source in the country especially in combustion for heat production. The technology is very simple and standard burners and combustion facilities can be used for burning of crop residues. The process of combustion of crop residues produces heat. The heat produced from crop residues can be directly used on the farm for:

The environmental benefits of using biomass resources is the most important driving force encouraging the use of biomass for energy production. One of the basic rules of sustainability requires that biomass use should be consistent with environmental quality requirements and produces green environmentally friendly bioenergy. The existing agricultural resources, soil characteristics, sites conditions and different agricultural farming practices should to be taken into consideration when talking about straw removal for further use for bioenergy. Agricultural residues left on land provide the ecosystem with nutrients, reduce the risk of soil erosion and regulate water retention. Therefore, the effect of biomass removal from the field and using them as energy source can crate negative impact on the soils (decreasing of

1. Decreasing cost of energy use in rural household (Cooking, heating of the house, hot water production) 2. Improvement of agricultural activities (heating of protected areas for vegetable

42

0,65 solid m3. The weight of 1 m3 of stere of air dry wood depends on wood type and for common fire wood in Macedonia (beech, oak or mixture of beach and oak) is about 600 kg. The cost of 1 kg of fire wood is approximately 0,07 EUR. One kg of air dry fire wood has net heating value of 15,5 MJ/kg. The neat heating value of air dry straw is 15,2 MJ/kg with average price as 0,02 EUR/kg. One kg of fire wood can be replaced with 1,02 kg of straw. The cost for fuel will be 3,5 times less if farmers are using straw as energy source for heat production in comparison of using fire wood. Crop residues do not offer just combustion and hеаt production for its utilization. Various types of products can be produced and used for various purposes (liquids, gas, electricity etc. that can be used for various purposes.). There is variety of possible application unlike other renewable. And biomass in whole is considered as one of the best renewable. There is big possibility for sustainable development of rural areas trough opening of various business. Finally, use of crop residues is not in conflict with other activities (ex. growing of energetic crops is in competition with food crops and food price increase). It is additional contribution toward sustainable economic development.

growing, heating of animal farms) that will increase productivity and/or increase value of the products from the farm 3. Development of processing capacities that need heat energy in the process` (heat for sterilization, pasteurization etc) Despite direct use of energy from crop residues there is potential for promoting small businesses that will be oriented toward processing of crop residues in products that can be offered at the energy market in rural/urban communities in the country. The biggest problem of crop residues is low bulk density and it is very costly to transport them. Small business should be organized in the areas where crop residues are readily available (rural areas). The recommended businesses are: 1. Producing of briquettes/pallets from crop residues and sell them on rural urban market for heat production 2. Liquefaction of crop residues and selling of liquid fuel at the market 3. Use of heat energy for food processing and production of traditional food products that will increase value of the agricultural production in rural areas Despite this crop residues can be used in gasification process to produce biogas that can be used on farm for various purposes. Using of crop remains as energy source is not related with the production price. Only cereal straw has it market price (0,02-0,04 EUR/kg). Our recommendation is to use crop remains for heat production. Farmers in present use wood, oil or electricity for various purpose. Replacing conventional energy sources for heat production with crop remains despite environmental benefit (replacement of fissile fuels with renewable energy) there will be big decreasing of cost for heat production. The present price of fire wood is 42 EUR/m3. The fire wood in the country is offered at market as m3 of stere. The real volume of 1 m3 of stere in average for fire wood cut in pieces of 1 m length is approximately

Conclusion · Despite other biomass types crop remains are not specially produced and represents byproducts of agricultural activities. Some of these residues are used for other purposes (fodder, litter), some not. Only straw has market price in the country, other residues are with not price. If used on farm they will stay without price, but for bigger scale of use some price will be determined. · Crop residues are very good renewable energy source. It is produced every year in almost same time, same amount and same place.

43

· Macedonian production of crop residues is: o cereal remains production and straw production is estimated on production 531226 t. o corn stubbles 137710 t o vine grape pruning remains are 127872 t. o orchards pruning residues are estimated on 27435 t, · Majority of straw production comes from winter wheat (66,6%) and barley (26,7%). · The biggest concentration of straw production is in communities of Bitola (13,51%), Kumanovo (8,56%), Cheshinovo-Obleshevo (5,59%), Dolneni 3,88|% and Kochani (3,58%). These 5 communities produce 35% of cereal straw in the country. · The biggest concentration of grape pruning residues is in Tikvesh region with almost 30% of the total production in the country. · The biggest concentration of orchard's pruning residues is in Resen (about 18%) and these residues are from apple orchards · Crop residues can be used for production of heat, liquid fuels, gas and solid fuels trough various technology processes. The easiest start is using crop residues for heat production · Biggest problems with use of crop residues as energy source are related with low density and high transport expenses (not more than 10-20 km)) · Energy from crop residues is locally produced and should be used locally for rural development, because it is very hard to transport it. · There is not awareness of using of crop residues as energy source in the country. · There is not available equipment for using of crop residues as energy source in the country (furnaces, boilers and stoves that operate with crop residues) · Due to very low price of crop residues it is very cheap energy. Using of straw is 3,5-5 times cheaper than using

other fuels available in the country. This can not be calculated for pruning residues due to its "no price". · Unsustainable use of crop residues may cause environmental problems of soil degradation, especially in losing of organic matter and increased soil erosion. · There are plenty of social, economical and environmental benefits of using of crop residues as energy source and these activities should be promoted and supported for sustainable rural development. Literatute 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

44

R. E. Engel,* D. S. Long, and G. R. Carlson (2003) Predicting Straw Yield of Hard Red Spring Wheat, Agronomy Journal Vol 95 pp 1454– 1460 Clancy J. (1995) Barriers to using agricultural residues as a Briquetting feedstock, Proceedings of the international workshop on biomass briquetting, pp 152-158 FAO, Bankog Dhingra S., Mande S. (1995) Financial appraisal of briquetting plants, Proceedings of the international workshop on biomass briquetting, pp 159-169 FAO, Bankog Grover P.D. (1995), Biomass briquetting: technical and feasibility analysis under biomass densification research project (phase II), Proceedings of the international workshop on biomass briquetting, pp 159-169 FAO, Bankog Andrews Susan (2006) Crop Residue Removal for Biomass Energy Production: Effects on Soils and Recommendations, USDA-Natural Resource Conservation Service, Updated February Engel R., Dan Long D., Gregg Carlson G.,Wallander R (2005) Estimating Straw Production of Spring and Winter Wheat, fertilizer facts No. 33, Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University

11. Anonimous (1995) Using Straw as a Farm Heating Fuel, Research update 719, Alberta Farm Machinery Research Research centre, pp 8 12. European Comission (2005) Doing More With Less, Green paper on energy efficiency Luxembourg:Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 45 pp 13. Glassner D., Hettenhaus J., Schechinger T. (1998) Corn stover collection project, BioEnergy ’98: Expanding BioEnergy Partnerships, pp. 1100-1110 14. Kutas Géraldine, Lindberg Carina, Steenblik R (2007) Biofuels - at what cost ?, Global Subsidy initiative, 104 pp 15. Jim Bauder (2000) Cereal Crop Residues and Plant Nutrients, Agronomy notes, Montana State University 16. European Commission (2005) Biomass action plan, Communication from the Commission, COM(2005) 628 final.

7.

Edwards R.A.H., Suri M., Huld M.A., Dallemand J.F., (2005) GIS-Based Assessment of Cereals Straw Energy Resource in the European Union, Proceedings of the 14th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate protection, 17-21 October 2005, Paris 8. Ilic, M, Grubor B., Tesic M., (2004) The state of biomass Energy in Serbia, Thermal Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp 5-19 9. HenderickP., Williams R. (2000) Trigeneration in a northern Chinese village using crop residues, Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume IV No. 3, pp 26-42 10. Martinov, M, Tešic, M, Konstantinovic, M, Stepanov, B. (2005) Perspektive u korišćenju biomase za grejanje domaćinstava u seoskim područjima, Savremena poljoprivredna tehnika. Vol. 31, No. 4, p. 211-220

45

Annexes Crop residues production in RM by communities Table 6 Production of cereal straw in 2007 by local communities in t Bitola Kumanovo CheshinovoDolneni Kochani SvetiNikole Skopje Mogila Shtip Strumitsa Lozovo Prilep Struga Staro Bosilovo Karbintsi Bogovinje Brvenitsa Teartse Lipkovo DemirHisar Probishtip Gostivar Vrapchishte Negotino Krivogashtani Jegunovtse Novo Selo Delchevo Radovish Novatsi Tetovo Vasilevo Saraj Vinitsa Zhelino Ilinden Gazi Baba Zrnovtsi Bogdantsi Gevgelija Veles Gradsko Petrovets Chashka Konche

Winter 46770 19833 3530 17690 5026 10888 6649 9460 5013 4979 6434 7460 6264 3150 3272 2604 2207 3305 2723 4483 5076 4302 2376 2752 4822 6515 3075 1814 2818 4211 4634 2840 3647 2309 1298 2503 2703 2507 968 1711 997 2064 1439 1419 1577

Ray 41 76 21 58 136 0 102 12 53 28 0 126 225 61 0 46 10 6 8 57 48 44 52 7 0 25 3 114 436 70 52 8 99 32 78 36 0 56 8 28 26 5 0 0 0

Barley 20177 23257 2386 3401 2238 4808 4123 3302 6552 1374 5560 3534 576 6204 240 3205 76 38 113 887 660 2908 216 24 2290 1110 35 368 2381 1824 2014 79 479 1369 1746 112 1330 1520 836 1498 632 1668 1814 1444 979

Oat 0 564 0 0 235 5 136 0 6 0 0 49 549 356 0 0 16 5 41 111 0 0 56 12 0 0 2 51 336 21 1 28 32 20 26 58 0 37 2 93 32 1 0 97 0

Corn 7250 3335 7735 159 2871 205 2659 809 754 6000 17 456 3450 726 6883 725 6626 5055 5383 2674 2379 774 5361 4972 289 107 4350 4994 1278 1099 489 3982 2007 1875 1701 2642 1198 332 2559 868 2262 148 136 221 254

Rice 0 0 17076 0 9110 0 0 0 212 0 0 0 0 0 0 3026 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 360 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 524 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 300

Total 74238 47065 30747 21308 19617 15906 13669 13583 12589 12381 12010 11624 11064 10497 10395 9606 8935 8408 8267 8212 8163 8077 8061 7766 7760 7757 7465 7341 7249 7225 7190 6937 6265 5604 5373 5351 5231 4453 4426 4197 3950 3886 3389 3181 3110

% of 13,51 8,56 5,59 3,88 3,57 2,89 2,49 2,47 2,29 2,25 2,18 2,11 2,01 1,91 1,89 1,75 1,63 1,53 1,50 1,49 1,48 1,47 1,47 1,41 1,41 1,41 1,36 1,34 1,32 1,31 1,31 1,26 1,14 1,02 0,98 0,97 0,95 0,81 0,81 0,76 0,72 0,71 0,62 0,58 0,57

2120

16

648

14

291

0

3089

0,56

46

Resen Rankovtse Krushevo Debartsa Valandovo Oslomej Berovo Ohrid Arachinovo Kratovo Pehchevo ChucherRosoman Dojran Butel Makedonska Kavadartsi Kichevo Drugovo Debar Vraneshtitsa Zajas Sopishte Demir Kapija Gjorche Studenichani Zelenikovo Plasnitsa Aerodrom Makedonski Centar Zhupa Karposh Vevchani Kisela Voda Kriva Palanka Mavrovo & Shuto Orizari Total

2489 1971 2214 1509 1388 1416 796 1185 1431 908 797 958 392 605 855 350 439 594 572 777 594 506 537 627 194 290 249 288 424 82 171 128 215 234 105 0 0 263876

83 53 39 85 12 191 103 71 0 16 360 3 0 29 5 186 10 52 20 19 34 56 0 0 8 0 25 6 0 11 27 0 25 1 34 15 0 471

112 863 552 451 262 317 450 385 256 571 391 662 448 226 462 710 516 82 30 102 46 91 223 304 341 214 149 78 97 54 101 198 41 82 113 29 54 127970

0 35 0 30 0 0 193 115 227 1 184 27 5 14 14 56 13 10 0 21 0 0 0 0 45 0 43 13 0 0 49 21 0 0 19 20 0 4009

356 49 96 780 1190 836 65 708 230 379 48 12 768 588 33 67 270 454 558 224 450 456 235 50 282 240 238 165 20 384 112 94 84 24 59 99 0 118384

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30710

3040 2971 2901 2856 2851 2760 2541 2463 2144 1875 1781 1662 1612 1461 1369 1369 1248 1192 1181 1143 1123 1109 995 980 870 744 703 550 541 531 459 441 365 341 329 163 54 549667

Table 7. Production of grape pruning remains in 2007 by local communities in t Kavadartsi Valandovo Negotino Skopje Radovish Rosoman Veles Bogdantsi Gevgelija Kumanovo Vasilevo

Harvested area 4239 1649 1393 1242 901 865 859 773 724 649 602

47

Pruning residues in t 25434 9894 8358 7452 5406 5190 5154 4638 4344 3894

%of total 19,89 7,74 6,54 5,83 4,23 4,06 4,03 3,63 3,40 3,05

3612

2,82

0,55 0,54 0,53 0,52 0,52 0,50 0,46 0,45 0,39 0,34 0,32 0,30 0,29 0,27 0,25 0,25 0,23 0,22 0,21 0,21 0,20 0,20 0,18 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,13 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,08 0,08 0,07 0,06 0,06 0,03 0,01 100

Gazi Baba Sveti Nikole Bosilovo ChucherSandevo Gradsko Bitola Demir Kapija Prilep Shtip Staro Nagorichane Vinitsa Karbintsi Dojran Kratovo Ohrid Probishtip Lozovo Saraj CheshinovoObleshevo Resen Strumitsa Butel Kochani Debartsa Chashka Vevchani Kisela Voda Lipkovo Struga Konche Gjorche Petrov Aerodrom Ilinden Sopishte NovoSelo Mogila Karposh Petrovets Demir Hisar Studenichani Dolneni Zelenikovo Novatsi Teartse Zrnovtsi Shuto Orizari Krushevo Brvenitsa Delchevo Rankovtse Arachinovo Jegunovtse

553 551 457 445 430 429 403 397 355 343 276 259 252 248 242 207 206 193 165 161 151 141 135 131 123 122 120 120 103 97 89 70 69 68 67 62 61 56 48 47 40 33 24 24 19 15 15 10 8 5 4 4

48

3318 3306 2742 2670 2580 2574 2418 2382 2130 2058 1656 1554 1512 1488 1452 1242 1236 1158 990 966 906 846 810 786 738 732 720 720 618 582 534 420 414 408 402 372 366 336 288 282 240 198 144 144 114 90 90 60 48 30 24

2,59 2,59 2,14 2,09 2,02 2,01 1,89 1,86 1,67 1,61 1,30 1,22 1,18 1,16 1,14 0,97 0,97 0,91 0,77 0,76 0,71 0,66 0,63 0,61 0,58 0,57 0,56 0,56 0,48 0,46 0,42 0,33 0,32 0,32 0,31 0,29 0,29 0,26 0,23 0,22 0,19 0,15 0,11 0,11 0,09 0,07 0,07 0,05 0,04 0,02 0,02

24

0,02

Debar Krivogashtani Zhelino Berovo Bogovinje Vraneshtitsa Vrapchishte Gostivar Drugovo Zajas Kichevo Kriva Palanka Mavrovo & Rostusha Makedonska Kamenitsa Makedonski Brod Oslomej Pehchevo Plasnitsa Tetovo Centar Zhupa Total

2 2 1 21312

12 12 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 127872

0,01 0,01 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,00

Table 9. Production of orchard pruning remains in 2007 by local communities in t Resen KrivaPalank a Delchevo Bitola Skopje Rosoman Ohrid Struga Berovo Kochani Brvenitsa Debartsa Prilep Pehchevo Negotino Tetovo Radovish Shtip Saraj Gradsko Rankovtse Kumanovo Kratovo StaroNagoric hane DemirHisar Vinitsa CheshinovoObleshevo Probishtip

Cherry 36 23 29 20 85 2 20 24 4 11 3 33 7 9 4 19 4 25 46 1 4 9 6 7 11 5 5

Sour 105 4 802 933 121 1 77 25 22 292 394 19 64 174 313 274 29 298 43 63 1 9 4 7 15 24 146

Apricot 3 18 9 25 220 9 10 24 0 14 11 2 71 0 47 7 48 17 84 48 3 41 12 10 0 11 14

Apple 4741 108 51 82 82 3 642 284 85 50 270 318 50 34 8 105 22 4 17 2 13 72 37 22 32 17 11

Pea r 14 79 28 19 64 1 1 33 7 17 11 5 53 3 4 16 9 4 16 5 12 20 27 18 14 11 7

Plum 68 1300 593 130 313 12 195 410 673 365 37 267 244 302 43 38 261 49 103 21 319 168 252 263 238 210 91

Peac h 6 58 5 149 286 1083 141 31 0 16 7 8 50 0 57 7 41 11 68 233 3 27 5 10 0 13 16

Total 4972 1590 1518 1357 1171 1111 1086 833 792 766 733 653 539 521 476 467 415 409 377 373 355 345 342 338 309 290 290

% 18,12 5,79 5,53 4,95 4,27 4,05 3,96 3,03 2,89 2,79 2,67 2,38 1,97 1,90 1,74 1,70 1,51 1,49 1,37 1,36 1,29 1,26 1,25 1,23 1,13 1,06 1,06

3

184

6

9

8

56

4

270

0,98

49

Drugovo Jegunovtse Strumitsa Makedonski Brod GaziBaba Gostivar Kavadartsi Vrapchishte Aerodrom Makedonska Kamenitsa Karbintsi Krushevo Oslomej Chashka Butel Veles Ilinden Teartse Studenichani Valandovo Vasilevo Vraneshtitsa Debar GjorchePetr ov Gevgelija Zajas Mogila Zrnovtsi SvetiNikole Bogovinje KiselaVoda Petrovets NovoSelo Lipkovo Kichevo ChucherSandevo Bogdantsi Novatsi Sopishte Dolneni Mavrovo&Ro stusha CentarZhupa DemirKapija Krivogashtan i Konche Zhelino Karposh Arachinovo Zelenikovo Bosilovo Vevchani Dojran

17 8 39 29 10 12 7 8 5 3 0 2 6 5 5 2 8 15 5 2 15 9 9 10 3 5 0 3 1 9 2 3 12 4 5 7 2 1 19 0 14 5 3 0 1 7 5 4 2 0 1

5 17 5 1 12 9 4 6 40 2 143 1 3 3 5 4 6 6 2 4 4 3 4 13 7 2 1 3 27 5 3 6 9 5 6 5 1 2 4 0 4 4 8 0 20 6 6 4 3 1 2

3 1 15 2 43 4 13 2 28 2 14 0 3 9 20 38 19 1 31 42 6 2 4 24 22 4 0 5 26 2 10 17 8 11 2 28 16 1 11 0 0 1 13 1 0 3 11 7 8 1 1

34 43 28 38 33 110 6 112 18 10 1 16 20 14 5 6 4 62 4 6 4 17 19 6 4 15 15 5 4 20 3 5 8 6 10 6 6 5 3 8 10 6 2 7 7 12 1 1 3 4 2

18 6 5 5 22 23 8 12 10 11 2 6 12 10 11 11 15 7 4 2 2 10 15 4 4 8 4 3 5 5 1 5 6 7 5 5 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 3 0 0 3 2 1

184 178 98 153 55 57 44 67 55 149 12 135 110 94 48 35 54 33 27 28 29 71 55 30 34 65 80 63 23 41 8 28 20 30 41 14 27 53 15 47 28 30 14 40 17 16 13 8 21 25 20

4 5 41 0 45 4 130 4 37 1 0 0 2 12 48 40 26 6 50 37 59 2 5 22 28 2 0 7 1 2 56 10 10 10 1 3 11 0 9 1 0 2 9 0 1 1 10 22 6 6 2

264 258 231 229 220 219 212 209 192 179 173 160 157 147 142 137 132 130 123 123 119 114 111 110 103 101 100 88 87 84 82 74 73 72 71 69 64 64 63 59 59 51 50 49 48 48 46 45 45 40 30

0,96 0,94 0,84 0,83 0,80 0,80 0,77 0,76 0,70 0,65 0,63 0,58 0,57 0,53 0,52 0,50 0,48 0,47 0,45 0,45 0,43 0,42 0,40 0,40 0,38 0,37 0,37 0,32 0,32 0,30 0,30 0,27 0,27 0,26 0,26 0,25 0,23 0,23 0,23 0,22 0,22 0,18 0,18 0,18 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,17 0,15 0,11

2

2

6

1

1

8

4

24

0,09

50

Plasnitsa Lozovo ShutoOrizari

2 0 0

1 0 0

0 5 1

3 0 0

51

2 0 0

11 3 1

0 0 0

19 9 2

0,07 0,03 0,01

ENERGY CROPS IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Prof. Zoran Dimov, Prof. Ordan Chukaliev ss Kiril & Metodij - Faculty of Agriculture, Skopje

Energy crops are crops that can be used to produce energy. Having in mind that all crops are just biomass and biomass is considered as valuable energetic resource it means that all crops can be considered as a energy crops. This approach can be very risky for future of the agriculture, so we need much better definition what the energy crops are. On of the definitions state that an energy crop is a plant grown as a low cost and low maintenance harvest used to make biofuels, or combusted for its energy content to generate electricity or heat. Energy crops are generally categorized as woody or herbaceous (grassy). These crops can be used directly for combustion and heath production, as well as to be transformed in some more valuable products – fuels as solids (briquettes, pallets), liquids (biodiesel, bioethanol) and gass (biogass and mixture of gases (syngas), where carbon monoxide and hydrogen form the main part trough thermal decomposition). Liquid and gas fuels derived from energy crops can be used in transport, electricity production and other purposes. Many crops suitable for energy production are already grown on a wide scale. Well-known oilseed crops like rapeseed and sunflower can be used to make biodiesel. Starch crops such as wheat, potatoes, maize, barley and rye can be converted to bioethanol, as can sugar crops such as sugar beet and sweet sorghum. These crops are well known as 1st generation bioenergy crops.

The using of these crops for energetic purposes create huge pressure over the sustainable food supply and this conflict can crate huge dispute about use of this crops for other purposes despite food. Another source of biomass energy are woody crops like willow and poplar, also known as short rotation coppice (SRC), or perennial grasses, such as Miscanthus, Switchgrass, Reed Canary Grass or Giant Reed. These crops produce lignocellulosic material that can be converted to biodiesel, bioethanol or biogas, or burned directly for heat and power. These crops are well known as 2nd generation bioenergy crops. These energy crops (2nd generation) are fastgrowing crops that are grown for the specific purpose of producing energy (heath, electricity or liquid fuels) from all or part of the resulting plant. Second generation of energy crops are selected for their advantageous environmental qualities such as erosion control, soil organic matter build-up and reduced fertilizer and pesticide requirements. There are many other perennial plant species which could be used for energy crops. In addition, some parts of traditional agricultural crops such as the stems or stalks of alfalfa, corn or sorghum may be used for energy production. Despite all these benefits, there is still discussion of use of agricultural land for growing of energy crops, and effect of this approach on the world price of the food and on food security and availability

52

diately increase food price and seriously affect national food supply, food security and food availability. Production of Crops that can be used as energy source (First Generation) in Macedonia for 2009 year. These crops can be divided in 3 groups

Republic of Macedonia is still far a way of these modern trends in energy sector. Producing of bioenerergy crops of first generation is still in very initial stage and these crops are used for food/fodder supply, despite some small areas developed with certain projects. There is not even experimental stage of using of 2nd generation of bioenergy crops. There are certain capacities for production of crops dedicated for energy production due to big portion of abounded land (Uncultivated land and fallow is very big portion of arable land around 30%. Especially important fact is that land available for irrigation (totaled cca 120 000 ha) is used with very low efficiency (not more than 30 000 ha) and there is possibility to grow energetic crops even on irrigated land, so very good results can be achieved.

1. Starchy crops when starch is major product that can be converted in fuel (alcohol for example) 2. Oil crops when oil is major product and can be converted in fuel (biodiesel) 3. Sugar crops when sugar is major product and can be converted in fuel (alcohol) Production of these crops is presented according data published in Statistical review: Agriculture - Field crops, orchards and vineyards, 2009 published by State statistical office of Republic of Macedonia.

First generation of energetic crops These energetic crops are common crops well known as food source. These crops can be used for energy production if there is surplus that can not be exported. Using of these crops for energy production is very risky especially if energetic sector will introduce special incentives for their use. Then it will imme-

Starchy crops

Starchy crops are most common crops in Republic of Macedonia with domination of winter wheat. It is our major crops according sown and harvested area. Table 1. Production of starchy crops in Macedonia in year 2009 Area in ha

Yield kg/ha

Total production in t

Wheat

88 151

3076

271 117

Barley

48 622

3010

146 372

Rye

3 701

2456

9 089

Oats

2 726

1820

4 960

Corn

32 466

4 751

154 237

Rice

3120

6368

19 870

Potato

13 527

15 134 204 717 arable land (cca 420 000 ha). Yield is very low and as well as total production. Republic of Macedonia is not self sufficient in production of starchy crops and regularly there is import of these crops in order to secure population with bread

According data in table 1 about 192 313 ha in the country are planted with starchy crops. It is about 46% of our

53

tistical office of Republic of Macedonia considered only two oil crops, sunflower and poppy seed. Unfortunately there is not data for oilseed rape and probably it is grown for oil production on marginal areas that are not feasible to be presented in national statistical report for agriculture. It is well known that despite oil palm oilseed rape is major crop for fuel production.

wheat, as well as to secure sustainable fodder supply for animal breading sector and for other needs. There is not any possibility to use these crops for production of energy without serious impacts on food sector. Oil Crops Data presented in Statistical review: Agriculture - Field crops, orchards and vineyards, 2009 published by State sta-

Table 2 Production of oil crops in Macedonia in year 2009 Area in ha Sunflower Poppy seed

Yield kg/ha

Total production in t

4 136

1879

7 774

618

504

816

Second generation biofuels, specifically biofuels derived from cellulosic or lignocellulosic conversion. Advocates for the development of cellulosic conversion believe that second generation technology avoids many of the adverse consequences of first generation biofuels: it does not directly compete for food (since it is based on crops such as switchgrass or waste like maize stover), it causes less environmental impact than row crop agriculture, and the energy yield per hectare (ha) is generally higher (it has the potential to be five times higher than that of maize, since the entire plant can be converted to fuel). The second generation of energetic crops can be divided in to 3 general groups: 1. Woody crops (short rotation coppice, fast growing wood) 2. Herbaceous crops (Miscanthus, Switchgrass, Reed Canary Grass or Giant Reed) 3. Aquatic plants (microalgae, macroalgae, pond plants and weeds)

Production of oil crops is very low according area as well as according total production and yield per unit area. These amounts are much lower than Macedonian needs and Macedonia is huge importer of oil for human consumption. Production of biodiesel from oil crops grown in Macedonia is not fusible at all without serious changes in the sector. Sugar crops Unfortunately there is not need to present sugar crops production in a table, because in 2009 there were total of 0 hectares planted with sugar crops. Despite this fact, major sugar crop in the country is sugar beet and there is good environmental condition for its growing. Economic situation and other factors create such a unfavorable conditions for growing of sugar beet that in last period only few hundreds of hectares were planted and in 2009 it disappear from our fields.

Woody crops

Second Generation of energy crops

The most popular second generation energetic crops are short rotation

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· · ·

coppices (SRC). The SRC (short rotation coppice) consists of densely planted, high-yielding varieties of either willow or poplar, harvested on a 2 – 5 year cycle, although commonly every 3 years. The osier, a shrub willow, is parental stock to the majority of willow varieties planted for use as an energy crop. SRC is a woody, perennial crop, the rootstock or stools remaining in the ground after harvest with new shoots emerging the following spring. A plantation could be viable for up to 30 years before re-planting becomes necessary, although this depends on the productivity of the stools. Willow SRC is planted in the spring using planting material produced by specialist breeders and equipment specifically designed for the purpose. The willow will grow rapidly in the first year reaching up to 4m in height. During the winter after planting the stems are cut back to ground level to encourage the growth of multiple stems i.e. coppiced. Generally three years after cutback and again during the winter, the crop is harvested. The equipment used for harvesting will have been specifically developed for the purpose and depends on the fuel specification of the customer/end-user. Most operations other than planting or harvesting can be completed using conventional farm machinery. Yields from willow SRC at first harvest are expected to be in the range 7 – 12 oven dry tones per hectare per year (odt/ha/yr) depending on site and efficiency of establishment.

Grasses grown from seeds are much cheaper to establish than those grown from rhizomes (such as miscanthus), studies have been carried out to identify crops that can be grown from seed and reliably offer high yields. With non-native species, however, seeded grasses can present a potential threat of invasion and must consequently be viewed with caution. Miscanthus Miscanthus species are tall (up to 3.5m high) woody, perennial, rhizomatous grasses. Rhizomatous grasses retains a large proportion of the nutrients in the rhizomes, retaining little in the biomass, so nitrogen and nutrient requirements are very low, and no yield benefits are obtained by applying nitrogen. Miscanthus uses the C4 photosynthetic pathway, which can make it efficient in fixing carbon and in water use. They are not native to the Europe, originating from Asia, but even under some EU countries conditions have been shown to give very high yields (14 oven dry tones per hectare per year (odt), which is higher than those obtained from short rotation coppice (SRC) (9 odt). The calorific value of miscanthus is slightly lower than that of most wood, and the ash content quite high, similar to straw. Miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus) can be planted by rhizome division, and this is the preferred way, though it makes establishment expensive. Conventional agricultural equipment, such as a potato planter can be used, although specialized equipment has been developed. It is planted in spring at a density of 20,000 per ha and grows strongly to 1-2 m by late August. From late July the crop starts to dry out so that when it is harvested in late winter, most of the

Herbaceoius Crops The herbaceous crops are mainly grasses that are fast growing, tall and produce a lot of organic matter per unit area. Several species are considered as good energetic crops, but in present dominant is Miscanthus. Following grasses are used as energetic crops of second generation: · ·

Rye (Secale cereale) Giant reed (Arundo donax). Miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus)

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea)

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venient form of biomass. They must either be used very close to production to avoid costly, inefficient transportation of water, or be dried, though active drying should be avoided owing to the significant energy cost involved. Passive drying is likely to be labor intensive. If they are to be used wet then a suitable process must be used.

leaves have died back, leaving canes of 10 mm diameter and relatively low moisture content. This first year's growth gives poor yield, but in subsequent years greater height, typically 2.5-3.5 m can be achieved, and yield increases over the first 4-5 years. Once established, a miscanthus plantation can be harvested annually for 15-20 years before needing to be replanted. Yield depends on sunshine, temperature and rainfall, but miscanthus grows well on a range of soils and yields of 12-14 t/ha can be achieved from the third year onwards and even higher on good sites. Harvesting is undertaken with a modified forage harvester, and moistures below 20% are easily achieved at harvest and can be left to dry further, in the swath, prior to baling. The crop is then baled using a conventional baler to produce rectangular or round bales, depending upon the requirements of the application.

Microalgae Microalgae are those algae that consist of just a single cell, or a small group of cells. There are very many different species of microalgae (>>30,000), some freshwater, some marine, that offer a wide diversity of characteristics. Some species can display very high levels of oil accumulation, potentially exceeding 50% by (dry) weight of the organism, and these have been proposed for biodiesel production. Alternatively polysaccharide (complex carbohydrates) accumulation of up to 50-80% by weight can be achieved, making them potentially suitable for bioethanol production. Other species have been proposed for biomass production, owing to the very high photosynthetic efficiency and growth rate, hydrocarbon production or methane production, while still other algae have been shown to produce hydrogen directly.

Aquatic plants Aquatic plants offer a number of potential advantages over land based crops. As the water provides support for the structure of the plant they do not have the requirement to lay down structural material, such as lignin. They can also usually take in nutrients and carbon dioxide from the surrounding water and consequently may not need to develop roots. Many, therefore, can display very high photosynthetic efficiencies. As they do not require soil, they can be grown in areas unsuitable for conventional agriculture. Marine species also avoid conflict for freshwater resources as well as for land. There are very many species of algae, both microscopic microalgae and macroalgae such as seaweeds that can grow to over 60 m long, that offer many of the above benefits and that are potentially suitable for use in energy applications. However the very high water content of algae can make them an incon-

Macroalgae Larger, multi-cellular, algae can also display very high productivities, making them potentially suitable for biomass production, though with the same issues of very high water content. Schemes for large scale seaweed production integrated with offshore wind farms have been proposed, however issues such as dewatering at sea have yet to be adequately addressed.

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Pond and Lake Weeds

Literature Used

There are a number of different water weeds, variously called pond weeds or lake weeds that include a range of different plants including algae and other flora. These may be available as waste material after the clearing of a lake or pond, and thus form a potential biomass resource.As with algae, these are a high water content form of biomass and consequently transport must be minimized unless it is to be dried first, a potentially financially and energetically costly option unless it is to be passively dried. In Republic of Macedonia there is not even experimental field for any of second generation energy crops. There is potential for growing of short rotation coppices on the marginal land close to the river beds. Other potential for growing of second generation energetic crops is that 30% of the arable land is no cultivated or fallow land. Such land is not used for crops for food and can be used for second generation of energetic crops.

DEFRA (2004) Growing Short Rotation Coppice, Best Practice Guidelines for Applicants to Defra’s Energy Crops Scheme, DEFRA State statistical office of Republic of Macedonia (2010) Statistical review: Agriculture - Field crops, orchards and vineyards, 2009, Skopje Kužel S. , Kolář L., Peterka J., Šindelářová M. (2008) Usage of Energetic Crops as Alternative Sources of Energy In Czech Republic, AGRONOMIJAS VĒSTIS (Latvian Journal of Agronomy), No.10, pp15-19 IATA (2010) 2nd Generation Biomass Conversion Efficiency, IATA, McGill University http://www.usewoodfuel.co.uk http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk

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SUMMARY OF BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCE IN MACEDONIA Prof. Slave ARMENSKI, PhD University of “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Skopje structural framework condition), which can be used after taking into account the limitations connected to the present technological level, possible use for human and animal feeding and ecological limitations, and economical potential is the potential which can be used under the present economy conditions, i.e. satisfying the criteria to be profitable.

Introduction Biomass is the oldest source of renewable energy, which mankind have had used before thousand years, i.e. from fire discovering to this day. Under the term biomass it can be understand any organic substance get by the process of photosynthesis in vegetation. That is practically the biodegradable part of the products, waste and residues of agriculture (including plant and livestock production), forestry and wood processing industry and biodegradable part of the solid communal and industry waste. Biomass is renewable (sustainable) source of energy because its creation is:

Biomass resources in Republic of Macedonia There are three base sources of waste biomass in Republic of Macedonia: forestry residues and residues from wood industry processing, agricultural and animal husbandry, and communal and industrial wastes.

continuing and unlimited, i.e. it can be raised in unlimited quantities in relatively short time, biomass has heterogeneous and chemical complex structure.

Following basic data sources have been used for estimation of the biomass energy potential:

Chemical energy accumulated in biomass is called bioenergy. The kind and energy potential of waste biomass is a crucial criterion for its estimation. Three type of waste biomass potential in Republic of Macedonia are distinguished:

Statistical Yearbook of Republic of Macedonia, Annual reports, production plans and finance reports of the public utility Macedonian forests, and Scientific-investigation studies and reports for the quantities of rigid communal and industrial waste in Republic of Macedonia.

theoretical potential (maximum theoretical available quantity) of waste biomass, which is on disposal according to the potential of its source, technical potential (part of theoreticcal, available under the regarded techno-

Energy quantity of each type of biomass is estimated according to its heat value, i.e. heat quantity produced by

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Figure 1.1. Assortment of wood volume for 2006, m3/y direct combustion of 1 kg, or 1 m3 of it. We are defining the so called upper and low heat value. For upper one, the water content is in liquid state, and for the low one in gas state.

during the wood processing in industry. Their composition is different, i.e. wastes wood from timber harvesting, is consisting from bark, trunks, chips, sawdust, tree stump, tree roots, tree leaves and others. Wood residue from wood processsing facilities mainly includes chips, sawdust, bark, broken logs, reject wood and ends, endings, knots, lathe cutting, lily pads, panel trims, peeler cores, reject strips, sander dust, shake blocks, slabs, wood chunks and other wood fragments. Wood waste can be used for production of wooden plates, wooden construction materials, paper, and cellulose. As fuel, waste wood can be used directly or as raw material for production of different rigid, liquid and gas fuels. Total forest area in Republic of Macedonia occupies 947.653 ha. Most of this area are forests of deciduous trees (58,4 %), mixed trees stand of deciduous trees (25,6 %), pure trees stand of coniferous trees (8,98 %) and mixed trees stand of coniferous trees (6,34 %). 90,14 % of forest is state (92 % by wood mass) and 9,86 % is private property. Annual increment of forests in Republic of Macedonia (for 2007) is:

1.0. Forestry residues and residues from wood industry processing Forestry is the most wide brunch and very important economic activity in R. of Macedonia. Every year is cutting down and processing an enormous wood mass, first of all for wood industry, but for cooking and home heating too. It’s participation in the state energy balance is continually about 10 % during the recent 20 years and significant changes are not foreseen during the coming 20 year. Timber harvesting process and land clearing produce waste wood in the form of: broken logs, decadent timber, stumps, and tree trunks. During the timber harvesting, only the billet or log is extracted from the forest while the crown (consisting of foliage and brunches) and the stumps are considered to be wood waste. Between 6 to 9 % of dry mass of the bole consists of the foliage and between 10 to 15 % is bark. Generally, waste wood can be divided in two groups: waste get during cutting of wood in forests and waste get

·

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High forests (49 %) - 792.223 m3/y, One type (21%) - 190.134 m3/y of three

·

volume quantity is between 600.000 and 650.000 m3/y, and waste wood from fire

Various types (79 %)- 602.089 m3/y of trees

Figure 1.2. Average annual theoretical gross waste wood volume for deciduous and coniferous trees (period 1997-2007 in R. of Macedonia), m3/y ·

·

Figure 1.3. Average annual theoretical gross waste wood mass quantity for deciduous and coniferous trees (period 1997-2007 in R. of Macedonia), t/y

Low forests (51 %) - 824.551 m3/y One type (98%) - 808.068 m3/y of tree Coppice (2 %) - 16.491 m3/y

Total

wood preparation between 8.600 and 9.400 m3/y, or about 1,45 % of total fire wood volume.

1.616.782 m3/y

1.2. Average annual gross waste wood volume quantity from wood industry

The planed quantity of trees cutting in Republic of Macedonia between 20022008 is from 792.178 to 930.000 m3/y. About (70-82) % of total gross volume is fire-wood and (18-30) % is technical wood. Waste wood gross volume from forest harvesting is about 10 % (80.00090.000 m3/y). Four types of tree are used for supplying of technical wood: beech (67 %), fir (8,49 %), pine-white (12,44 %) and pine-black (11,69 %). Fire-wood is supplied only from two types of tree: beech (54,4 %) and oak (44,7 %). Total waste wood volume from timber harvesting for 2006 is 81.559 m3/y (Figure 1.1).

Waste wood from wood industry (wood processing) can be group in 2 main groups: primary waste wood from: sawing, and panels production, secondary waste wood from: carpentry, furniture and polishing. Waste from wood sawing is produced during the process of logs sawing and production of: board and plank, beam, parquet and other product. The quantity of this waste is different and depends from many factors. According to variable technical wood cutting from year to year, the average gross volume quantity is between 140.000 and 150.000 m3/y, and waste wood from logs sawing is between 70.100 and 73.000 m3/y, or about (48-50) % of total technical wood volume. During the technical wood processsing in form of carpentry, furniture and other products, in wood industry is also created waste wood. The quantity of

1.1. Average annual gross waste wood volume quantity from firewood preparation During fire wood preparation (sawing, cutter, and storing) for household heating and cooking, waste wood is produced (in shape of: sawdust, chips, sha-vings, bark and other) which usually is throw on landfill or burn on open space. According to variable fire wood cutting from year to year, the average gross

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wood waste is different from one to other industry, and depends on dimension, type

and quality of logs, wood processing

Figure 1.4. Average annual: theoretical, technical and economical gross waste wood mass quantity production by source and type of trees in R. of Macedonia, (period 1997-2007), t/y Figure 1.4 gives data for: theoretical, equipment and the type of final product. technical and economical gross waste Average annual waste wood volume from wood mass quantity production, depentechnical wood processing in R. of Maceding on source and total waste wood donia is between 29.400 and 30.700 mass quantity in R. of Macedonia (1997m3/y. 2007), in t/y. 1.3. Total annual gross volume and 2.0. Waste biomass from agricultural mass of waste wood in R. of and animal husbandry in RM Macedonia Agriculture production results, betTotal waste wood volume from ween others, with regular production of timber harvesting and forest clearing, large quantities of waste. These are rewood preparation and processing is pre- sidues after harvesting the grains and sented in figure 1.2. Because for waste industrial cultures, brunches after regular wood energy contain assessment is ne- annual cutting of orchards and vineyards. cessary, first their gross mass is In animal husbandry, that is the manure determined. Figure 1.3 gives data for an- in rigid or liquid shape. nual theoretical waste wood gross mass Present habit is burring the waste by quantity in R. of Macedonia for 10 years plugging, burring at the site where they period (1997-2007). have been collected, to let them to decay, The theoretical waste wood gross or to use them for animal feeding. mass from deciduous trees is 76.660 t/y, This source of waste biomass can and it’s much more large (87 %) then be divided in the following groups: from coniferous 11.545 t/y (13 %) trees.

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− −

biomass from agriculture, biomass from livestock and poultry,

Biomass from agriculture is produced during the growing of:

Figure 2.1. Average yearly: theoretical, technical and economical gross waste wood mass quantity production by source and type of trees in R. of Macedonia, (period 1997-2007), t/y − grain plants (straw from: wheat, barley, oats, rye and other) maize (leaf, trunk and core), rice (straw and husks), − vegetable plants (bean, peas, potato, pepper, tomato, watermelon, cabbage, cucumber and other), − industrial plants (sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, cotton, tobacco, poppy and other), − fodder plants (clover, alfalfa, forage sugar beet and other), − fruit trees (apple, plum, pear, cherry, peach, sour cherry, walnut and other).

Waste biomass quantity from vegetable plants. The average theoretical quantities of dry waste biomass from vegetable plants (harvesting and processing) is between 125.000 and 135.000 t/y (average 129.566 t/y), while technical quantities is carrying out 110.295 t/y (about 85 % of theoretical potential). Economical potential is 67.020 t/y (about 60 % from technical potential). Waste biomass quantity from Industrial plants. Total theoretical quantities of waste biomass from industrial plants are carrying out between 22.000 and 31.300 t/y (average 26.920 t/y), while technical quantities is 21.770 t/y (about 81 % of theoretical potential). Economical potential is 13.833 t/y (63,5 % from technical potential).

2.1. Waste biomass quantity from agriculture by sources Waste biomass quantity from grain plants. Average technical waste biomass production from grain plant harvesting in R. of Macedonia for years 1997-2004 is carrying out 576.200 t/y (collection of about 90 %), while economical waste biomass production is carrying out 210.578 t/y (rest biomass is using like fodder and bedding material).

Waste biomass quantity from fodder cereals. The average theoretical quantity of dry waste biomass from fodder cereals (depending of the year), which is collected from sown area and preparing is between 140.000 and 145.500 t/y (ave-

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3.0. Solid communal waste in Republic of Macedonia

rage 143.592 t/y). The average quantity from fodder cereals preparation is between 13.100 and 15.000 t/y (average 13.683 t/y). The average yearly technical quantities is 17.765 t/y (about 12,4 % of theoretical potential). Economical potential is 7.254 t/y (40,8 % from technical potential).

The solid communal waste can be treated as energy source due to the fact that containing organic maters. That allows its burning with additional of small quantities of other fuels or even without

Waste biomass quantity from fruit trees and vineyard. The average theoretical quantity of dry waste biomass from logging fruit trees and vineyard is carrying out 176.594 t/y (from fruit trees 30010 t/y and from vineyard 146.584 t/y). The technical yearly quantities from logging trees and vineyard are carrying out 142.455 t/y (about 71 % of theoretical potential). Economical potential is carrying out 81.586 t/y (57,3 % from technical potential).

Figure 2.2. Average yearly livestock and poultry manure quantity by sources, respectively from stall and open area-total (period 1997-2004 in R. of Macedonia), t/y

Figure 2.1, gives data of average annual theoretical, technical and economical waste biomass quantity from agriculture for period of 8 years (1997-2004) in R. of Macedonia, in spite of the plant type (grain, vegetable, industrial, fodder, fruit and vineyard) (Source: Statistical Yearbook of the R. of Macedonia 2002 and 2005).

that. Quality of solid communal waste from organic point of view depends mainly on its composition. In developed European countries nearly 80 % of total waste is organic. Above 65 % of it is of biological origin (paper, plastic, food an animal wastes). In R. of Macedonia this presence is much lower due to the lower living standard of population. Solid communal waste can be classified (depending by source) as:

2.2. Waste biomass from livestock and poultry Waste manure from livestock and poultry, in case of stall rising оf: -

cattle (cow, calf, heifer, bulls and oxen) horses (colts, mares, geldings and other) pigs (porkers, sows, boars and other) sheep’s (lambs and other). poultry.

-

Figure 2.2, gives a data of average yearly livestock manure quantity by sources (from: cattle, sheep, pig and horse) and poultry for 8 years period (19972004) in R. of Macedonia (Source: Statistical Yearbook of the R. of Macedonia 2002 and 2005).

communal (households-urban and rural, trash from street and courts), commercial waste, industrial waste (waste from technological processes)

-

waste from construction and demolition of buildings, and

-

clinical waste

In order to enable organization of regular collection of communal waste under economically justified condition, it is proposed to organize 7 regional stores of waste (Figure 3.1), where to organize its treatment with modern technologies.

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-

For the estimation of quantities of communal waste in the listed regions, result of own and measurement of existing landfill have been used. It was accepted that in town 0,82 kg/day per person (300 kg/y) been is produced, 0,41 kg/day per person (150 kg/y) in villages and 0,14 kg/day per person (50 kg/y) in commercial units. For the estimation of economical po-

gas (biogas) state.

Principally three groups of technologies for biomass transformation can be applied, i.e.: -

-

thermo technical transformation (burning, gasification and methanol production), biochemical transformation (anaerobic transformation for biogas production and aerobic for ethanol production), and chemical transformation (biodisel and lubricant production).

Figure 3.1. Communal rigid solid waste in R. of Macedonia)- Collection regions tential, beside other factors, it is necessary to take into account that part of the waste can be recycled, i.e. returned back to the industrial technological processes, for production of new products or for production compost, i.e. organic manure. This is the reason why for the need of estimation of economical potential for energy production, two variants have been used, i.e. 25 % and 40 % recycling of paper and plastics. Figure 3.2 give a data about average annual theoretical, technical and economical available quantity of solid communal wastes by source and regions in Republic of Macedonia.

Figure 3.2. Average annual theoretical, technical and economical available quantity of solid communal waste by sources and regions in R. of Macedonia, in t/yr 4.1. Average annual available energy from waste wood in Republic of Macedonia Heat value of waste wood is determined in the base of dry mass (moisture contain between 15-20 %). Law heat value for dry waste wood mass from deciduous trees is accepted 18.250 kJ/kg, and for coniferous trees 19.300 kJ/kg. Figure 4.1 gives a data for: theoretical, technical and economical energy production from waste wood, depending from source and total energy in R. of Macedonia (1997-2007), in PJ/y. From figure 4.1, it can be seen that total economical energy production from waste wood from forests logging is 1,2216 PJ/y (deciduous 1,0325 PJ/y and coniferous 0,1891 PJ/y). From logs

4.0. Energy potential of waste biomass in Republic of Macedonia Biomass is organic matter which can be use as a source of energy in the form of: -

solid (residues, pellet, briquette, charcoal), liquid (ethanol, methanol, biodiesel), and

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4.2. Average annual available energy from agriculture and livestock/poultry in R. of Macedonia

sawing 0,454 PJ/y (deciduous 0,338 PJ/y and coniferous 0,116 PJ/yr) and technical wood processing plant 0,1633 PJ/y (deciduous 0,121 PJ/y and coniferous 0,0423 PJ/y).

The heat value (low) of biomass from agriculture in this project is determined for dry waste biomass (moisture

Figure 4.1. Average yearly: theoretical, technical and economical energy production from waste wood by source and type of trees in R. of Macedonia, (period 1997-2007), PJ/y and poultry (figure 4.2) is carrying out 18,93 PJ/y; technical energy production is carrying out 14,0845 PJ/y and economical energy production is carrying out about 6,4 PJ/y.

contain between 15-20 %). For transformation of waste manure from livestock and poultry, usually is using anaerobic fermentation of biomass. Final product of this process is biogas (mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and small quantity of NH3 and H2S). Average annual energy production (theoretical, technical and economical) from agriculture (grain plants, vegetable plants, industrial plants, fodder plants and from fruit trees and vineyard) and livestock (cattle, sheep, pig, horse) and poultry in R. of Macedonia: is presented in figure 4.2 (1997-2004). Average total annual theoretical energy production from waste biomass from agriculture and manure from livestock

4.3. Average annual available energy from solid communal waste in R. of Macedonia Figure 4.3 give a data about average annual theoretical, technical and economical energy production from solid communal wastes by source and quantity of recycling matters in Republic of Macedonia. Average total economical available energy from solid communal waste in R. of Macedonia in case of 25 % recycling of paper, plastic and rubber is 56,7 % of

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technical available energy potential. In case of 40 % recycling of paper, plastic and rubber it is 41,1 %. Average annual economical available energy potential from solid communal waste in R. of Macedonia in case of 25 % recycling of paper, plastic and rubber is 2,33 PJ/y, while in case of 40 % recycling of paper, plastic and rubber is 1,98 PJ/y.

PJ/y (61,12 %), or for the case of 40 % recycling it is 63 %. Second one is the solid communal waste with 2,33 PJ/y (20,14 %), than the wood waste with 1,22 PJ/y (10,55 %) and

Figure 4.3. Average annual theoretical, technical and economical available energy from solid communal waste in R. of Macedonia, in PJ/y

Figure 4.2. Average annual energy production (theoretical, technical and economical) from waste biomass from agriculture, livestock and poultry manure, by sources (period 1997-2004) in Republic of Macedonia, PJ/y

at the end energy potential of the waste from animal husbandry with 0,94 PJ/y (8,1) %. 6.0. References 1. Todorova, M., Mijovska, M.,Georgievska, L. & Nedanovska, L. “Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Macedonia”, 2005 Skopje 2005. 2. Todorova, M., Mijovska, M.,Georgievska, L. & Nedanovska, L. “Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Macedonia”, 2002 Skopje 2002. 3. Production and financial plan, JP Macedonian forests, Skopje 2006. 4. Annual Report, JP Macedonian forests, Skopje 2006. 5. Production and financial plan, JP Macedonian forests, Skopje 2008. 6. S. Armenski: “Bioenergy from waste wood from forests and industry”, West Balkan Project, 2005. 7. S. Armenski: “Biomass Energy”, book, Publisher "Alfa-94", 243 pp, Skopje, May 2009. 8. K. Popovski, S. Armenski, E. Popovska, S.Popovska-Vasilevska: “Biomass Energy in Macedonia”, Macedonian Geothermal Association, Skopje 2009.

4.4. Total average annual energy potential of waste biomass in R. of Macedonia Figure 4.4 gives data about average annual energy potential of waste biomass (theoretical, technical and economical) by source and quantity of recycling matters in Republic of Macedonia in PJ/y and Figure 4.5 in GWh/y. 5.0. Conclusions Estimations made for the theoretical, technical and economical energy potential of waste biomass in Republic of Macedonia (forestry, agriculture, animal husbandry and communal waste) enable to make also estimation of its summary and participation of different categories. From figure 4.4 it can be seen that the largest participation in the total economical energy potential of waste biomass in Republic of Macedonia is the one of agricultural waste. For the case of 25 % recycling of paper, plastics and rubber (from solid communal waste), it is 7,1

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2. BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCE IN OTHER BALKAN COUNTRIES

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ENERGY FROM BIOMASS IN ALBANIA Artan Leskoviku RES and EE, Albanian National Agency of Natural Resources ABSTRACT Biomass is currently a source for renewable energy in Albania. Increasing global prices for fossil fuels, concerns over energy security, and commitments to reduce CO2 emissions has increased the demand for biomass in the energy sector. Keywords: wood energy; bioenergy; biofuel; fossil fuels; wood products, sustainable harvest, outlook studies, renewable energy, green house gases, biomass, economical value, primary and secondary forest fuels. Introduction

The ecological function, economic function, social function at national and global level without causing damages to other ecosystems”. The strategy defines strategic purposes for the development of forest and pasture sector, with a view to developing new policies for the forest and pasture sector that include the production of bioenergy as one of the principal objectives of the strategy. Development that provides sustainability of natural resources, productivity and a high level of environment, providing economic development that can face the recent demands of population without any compromise with demands of future generations. Albania has a popularity density relatively low compared with other Mediterranean Countries. The total area is 28.7 thousand km2, of which less than 2 thousands km2 is occupied with lakes and rivers, while the agricultural activities occupy around 7 thousands km2. The cities and other urban infrastructure including ports, streets and railways occupy less than 1.5 thousands km2. In the upper alpine height over 1500 m are placed

Energy is the key theme for future world development. The energy demand worldwide is increasing rapidly, especially in the developing countries and transition countries. The great challenge now is to meet this energy demand in a sustainable manner without harming the environment. Without a sustainable reinforcement of the global energy supply system, sustainable development will not be possible. It is absolutely certain that without major changes in energy supply systems climate change will have significant impacts on human life. Summary of presentations In the priorities of Albania strategy it is emphasized that: “The sustainable management of natural resources of forests and pastures means well-governing and usage of these resources in a manner and a rhythm that preserve biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capability, vitality and their potential to fulfill nowadays and for the future.

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more than 90% of 18.7 thousand km2, while the least 11.0 thousand km2 are placed in the height less than 1000 m. The production of the agricultural products in our country is relatively low in comparison with other European countries, which means that the potential possibility of the use agricultural remnant is limited for the possibility to justify their economic use. The biomass potential in our country can be grouped in 4 main categories:

energy production includes firewood, branches, foliage and residues of timber processing. Firewood consumption is estimated to be around 2 million m3, much higher than the official statistics record. The difference is considered to be the result of illegal cutting. The potential for bioenergy production will be higher if we take also into account the timber provided from thinnings ( 35000 m3/year) and timber provided from artificial plantations with species of short cyclem of production, like willow, eucalyptus, poplar, acacia, tamarix. According to the Ministry of Agriculture’s statistics, Albania possesses about 403,651 ha bare land that could be used for short rotation plantations for energy production. Rough estimation: 400,000 families live in rural areas in Albania, their estimated annual average consumption is 5 m3, resulting in an estimated national consumption of 2’000’000 m3) The potential of energy derived from our forest resources is estimated as follows:

* Woods and woods remnant from different processes in wood industry; · Plants remnants (stem, seed) after their productive cycle end, which is not going to be use in other economy branches; · Energy plants (woods) which growth as fuel wood. · Animal’s remnants (fertilizer, bones, skin) not to be use in other economy branches; Forest Inventory carried out during years 2005-2007, the sustainable annual harvesting possibility is 1,152,000 m3. The annual potential of biomass for bio-

Table 1 Potential annual sustainable wood and biomass production from forests (2007) according to the last NFI

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different forms of vegetation. As result of the last National Forest Inventory carried out during the years 2005-2007 is drawn the current state of forest resources for Albanian Forest Fund: .

Albania has a forest and pasture area that cover about 52% of whole territory, but the state of the forest resources is not so good. The country is hilly and mountainous in character with Fig 1: Map of land use in Albania:

72

Table 2 Results of last NFI in Albania

domestic animals, as well as fro the fact that they are grouped in livestock farms. For this reason, they are scarce and they are presently used as organic fertilizer.

Energy evaluating of biomass that comes from wood is estimate seeing the possibility of their conversion in fuel wood, wood-wool and match-wood, crashed chaffs and canebrake and crashed briquette of wood-wool considering forest maintenance. Table 3 gives possible energy potential of forestry and their remnants. Pronouncedly that for the other biomass source is made approximation from scientific institutions because there are not used as energetic fuel. Energetic potential from agricultural remnants for 2007 was around 2300 GWh/year, while forecast of the urban remnants potential in biggest regions for 2020 will be approximate 1460 GWh/year. Calculations are made in statistics data from Ministry of Agriculture and INSTAT.

Energy from animal residues Dispersion is also the problem in the livestock breeding sector. The absence of modern units for intensive breeding renders collection of significant quantities of manure impossible. It is clear, as in agriculture, that there are higher priorities than biomass exploitation. The absence of environmental legislation and/or control eliminates an important factor for biomass utilisation. Energy from Solid and Urban Waste Utilisation of urban waste for energy production seems interesting only in Tirana area, mainly due to the concentration of population. The main barriers come from the minimal cost of the present methods for disposal and from the “ semi-urban” character of wastes (high percentage of organic matter that could not permit burning of waste without significant quantities of fuel). Landfill gas is an attractive option, but existence of well constructed landfill sites is a prerequisite and can not be considered important for the national energy balance.

Fuelwood Traditional use of biomass ( wood and dry manure burned in stoves ) was quite developed in Albania. The utilisation of fuelwood is well known in traditional fireplaces, firewood boilers, woodburning stoves and similar small heating systems. Energy from agro-residues With regard to the biomass from the agricultural plants, it can not be taken into account since these agricultural remains are being use as food or shelter for domestic animals during the winter period. While biomass produced by the livestock can not be taken into account due to the non-considerable number of

Conclusions about biomass energy usage in Albania In addition to the direct power and

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Table 3. Energy evaluating of biomass

Bole

Board remnants

Block head

Total

22165

4517

1011

4995

41487

442

1345

536

120

340

2783

000 m3/year

9241

23509

5052

1131

5335

44269

GWh/year

28

70

15

3

16

132

21103

4537

1012

4789

39362

63

14

3

14

117

Unit

Thin Brunch

Brunch

Perennial forests

000 m3/year

8799

Forests greenness

000 m3/year

Annual wood production Energy potential

Advantage potential for 000 7921 energy m3/year producing Advantage economic potential for GWh/year 24 energy production Origin: Agricultural University

Table 4: Biomass Energy Potential in Albania Partcipation in Albanian Energy balance

Technical energyHeat potential

Participation in energy balance Heat

GWh 263.63

% 1.069

GWh 234.45

% 0.951

GWh 70.34

Participation in energy balanceElectrici -ty % 1.066

1,521.08

6.170

979.81

3.975

293.94

4.454

1,316.78

168.05

0.682

142.90

0.580

42.87

0.650

207.49

585.25

2.374

521.65

2.116

156.50

2.371

701.47

62.34

0.253

57.10

0.232

17.13

0.260

76.72

1,576.38

6.395

1,276.12

5.177

382.84

5.801

1,446.64

4,176.72

16.943

3,212.03

13.030

580.77

14.600

4,064.19

Theoretical potential

Forest remnants Grain remnants Fruit-Tree remnants Animals remnants Oily plants remnants Urban remnants TOTAL

Resource: National Strategy of Energy

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Technical energy – Electricity

Probable economic potential for coming decade GWh 315.10

· Albania is around 3.9% of the annual energy consumption.

environmental benefits, biomass energy systems offer numerous other potential benefits that are very important especially for Albania. Some of the conclusions drawn by my presentation are: · Main source for electricity power production to Albania is by hydropower. · The electricity power covers 58% of domestic use energy sources. · Energy independence of Albania is 55% and rest part of energy demands our country fulfill by means of import. · Annual consumption of firewood is bigger than net annual growth (increment). · The potential contribution of biomass from forests to overall national energy consumption in

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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Forestry General Directory 2007: “Raporti final i Inventarizimit kombetar te Pyjeve ne Shqiperi”. Bulletin of Ministry of Agriculture 2008 Albania National Energy Strategy 2003-2015 Bulletin of Ministry of Environmental 2007 INSTAT 2007: “Vjetari statistikor 2003-2007”.

POTENTIALS AND UTILISATION OF BIOMASS ENERGY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Azrudin HUSIKA Mechanical Engineering Faculty Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

1.

Summary

The utilisation of the biomass energy is the global trend urged by the campaign against climate change that streamlines the technological development of the developed countries, increases employment and export, decreases dependence on fossil fuels, increases safety of energy supply, etc. At the same time, these are the typical goals of the national energy policies. The most important source of biomass in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) for energy production is the forest woody biomass (firewood and logging slash) and wood waste from the wood processing industry. The agricultural biomass residues have important energy potential in some parts of northern and northeastern Bosnia. In BiH the biomass energy has important role mainly when it comes to firewood for production of heat energy. Currently, the biomass in the form of firewood and wood coal is the increasingly used energy source in BiH, the average utilisation of which is estimated to be 1,464,400 ton per year. However, the level of efficiency of the energy conversion devices is quite low. In some parts of BiH, the share of biomass in heating of households is up to 60% (parts of Eastern Bosnia). According to the BiH Energy Sector Study, the average annual share of biomass in the total consumption of primary energy was about 4.2%. In theory, the available biomass may reach the share of nearly 14% of the total energy consumption. The utilisation of forest waste has been low so far; however, the pellet producers have become interested in higher utilisation of forest waste. The estimate is that the installed capacity of biomass boilers (wood waste, pellets and briquettes) in BiH in 2010 is about 100 MW. Keywords: biomass, potentials, barriers 2.

Introduction

According to the BiH constitution, responsibility for energy lies with the entities. Therefore, all strategy documents have been developed at the level of en-

tities. Thus, in 2008 the Federation BiH developed the Energy Sector development Strategy Paper, and Republic Srpska adopted the Energy Development

76

Strategy for 2010. Both of these strategy papers envisage more intensive utilisation of renewable energy sources, including biomass, but without any specific figures regarding the share of biomass in the total energy consumption. At the level of state, the BiH Energy Strategy has been developed. On the basis of available information, it provides the overview of the current status in the relevant field. Basic original energy sources in BiH are coal and hydro-energy. BiH imports natural gas and petrol. The structure of the primary energy is the following: coal 56%, hydro-energy 10%, liquid fuels 28% and natural gas 6%. As for the production of electrical energy, coefficient of the installed capacities of the thermo-power plants compared to hydro-power plants is 49:51 respectively, while the coefficient of production of electrical energy of these two sources is 75:25 respectively. The basic characteristic of the BiH energy sector is the low efficiency of utilisation of energy in the course of life cycle (from coal extraction or fuel import to conversion of energy into cash or comfortable living conditions). The consequence of this if a very intensive utilisation of energy in 1991. BiH had almost by 2,5 times higher consumption of energy per GDP than any other former Yugoslav republic (including Croatia and Macedonia). One of the reasons for the very intensive utilisation of energy in BiH at the time was that electrical energy was exported at low prices to other former Yugoslav republics. The consumption of electrical energy is an important indication of the living standard. In 2004, the average global consumption of energy was about 70 GJ per capita. In the developed countries it reached 236 GJ/per capita and in BiH it

was about 50 GJ/per capita, which is the clear indication that it was well below the average level. The consumption of electrical energy in BiH per capita is also below the global average and in 2000 it was 1.915 kWh/per capita; the global average was 2.343 kWh/per capita and the average of OECD countries was 8089 kWh/ per capita. This is another clear indication that some BiH citizens live below the poverty limit. The level of energy consumption in BiH before the war (1991) was about 73 GJ per capita, which exceeds the global average (around 69 GJ/per capita). One of the energy consumption efficiency indications in a country is the energy intenseness that makes the consumed energy and GDP coefficient. In 2000, an average of 10,14 GJ was consumed in order to acquire the USD 1.000 GDP at global level. In the same year, the developing countries consumed 22,57 GJ for USD 1.000, and BiH consumed 30,1 GJ to acquire the same level of revenue. This figure indicates that more than 20% of GDP is spent on energy sector in BiH with the existing level of energy intensiveness. Such a high share of energy sector in GDP clearly indicates that energy sector in BiH should be addressed in more detail [2]. Although the level of meeting the basic demands for energy is quite high in BiH, poor persons still have a restricted access. The majority of households in BiH are connected with the network of electrical energy supply but it is not that often a case with the natural gas or district heating systems. Persons with low income consume less in order to meet the elementary needs for energy. In addition, the use of firing wood is quite spread in BiH, especially in poor house-holds.

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According to the estimation for 2005, the share of households and com-mercial sector in BiH was 50%, of in-dustry 25%, and of transport 25% of total consumption of electrical energy. There-fore, the share of households and com-mercial sector in the consumption of el-ectrical energy is the highest one. Energy consumed by households and comercial sector is used (mostly) for heating (heat-ing and water treatment, cooking), light-ing as well as for electrical devices and equipment [4]. 3.

and other biomass sources as well as better utilisation of logging slash represent cheaper solution than making energy plantations [1]. The most important source of biomass in BiH for production of energy is the forest wood mass (firing wood and logging slash) and wood waste from the wood processing industry. Biomass residues from agricultural production have important energy potential in some parts of Northern and North-eastern Bosnia. Forests are the main natural resource in BiH that is one of the richest European countries when it comes to forestation and forest diversity compared to the total area of the country. As 15 to 25% of the soil is arable and covered with pastures, BiH has advantageous conditions for biomass utilisation. The Figure 3.1 presents the arrangement of forests and forest land in BiH, especially regarding the deciduous and coniferous forests and shrubs and bushes. The Figure demonstrates that the largest area is covered with deciduous forests), while about 10% of soil is bare (that is one fifth of the forest soil). Major part of shrubs and maquis are in the karstic Mediterranean area and are less utilisable for the production. Of total area covered with forest, 81,3% is state-owned, and 18,7% is private property. Almost 50% of soil BiH is covered with forest (about 2.7 million ha), and meadows and pastures constitute about 20%. About 14% of land is arable of which 5% make permanent crops which may result in advanced agriculture and forest management industry. The aforementioned indicates that biomass has a

Potential of biomass as a renewable energy source in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The potential of wood biomass is the forest wood („natural“ forests and energy plantations), biomass from the farming fields, and woody residue and waste mainly from the primary and secondary wood processing [1]. There are several distinct types of wood biomass according to the distinction based on natural, technical, economic, environmental and marked related potential [5]. Based on other criteria, there is a distinction between theoretical and effective potential. Theoretical potential represent biomass that can be produced from forests while effective potential depend on the forest management principles, biomass utilisation technologies, wood product market, socio economic position of the forest owner, etc. [1]. Theoretical potential of the annual global forest growth is estimated to be 110 x 109 TJ, which is by several hundred times more than the total global primary energy consumption. Some believe that improvement of the forest management

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Figure 3.1. Map of arrangement of forest area in Bosnia and Herzegovina [2] large potential as the renewable energy forests is 9 500 600 m3 or 6,1 m3/ha, and source. potential annual scope of cut is 7 451 450 3 3 The most important biomass source m or 4,75 m /ha [1]. The structure of for energy production is the forest wood products made of forest wood in BiH mass (firing wood, wood waste and wood 2003 is indicated in Table 3.1. industry waste and wood industry waste). Of total land area of 51.219 km2, the However, agricultural waste has impor- share of forests and forest covered areas 2 tant energy potential on the northern, is about 27.000 km (around 50% of total central and southern part of BiH. The land registered in 1960s and 1970s), total wood deposit in forests in BiH is 317 However, because of the uncontrolled 565 740 m3 or 203,6 m3/ha (62% deci- cutting, mines, forest fires, building of duous forests and 38% coniferous fo- tanks etc. in the last ten years, it is berests). The annual volume growth of BiH lieved that the area covered with forest

79

Table 3.1 Structure of processed wood products in Bosnia and Herzegovina for 2003 [1] Wood assortments

Conifers m

Broadleaved %

3

m

%

3

Veneer logs and logs for

22.384

1,20

35.372

1,62

Saw logs I, II, III classes

1.485.803

79,45

839.883

38,47

5.168

0,28

0

0,00

127.954

6,84

7.426

0,34

41.984

2,25

2.110

0,10

Pulpwood

175.905

9,41

21.598

0,99

Firewood

10.814

0,58

1.276.737

58,48

1.870.012

100,00

2.183.126

100,00

TT poles Round pit timber Other round wood

Total

can be concluded that the demand for forest products has increased, and the availability of forest area meeting the industry demands has decreased. It is important to note that the industry consisting of large and medium large saw mills and wood processing companies mainly uses old technologies [2]. Firing wood is especially important in villages and small municipalities that lack local district heating systems and makes up to 60% of total household heating in some parts of BiH. It is less important in large urban areas. Amount of wood biomass given in the Table 3.3. also approximately the same with the previous assessments. Literature figures [1] show that potential has been decreased and losses relate to cutting is about 18,55 PJ/a.

has become smaller. The aforementioned fact has been confirmed by the most recent satellite research (within the EU funded CORINE programme), showing that forests currently cover 40% of land in BiH (10% less than in 1970s). Also, it is important to emphasize that one part of BiH territory is mined (about 8%). The mined territory has become considerably smaller as the demining process advances, which is of key importance for the development of agriculture and forestry [2]. The forestry sector makes 10% of GDP, which is probably the percentage lower than the real share of this sector for the following two reasons: · Industries based on wood are mainly grouped in the production sectors, civil engineering and trade,

1.

· Most of the forest products are traded under the counter (grey economy)

The existing level of biomass energy utilisation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Biomass energy is important in Bosnia and Herzegovina mainly with respect to firing wood for the production of heating energy. Especially in the areas where the rural population lives as the rural population in all areas used biomass for heating and/or cooking. Biomass in

The share of wood export in the total BiH export is approximately 15%. It is further estimated that 15% of total population earn a living from forestry and related industry, which best indicates the importance of this sector. Generally, it

80

the form of firing wood and wood coal is currently the growing source of energy Table 3.2. Energy potential of forest biomass in BiH Firewood Total potential production m 3/a Potential annual energy production from wood biomass

Logging and wood processing residue

Total amount of wood biomass for energy

1.464.706 *

1.740.649

3.205.355

[toe]

314.306

242.417

556.723

[PJ]**

13,16* (31,13)***

10,15

23,31 (41,28)***

*illegal logging is not included ** 1 milion m3 solid wood = 7,19 PJ (40% m.c.); 1toe=41,87x10-6 PJ *** including estimation 3,46 million m3 of fuelwood (officially+unregistered logging) Data source: Petar M.Gvero, Ph.D.,M.Sc. Assistant Professor, 2007.

Table 3.3. Annual biomass potential in Bosnia and Herzegovina [2] Source of biomass Available Potential PJ) biomass 3 0,508 20.100.000 Biogas from farms (m ) Branch of fruit trees (t) Residues of cereals (t)

211.257 634.000

Residues of beans and oleaginous plants (t)

3.858

3

1.141.398

Saw logs residues (m )

1.464.706

3

Firewood (m ) 3

599.251

Forest residues (m )

0,739 8,876 0,038 7,524 13,181 2,621

33,485 24.154.470 energy is about 4,2%. In theory, the available biomass may reach the share of

Total in BiH, the average consumption of which is estimated to be 1.464.400 ton per year. However, the level of efficiency of the energy conversion devices is quite low. Biomass consumption in other sectors, including agriculture, trade and industry, unlike in households, is low. The firing wood is mainly important in rural areas and small urban districts with no access to district heating network. In some areas of BiH the share of biomass in household heating reaches up to 60% (Eastern Bosnia). According to the BiH Energy Sector Study, an average annual biomass share in the total consumption of primary

almost 14% in the total energy consumption (estimated to be about 1 million m3/year of non-utilized wood waste = heating for 130.000 houses) [2]. According to the available figures from the First National Report on Climate Change in BiH biomass makes about 9% of the total primary energy supply. There has been almost no utilization of forest waste so far. However, pellet producers have become interested in utilizing forest waste more. It is estimated that the installed biomass boiler capacity (wood waste, pellet and briquette) in BiH in 2010 is about 100 MW (Source:

81

Bioenergy doo Vitez). In recent few years there has been a trend of increasing biomass utilization (as wood waste) to produce energy. That primarily concerns the utilization of wood waste in the wood processing capacities for fulfilment of their heat energy needs (wood drying and space heating). That is the result of the availability of technology that may efficiently use of wet dust. Sawdust from the final wood processing phase is mainly sold to pellet/briquette producers. For the sake of illustration, all wood processing capacities visited by the author of this Article in the previous year (about 10 factories) have the installed sawdust-driven boilers which is sufficient for their need for heat energy, and the surplus of sawdust (wet and dry) is sold to pellet/briquette producers. There are only few biomass-driven cogeneration plants in BiH among the wood industry companies. As for the price

of energy in the plants driven by biomass, biogas and waste in the Regu-lation concerning the utilization of the renewable energy sources in the Federation BiH the purchase price has been defined for the production of generated elctrical energy from those plants. Republika Srpska also has the defined purchase prices for electrical energy from the biomass-driven plants. In light of that, there are several initiatives (projects in early development phase) for the construction of plants – heating stations (co-generation) in BiH of heat power between 6 and 30 MW. The first district heating station using exclusively wood waste was constructed in Gračanica and has power of 8 MW. The plan is to increase its ca-pacity by additional 6 MW. The overview of the on-going projects regarding the development of the district biomass –driven boiler stations is given in the Table 4.1.

Table 4.1. District boiler stations – biomass-driven plants in BiH in the project development phase location Existing source of energy Project Expected reduction of CO2 emission Bosanska Heavy fuel oil, 24 MW biomass, 6 MW 3.500 t/a Gradiska Prijedor Heavy fuel oil, 60 MW biomass, do 30 MW 15.500 t/a Gracanica Individual heating and Additional capacity 5.300 t/a biomass fuelled district in biomass, 6 MW heating Livno Individual heating Cogeneration on 50.000 t/a biomass, 5 MWel and 20 MWth use forest waste as an input material for pellet production (for example SwissEcopelet Zvornik). There are seven companies dealing with wood pellet production with the capacity ranging from 3.000 – 40.000 ton/a. Beside these com-

In recent years, pellet production in BiH increases rapidly. Sawdust from the wood processing industry is used as a raw material for pellet production. Lacking sawdust, some producers are made to

82

panies, there is a certain number of small-sized producers producing 1.000 2.000 t/a. Therefore, the total capacity is estimated to be about 150.000 ton/a, while the annual production is about 60.000 t/a. According to rough estimation, there is no considerable demand in the national market as only about 10-15% of

the produced pellet is sold in the territory of BiH, and the largest part is exported in the market of Italy, Slovenia and Austria. However, the demand in the national market grows. Therefore, the EU Pale company in 2009 promoted about 70% of products in the national market.

Table 4.2. Pellet producers in Bosnia and Herzegovina [3]

According to GTZ research in Bosnia and Herzegovina, potential briquette

production is estimated to 55.000 ton/a. Currently, 50.000 ton/a is produced.

Table 4.3. Briquette producers in Bosnia and Herzegovina [3] Name of a company

location

capacity

Interbriket

Banja Luka

(t/a) 10.000

ASA-tvrtka

Pale

10.000

Vitales

Ripač

10.000

Kiseljak

10.000

Tomislavgrad

10.000

Nikačević Brišnik

Other producers in Bosnia and Herzegovina have considerably lower capacity of 10.000 ton/a. Pallet and briquette prices in BiH and Europe are given in the Table 4.4.

Since the pellet and briquette producers have access to the European market, it can be expected that the prices will go up in the forthcoming period, thus reaching the European prices.

83

Table 4.4. Prices of briquettes and pallets in Bosnia and Herzegovina Briquettes Pellets EUR/t EUR/t Bosnia and Herzegovina 60 – 90 120 – 150 Europe 100 - 120 150 - 300

current average level of efficiency of boilers for certain boilers is taken. The prices of fuel do not include the storage and labour costs.

Table 4.5. provides the comparison of the price of energy contained in a certain fuel as well as the comparison of energy on the outlet of the boiler. The

Table 4.5. Comparison of prices of energy produced from various fuels in Bosnia and Herzegovina Cost of Ratio of Ratio Energy heat on costs of heat boiler energy on Energy Heating of efficiency costs of boilers outlet boiler outlet source Price value Cost KM/t

GJ/t

KM/GJ

%

KM/GJ

coal

100

15,0

6,67

1,00

75

0,09

1,00

firewood

100

15,5

6,45

0,97

70

0,09

1,04

briquete ss

150

18,0

8,33

1,25

85

0,10

1,10

pellets

270

18,5

14,59

2,19

90

0,16

1,82

mated to the price of energy from other fuels. In addition, pellet driven boilers have more advanced possibilities to adapt to the real heat need of a space compared to the external temperature. Judging the present prices of the above referenced fuels, it can be concluded that all fuels are competitive and that any option should be considered depending on each individual case.

The Table 4.5. indicates that the energy from coal is the cheapest energy (with the envisaged medium low heat power), while the energy from firing wood and briquette is more expensive by 4% and 10% respectively. The energy from pellet is considerably more expensive. However, if the labour force costs are taken into account as well as the fact that the pellet process is automatic, the price of pellet energy is considerably approxi-

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2.

Barriers to utilisation of biomass energy in BiH

Therefore, the higher cost of equipment for utilisation of biomass energy is one of the barriers for the increased biomass utilisation despite the considerably lower level of operative costs and quick investment return. The lack of biomass stock market is a big barrier to biomass utilisation. That is the reason why many investors, both biomass producers and biomass energy consumers, fear to invest. Some investors seek long-term biomass supply contracts as an instrument to overcome this barrier. Not taking into account external costs of utilisation of coal and other fossil fuels is also a barrier to biomass utilisation. Charging air pollutant emission fee will soon commence which will help overcome this measure significantly.

The issue of utilisation of renewable energy sources (including biomass) is not so much a matter of assessment of their natural potentials as it is a matter of a series of barriers to their utilisation (technical, economic, environmental, market related barriers...). There are countries and cases where the natural potentials of renewable energy sources are quite high, and that form of energy is not used because some of the barriers to their utilisation are strong. Despite the large natural potential in BiH for the production of energy from biomass, there is a series of interrelated barriers preventing the using of the available potential. The barriers are classified into several categories. There are six categories of the barriers presented in this Paper: economic, strategic, information related, public awareness and perception barriers, institutional and technical barriers. Only the economic barriers are analysed as the most important ones. There are no earmarked funds in BiH for financing the projects of utilisation of biomass energy. The European Commission, through international development banks through certain projects of financing of renewable energy sources, provides certain subsidies for the biomass projects (grants of 15 to 20%). In most of the cases, the projects of utilisation of biomass energy must be funded through commercial loans. The local financial resources are scarce and the list of priorities quite long (post-war reconstruction, food supply, etc.), which finally means that the tendency when deciding on investment is to minimise the investment costs and increase operative costs.

3.

Conclusion

BiH avails of considerable biomass potential. The most important source of biomass in BiH for energy production is forest wood mass (firing wood and forest waste) and wood waste from wood processing industry. The agricultural biomass residues have important energy potential in some parts of northern and North-Eastern Bosnia. According to some estimates, technical potential can cover about 14% of needs for primary energy. The utilisation of biomass energy has been growing in recent years, especially in the segment of pellet and briquette production. Majority of these products are exported; however, demand in the local market becomes higher. Further increase of biomass demand in the local market will depend on the addressing of the biomass issue in the national development strategy papers. Biomass issue is

85

(3) B. Glavonjic, Wood energy: definition, objectives and challenges in South East Europe, Wood Energy Congres, Klagenfurt, Austria, 3rd September, 2009 (4) Stategic plan and programme of development of energy sector in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ministry of energy, mining and industry of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2008 (5) Husika A., Proposal of complex potential of renewable energy in SEE”, International conference “Energy efficiency and environmental protection”, Zlatibor, Serbia, 2008

not addressed in the entity sectoral development strategy papers as it should be taking into account its potential. Literature (1) B. Jovanovic, S, Gurda, J. Music. M. Bajric, A. Lojo, S. Vojnikovic, A. Cabarevic, Forest biomass - Potential source of renewable energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, 2005 (2) Study of energy sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar – Croatia, Soluziona – Spain, Economy Institute Banja Luka – BiH, Mining Institite Tuzla – BiH, 2008

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BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCE IN BULGARIA Anna Aladjadjiyan, Nikolay Kakanakov, Aleksandar Zahariev National Biomass Association, Bulgaria www.bgbiom.org Abstract Last events in the field of energy supply have raised the role of Renewable Energy Sources in world scale. The use of biomass in Bulgaria is presently confined to heat production from residues. The production of biomass per capita is considered high. Present situation in biomass-for-energy potential in Bulgaria is shortly described. Assessments of the actual fuel biomass consumption are not enough reliable by now due to irregular statistics and only several assessment studies done until now, still not at a national level. Development and harmonization at European level of national strategy for sustainable use of biomass for energy is necessary. This paper aims to present recent changes in national energy concept The paper is realized in frames of CEUBIOM project. Key words: Biomass, Renewable energy sources, Harmonization, National strategy Introduction

with fossil fuels. Oil fields have been registered in Pleven’s district and on the cape Shabla, Varna’s district. Coal fields are situated near Lom, Sofia, Elhovo, along the river Maritza, near Burgas, Sliven, Bobovdol, etc. Natural gas has been found near the village Devetaki, Lovech‘s region and around the outfall of the river Kamchia. The research of slaty gas attracts different investors at the moment in northern Bulgaria. Last years a considerable part of Bulgarian land has been set aside. The land use as well as the climatic conditions in Bulgaria offer favorable conditions for biomass growing and its use for energy purposes. Bulgaria has considerable resource for biomass production [1]. The total area of Bulgaria counts 110,910 sq km, of which the land is 110,550 sq km and the water takes 360 sq km. Approximately 60% of the territory of Bulgaria (flat countries and hills) is occupied by arable

National Biomass Association (BgBiom) is partner in the project CEUBIOM. This project is financed in the frame of Seventh Framework Programme. The general aim of CEUBIOM project is to develop a harmonized method for assessment of biomass potential for bioenergy. The development of common policy in EU for substitution of fossil fuels with Renewable Energy Sources (RES) requires planning of electricity and heat production from biomass at Community’s level. Last task’s performance requires assessing available biomass–for-energy resources with acceptable accuracy. This task is one of the basic assignments of CEUBIOM project. Present Situation in Bulgaria At world’s level Bulgaria is not rich

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takes 12,370 sq km (1993 est.) About 6 % of the territory represents places intended for tourism and recreation. Towns and villages take about 3-4 % of the territory.

lands (Fig.1) and agricultural breeding: arable land - 43%; permanent crops - 2%; permanent pastures - 14%. The forestry takes the second place with about 30% of the territory. They occupy the mediumand high- mountain regions. Irrigated land 2%

14%

30%

44%

4%

6% Forestries

Towns and villages

Territory for tourism and recreation

Arable land

Permanent crops

Pastures

Fig.1 – Biomass resources in Bulgaria The diagram at Fig.1 shows that about 90 % of territory of Bulgaria is producing or is available to produce biomass, which makes a considerable resource. Our previous calculations showed [2], that the energy equivalent of crop and animal wastes and residues makes ap-

proximately 2 Mtoe per year, which equals to 90,5 PJ and represents about 22 % оf primary energy supply for 1996. Bulgaria’s biomass resource potential can be estimated also with the help of table 1, based on data from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [cited in 3]:

Table 1: Biomass Resource Potential by Sectors Biomass resource type

Total production

Production density

Total land area covered by

(avg. 2006-2007, km2)

(avg. 2006-2007, %)

Arable Land

30,925

28

Permanent Crops

2,005

2

Permanent Meadows and Pastures

18,450

17

Forest Area

37,000

33

Other Land

20,240

18

88

Inland Water

2,380

2

Primary crop production

(avg. 2006-2007, ton)

(ton /100 km2)

Total primary crops (rank among COO)

6,858,118 (18)

6,180 (14)

Wheat

2,846,246

25,642

Maize

950,353

8,562

Sunflower seed

880,509

7,933

Barley

483,027

4,352

Grapes

341,918

3,080

Potatoes

338,302

3,048

Tomatoes

173,079

1,559

Chilies and peppers, green

119,214

1,074

Watermelons

106,431

959

Cabbages and other brassica

86,831

782

Animal units, number

(avg. 2006-2007, number)

(number / 100 km2)

Cattle

625,034

5,631

Poultry

19,811,000

178,477

Pigs

977,824

8,809

Equivalent animal units

1,214,273

10,939

Annual round wood production

(2006-2007, m3)

(m3 / 100 km2)

Total

5,844,000

5,265

Fuel

2,705,500

2,437

Industrial

3,138,500

2,828

Wood-based panels

710,500

640

Annual industrial residues

(2006-2007, tons)

(tons / 100 km2)

Paper and paperboard

377,500

340

Recovered paper

80,000

72.1

Top 10 primary crops

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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National Strategy for the Use of Biomass for Energy Production

These data give the value 96.2 PJ/year for the total biomass potential, which includes three components: forest biomass - 44.4 PJ, agricultural biomass 48.2 PJ, and waste biomass from industry - 3.6 PJ. This represents about 16% of the primary energy supply for 2005.

The utilisation of the biomass energy potential in Bulgaria as well as future perspectives was developed in the National Long-Term Programme to Encourage the Use of Biomass for the Period 2008-2020 [4] and is presented on Table 2:

Table 2: Estimation of biomass energy potential for the period 2005-2020, ktoe Indicator

2005

2010

2015

2020

Gross domestic consumption

20 137

20 500

22 400

25 600

Final energy consumption

9 276

10 400

11 400

12 500

Gross domestic consumption of biomass

750

1 192

1 514

2 181

Share of gross domestic consumption

3,7%

5,8%

6,8%

8,5%

Final energy consumption of biomass

745

1 090

1 197

1 344

Share of final energy consumption

8,0%

10,5%

10,5%

10,7%

According to this document, in 2020 in case of full utilization of the biomass energy potential its share will reach 8,5% in gross domestic consumption. About 38 % of the biomass utilized in 2020 is expected to be used for the generation of electric and heat energy, which amounts to about 8,37 ktoe. From the above total quantity about 70% of the biomass will be used for the generation of heat energy, and respectively 30% - of electric energy.

The share of biomass in final energy use will reach 10,7%. The largest relative share will be that of households – 55, 8% followed by transport – 25,4% agriculture etc. The following figures show the final energy consumption of biomass by basic economic sectors for 2005 and 2020 (source: the National Long-Term Programme to Encourage the Use of Biomass for the Period 2008-2020).

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An earlier document, the National Long-Term Programme for Stimulation the Use of RES 2005-2015 [5], has developed scenario for the electric power generation from biomass till years 2010 and 2015 presented in the next Table 3.

As it can be seen from the figures, in 2020 the share of biomass use by households and industry is expected to decrease due to the implementation of more efficient biomass combustion technologies.

Table 3: Prognosis for the electric power generation from biomass till years 2010 and 2015 Produced electricity from biomass

Till 2010

Till 2015

GWh

ktoe

GWh

ktoe

418

36.0

849

73.0

No prognoses about heat production from biomass are available. National Legislative Framework

Harmonized Approaches for Biomass Assessment

Sustainability of the use of biomass for-energy production presumes developing of convenient legislation. Bulgarian Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels Act was adopted in June 2007 for diversifying energy supply, environmental protection, to set the terms for sustainable local and regional development, and to increase the capacity of SMEs and RES producers.It regulates the public relations aiming to promote the production and use of electrical, heating and/or cooling power generated from renewable and alternative energy sources, as well as the production and use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the transport sector. Bulgarian Energy Efficiency Act is the other Law concerning the use of Renewable energy sources. It has been adopted in 1999. Both regulatory laws have been critisizes and amended in the past years. Installation of RES for the generation of electricity with a capacity of up to 5 MW, or for thermal energy production, requires no license. Preferencial prices for buying green electricity from producers are previewed. Unfortunately it causes regular rising of electricity and fuels prices for consumers. No preferences are previewed for consumers of electricity and heat from RES.

Current situation in European Union concerning biomass potential assessment (not only for energy, but also for other purposes) is very heterogeneous. A large number of existing assessments vary considerably in terms of: the type of potential (theoretic, technical, sustainable, economic, ecologic); the type of assessed biomass (forest, forest residues, agriculture and agricultural residues, waste, etc.); time frame (including or excluding future projections); methodologies and approaches; basic data used; spatial dimension (area covered); frame conditions (basic conditions, assumptions). This situation makes difficult elaboration of common policy and planning, since the initial data and final estimations vary considerably. For any consolidated actions or political decisions, such a heterogeneous database is highly inadequate, because the credibility of obtained results is under question. Thus harmonization of the methods/work processes is rather important especially on a national/European level. It should include very clear

91

BIOM. Therefore the project focused exclusively on the development of a proposal for a spatially explicit methodology, providing a uniform ‘resource-focussed approach’ for the users. The requirements of national users have been identified through implementing and processing a number of interviews collected from countries participating in the project. The output based on the processing of questionnaires, has allowed the formulating of the following conclusions on users’ requirements: 1. Data should deliver all types of biomass potential for energy (including technical, economic, ecologic, etc.); 2. be annually updated; 3. be available at no cost; 4. be suitable for different purposes including policies and reporting, but also very specific ones like the asses-sment of new investments; 5. the accuracy should be near 100 %; 6. the biomass potential should be split into individual types of potential (crop types, wood types, sawmill product types, waste types); 7. the data should be available as a GIS or WEB-based continuous map at a scale of around 1:50.000 aggregable to municipalities and different NUTS levels; 8. the method to reach this goal should be of low complexity, so it can easily be implemented in existing institutions and it should allow fast processing.

guidelines on how each country should undertake the biomass potential assessment in terms of input data, biomass types considered, area covered and methods and assumptions used in order to create a database which is comparable throughout Europe. In this context CEUBIOM project aims to develop a harmonized method in the assessment of biomass potential for bioenergy, which should be well applicable and relatively easy to implement and in line with the assessed user requirements. On the basis of collected information and In the case of biomass-for-energy use it is necessary to assess biomass potential keeping in mind the quantities required for feed and food production. The common EC planning requires compatible data about agricultural biomassfor-energy potential. That means data from different countries-members of EC to be collected in the similar way. That is why it is necessary to harmonize the rules of data collection in the countries of EC. Harmonization of agricultural biomass-for-energy databases is essential. It should include very clear guidelines on how each country should undertake agricultural biomass potential assessment in terms of input data, biomass types considered, area covered and methods and assumptions used. Most of the countries in EU have published the methodology for collecting agricultural biomass information in their Statistical Year Books. The countries that declare they have synchronized their methodology with EU regulations on statistics include Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia and Spain. Recently the integration of remote sensing technique for distance assessment of biomass-for-energy became very attractive. As far as it gives a clear added value in terms of spatial information, it was included as a vital component of the method proposed by CEU-

Conclusion The development of RES, specifically biomass, requires good knowledge of biomass-for-energy potential. A consistent supply of high quality and low cost biomass is very important. The competition between different use of biomass – for food and feed against industrial use, should be precisely planned and controlled through statistical data collection.

92

Sustainability of agricultural biomass supply should be assessed and controlled. The conditions of its sustainable production and use must be explored and clearly formulated.

3.

References 4.

1. Aladjadjiyan A. - The potential of the Bulgarian Agriculture concerning the biomass supply for energy, Proceedings of the International Forum for Bioenergy in SouthEastern Europe, 25-26 April 2007, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp. 73-80. 2. Aladjadjian A. - Plant Residues as Renewable Energy Sources in

5.

6.

93

Bulgaria. In: Proc. VII- th National Bioenergy Conference, Sept. 15-20, 1996, Nashville, Tennessee, pp.816821. Phare project BG9307-03-01 “Technical and Economic Assessment of Bulgarian Renewable Energy Sources”. National Long-Term Programme to Encourage the Use of Biomass for the Period 2008-2020, Sofia, Ministry of Economy and Energy, 2008 National Long-Term Programme for Stimulation the Use of RES 20052015, Ministry of Economy, Energy and Tourism, Sofia, 2005 www.ceubiom.or

BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCES IN CROATIA J. Domac, V. Segon, T. Savic North-West Croatia Regional Energy Agency, Zagreb, Croatia Abstract: In the past biomass had never taken an important place in the energy policy of the Republic of Croatia. However, in the course of the last few years Croatian scientists and engineers have undertaken considerable research and developed different technologies for energy production from biomass. This paper deals with current state of the art of bioenergy in Croatia, the analysis of available resources in terms of potential, its past and expected further development, identified barriers, achieved results and further activities. Keywords: bioenergy, biomass resources, biomass energy potential, Croatia Introduction

and do not include information on heat capacity of small heating furnaces and hot water preparation in households. Heat generation from biomass includes the generation in industrial heating facilities and heat generation from fuelwood for heating and hot water preparation in households totalling 16 583 TJ in 2008. In the past, bioenergy (mostly in form of fuelwood) represented a very significant source of energy in Croatia (Fig. 1.1).

According to the Croatian National Energy Strategy, adopted in October 2009 by the Croatian Parliament, there is a significant energy potential for renewable energy sources exploitation in Croatia. For heating the best options include biomass, geothermal and solar radiation; while for electricity production the identified potentials consider small hydro, wind, biomass, geothermal and energy generated through photovoltaics. With approximately 48 percent of the total land area of the country covered with forests and well-developed agriculture and wood processing industry, biomass and woody residues as well as biogas and bio-fuels have a great potential as a source of renewable energy, especially in rural parts of country. In 2008, the total installed capacity of biomass was 513.5 MW and 4.59 MW for heat and electricity generation, respec-tively. The data on heat capacity of the heating plants using biomass refer to the biomass-fired industrial facilities

Overview of biomass potential andutilisation in Croatia The most important source of biomass for energy is wood from forestry and wood processing. Estimated quantities regarding wood residues amount to 1.8-1.9 million m3 solid (12.1 PJ), which are available for energy production, about half of which originates from the wood processing industry. Croatia qualifies among the European countries with a considerable expanse per capita (0.51 hectares per capita). According to the data from the Ministry of Regional Develop-

94

systematic utilisation of biomass as energy source due to potential introduction of advanced equipment and technology and to creation of wood market as an energy source. An appropriate category of forested timberland and woodland plays a crucial part in the process of obtaining woody biomass.

ment, Forestry and Water Management for 2008, the total forest and forest land area in Croatia amounts to 2 688 690 ha, with approximately 78 percent managed by the public company ‘Hrvatske šume’, Ltd. Zagreb, and a minor part (less than 20 percent) run by private proprietors and other institutions and companies. This may prove important for a forthcoming 45 PJ

Others

40

Wood waste 35

Fuel wood

30 25 20 15

Share in total energy supply 1965 24,8% 1970 14,1% 1975 11,2% 1980 7,6% 1985 6,2% 1990 5,6% 1995 4,2%

10 5 0 1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

Figure 1. Historic trends of bioenergy use in Croatia potential amount of biogas output has been calculated on the basis of the number of registered livestock as well as the average biogas yield per cattle unit both daily and annually. The actually exploitable part of the potential amount is estimated to be 20 percent of the total, due to a number of factors (dispersion of livestock, keeping small number of heads of cattle, keeping the cattle in the open), and it amounts to 2.0 PJ/year

About 800 thousand tones of biomass residues (energy potential of about 11.4 PJ/year) from agriculture are currently available, with wheat and corn being the major agricultural crops. Agricultural residues have a significant energy potential in both Eastern Croatia and coastal zone. Animal manure could deliver only a modest contribution to bioenergy in Croatia and cattle breeding has been on a steady decrease in the last years. A

Table 1. Total primary energy supply in Croatia for years 2006-2008 Energy source 2006 2007 Coal and Coke 31,61 33,74 Biomass 15,28 13,31 Liquid fuels 185,15 189,70 Natural gas 99,86 114,22 Hydro Power 58,18 42,21

95

2008 34,65 13,38 180,15 110,22 50,19

Electricity Renewables TOTAL

20,24 0,24 410,56

22,90 0,82 416,91

23,68 0,97 413,24

Figure 1.2 Primary energy consumption by source in Croatia in 2008. Figure 1.2. presents the shares of various energy sources in the total primary energy supply for 2008. The contributions of energy forms in the Croatian total primary energy supply in the period between 2006 and 2008 are given in Table 1.1. In 2008 the total primary energy supply in Croatia amounted to 413.24 PJ, which represents a decrease by 0.9 percent from the previous year. This decrease is the result of lower

consumption of liquid fuels and natural gas while the consumption of other energy forms increased. Heat and electricity production from renewable energy sources in Croatia are presented in Table 1.2. and 1.3. respectively for years 2006-2008. Table 1.4. provides data on installed capacities for heat and electricity generation from the renewable energy sources for 2008.

Table 1.2. Heat Production from renewable energy sources, in TJ Type of RES 2006 2007 Solar N/A 26.1 Biomass 14 767 13 380 Geothermal 558.52 562.81

2008 183 16 583 557.34

Table 1.3. Electricity production from renewable energy sources Type of RES 2006 2007 Solar (in MWh) 49.13 52.65 Wind (in GWh) 18.96 34.91 Biomass (in GWh) 6.0 7.02 Small hydro (in GWh) 109.57 83.0

2008 62.65 39.9 21.1 94.8

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National RES policy and role of bioenergy

energy sector that includes the following: Energy Law, Law on Electricity Market, Law on Oil and Oil Derivatives Market, Law on Gas Market and Law on Regulation of Energy Activities, Law on Production, Distribution and Supply of Thermal Energy and Law on Biofuels for Transport.

Energy legislation package and corresponding rules and regulations adopted by Croatian Parliament in July 2001, have opened the doors for increased use of renewable energy in Croatia. Legislative framework defines relationships within the

Table 1.4. Installed capacities for heat and electricity generation from renewable energy sources in 2008 Installed heat capacity Installed electrical power capacity Type of RES (MW) (MW) Solar 53.90 0.0773 Wind 0 17.15 Biomass 513.65 4.59 Small Hydro 0 31.02 Geothermal 113.90 0 TOTAL 681.45 52.84 Energy Law, as the fundamental do-cument, regulates the organisation and the institutions active in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources; further, energy resource management, energy sector development planning; competition principles; sale of energy materials and products; technology transfer; principles of investment handling, promotion and protection; obligations of energy organisations and institutions; energy supply safety principles; price formation principles; technical conditions and regulations; energy supply conditions; electric energy and gas tariff system; surveillance over the energy sector, etc. Energy Law, for the first time, precisely articulated the positive attitude of the Republic of Croatia toward renewable energy sources, thus representing a small but significant shift in view of a positive message to the investors interested. The key step, as regards the legislative treatment of RES, was also included in the Law on Electricity Market that established the legislative obligation of electric energy purchase generated from renewable energy sources. Law on Electricity prescribes: the obligation to take over the total

electricity produced from eligible producers, the obligation to submit the transmission system operator’s data to the market operator for the purpose of guarantee of origin of electricity, enter into contracts with all suppliers for the purpose of ensuring a minimum share of electricity produced from renewable energy sources and cogeneration. The Energy Law and Law on Electricity Market promote the utilisation of renewable energy sources, but the actual implementation is realised lately through the adoption of a package of five sublaws which regulate electricity production from renewable energy sources and cogeneration. The following is an overview of the five sublaws: · Tariff system for the production of electricity from renewable energy sources and cogeneration (pursuant to the Energy Law, Article 28), OG 33/07; · Regulation on the fee for the promotion of the electricity production from renewable energy sources and cogeneration (pursuant to the Energy Law, Article 28), OG 33/07; · Ordinance on the usage of renewable energy sources and cogeneration

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· Share of biofuels in transport 10%; · Share of renewable energy resources in electrical energy production 35%. Till 2010, goal is to consume 15 PJ energy from biomass and untill 2020 to increase this number to 26 PJ. In Croatia currently 13,43 PJ energy from biomass is consumed, with total instaled capacity of electrival power plants 2 MW. Total installed electrical power in biomass power plants in 2020 will reach 85 MW. In order to realize defined goals, Programme for Strategy Implementation with dinamics will be formulated in a four-year period. Table 2.1 below gives an overview of the implementation status of the Directive 2001/77/EC in the Contracting Parties.

(pursuant to the Energy Law, Article 14), OG 67/07; · Regulation on a minimum share of electricity produced from renewable energy sources and cogeneration in the electricity supply (pursuant to the Law on Electricity Market, Article 26), OG 33/07; and · Ordinance on the obtaining of the eligible electricity producer status (pursuant to the Law on Electricity Market, Article 8), OG 67/07. National energy strategy of the Republic of Croatia (OG 130/09), adopted on 16th of October 2009, defines following objectives concerning renewable energy use till 2020: · Share of renewable energy resources in final energy consumption 20%;

Table 2.1 Implementation status of the Directive 2001/77/EC in Croatia National Support Guarantee of Administrativ Grid system indicative schemes origin e procedures issues targets TSO/DSO National targets Authorisation obliged to set at 1.8% of Regulation procedures for Feed-in ensure partly in place, the total new RES tariffs for purchasing of full implementa- plants defined electricity various RES RES electricity tion expected in in accordance consumption for defined Rules on future 2007 and 5.8% with overall connection for 20101 legislation costs defined Table 2.2 Feed-in tariffs for electricity produced from RES in Croatia for 2007 RES type Size up to 1 MW Size greater than 1 MW Small hydro

9.20

Wind

8.53

5.60-9.20 (depending on produced electricity) 8.66

12.66-16 (depending on biomass type) 16.80

11.06-13.86 (depending on biomass type) 16.80

Biomass Geothermal

1

Data on national targets are presented as stated in the Regulation on a minimum share of electricity produced from renewable energy sources and cogeneration in the electricity supply, OG 33/07, which exclude large hydro power plants. No other official data regarding national targets for RES electricity are currently available.

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Biogas, liquid biofuels

4.80

4.80

Landfill gas

4.80

4.80

Wave, tidal

8.00

6.67

45.33 Solar pv 30 kW The Tariff system for the production of electricity from renewable energy sources and cogeneration, OG 33/07, defines the right of eligible electricity producers to the incentive price (in the form of feed-in tariffs) of electricity paid by the Market Operator for the supply of electricity produced from renewable energy sources and cogeneration. The Tariff system further defines the obligation of the Distribution System Operator and Transmission System Operator to ensure the purchasing of all electricity produced by eligible producers. Table 2.2 gives an overview of the various tariffs in €c for 2007, according to RES type and plant size.

As it can be seen in Table 2.3 below, Croatia has set a national indicative target on the share of biofuels within the total petrol and diesel fuels placed on their markets in line with the indicative targets specified in the Directive 2003/ 30/EC. It is important to mention that this target was actually included within the Regulation on the quality of biofuels (OG 141/2005), while the target corresponding to the Directive 2009/28/EC, i.e. share of 10% of biofuels in total fuel consumption within the transport sector by 2020 was included in the already mentioned National Energy Strategy of the Republic of Croatia.

Table 2.3 Implementation status of the Directive 2003/30/EC in Croatia Monitor the effect of the National indicative use of biofuels in diesel Public blends above 5% by nontargets information adapted vehicles Regulation partly in place, Measures will Set at 5.75% by 2010 needs to be completed be defined At the moment there is no special action plan exclusively focused on the promotion of bioenergy in Croatia, in the sense that biomass has not received any special treatment in comparison to other renewable energy sources, except for the slightly different feed-in tariffs for each RES. However, an important impetus to biomass utilisation for heat production is expected from the adoption of the legislative package regarding heat production from RES, which is expected in the near future. Specifically, the Law on the Production, Distribution and Supply of Heat (OG 42/05) defines that the Croatian Government shall adopt several sublaws regarding heat from renewables, which should define the national target, financial

Support measures Not defined

incentive mechanisms and all other aspects necessary for the stimulation and realisation of the target. Of all renewables, biomass is expected to play the main part in the total heat produced. Similarly, the Law on Biofuels for Transport (OG 65/09) defines the adoption of a package of sublaws which will define in detail all necessary pro-cedures in order to fulfill the national target of the share of biofuels of 10% in total fuels consumed in the transport sector by 2020. The importance of biomass as an energy source for Croatia especially considering its potentials for regional economic development in rural areas is further emphasized by the fact that a special

99

Working Group on Biomass was formed by two Croatian ministries, namely Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship and Ministry of Regional Development, Forestry and Water Management. The Working Group includes representatives from both ministries, the state company for forest management (Hrvatske Šume Ltd.), the Forest Extension Service as well as recognised national experts in the field of biomass and bioenergy. Regarding incentives and financial support for renewable energy sources projects in Croatia it is important to mention the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund Act, enacted in July 2003 by a special Law. The Fund is the financial institution in charge of funds for environmental protection, energy efficiency and RES projects, which includes assignment of soft loans, partial subsidies of investment costs, support to research and development, spreading of information and education, etc. The Fund is financed through the introduction of ecological fees and taxes following the principle the polluter pays, and a series of other compensations. Energy Market and the role of biomass fuels Presently, the market for renewable energy in Croatia is still in early stages of development, and consequently, the availability of financing options for such projects is quite limited. Progress has already been made in this area with the establishment of the Environment Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund mentioned above, and the Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development (HBOR) started a special loan lines for RES projects with favourable conditions. However, the problem still remains with commercial banks, which at the moment are generally not interested in financing RES projects. Education and promotion coupled with demonstration projects and acti-

vities are seen as crucial steps for overcoming this. Complicated and long procedure for licences issuing is one of the most common barriers to any kind of renewable project in Croatia, as the procedure for obtaining the necessary permits and licensing is rather extensive and time consuming. Croatia has achieved a good leved of legal alignment as regards the internal market for electricity, except for crossborder exchanges. The necessary legal framework is largely in place. However, real and full liberalisation of the electricity market including effective third party access as foreseen by 2008 still requires considerable efforts, and might prove difficult in practice under the envisaged market model. While Member States may choose different models to achieve the objectives of Directive 2003/54/EC, effecttive functional unbundling will need to be ensured. Croatia's chosen asset-ownership model with a separate market operator, although perhaps compatible with the acquis, is an unusual solution. Croatia needs to ensure that the framework for the allocation and use of cross-border transmission capacities is complete and in line with the requirements of the acquis. Electricity losses are considerably above the EU average and Croatia should take measures to tackle this issue. Croatia has achieved a good level of legal alignment as regards the internal market for gas. However, there is no effective wholesale market yet, and real and full liberalisation including effective third-party access still requires sustained efforts. Croatia needs to adopt adequate provisions on a number of issues such as gas storage, LNG terminal activities, third-party access rights, interruptible service obligations, and methodologies for capacity allocation and congestion management. The concession regime needs to be aligned with the acquis which, while allowing for tendering if necessary, treats authorisation as the standard procedure.

100

Small scale combustion of biomass is by far the most extensive application of bioenergy in Croatia and currently the majority of fuelwood is consumed within the household sector primarily for space heating. In areas where the gas grid does not reach, and where there is no district heating system, fuelwood is the main source of primary energy used for heating purposes. Most of this wood is cut from forests especially for energy purposes. Apart from heating, a substantial amount of wood is also used for cooking. Contrary to common practice in many other countries, in Croatia grills are predominantly fuelled by wood, instead of charcoal. Stated reasons for this are the low costs of fuelwood, specific food preparation methods, and tradition. According to data for 2008 fuelwood

contributes with approximately 4% to the total primary energy supply. However, apart from the estimated total consumption on the national level, reliable statistics on fuelwood consumption at municipality levels were not available. In order to fill this information gap, consumption estimates for the municipality level have been produced. The main data source used was the information available from the Central Bureau of Statistics which includes the number and surface of occupied dwellings that use wood as exclusive or primary fuel for space heating. The spatial distribution of fuelwood consumption per inhabitant for space heating, water heating and cooking in Croatian households is shown in Figure 3.16.

Figure 3.1 Fuelwood consumption per inhabitant by Croatian households Large scale production of bioenergy takes place in the industry exclusively. Many companies in the wood industry have a substantial heat demand, in specific sawmills and furniture factories. Most of them produce their own heat,

quite often from fossil fueled boiler systems but some also from their wood resources. A number of site visits to selected companies revealed that on average, boiler systems are old and worn down, and of outdated designs that would

101

not likely comply to any emission standards. The wood residues used for heat generation are usually only a part of the available amounts. It appeared that many companies have a willingness and ability to invest in modern heating equipment, since the age of the existing equipment results in frequent breakdowns of boiler systems. For companies producing heat using fossil fuels, a switch to biomass in an obvious choice. In specific cases, the potential savings on fuel are enormous and a biomass boiler system could be paid back in less then 3 years. In order to gather relevant and up to date information regarding biomass supply and demand in Croatia the application of the WISDOM (Woodfuel Integrated Supply/Demant Overview Mapping) methodology developed by FAO was applied for Croatia within the FAO project TCP/ CRO/3101 (A) Development of a sustainable charcoal industry. The applica-

tion includes gathering of data regarding the biomass supply from the forestry sector (including wood-processing Industries), and data on demand from the households and wood industry sector. Information regarding biomass heating plants within the wood-processing Industry was obtained through telephone surveys of all companies registred within the database of the Croatian Ministry of Regional Development, Forestry and Water Management. The collected data include relevant parameters (plant capacity, operating hours, wood consumption, etc) about 108 biomass heating plants. The total installed capacity of these heating plants amounts to 375.7 MW, whereas the estimated total wood consumption amounts to 1.227.938 m3/year. Figure 3.2 shows the distribution of industrial biomass heating plants in Croatia with five different categories regarding installed capacity.

Figure 3.2 Distribution of industrial biomass heating plants in Croatia Currently in Croatia there are only two biomass plants utilised for the heat-

ing of buildings in operation (in the cities of Gospic and Ogulin) and both are

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owned and operated by the state forest management company Hrvatske Sume Ltd. However, there are several projects aiming to the building of biomass district heating plants for cities and municipalities which are under implemenentation phase. At the moment there are no biomass CHP plants in Croatia in operation, however there are several projects in implementation within wood processing companies.

The biofuels sector in Croatia is rather underdeveloped. Total capacities for liquid biofuels in Croatia in 2009 amounted to 61 000 tons per year of biodiesel. In 2008 the quantities of biodiesel produced amounted to 3 481 t, out of which about half was placed on the domestic market. Approximately 16 percent of the total amount originated from collected waste cooking oil. Consequently, the achieved share of biofuels in total fuels consumed within the transport sector amounted to only 0.08 percent for 2008.

References

Final Report of EC ACCENT project (FP6-2002-INCO-WBC/SSA-3): Acceleration of the Cost-Competitive Biomass Use for Energy Purposes, 2006. Final Report on the Implementation of the Acquis on Renewables in the Energy Community Contracting Parties. Prepared by the Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar for the Energy Community Secretariat, 2008. Energy in Croatia 2008 – Annual Energy Report, published by the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship of the Croatian Government, December 2009 WISDOM CROATIA - Spatial woodfuel production and consumption analysis applying the Woodfuels Integrated Supply/Demand Overview Mapping (WISDOM) methodology, Report published by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation within the project TCP/CRO/3101 (A) Development of a sustainable charcoal industry in Croatia; J. Domac and M. Trossero (editors), 2009

DOMAC, J., JELAVIĆ, B. 2000. Bioenergy in Croatia - State of the Art and Future Prospectives. World Renewable Energy Congress VI / UNESCO, Brighton: 1262-1268. RISOVIC, S., DOMAC, J., KAJBA, D., SEGON, V., BOGDAN, S. 2004. Bioenergy in Croatia: How to Bridge the Gap Between Resource Potential and Implementation? 2nd World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, Rome: 2404-2407. MARTINOV, M., SCHOLZ, V., SKALJIC, S., MIHAILOV, N., DOMAC, J., ILEV, B., FARA, L., ROS, V. 2006. Prospects of wooden biomass production in Southeastern European agricultural areas. 34th International Symposium on Agricultural Engineering, Opatija: 97-111. Final Report of EC PRO-BIOBALKAN project (FP6-2002-INCO-WBC/SSA3): Promotion of Cost Competitive Biomass Technologies in the Western Balkan Countries, 2005-2006.

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BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCE IN SERBIA Dr Branko Glavonjic, Full Professor, Ljiljana Pajovic University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry Belgrade, Republic of Serbia ABSTRACT The paper presents research results of potentials and current usage of biomass in Serbia. Results include potentials by amount and energy value and overview of spatial distribution of agricultural and woody biomass in the Republic of Serbia is also presented. Separate part of the paper shows current situation of biomass potentials in forestry and wood processing with calculations of assortment structure and amounts. Important segment of researches referred to the current biomass policy and future measures which stimulate its usage for energy production. In that sense, the paper presents the most significant elements and measures from the Action Plan for Biomass of Serbia. Key words: biomass, potentials, energy, policy. 1.

INTRODUCTION

Despite the long tradition of using wood as energy-generating product (mostly for heating), fossil fuels are still used in Serbia, which are imported in large amounts and at high prices. In recent years, natural gas has increasingly started to replace wood, often with the assistance of international donation programs, which have at that ignored potentials that exist in wood as one of the cleanest and renewable energy sources, carbon neutral and available in needed amounts. District heating systems based on oil derivatives such as heavy fuel oil exist in many towns, many of which are in poor condition. There have been attempts to renew these systems as a part of various international donations, to extend their life and improve their efficiency, but few of them involved the change of fuel source, despite the fact that Serbia has

significant amounts of wood at disposal (Glavonjić B. 2008). Experience from developed countries shows that well organized and practically founded promotional activities have had mass market effects which resulted in sudden increase of woody biomass usage that lasts for many years, and according to forecasts this trend will continue in future as well. Therefore, today in these countries woody biomass has become one of highly present energy-generating products in total energy production and consumption. Thus, for example, participation of woody biomass in Finland in total energy production was 22% in the middle of 2007 (Kalle K. 2007). Analyses of the substitution of fossil fuels with wood are very complex. They include industrial, social, economic and cultural aspects as well as tradition and effects of price, technical and structural changes.

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2.

SCOPE, OBJECTIVE AND METHOD OF THE PAPER

Starting from the interdisciplinary role of wood as carbon accumulator, the material used for various purposes and renewable energy source, the main subject of this paper is woody biomass in Serbia. In that sense, potentials and available amounts of woody biomass in the sector of forestry, wood processing and woody biomass outside forests were researched. Objective of the paper was to determine technically available amounts of woody biomass which can be offered to the market for fuel production in Serbia. Pursuant to the defined objective of the paper, adequate methodology was used for analyses and calculation of woody biomass potentials. Data on the condition and characteristics of forest fund from the National Forest Inventory as well as data from forest industrial bases of certain forest estates were used for the analysis of potentials and possibilities of forest fund. Apart from this, data on annual allowable cut, size and structure of wood assortment production within forest estates in Serbia were used as well. For determining potentials and available amounts of woody biomass from the process of industrial wood processing, data on utilization percentages of industrial roundwood were used particulary for hardwood and softwood in sawmill and further phases of wood processing. Thereat the needs for heating and wood drying of the companies where woody biomass is generated were taken into consideration. Beside the calculation of woody biomass which appears in the form of wood residues, the calculation of fuelwood consumption in households in Serbia was also done by using national balances for the consumption of certain energy-generating products in Serbia, number of households, equipment of residential buildings with certain types of installations, foreseen amounts of energy needed for heating a single household

and thermal power of the most significant wood species present in Serbia at moisture content of 35%. 3.

ENERGY POLICY IN THE FUNCTION OF INCREASED BIOMASS USAGE IN SERBIA

Total annual energy consumption of primary energy in Serbia is about 15 Mten, with more than symbolic participation of energy from renewable sources of 1.5%. Energy obtained from fossil fuels has the highest participation in the consumption of primary energy in Serbia, among which energy obtained from coal is singled out as it participates with more than ½ in the total consumption (graph 1) (Kragić R. 2007).

Graph 1. Participation of different fuels in total primary energy consumption in 2007. (Mtoe, %) Strategy for Energetics Development of the Republic of Serbia until 2015, within Priorities of selective usage of renewable energy sources, highlights in particular that the Republic of Serbia has special advantages and needs for organized utilization of renewable energy sources. Technically usable energy potential of renewable energy sources in Serbia is very important and assessed at over 3.83 million toe annually (POSRES 2007).

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Starting from the abovementioned potentials, Government of the Republic of Serbia has set objectives for the production of electric power from renewable energy sources – to increase the participation of electric power produced from renewable energy sources by 2.2% by the end of 2012, observed in comparison with total consumption of electric power in 2007 and that the presence of biofuels and other fuels from renewable sources is at least 2.2% on the market compared to the total fuel consumption in transport calculated based on energy content. According to the Regulation on Amendments of the Regulation on Determining the Program for Implementing the Strategy of Energetics Development of the Republic of Serbia until 2015, for the period 2007-2012 the main objectives of the program regarding biomass in Serbia are the following: efficient usage of available resources for energy production, reduction of GHG emission, reduction of import dependence and creation of new jobs (Action Plan for Biomass of the Republic of Serbia, 2010). In the Strategy which sets industrial development of the Republic of Serbia in the period 2006-2012, selective usage of new and renewable energy sources was recognized as one of the priorities with the purpose to decelerate growth rate of energy-generating products import, reduce negative environmental impact and create additional activities for national industry and employment of local population, including the harmonization with the European Union practice and regulations in this area. National program for environment protection recognizes a big importance of the substitution of fossil fuels and nonrenewable energy sources with renewable ones for the purpose of preserving natural values, as well as the necessity of wider usage of renewable energy sources

for the purpose of reducing negative impact of energetics sector on environment. 4. BIOMASS POTENTIALS IN SERBIA As a country with large areas of cultivable agricultural land and land under forests, Serbia has a large potential for biomass production. Biomass participates with 63% in total potential of renewable energy source (graph 2). Forests cover 29.1% of the territory and about 55% of the territory is cultivable land. Beside residue from crop farming, there are big possibilities for dedicated cultivation of biomass which will not be competitive to food production.

Graph 2. Participation of certain sources in total potentials of renewable energy in Serbia (Stojadinović 2009) Technically usable annual energy potential of biomass in the Republic of Serbia is about 2.7 Mtoe. Energy potential of biomass from forestry and wood industry (wood logging and remains from wood produced during primary and/or industrial wood processing) is estimated at approximately 1.0 Mtoe, while about 1.7 Mtoe originates from agricultural biomass (agricultural waste and residue from crop farming, including liquid manure) (picture 1) (Action Plan for Biomass of Serbia 2010).

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Picture 1. Spatial distribution of forest and agricultural biomass in Serbia (according to Stojadinović 2009) The most perspective opportunities for using biomass in Serbia identified in the Action Plan for Biomass of the Republic of Serbia are as follows: heating of space in households and buildings by using biomass pellets or briquettes, co-combustion or full replacement of heavier oils for heating or coal as fuel in heating plants, production of electric power by using residues from agriculture and from wood and production of biofuels for transport. However, in order to maximally use potentials of renewable energy sources in

Serbia it is necessary to improve market conditions, among other issues. Having in mind the abovementioned, Government of the Republic of Serbia has adopted the Action Plan for Biomass in the middle of 2010 where a line of short-term measures are identified (by the end of 2012) as well as numerous measures and recommendations with long-term character. Adopted objectives for biomass utilization until 2012 are shown in table 1 and adopted incentive measures for the production of electric power are given in table 2.

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Table 1: Targets for biomass utilization in 2012 Electricity generation (toe) Biomass

Biogas

Total

4,000

10,660

14,660

Transport (toe) Biofuels and other renewable fuels

Total

58,390

58,390

Table 2: Feed-in tariffs for electricity generation in Serbia Biomass CHP

c€/kWh

Installation up to 500 kW

13.6

Installation between 500 kW and 5 MW Installation larger than 5 MW

13.845-0.489*P 11.4

Biogas Installation up to 200 kW Installation between 200 kW and 2 MW Installation larger than 2 MW *P – Installed capacity in MW

c€/kWh 16 16.444-2.222*P 12

Purchase price is guaranteed and fixed during the period of 12 years. The level of purchase price is set in such a manner to provide the return of the invested capital within 12 years, along with covering all operation costs which occur in the same period. Additional criterion for determining incentive tariffs is that internal rate of return is at least 14%, i.e. that it is not below this percentage. Target share of biofuels in transport up to 2.2% (calculated based on energy content) in 2012 will be realized through the introduction of the obligation regarding minimal volume content of biodiesel in diesel fuel.

Serbia for energy production (biomass from agriculture takes the first place). Current situation in forestry sector is characterized by measures for increasing areas under forests, completion of forest certification process and promotion of using wood as renewable energy source. Results of the national forest inventory which was completed in 2008 show that total area under forests in Serbia is 2.25 million ha, which is 29.1% of the total area of Serbia. Standing volume in Serbian forest fund (without Kosovo and Metohija) is 362.5 million m3 or 160.9 m3/ha, which is an increase of 127.5 million m3 compared to the registry from 1979 (235.0 million m3). This increase results from the increase of areas under forests, quality upgrade of stands as well as the application of new methodology and state-of-the-art methods of forest inventory which has been done in Serbia in the previous two years (Ministry of

5.

POTENTIALS OF WOODY BIOMASS IN SERBIA

Woody biomass (together from forestry and wood processing) is the second most important renewable source in

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Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia, 2008). Similar as the increase of standing volume, there was also an increase of annual increment in the period 19792007. In 2007, annual increment was 9.1 million m3 or 4.0 m3/ha. Compared to 1979, annual increment in 2007 was higher by about 3 million m3. Increase of annual increment is a result of the same factors described for standing volume. Concerning ownership, the participation of state owned forests is dominant. With the surface of 1.19 million ha, state forests participate with 53% in total areas under forests in Serbia. Forests in private ownership participate with 47%, which is 1.058 million ha (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia, 2007). After the completion of the national forest inventory, possible scope of logging on annual level was assessed. According to the stated assessment (Vasiljevic 2008) possible scope of logging in Serbian forests is 4.6 million m3/annually, out of which 2.4 million m3 in state forests and 2.2 million m3 in private forests. Participation of fuelwood and pulpwood ranges from 51-55% of the total amount of logged wood in state forests for several years back. Out of the total amount of logged wood in private forests 80% is assessed to be fuelwood (there are no accurate data so far). Due to the lack of more accurate data on available forest biomass resources as well as the condition and terms for its utilization, Forest Authority has started an initiative in the FAO organization to prepare a project on woody biomass utilization in Serbia. Results of the conducted researches in recent phases of project implementation show the following: For the calculation of the amount of wood residue in forestry sector, starting point was possible scope of logging by certain regions and forest managements as well as the percentage of wood residue occurring in logging and the produc-

tion of forest assortments in them. Percentages of wood residue for state forests are obtained from the Public Enterprises Serbiaforests and Vojvodinaforests by forest managements and they refer to 2008. Percentages of wood residue for private forests are also adopted in consultations with experts from the Public Enterprises Serbiaforests and Vojvodinaforests in charge of private forests sector, where these percentages are estimated based on forest condition, participation of technical and fuel wood in the structure of total production and recorded loggings in 2008. Adopted percentages of wood residue do not include roots but most frequent forms such as braches, twigs, tops, stumps, needles, Based on the conducted calculations, theoretical amount of 636 thousand m3 was reached (calculated at the moment and immediately after logging and forest assortment production). Since the stated amount of forest residue cannot be fully utilized (e.g. stumps), it is assessed that available amount of forest wood residue is about 572 thousand m3 annually; For observing the situation regarding amounts and consumption of wood residue from sawmill wood processing in Serbia, it was necessary to start from the available data on recorded logging and structure of produced forest assortments, their foreign trade and consumption. In that sense, for the purpose of analyses in this paper, the year of 2008 was selected as reference year because 2009 was extremely unfavorable for most wood processing companies in Serbia due to the effects of global economic crisis. In 2008, total consumption of Industrial and technical wood in Serbia was 1.8 million m3. Taking into consideration the stated amounts of industrial and technical roundwood used in wood processing in Serbia in 2008 as well as average utilization percentages and participation structure of large and small residue in

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sawmill wood processing, total amount of woody biomass which can be assigned to wood fuels production is 627 thousand m3 annually. The stated amount was reached by taking into consideration the following elements: According to the conducted researches among leading wood processors in Serbia, about 30% of the total amount of wood residue is currently used for own needs (heating of space and wood drying) while the rest is sold on the market; In small sawmills wood residue is almost fully sold on the market since they do not have the capacities for drying sawn timber; Biggest buyers of wood residue from sawmill wood processing in Serbia are producers of wood-based panels and

pellet producers, and smaller portion is purchased by households for heating (situation in the middle of 2010); Beside woody biomass from forestry and industrial wood processing, when balancing woody biomass, fuel wood as energy-generating product in particular should be taken into consideration as well as wood residues outside forests and municipal waste (old furniture, palettes and other wood products). At this moment there are no assessments on the amount of woody biomass in the form of municipal waste, therefore table 3 gives collective values of amounts and structure of woody biomass from forestry (including fuelwood), industrial wood processsing and wood residue occurring outside forests in Serbia.

Table 3. Possible woody biomass for energetics from the forest fund including the residue from wood processing industry in Serbia TITLE

m3

%

Firewood (8.002.548 stacked m × 0,69)

5 521 758

80.7

Forest residue

572 000

8.4

Wood processing industry residue

627 200

9.2

Wood from trees outside the forest

120 000

1.7

TOTAL

6 840 958

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Data from table 3 clearly show that there are significant potentials of woody biomass in Serbia both in the form of fuelwood and in the form of wood residue. At this moment, fuelwood is fully used for heating in households and woody biomass from wood processing is used for the production of wood pellets, briquettes and wood-based panels. Due to the factories for wood pellet production as well as the two factories for particleboard production, demand for woody biomass from wood processing is big so that most amounts of woody biomass

from wood processing are fully utilized. Unlike wood processing, biomass which occurs as wood residue in forestry is not used yet; it remains and rots in forests. There are numerous reasons because of which it is not used yet and relatively high prices in pricelists of public enterprises for forest management stand out, as well as the lack of interest of companies that perform logging services and wood assortment production for collecting and processing wood residue and no market, i.e. public and private heating systems utilizing wood chips.

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6. CONCLUSIONS Results of the conducted analyses clearly show that potentials of biomass in Serbia are significant both by amount and energy value. Certain amounts of biomass, especially woody biomass, are significantly used but there are large amounts which are not used due to numerous reasons. Assessments of certain experts are still used in the calculations of available amounts because unique methodological concept is not developed or applied yet for monitoring availability and woody biomass utilization based on internationally accepted rules and standards. Definition of the stated methodology is of great importance for future monitoring of activities in this area as well as for defining long-term objectives and measures for increased biomass utilization as renewable energy source in Serbia. Methodology for monitoring potentials and utilization of woody biomass will be defined through the implementation of FAO project while the definition of methodology for agricultural biomass is still uncertain.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Literature: 1.

Biomass Action Plan for The Republic of Serbia 2010 - 2012, Ministry of Energy and Mining of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia 2. Glavonjić B. 2009. Definition, Objectives, Challenges in South-East Europe, Workshop: Policy options

8.

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for wood energy, 17-20, November 2009, Cavtat, Croatia Glavonjić B. 2008. Tržište energije na bazi drveta u Srbiji – aktuelno stanje i perspektive razvoja, Konferencija: Drvna biomasa – izbor Srbije za XXI vek, Beograd, 02-03. Decembar 2008.g. str.38-46, Beograd, Serbia Kragić R. 2007. NOVI I OBNOVLJIVI IZVORI ENERGIJE U SRBIJI, seminar: Strategija održivog razvoja Sremskih Karlovaca, Sremski Karlovci POSRES (PROGRAM OSTVARIVANJA STRATEGIJE RAZVOJA ENERGETIKE REPUBLIKE SRBIJE DO 2015. GODINE ZA PERIOD OD 2007. DO 2012. GODINE), Ministarstvo energetike i rudarstva Republike Srbije, Beograd, 2007. Stojadinović D. 2009. Perspectives for Renewable Energy of Serbia. Round table. Utrecht .The Netherlands Strategija razvoja energetike Republike Srbije do 2015. godine. 2005. Službeni glasnik RS broj 44/05, Beograd, Srbija Strateški okvir za korisćenje drvne biomase u Srbiji. 2007 Ministartsvo poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede RS, Uprava za šume, Beograd. Interni podaci kompanija za preradu drveta u Srbiji

POTENTIAL OF WOOD BIOMASS IN SLOVENIA MSc Jure Leben, Bojan Pogorevc

SUMMARY More than 58,5 % of all area we have under the forest. Wood stock in Slovenia grew rapidly in the last years. In back days the stock was between 150 to 180 cubic meters per hectare, now it is more than 300 cubic meters per hectare. The biggest problem in Slovenian forests is that have more and more old trees. Do not cut enough (66%). We have a lot owners (more than 300 t.), with very small property (average 2,7 ha per owner). During this we don’t cut a lot, special in private forest (74%). The problem is to lose economic value in the forest. We do not have quality trees for industrial use; instead we have old forests with old trees. For better understanding of benefits of wood biomass we should prepare special oriented educational training programs. Keywords: Wood biomass, heating systems, energy potential in public sector In Slovenia we have beautiful forests but it is necessary to change some things in management if we would like to have from forest bigger economical benefit than we have now. More than 58,5 % of all area we have under the forest. Wood stock in Slovenia grew rapidly in the last years. In back days the stock was between 150 to 180 cubic meters per hectare, now it is more than 300 cubic meters per hectare. The biggest problem in Slovenian forests is that have more and more old trees. Do not cut enough (66%). We have a lot owners (more than 300 t.), with very small property (average 2,7 ha per owner). During this we don’t cut a lot, special in private forest (74%). The problem is to lose economic value in the forest. We do not have quality trees for industrial use; instead we have old forests with old trees. Below we can see forest stock in Slovenia. Moreover, in Slovenia will be produced in 2010 300.000 cubic meters of

high quality logs. In majority it will be transported and sold to Austria. The biggest advantage of selling logs in Austria is regular and on time payment which Slovenian industry is not capable to do. On top of this, Slovenian technology for manufacturing of logs is very old because of very little investments in new saw capabilities in the last 20 years. In the table below we can see the potential capacity for cutting of wood in Slovenian forests in the period between 1996 and 2009 in cubic meters. Wood biomass was and still is an important source of energy for rural population in Slovenia. According to official data more than 30 % of Slovenian households are using wood or wood waste for heating. Beside small users there are 78 medium size wood biomass heating installations in industry and few biomass district heating systems.

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Source: Slovenian forest service

Source: Delo

Because of the similar problems before 2000 and dependency on imported energy, Government of Slovenia developed a program for use of wood biomass in Slovenia for the period from 2001 to 2010. One of the important results of this program would be, that with its implementation the share of renewable sour-

ces of energy in primary energy would rise for 1,8 % and the emissions of CO2 would lower for 1,6 %. (Program for use of wood biomass). Objectives of the program are to construct: ·

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50 new biomass district heating sys-

tems · 100 new biomass systems in industry · 5.000 small biomass heating systems The main goals of this program are to enlarge the share of renewable sources in primary energy consumption and to reduce CO2 emissions. Furthermore, aim of the program is to contribute to sustainable development of forests and to influence on rural development and use of all potential. Expected benefits of the program are: · · ·

Fossil fuel savings (20 milli. € / year), Increased added value in the region (337 milli. € / year), reduction of CO2 emissions (320.000 t CO2 / year)

· ·

job creation in rural regions (7.818 man year). Increased use of wood biomass 38.7 %.

FORESTS IN SLOVENIA The growing stock of Slovenian forests amounts to 300,000,000 cubic meters or 257 cubic meters per hectare. The share of growing stock of coniferous trees is 47.4 %, of deciduous trees 52.6 %. In Slovenian forests there is an annual increment of 7,985,000 cubic meters of wood or 6.74 cubic meters per hectare (Slovenian forest service). Yearly cut in Slovenia is at around 3.374.191 million cubic meters of trees. Below is presented a table with figures showing yearly cut in Slovenian forests from 1991 to 2009.

Source: Delo

In Slovenia we produce 450.000 ton of dry wood biomass per year. Regular forest management (thinning, etc.) is necessary for use of greater potential. If we execute better management, we can produce more wood for energy use. At the moment most of this wood is still remaining unused in the forest which is bad for economy. On top of this, we have also great potential in wood processing industry with 360.000 tons of waste wood

that can also be used for production of energy. Some of this material is used at the moment directly at the industry premises for industrial heat or directly by the forest owners. POTENTIAL IN EDUCATION AND HEALTH SECTOR In Slovenia we can lower emission while producing electricity and heat by 2/3 if we switch to wood biomass. With

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combination to solar, hydro or geothermal energy can be this figure much higher. Heating systems on biomass is existing and working technology. We have in Slovenia bigger systems such as Ljubljana and smaller ones in the valley Logarska dolina. Biomass systems have low level of CO2 per unit of energy when using cogeneration for heat and electricity. This field offers in Slovenia great potential for innovations, development and new employment opportunity. The biggest challenges are in organization of all system and not in economics of the project. Awareness of citizens on the field of climate protection is

great; therefore usage of heat from the systems can be assured. Bigger energy companies such as Petrol already identified the opportunity and started to invest in biomass heating systems. A lot of work will need to be done in constant supply of wood biomass from the forest to end users. Below we can see the forest coverage and the owner structure. A lot of forest coverage is in private hands and until the government does not start to encourage private owners do exploit the forest potential, Slovenian forest will stay untouched. Table below shows owner structure in Slovenian forests.

Source: Delo

Slovenia has a great potential in education and health sector to make heating more efficient with wood biomass systems. Education and health sector together account for about 4 to 5 million square meters of buildings. Suppose the energy consumption for

heating is 200kWh for every square meter, which is the same as for households. We can also assume that bigger buildings on the one hand have relatively small losses due to size, but also they have less careful management of indoor temperatures.

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At the same time let’s say that 300g of CO2 for each kWh of thermal energy is produced. Heating whole area of educational and health institutions, therefore, lead us to 270 thousand tones of CO2 emissions. Emission savings with the use of wood biomass would then be around the same size, given the optimization of processes in the field of forestry, processing and production of biomass. The average energy estimated number for heating of school facilities is 160 kWh/m2a and for electricity consumption 30 kWh/m2a. With an anticipated savings of 15%, resulting from organizational and awareness-raising measures, we can estimate the energy savings potential of schools: · An annual savings in heating: 106 GWh, which represents 32,000 tones of CO2 · An annual saving in electricity consumption: 20 GWh, which means 13,000 tons of CO2. The total annual energy savings would therefore amount to 126 GWh, which would reduce total CO2 emissions by 45 thousand tons. That means costsaving energy for heating per year € 6.5 million savings in electricity use and € 2 million a year, a total of 8.5 million €. The estimated annual cost savings represent approximately 20% of energy savings in public facilities that provide sustainable energy development program (621 GWh per year). Total final energy use in the public sector is approximately 1,850 GWh per year. CONCLUSIONS Slovenia is country with a lot of forests capital and unused wood biomass potentials. In the past wood biomass was an important source of energy for rural population. The situation has changed in last 30 years when oil became very cheap and oil stoves became available for low costs. The importance of wood

biomass as an energy source has grown in last 5 years in connection with lowering CO2 emissions and energy independency. Today in 2010 we can say that wood biomass is becoming popular again among people. There is still a lot of insecurity about new technologies. The main reasons for this situation are insufficient information, lack of knowledge and unclear governmental policy. To overcome this problem we need to transfer information to target groups and create an action plan including the following fields: • • • • • • • •

Establishment of unitary government office for wood processing sector To develop wood processing centers Guaranty scheme for purchase of winter wood Communication of wood and education Innovation research institute Promotion of wood biomass Broaden mandate and activities of Slovenian forest service Establishment of public company for heating systems and supply of energy wood biomass.

Target groups can be divided in four categories: · · · ·

urban population rural population forest owners policy makers

For better understanding of benefits of wood biomass we should prepare special oriented educational training programs. The purpose of such training for forest owners is transfer of knowledge on: · · ·

The potentials of wood biomass Various technologies for the preparation of wood biomass and its use Economy of various technologies

To get better understanding of benefits of wood biomass we should launch a larger campaign for all target groups.

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References: Programme of use of wood biomass in Slovenia (2000) Proposal to the governoment., Ministry of the environment and spatial planning

Resolution on Efficient Energy Supply and Use in Slovenia (1996). Ministry of economic affairs Yearly working programe (2009). Slovenian forest service

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3. OTHER RES IN MACEDONIA

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STATE OF SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATION IN MACEDONIA Ass.prof.Sanja Popovska-Vasilevska St.Kliment Ohridski University, Faculty of Technical Sciences-Bitola ABSTRACT Macedonia has excellent geographical and climate conditions for solar energy utilization. Despite that, the solar energy application is at minimal level. The reasons are multiple having political, economic, educational, awareness background. Solar thermal systems are mostly used for sanitary warm water preparation, while the PV systems are at the very beginning phase. The paper gives general overview of the current situation with the solar energy application and related legal and regulatory treatment in Macedonia. Keywords: solar energy, state of application, Macedonia INTRODUCTION Sun is a symbol of Macedonian territory. Since the ancient history it is prevalent as a mark which can be found on monuments, scripts, epitaphs etc., whereas in the recent times it is a part from the state back and flag. Consequently, sun’s meaning and role have been respected since ancient times. Macedonia has on disposal a rich solar irradiation and many solar days (more than 260). The greatest application is observed in passive form as in: agriculture (e.g. cultivation of grape cultures with distinguished quality due to the prolonged insolation), greenhouse production (solar light and heating during the day – greenhouse effect), tourism – solar baths (Ohrid-Prespa region, Dojran, etc.). Sad to say, but in Macedonia the sun has weak appli-cation as energy resource. Solar en-ergy is even not mentioned in the en-ergy balance of the republic, since the participation is less than 0,001%. In the time of ex-Yugo-

slavia, in Macedonia there has been production of solar thermal collectors and compo-nents. Also, there are lot of installed systems from that period, mainly for hotels and hotel complexes. Pity, after the republic has became independent, all such activities are terminated and greater part of the existing systems are either abounded or out of operation. Due to the bad economy situation in the country in the so called transition period (still in flow), as also unreal price of the electricity, there is no interest for solar energy (for other RES, too). However, the business sector, having access to the foreign knowledge and experience on RES and their social-economic importance, makes the initial steps and efforts for solar market penetration. But, the list of limitations is long and still they inhibit the wider application of solar thermal energy. During the last 30 years we are witnessing the rapid growth of solar energy application in many countries, but most distinctive are the examples from China, Greece, Austria, Germany, and

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recently France and Spain. Maybe the solar application in Greece and Spain is nothing to wonder due to the favorable climate conditions, but the rapid growth in Germany and Austria is really interesting. Obviously the climate predispositions are not the only factor, whereas the status in Macedonia indicates that it is not even important. The leading countries in solar energy application have proven and yet they are demonstrating that rapid economical and energy feasible growth is possible, accompanied with great social benefits, when public support is ensured with longterm and continual positive policy. 1.

Availability of solar energy in Macedonia Figure 1 is the global solar irradiation map of Europe, where beside the average annual global solar intensity irradiation in [kWh/m2], also the geographical location of the country can be observed. Figure 2 is depicted from the previous map where Macedonia is shown with enlarged dimensions. Daily annual average of solar irradiation in Macedonia is in the range between 3,4 kWh/m2 in the northern part (Skopje) and 4,2 kWh/m2 in the south-western part (Bitola). Therefore, the total annual solar irradiation is between 1250 kWh/m2 and 1530 kWh/m2, i.e. in average it is 1385 kWh/m2 (figure 9). [1] Beside the advantageous irradiation position, there are more than 260 clear sunny days during one year in Macedonia. This characteristic offers the possibility of all year round utilization of the available solar energy.

hotel complexes. Recently, few individual combined solar systems for space heating and sanitary warm water have been installed. Swimming pool heating with solar energy is not a practice in Macedonia (neither swimming pools are heated out of the heating season), either there are few such examples. Total installed capacity in operation for production of thermal energy (flat plate and evacuated collectors) is 13.5 MW th (fig.3) or 6.6 kWth per 1000 inhabitants (fig.4). [7] Concerning power production with solar energy, presently there is three formally grid connected photovoltaic plants benefiting from the feed-in tariff. The installed capacity is accordingly 10.2 kW (Sieto 1 in Skopje), 49.72 kW (Petro M in Skopje – Ilinden) and 49.72 (Geo-link group in Skopje), or in total 109,4 kW. There is great interest for investments in such power plants (with larger capacity), but the process of provision of all necessary licenses and documents is very slow. Beside this, the maximal possible total capacity which can be installed and con-nected to the grid is limited to 10 MW. Despite the advantageous geographical position and climate offering great energy potential, in Macedonia the solar energy application is at minimal level. The reasons for this situation are mul-tiple, and some of them are:

2.

Solar energy application in Macedonia In Macedonia, solar thermal energy is mainly used for sanitary warm water preparation, with simple thermo-siphon or pumping system. In the tourist places such as are Ohrid, Struga, Dojran – where swimming possibilities exist, there are also larger solar systems for sanitary warm water installed on the hotels and

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§ ignorant attitude concerning RES from the state policy for a long-time, especially concerning the heat production § for years backwards unreal price of the electricity § low economy standard § lack of public and politic awareness § lack of legislation which will offer longyear support, strategic determi-nation and dedication § lack of permanent financial support and implementation mechanisms § lack of legislation – regulations and mechanisms for quality maintenance and control of the installed solar systems

§ lack of mechanisms to register the installed capacities and their operativeness § unprofessional designing and installlation of the solar systems

§ unaesthetic integration of the systems in the buildings § not established good business practice for guaranties, regular maintenance and service, etc.

Figure 1 Global solar irradiation map of Europe [kWh/m2] [7]

Figure 2 Global solar irradiation map of Macedonia [kWh/m2]

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3.

Solar energy treatment in Macedonia The factors for successful penetration of solar thermal energy application are represented at figure 5. Obviously, central position has the ambitious targets, where the other factors successively complement, such are: R&D, awareness

rising, obligations, financial support, demonstration projects, trainings. All factors are mutually connected and dependent. The cited factors originate from the experience of the countries where the application of the solar thermal energy has maximal penetration. What is the situation in Macedonia?

Fig.3

Total operation capacity of glazed flat-plate and evacuated tube collectors at the end of 2007 [7]

Fig.4

Total operation capacity of glazed flat plate and evacuated tube collectors per 1000 inhabitants [7]

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Ambitious targets – in Macedonia, it has been endorsed that concerning the solar energy – priority is the power generation, i.e. the one is supported with preferential tariffs depending on the installed capacity. But, due to the high feed-in tariff, as also the capability for grid connection, the maximal total installed capacity is limited to 10 MW of which 2 MW for units with

nominal power of up to 50kW (first feed-in tariff of 460 €/ MWh, than changed to 380 €/MWh, finally in July 2010 changed to 300 €/MWh) and 8 MW for larger capacities (up to 1 MW) (feed-in tariff of €/MWh, than 340 €/MWh, actual 260 €/MWh). There is no limitation in total installed power for solar thermal plants.

Figure 5 Factors for successful penetration of the solar thermal energy application [ESTIF] Macedonia has no own production of photovoltaic panels and the amount of the feed-in tariffs is entirely covered by the electricity consumers. Due to this reason high penetration of PV plants in Macedonia is not planned either there is great interest for investments due to the high feed-in tariff. It is foreseen that 10-30 MW capacity is going to be installed up to 2020 with generation of 14-42 GWh annually, and 20-40 MW up to 2030 with generation of 28-56 GWh annually. The upper limits are realizable in the case of considerably higher market price of the power energy and development of cheaper technologies for utilization of the solar energy for generation of electricity.[1] Concerning the solar thermal energy, the one is treated as “unserious” potential and in the newest documents ([1] and [6]) the following is stated: The utilization of the solar as thermal energy is foreseen preferably in the households. Up to 2020 60000-90000 units in the households are planned, giving 60-90 GWh annual utilization in total (together with the commercial and service sector and industry). Up to 2030

80.000-150.000 installations are planned in the households. With this the utilization of the solar as thermal energy in all sectors would be 83-155 GWh annually. [1] With other words, the foreseen installed collector area up to 2030 is 160300.000 m2, which will be reached even without support and special efforts (the current installed collector area is around 20.000 m2). Altogether, there are no ambitious targets, neither there is intention to be set; for solar power generation the targets are limited due to real barriers, for solar thermal energy production there are no limitations, but neither is supported. Research and development - In Macedonia there are around 10 technical faculties in the frame of the state universities St.Cyril and Methodious, St. Kliment Ohridski and Goce Delcev, as for: mechanical engineering, electro-technical, technical, technical-technological, etc. In the faculties’ under-graduate and graduate programs subjects devoted to the unconventional energy sources, their technologies and plants are included. However, except at the graduate studies

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of the Faculty for natural sciences (Univ. St.Cyril and Methodious), there are no programs devoted exclusively to the solar energy. There are information on participation in projects dealing with RES and solar energy, but most of them are dedicated to transfer and dissemination of experiences, knowledge and technologies. On the other hand, there are some initiatives from the business sector for development of own products and optimization of system concepts. Such initiatives have resulted with few development projects co-financed from the Ministry of Science and Education of R. Macedonia, realized in cooperation with the technical faculties and the private business sector. In the period from 2005 to 2008 the project “Solar Water Heaters – Training of Experts & Professionals and Improvement of the Technology & Production”, has been realized. This project has been financed by the Austrian Development Agency and co-financed by the Ministry of Economy of RM. One of the outcomes of this project are the following recommendations aimed to improve the “solar” situation in Macedonia [5]: 1. To build up a regional solar thermal competence centre: o To build up a virtual regional solar thermal competence centre, that includes training, research and testing capacities for Macedonia. o To integrate all relevant Macedonian stake-holders in the competence centre in order to create a strong and sustainable knowledge base on solar thermal energy in the country. o To build up human resources (pool of experts) able to train installers, designers, architects and other stakeholders from the whole region at a high level. o Training on new applications like solar combi-systems for hot water preparation and space heating, solar plants for multifamily houses, hospitals, hotels and

industry as well as on solar air conditioning. o To extend the training activities to the neighbouring countries. At all training activities interested groups from the neighbouring countries should be invited. o To organize 2 regional solar thermal conferences within 3 years. o Further training of the solar test centre staff in order to enable the staff to carry out not only collector but also systems tests. o To expand the solar test centre to the level of a regional centre and to implement the activities into the EU network of solar test centres and Solar Keymark. 2.

Demonstration of medium sized solar thermal plants

o In order to increase the knowledge of the Macedonian solar companies and to open the market for new applications, training on design of medium sized systems would be needed. o To create a regional technological leadership in the design and installation of medium sized solar thermal systems. Demonstration of this type of systems at social institutions would be needed. o Also an accompanying awareness campaign for the new applications would be needed. 3. Assistance to policy and administration o Advise to policy and administration in the implementation of support measures for solar thermal energy should be continued. o Defining and introducing the evaluation procedure for the support measures. o Support of the definition of a renewable energy goal for Macedonia based on the EU 20% renewable targets for 2020. o It is necessary to have information transfer concerning developments in the field of renewable energies in the EU. Awareness raising – many awareness raising campaigns for the citizens and state administration have been conveyed in the frame of projects financed by the

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EU or bilateral. In principle, positive results have been achieved in sense of increased interest for solar thermal systems, but it cannot be stated that wider application is realized. The reasons for this are the same as the ones listed in section 2, for which noting has been done to be mitigated or removed. Financial support – As it has been already discussed, the production of electricity from solar energy is supported through feed-in tariff system. This is a long-term support since each producer signs contract to use the same tariff during 20 years. Concerning solar thermal energy, in 2007 and 2008 yr., for each year, the Government of R. Macedonia has dedicated 150.000,00 euros to support the application of solar thermal systems. The subsidy has been 30% of the invoiced cost of a system or maximum 300 € per system. With these short-term supporting programs about 1.000 solar thermal systems for sanitary water heating have been installed, with total collector area of about 2.500 m2. In 2007 yr., preferential value added tax has been introduced for solar thermal collectors and components. [9] Despite these recently introduced financial support measures, there is no significant increase in the application of the solar thermal systems. Obviously, the short-term subsidy programs (as it is emphasized in the world informative literature and suggested many times) not only that are not positive, but they also draw many negative consequences, such are: opening of phantom companies aimed to earn quick money; stop – go effect to the solar market – most of the citizens expect next cycle of state financial support to provide solar thermal system; no any criteria for quality guarantee of the installed systems have been applied, therefore a wave of dissatisfaction from most of the users is expected, i.e. anti-campaign. Also, the preferential value added tax is not recommendable measure, since it doesn’t

give visible results and in principle interventions in the state tax obligations is not encouraged. Obviously, also in Macedonia such measure did not resulted with increased application of the solar thermal energy. Demonstration projects – in the frames of the project [5] 9 demonstration projects (public buildings) have been realized, one of them is combi-system with 40 m² collector area and 2.000 litre storage tank, whereas the others are for sanitary warm water preparation with collector area between 4 to 23 m² and storage tanks between 200 to 1000 litres. All systems have been subjected to inspection and monitoring, and served as examples to improve the design and realization of the systems for the solar companies. Trainings – There are no regular training courses on designing and installation of solar systems. In the frames of the project [5], during 2006th and 2007th, three seminars have been organized whose main goal has been training on design of small and medium sized solar thermal systems. 20 participants have been trained within the seminars mainly coming from solar thermal companies, but also from academic sector. By the end of 2009 and beginning of 2010, upon suggestion and initiative of the Handicraft Chamber of Macedonia and regional chambers of Stip and Kumanovo, in organization of the Balkan Office for Small Economies and Handicraft in the frame of the Handicraft Chamber of Koblentz from Germany, a training for installation of PV panels and solar thermal collectors has been organized. The training has been realized in two cycles each lasting 5 days, first cycle being in Macedonia and second in Germany. There are no available data on trained professionals, what kind of knowledge and skills have been gained. Obligations – The solar obligations can be considered from two aspects: 1.

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State’s obligations from the aspect of

increased participation of RES in the energy balance. The EU target is 20% RES participation in the frame of the union by 2020, and there are announcements for adoption of 90-100% participation by 2050. 2. Obligations from the aspect of minimum quality provision which will enable guarantied energy gains from the solar systems, as also minimum durability of 25 years (it is assessed that 12-13 years are necessary only to return the energy invested in the system production). Not long ago, the RES in Macedonia have been treated as not serious and infeasible potential, especially for thermal energy production (even today this attitude is not changed). The actuality of being member of EU has changed this treatment, but only declarative since no any concrete steeps are undertaken for increased RES participation. As it was already explained, attention is put only to the electricity production, from wind, sun and small hydro capacities. But, even for these the achieved results are neglecting. Obviously, it is not sufficient to bring only legal acts, on the contrary they should be based on exhaustive analyses to ascertain the real and ambitious targets whose accomplishment requires legal background, but also mechanisms for implementation, financial support, promotion, etc. Concerning the obligation for minimal quality provision for the solar components and systems, in Macedonia such mechanism does not exist. In the frame of the project [5], a laboratory (test station) for solar thermal collectors and tanks testing has been provided, with future vision for testing solar thermal systems, too. The initial purpose of the test station is to enable testing, impro-vement and optimization of the Mace-donian products, than in few years to merge in accredited laboratory as indispensable part of the procedures for quality ascertain and guarantee (solar label Solar Keymark). The test station is located and is under responsibility of

Hydro-meteorological Service. Sad to say, already third year the test station is not working due to lack of professsionalism, interest and competency. Treatment of solar energy in legal regulations and strategic documents: Energy Law (Official Gazette of RM no.63/2006) [8]. Energy law represents general frame of the energy sector and defines the national energy policy. Solar energy in the frame of this law is treated together with the other renewable sources: § with this law, among others, the promotion of the RES use is regulated § among others, the aim of this law is to provide motivation of the RES exploitation § for realization of the law’s targets it is necessary to plan and dedicate financial means § it is necessary to identify the possibilities for larger introduction of RES § it is necessary to adopt measures and activities for realization of the agreed programs § procedures and responsible institutions for preferential production of power energy produced from RES. New Energy Law is in preparation. Law for modification and amending the law for value added tax (Official Gazette of RM no.114/2007) [9] With this law the solar thermal components and systems gain right for preferential value added tax of 5%. Ordinance for the way of issuing guarantee of origin of power energy produced from RES, as also the content, shape and way of keeping register for issued guarantees of origin of power energy produced from RES (Official Gazette of RM no.127/2008) [10]. Ordinance for RES for production of power energy (Official Gazette of RM no.127/2008) [11]. Ordinance for the way of getting status of preferential producer of power energy produced from RES, as also the content, shape and way of keeping

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register of preferential producers of power energy produced form RES (Official Gazette of RM no.29/2009) [12] Energy development strategy of Republic of Macedonia up to 2030, Skopje 2010 [6] Authority institutions: o Ministry of Economy of RM, Energy Department – The minister authorized for the energy sector gives closer appointment of the way and method for undertaking measures for RES exploitation. o Energy Agency of RM – issues and conducts register for issued origin guarantee certificates of the electricity produced from RES and high-efficiency combined plants in R. of Macedonia. o Energy Regulatory Commission – ascertains preferential tariffs for electric energy which is sold by the preferential producers of electricity and producers of electricity from high- efficiency combined plants. CONCLUSIONS Solar energy might be important energy resource for Macedonia. There is no

doubt that the solar resource is plentiful, but dedicated work is required to ensure suitable conditions for its wide-spread use. The examples which can be followed are numerous, showing that it is worth investing in this ecological resource. Figure 6 shows the installed capacity of flat-plate and evacuated tube collectors from 2000 to 2008. At the same graph the economic growth rate can be observed. No other industrial sector can praise with such large growth rate. Therefore, there are no doubts that it is economically viable to develop the solar market. Solar energy is viable energy source. The initial assessments made (on solar thermal) give indication that if 10 year investment is made for 1 million m2 collector area, considerable participation in the energy balance can be achieved (such 1,55% from the gross energy consumption in 2006 yr.), and the return period of the investment is maximum 12 years. The assessed price for 1 kWh produced thermal energy is 0.017 euro [5]. No any thermal plant can even come close to such characteristics.

Figure 6 Annual installed capacity of flat-plate and evacuated tube collectors from 2000 to 2008 [7].

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The ecological influence is definitely positive since the solar systems’ operation is not connected with emission of dangerous gases. However, probably the most important attribute is the social benefit since the development and growth of the solar market creates plenty new jobs in different sectors like in research and development, education, trainings, production, design, installation, service, maintenance, trade, etc. This fact must not be neglected and will for sure contribute in decreasing the indigence, reviving of the economy and increasing of the life standard. References 1. Basic Study on Renewable Energy Sour-ces in Republic of Macedonia, MANU, Skopje 2009 (draft) 2. Energy Balance for Republic of Macdonia for 2007 and 2010, www.economy.gov.mk 3. Increasing the Solar Energy Application in Macedonia for a Better Future, Project proposal (submitted by Solar Macedonia), USAID Development Grants Programme, April 2010 4. Renewables Global Status Report, Update 2009, REN21 5. SOLAR WATER HEATERS – Training of Experts & Professionals and Improvement of Technology & Production, Project Number: 8047-00/2004, financed by ADA, 2005-2008

6. Energy Development Strategy for Republic of Macedonia up to 2030, Skopje 2010, www.economy.gov.mkSolar Heat Worldwide, Markets and contribution to the energy supply, Edition 2009, W.Weiss, I.Bergmann, R.Stelzer, AEE INTEC, IEA-SHC 7. Energy Law (Official Gazette of RM no.63/2006) 8. Law for modification and amending the law for value added tax (Official Gazette of RM no.114/2007) 9. Ordinance for the way of issuing guarantee of origin of power energy produced from RES, as also the content, shape and way of keeping register for issued guarantees of origin of power energy produced from RES (Official Gazette of RM no.127/2008) 10. Ordinance for RES for production of power energy (Official Gazette of RM no.127/2008) 11. Ordinance for the way of getting status of preferential producer of power energy produced from RES, as also the content, shape and way of keeping register of preferential producers of power energy produced form RES (Official Gazette of RM no.29/2009) 12. Slave Armenski, Solar Energy, 260 pg., Skopje, 2008 13. S.P-Vasilevska, I.Nasov, H.K-Boskova, V.Ristov, Solar Thermal Systems Integrated into Roofs and Facades, Solar Macedonia, Skopje, 2009

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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN MACEDONIA - First Signs of Recovery Kiril Popovski, Sanja Popovska Vasilevska, Eftim Micevski Macedonian Geothermal Association (MAGA), Skopje, Macedonia ABSTRACT: Republic of Macedonia passed twenty years of stagnation in geothermal development. Some of previously developed large projects have been abandoned or destroyed. There were no investments in explorations and new projects development. Geothermal energy production in 2010 dropped down for nearly 50%, compared to the situation in 1991. Recently, first signs of economy recovery of some users and finalized privatization process resulted with several investments in reconstruction and optimization of geothermal projects. There is interest of the others to do the same and some home and foreign investors are trying to get concession for development of new projects. Review of presently known geothermal fields and their production capacities, running projects, abandoned or destroyed projects and new activities, i.e. reconstruction and modernization of existing, organization of new projects and possibilities to develop either the geothermal energy resource or its exploitation is made in this paper. Key words: Geothermal Energy, State-of-the-Art, Development Possibilities 1. INTRODUCTION Macedonia has been one of the leading European countries in direct uses development during the 80-ies of last century. Even rather modest, the state investments in geothermal explorations gave opportunity to the scientists and economy sector to develop three successful big and several small geothermal projects. However, when positive influence of that began to give results, i.e. when state planned some new larger invest-ments, political and economy transition process from the beginning of 90-ies re-sulted with a complete collapse of the state economy and, with that, lost of in-terest for any further investments in the geothermal energy development. Even more, thanks to the collapse of the heat

users, some of the existing projects have been abandoned. Recently, first signs of the economy recovery of some users resulted with several investments in geothermal projects reconstruction and optimization. There is interest of others to do the same, and new candidates are trying to get concession for development of new projects. However, the process is very much slowered due to the list of constraints, mainly in the legal and financing sector. There is no any strategy for development in the country, no concrete institution responsible for its implementation and no concrete programs for supporting renewable energies development. If something has been done, it was more a result of engagements of several scientists and grants

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Fig.1. Republic of Macedonia

Fig.2. Geological map of Macedonia (1. Q-sediments;; 2.Pg;Ng-send, clay; 3. Pg;Ngtuff; 4. Pg-Ngdacite and andesite; 5.T-marbeled limestone; 6 J-gabros.; 7. J peridotites; 8. K-flycsh 9. Pz-granites 10. Pz-slates and other metamorphic rocks 11. Pc- marbles; 12. Pc-gneisses) of more developed European countries. Existing “pressure” of WB and EC to work more on the environmental protection can have a positive influence for removing the constraints but it can be predicted that the process shall last at least 4-5 years, according to the experience with the other legislative changes and improving

the possibilities for financing new developments. The country update gives information about the present state of geothermal investigations and use in Macedonia, with identification and comments about possibilities to remove the negatively influencing factors.

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2.

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE AND POTENTIAL (Micevski, 2003)

2.1. Geological Framework and Tectonic Settings Rocks of different age occur, starting from Precambrian to Quaternary at the territory of Macedonia. Almost all lithogical types are represented. The oldest, Precambrian rocks, consist of gneiss, micaschists, marble and orthometamorphites. The rocks of Paleozoic age mostly belong to the type of green schists, and the Mesozoic ones are represented by marble limestones, acid, basic and ultrabasic magmatic rocks. The Tertiary sediments consist of flysch and lacustrine sediments, sand-stones, lime-stones, clays and sands. With respect to the structural relations the territory can be divided into six geotectonic units: The Cukali-Krasta zone, West Macedonian zone, Pelagonian horst anticlinorium, Vardar zone, Serbo-Macedonian massif and the Kraisthide zone (Fig.2). This tectonic setting is based on actual terrain and geological data without using the geotectonic hypothesis (Arsovski, 1998). First four tectonic units are parts of Dinarides, Serbo-Macedonian mass is part of Rodops and the Kraisthide zone is part of KarpatoBalkanides distinguished on the Balkan peninsula as geotectonic units of first stage. 2.2. Geothermal Background (Gorgieva, 2002) The territory of the Republic of Macedonia belongs to the Alpine-Himalayan zone, with the Alpine sub-zone having no contemporary volcanic activity. This part starts from Hungary, across Serbia, Maedonia and North Greece and stretches to Turkey. Several geothermal regions have been distinguished including the Macedonian region, which is connected to the Vardar tectonic unit. This region shows positive geothermal anomalies and is hosting different geothermal sys-

tems. The hydrogeothermal systems, at the moment, are the only ones that are worth for investigation and exploitation. There are 18 geothermal known fields in the country with more than 50 thermal springs, boreholes and wells with hot water. These discharge about 1.000 l/s water flow with temperatures of 20-79 ºC. Hot waters are mostly of hydro-carbonate nature, according to their dominant anion, and mixed with equal presence of Na, Ca and Mg. The dissolved minerals range from 0.5 to 3.7 g/l. All thermal waters in Macedonia are of meteoric origin. Heat source is the regional heat flow, in the Vardar zone is about 100 mW/m2 and crust thickness 32 km. 2.3. Geothermal Fields in Macedonia (Fig.4, 5, Table 1) There are 18 localities where geothermal fields occur and geothermal energy is in use for different proposes. The most known areas are listed below: 2.3.1. Kochani valley (Popovski, 2002) The main characteristics of the Kocani valley geothermal system are: presence of two geothermal fields, Podlog and Istibanja, without hydraulic connection between them. The primary reservoir is build by Precambrian gneiss and Paleozoic carbonated schists and the highest measured temperature in Macedonia of 79ºC is obtained by drilling to it. Predicted maximum reservoir temperature is about 100ºC (Gorgieva, 1989). Kocani geothermal system is the best investigated system in Macedonia. There are more than 25 boreholes and wells with depths of 100-1.170 m.(Gorgieva, 2002). 2.3.2. Strumica valley (Popovski, 2002) The main characteristics of this field are: the recharge and discharge zone occur in the same lithological formationgranites; there are springs and boreholes with different temperature at small distances; maximum measured temperature is 73ºC; the predicted maximum tempe-

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Fig.3. Hydrogeological map of Macedonia

Fig.4. Zone geology map of Macedonia with location of geothermal reservoirs

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rature is 120ºC (Gorgieva, 1989); the reservoir in the granites lies under thick Tertiary sediments. Bansko geothermal system has not been examined in detail apart the drilling of several boreholes with depths of 100-600m. (Gorgieva, 2002) 2.3.3. Gevgelia valley (Popovski, 2002) There are two geothermal fields in the Gevgelia valley: Negorci spa and Smokvica. The discharge zone in both geothermal fields are fault zones in Jurassic diabases and spilites. These two fields are separated by several km and there is no hydraulic connection between them, despite intensive pumping of thermal waters. The maximum temperature is 54ºC, and the predicted reservoir temperature is 75-100ºC (Gorgieva, 1989). Geothermal system in the Gevgelia valley has been well studied by 15 boreholes with depths between 100-800 m. (Gorgieva, 2002) 2.3.4. Skopje valley (Popovski, 2002) There are two geothermal fields in the Skopje valley: Volkovo and Katlanovo spa. There is no hydraulic connection between them. The main characteristics of the Skopje hydro-geothermal system are: maximum measured temperature of 54.4ºC and predicted reservoir temperature (by chemical geothermometers) of 80-115ºC (Gorgieva, 1989); the primary reservoir is composed of Precambrian and Paleozoic marbles; big masses of travertine deposited during Pliocene and Quaternary period along the valley margins. There are only five boreholes with depths of 86 m in Katlanovo spa, 186 and 350 m in Volkovo and 1.654 and 2.000 m in the middle part of the valley. The last two boreholes are without geothermal anomaly and thermal waters because of their locations in Tertiary sediments with thickness up to 3.800 m. (Gorgieva, 2002) 3.

GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION Thermal waters utilization consists of 7 geothermal projects and 6 spas. All are

completed before and during the 80es of last century. Present state of the projects is as follows: 3.1. Istibanja (Vinica) Geothermal Project Project consists of 6 ha greenhouse complex geothermal heating in combination with a heavy oil boiler for covering the peak loadings. It has been one of the worst completed projects before the crisis, however after the privatization in 2000 it has been reconstructed and optimized with Austrian and Dutch grants and now properly covers the heat requirements of the roses production for export. Owners are interested to follow investigations in order to enable geothermal heating of additional 6 ha of greenhouses but cannot resolve the problem of getting necessary concession. 3.2. Kocani (Podlog) Geothermal Project (“Geoterma”) That is presently the largest geothermal project in Macedonia, consisting of 18 ha greenhouse complex geothermal heating, and geothermal space heating of some buildings in the center of the town. Due to the economic crisis in the country, geothermal use in paper industry, vehicle parts industry and rice drying have been lost as consumers of heat during the last 12 years. However, thanks to two Austrian grants, two additional boreholes have been drilled, partial reinjection of used water completed and monitoring system introduced in the system. Presently, activities to finalize the completion of reinjection of the effluent water and connection of public buildings in the center of the town is in flow, again with the use of Austrian grant in combination with local financial sources. Project works as a public utility and its organizational structure is good covered by the existing team. Only problem in work is the price of supplied heat, which is kept very low by the State Regulatory Committee and doesn’t consist funding for all necessary maintenance works and system development.

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Fig.5. Location of geothermal projects in Macedonia 3.3. Bansko Geothermal Project The bankrupt of Agricultural Combine “Strumica” and slow process of its privatization resulted with collaps of the organizational structure and proper use of the geothermal system, particularly during the period of 1999-2000 when heating of the greenhouse complex was out of work. That was used by the other users (existing and new ones) with the increase of “agreed” geothermal water flows. In 2001, when again the greenhouse heating started with work, a trial for introduction of new organizational structure has been made but without success, because not consisting centralized governing of the system exploitation. Introduction of centralized governing of the geothermal system and new exploitation boreholes are an absolute need for its proper work, due to the increased number of users and escorting not covered peak loadings. Also, a list of reconstructions and optimizations are necessary is necessary in order to put it in proper technical order. Presently, an action with the help of Italy is in flow, with the aim to perform a reconstruction and modernization of the existing geothermal system, increase its

capacity with completion of two exploitation boreholes and introduction of centralized organization of exploitation. 3.4. Smokvica (Gevgelia) Geothermal System Once the largest geothermal system in Macedonia covering the heat requirements of 22,5 ha glasshouses and about 10 ha soft plastic covered greenhouses is now out of exploitation. Unproper privatization resulted with division of the property to 10 entities and they cannot find a common language for covering the costs of geothermal system exploitation. Meanwhile, also the biggest exploitation borehole has been lost. Renewal of the system exploitation is nearly impossible because conditioning large investments with doubtful economy due to the present production capacity of the users. Some interest is shown to make a new project with different type of users (spa, recreational centre, etc.) but still, there are no concrete actions for their implementation. 3.5. Negorci (Gevgelia) Spa Reconstruction of the heating installlations has been finalized and now all the hotel and therapeutical projects are heat-

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ed with geothermal energy. However, realization of additional reconstructions and improvements of heating and sanitary installations is necessary. For their realization, a more complete approach to

development and access to foreign financial funds for financing necessary investigations and investments. Presently, there is no any political or financial support to both.

3.6. Other Spas in Macedonia

4. DISCUSSION

Even planned, reconstruction of heating systems and their orientation towards geothermal energy use in Macedonian spas has not been realized due to the un-defined property of them and absence of funds. Activities to find possible investors are in flow in Katlanovo Spa, Kezovica Spa and Bansko Spa. 4. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT According to the information and data on disposal, it can be expected that the following activities and projects completion shall be realized during the period of the next five years: -Preparation of the “Geothermal Atlas of Macedonia” Preparation of the feasibility study “Strategy of Geothermal Development of Macedonia” -Preparation of the feasibility study “Geothermal District Heating of Kocani” and partial realization of the town district heating system (already in flow) Preparation of the feasibility study “Geothermal Potential of the South/West Macedonia” Completion of the second phase of the reinjection system of the Kocani geothermal system (already in flow) Recompletion of the Bansko geothermal system (preparation activities in flow) Reconstruction of the existing heating installations in Hotel “Car Samuil” in Bansko. Orientation towards geothermal energy use in Katlanovo Spa, Kezovica Spa, Debar Spa and Kosovrasti Spa, and probably Beginning of development of the Kratovo, Dojran and Debar geothermal field. Real realization shall mainly depend on the change of state policy for RES

Present state-of-the-art of geothermal energy use in Macedonia is mainly a consequence of the process of the political and economic changes in flow. The economy collaps of the country, unsolved problems with the privatization of production capacities of the geothermal energy users, a list of legal constraints, absence of a strategy for development, absence of the state support for the necessary explorations and investigations and very hard conditions for financing necessary reconstructions and new investments in the sector resulted with a complete stagnation for the period of last 20 years. Real change of the situation cannot be expected before resolving the problem of listed constraints. Therefore, even the process of elimination of them is already in flow (new laws for energy, for mineral and water resources, and for concessions, etc.), it is not possible to expect serious changes during the period of next 5 years. REFERENCES Arsovski M. (1997). Tektonika na Makedonija,Stip Konstantin Dimitrov, Mirjana Gorgieva and Kiril Popovski GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES AND THEIR USE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2000 Kyushu Tohoku, Japan, May 28 -June 10, 2000 Mira Georgieva. SUMMARY OF FUNDAMENTALS FOR EVALUATION OF THE GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL OF THE VARDARIAN ZONE AND SERBIAN-MACEDONIAN MASS AT THE TERITORRY OF

136

137

TABLE 2. GEOTHERMAL PROJECTS IN MACEDONIA Geothermal

Geothermal

Location

Field

Istibanja

Kocani

(Vinica) Bansko

Strumica

Podlog

Kocani

Smokvica Negorci

Gevgelia Gevgelia

Katlanovo

Skopje Kumanov o Stip Debar Debar Kocani

Kumanovo Kezovica Kosovrasti Banjiste Banja TOTAL

Application Heating of a greenhouse complex Geothermal District Heating System

Heat Power Total kW

Heat Power Geother kW

17.500

7.480

10.350

10.350

Geothermal District Heating System and balneology

40.700

40.700

Space heating and balneology

250

250

68.800

58.780

Heat Users

Aerial pipes and vegetative heating, plus heating of benches Heating greenhouses: -Aerial steel pipes in combination with corrugated plastic pipes Soil heating Space heating: Aluminium radiators – Air heating system – Sanitary warm water preparation -Swimming pool Heating greenhouses: -Aerial steel pipes Space heating: Aluminia radiators – Iron radiators Abandoned Space heating: Aerial steel pipes -Aluminia radiators Sanitary warm water preparation

Balneology Balneology Balneology Balneology Balneology Balneology

Abandoned

138

THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA, Annual Workshop of MAGA, Ohrid 2003 Mirjana Gorgieva; Dusko Gorgiev; Kiril Popov-ski; Kostadin Dimitrov; Saso Manasov INFERRED SECTION OF THE MAIN (LOW-TEMPERATURE) GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MA-CEDONIA, Proceedings World Geother-mal Congress 2000 Kyushu -Tohoku, Japan, May 28 -June 10, 2000 Mirjana Gorgieva; Kiril Popovski; Dusko Gorgiev GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN MACEDONIA,STATE-OF-THEART AND PERSPECTIVES, International Geothermal Days of ISS “GREECE 2002”, Proceedings,

Skopje 2002. Eftim Micevski. GEOTERMALEN POTENCIJAL NA JUGO-ZAPADNIOT DEL NA MAKEDONIJA, Annual Workshop of MA-GA, Ohrid 2003 Kiril Popovski. Feasibility Study on POSSIBLE INVESTMENTS IN GEOTHERMAL PROJECTS IN MACEDONIA, WB study, Skopje 2002 Kiril Popovski. Geothermal Energy Use in Macedonia, International Conference GEAIA, Athens 2004 Kiril Popovski, Eftim Micevski, Sanja Popovska Vasilevska, Macedonia – Country update 2005, World Geothermal Congress WGC 2005, Antalya 2005

139

HYDROENERGY IN MACEDONIA Dr. Sotir PANOVSKI, Dr. Gordana JANEVSKA University „St. Kliment Ohridski” Faculty of Technical Sciences, Bitola

ABSTRACT In Republic of Macedonia there is substantial unused hydro potential for building of large and small hydro power plants (HPP). Recently an increase in interest for small HPP has been observed. In the Development Programme of the Republic of Macedonia government investment in large and small HPP is one of the priority parts within the development of energy sector. In 2007 the concession for building of small HPPs has begun with the Ministry of Economy announcing four calls for tender concession applications over 140 locations for small HPP with installed capacity of 35 kW to 2500 kW. The article gives a view of the Hydro Power Plant (HPP) as a plant for electricity production from renewable energy source. The present situation in the Republic of Macedonia has been discussed. The article points out the needs and possibilities for building of HPP in Republic of Macedonia. The hydro potential: technically available hydro potential and also the hydro potential used with small and large HPP are given through the concrete data. The article discusses the future plans and scenarios for utilization of hydro potential in Republic of Macedonia. 1. ITRODUCTION Republic of Macedonia (RM) takes place on the Balkan Peninsula. It is a small country with 25.713 km2 and 2 million inhabitants. The mountain area with numerous rivers and continental climate are predominant. Macedonia, as an Eastern European country, is into transition process since 1989 as a consequence of the political and economic changes within the society. Macedonia was one of the republics in the former Yugoslavia until its desintegration on 1991, since when RM has

been an independent country. In 2006, the European Union accepted Macedonia's application and at present RM is a country candidate for member-ship in the EU. Since declaring independence of the country and undergoing transition, some steps have been made in the area of investment policy and development of energy sector. Future energetics solutions and development will also need to account for the continuous transition period and take on board such experiences of the developed countries, especially the positive experiences of the small EU co-

140

untries. Respecting the present situation, the energy problems, the future energy needs, the experiences of developed countries and also the size of RM, we note that for development of energetics and energy policy in RM good supplying of the consumers with needed energy must be assured as well as good prices in the energy sector, energy market, different property types, qualitative legislation and big state efforts into promoting the renewable energy, energy efficiency, transportation, energy distribution and consumption and also environment protection. From the view point of this situation the electro-energetics and hydro-energetics, as a part of it, take a significance place. The Macedonian energy policy was built in the framework of the collective Yugoslav policy till the country independence in 1991. At that time, nearly 50% of the electricity needs in RM were provided from the domestic production, and the rest 50% were assured from the joint Yugoslav electric network. Shortly after the independence, the overall electricity needs in RM were provided from the own production, which resulted from transition process, degradation of the industrial production, closing a lot of factories down, aggravation of the living standards and so on. In the last few years, the restart of some bigger industrial facilities as well as the start of some new facilities resulted in increasing of the electricity consumption. Nowadays the electricity import is significance and it is to expect that this trend will continue. 2. HYDROENERGETICS 2.1. Hydropower plants as producers of renewable energy In terms of hydropower plants, until recently, only small hydro power plants were considered as renewable energy, not only here but in Europe and beyond. The limit for definition of small hydro-

power plants is different in different countries. According to the European Small Hydropower Association the recommended limit is hydropower plants up to 10 MW to be considered as small hydroelectric plants. There is no official document to define the term “small hydropower plant” in RM. Until recently, hydro power plants up to 5 MW were considered as small. Lately, the limit up to 10 MW has been practiced for small hydro in RM (Ministry of Economy, etc...). Today in Europe, officially according to the Directive 2009/28/EC for promotion of renewable energy [1], as well as according to the prior Directive 2001/ 77/EC for promotion of green electricity in the internal market, the renewable energy sources include wind, solar energy, geothermal energy, wave energy, the tide and ebb tide energy, hydro energy, biomass, landfill gas, gas from the plants for waste water treatment and biogas. Under the Rules for electricity generation from renewable sources adopted by the Minister of Economy (Official Gazette No. 127/2008) [2] facilities that use renewable sources for electricity generation are hydro power plants, wind power plants, biomass power plants, biogas power plants, solar power plants and geothermal power plants. In any case, the separation of small and large hydropower plants in terms of renewable energy sources is past, i.e. hydro plants that use renewable sources of energy include all hydro power plants, the small once as well as the large. 2.2. Current general situation Republic of Macedonia, as a mountain country with continental climate, has a beneficial hydro stage. There is one big river (Vardar), as well as several smaller ones in addition to numerous small mountain rivers. There are several artificial lakes which are multipurpose but mostly of them are used as an accumulation for existing hydro power plants.

141

According to the last water economy basis (since 1974) [3], as it is mention in the paper [7] the total water potential in RM is 8.913 GWh, technically used water potential is 6.436 GWh or 72,2%. The water potential of river basins in R.Macedonia, classified according to the official documentation and surveys [6] is presented in Table 2.2.1 (source: Strategy for utilization of renewable energy sources in Macedonia by 2020 [4]) The best sites for hydropower generation facilities are located in the western part of Macedonia, i.e. the right side of the river Vardar. Therefore, already built hydropower plants as well as candidates for future building of hydropower facilities are located in this part of RM. The hydro plants in Macedonia, according to the river basin can be divided into HPP of the river Crn Drim, which flows into Adriatic Sea, and HPP that belong to watersheds of major tributaries of the river Vardar, which are river Тreska and river Crna. Mavrovo hydropower plants can be classified separately. They use water from mountain Shara belong to the confluence of the Vardar River, which flows into the Aegean Sea. The bulk of the estimated technical energy potential belongs to the Vardar basin with about 4270 GWh, followed by the confluence of the river Grn Drim with about 880 GWh, and all together, without small basins, makes potential of about 5150 GWh. Small basins have an additional technical potential of about 440 GWh, so that the total water potential in RM is estimated at about 5600 GWh. From this total energy potential, the so far built hydro power facilities utilized around 1470 GWh, for average hydrology, which is 26 % of technical potential. According to the planned candidates, hydropower facilities with a potential of about 2500 GWh can be build in the future, which is additional 44 %, thus reaching a total usable water potential of about 3900 GWh, i.e. about 70% of technical potential.

2.2.1. Existing large Hydro Power Plants Large hydropower plants are production capacities which are connected on the global electric network, and they contribute to the smoothing of variable energy. Depending on the accumulation size, installation characteristics and head, hydropower plants may be with multiseasonal, seasonal, as well as with weekly or daily regulation possibility. With exception of HPP Kozjak and HPP St. Petka (which is under construction), most large HPP in Macedonia have been built in the sixties and seventies of last century, and they have been revitalized after nearly forty years of operation. Large parts of electromechanical equipment have been replaced within the revitalization project, which has increased lifespan of hydropower plants, while the improved performance of turbines and increased their power. Table 2.2.1.1 notes the existing HPP in RM and their basic technical characteristics. HPP Vrben, Vrutok and Raven make the Mavrovo hydropower system with significant regulation capability. HPP Globochica and Shpilje together with the Ohrid Lake as an accumulation make cascade on the river Crn Drim. The third important hydropower complex is placed on the river Treska with HPP Kozjak, HPP St.Petka and HPP Matka. HPP St.Petka is under construction and it is expected to start operating by 2011. At the beginning of 2009 HPP Matka has been revitalized when the installed flow was doubled, and regulating the outlet of the hydro system into the river Vardar was activated. The total installed capacity of existing large HPP in RM is about 550 MW, with about 1400 GWh average annual production for average hydrology. 2.2.2. Large Hydro Power Plants candidates for investments and building in the future As future candidates for investments and building of large HPP in RM are taken those items for which the technical

142

Table 2.2.1 - Water potential of the r.Vardar and r.Crn Drim basins

River

Theore .

Techni c.

Built

Built/T ech.

Planed

Pl./Tec h.

Total

Tot./Te ch.

GWh

GWh

GWh

%

GWh

%

GWh

%

Vardar above Treska

1202

1084

488

45,02

140

Treska

377

347

190

54,76

60

97

87

Pchinja

265

201

Topolka and Babuna

46

35

270

205

17

8,29

1098

944

184

19,49

38

33

Vardar – main flow

1454

1336

Vardar

4847

4272

Radika

438

338

Crn Drim

710

548

513

93,61

Crn Drim total

1148

886

513

57,90

134

Vardar and Crn Drim total

5995

5158

1392

26,99

Small HPP

671*

440**

76

Total

6666

5598

1468

Kadina and Markova

Bregalnica Crna Boshava

879

12,92

628

57.93

250

72,05

17

8,29

604

63,98

788

83,47

1336

100,00

1336

100,00

2140

50,09

3019

70,67

134

39,64

134

39,64

513

93,61

15,12

647

73,02

2274

44,09

3666

71,07

17,27

197

44,77

273

62,05

26,22

2471

44,14

3939

70,36

20,58

*All 400 SHPP (total power 255,5 MW and CF=0,3) **SHPP > 1 MW (total power 167,5 MW and CF=0,3)according to the Study about 400 SHPP in RM

143

Table 2.2.1.1 - Existing HPP in RM - Technical data Aggreg. Qinst/aggr. H (No.) HPP Basin (m3/s) (m)

V

Pinst

Wyear

106m3

(MW)

(GWh)

Started year

Vrben

Mavrovo

2

4,6

193

0

12,8

45

1957/ 1973

Vrutok

Mavrovo

4

9

574

277

172,0

390

1959/ 1973

Raven

Mavrovo

3

10,6

66

0

21,6

53

1959

Tikvesh

River Crna

4

36

100

272

116,0

184

1966/ 1981

Kalimanci

Bregalni ca

2

9

13,8

17

2006

Globochica

Crn Drim

2

27

110 ,9

228

42,0

213

1965

Shpilje

Crn Drim

3

36

95

212

84,0

300

1969

Kozjak*

Treska

2

50

100

260

80,0

150

2004

Matka**

Treska

2

20

28

1,1

9,6

40

2009

551,8

1392

Total

*Kozjak, at extremely high water level, has option for operation with H=108 m and P=88 MW **Matka is treated as large HPP (Ther is an accummulation, and it has ~10 MW) documentation and hydrological bases existed. Table 2.2.2.1 gives the basic technical characteristics of large HPP candidates for investments and building in the future in R.Macedonia (source: the documentation from the company ELEM – Macedonian Power Plants). Some of the HPP candidates are under construction, some of them are into tender procedure, and for some once the tender procedure has been already completed. However, there are hydropower

facilities that are longer time in research, but the procedure for activating the build is not yet started. A necessary prerequisite for construction of HPP of Vardar Valley is to carry out displacement of railroad Skopje Gevgelija, with additional funds, into new route with a modern solution for two-way traffic and high speeds. Procedure for railroad displacement has not been started yet, so that the realization of this project could not be completed before 2020.

144

Table 2.2.2.1 – The basic technical characteristics of large HPP candidates for investments

Basin

Pinst

Wyear

Investments

Construction period

MW

GWh

M€

year

St. Petka

Treska

36

60

Boskov Most

Radika

68,2

117

70

4

Lukovo Pole

Mavrovo

5

163

45

4

Galishte

River Crna

193, 5

264

200

7

Chebren

River Crna

333

340/84 0

319

7

Gradec

Vardar

54,6

252

157

7

Veles

Vardar

93,0

300

251

7

10 HPP Vardar Valley

Vardar

176, 8

784

486

7

960

2280/ 2780

1528

Total

A necessary prerequisite for construction of HPP of Vardar Valley is to carry out displacement of railroad Skopje Gevgelija, with additional funds, into new route with a modern solution for two-way traffic and high speeds. Procedure for railroad displacement has not been started yet, so that the realization of this project could not be completed before 2020. From the HPP candidates for building, HPP Galishte and HPP Chebren are in the tendering procedure and they will be built according to the system of public private partnership. HPP Chebren and HPP Galishte, together with the downstream installed HPP Tikvesh, establish hydropower complex on the river Crna. HPP Chebren, because of the low water inflow and large installed capacity, is planned to be pumped storage scheme,

which will improve the operational capability of the power system and also will provide more efficient variable potential with positive financial impact. Another significant hydro project is the system on the accumulation Lukovo Pole together with downstream HPP Crn Kamen, which will increase the production of the Mavrovo hydropower complex for additional 163 GWh. It is also planed to start construction of HPP Boskov Most. HPP Veles and HPP Gradec are objects on the Vardar River that require higher investments and additional construction works as an displacement of the railroad, and they should be built as an integrated solution to the Vardar Valley along with the remaining 10 smaller HPP on the river Vardar.

145

The total installed capacity of large HPP candidates for investments is about 960MW, with about 2290 GWh average annual production for average hydrology, or with about 2790 GWh average annual production for average hydrology when the production from pumped storage HPP Chebren will be included. The total production of electricity from large HPP candidates may vary depending on the hydrology, but of course depending on the technical implementation of the HPP Cebren and

HPP Galishte as pump storage hydro power plants or as ordinary. Investments in these facilities are estimated at about 1530 million €. 2.2.3. Candidates of 10 unified HPP on the river Vardar According to the feasibility study, as well as to the Study for integrated management of the Vardar Valley, 12 HPP in a cascade on the Vardar River are foreseen, shown in Figure 2.2.3.1.

Fig. 2.2.3.1. Sites of HPP on the Vardar River Two of these HPP, Veles and Gradec, according to installed capacity and production, are treated separately. Table 2.2.3.1 gives the remaining 10 HPP foreseen by integrated management of the river Vardar. Each of them has installed capacity from 17MW to 24MW. The total installed capacity of these 10 unified HPP with the same flow is about 177 MW with average annual production of about 784 GWh. The total planned investment for these hydro facilities with consideration of dislocation of the railway is about 486 million €.

2.2.4. Existing Small Hydro Power Plants Small hydropower plants are production capacities with installed power up to 10 MW. Table 2.2.4.1 notes the existing small HPP in RM and their basic technical characteristics. From the existing small HPP, the most of them are the property of the Company EVN Macedonia, and a smaller number are owned by enterprises for water management. One small HPP (SHPP Dabniste) is in a private property.

146

Table 2.2.3.1 - Candidates of 10 unified HPP on the river Vardar Qinst H Pinst Wyear Investments HPP

(m3/s)

(m)

(MW)

(GWh)

M€

Babuna

240

8,5

17

56,9

36,65

Zgropolci

240

8,5

17

55,5

39,80

Gradsko

240

8,3

17

66,6

44,34

Kukuricani

240

8,3

17

79,5

43,88

Krivolak

240

8,3

17

80,0

43,88

Dubrovo

240

8,3

17

80,2

52,50

D.Kapija

240

12

24

116,4

61,90

Miletkovo

240

8,2

17

80,3

53,89

Gjavato

240

8,2

17

83,2

60,66

Gevgelija

240

8,3

17

85,1

48,50

177

783,7

486,01

Total

The total installed capacity of the existing small HPP is about 30 MW with average annual production of about 82 GWh. 2.2.5. Small Hydro Power Plants candidates for investments and building in the future Small Hydro Power Plants candidates for investments can be divided into two groups. One group consists of SHPP wich are already given or it is planning to be given in the tendering procedure through the Ministry of Economy, and the second group are other potential SHPP ownership of water management organizations and other hydro systems. A relevant Study about possible SHPP in the Republic of Macedonia was made in 1980 [8]. This Study takes the HPP with installed capacity up to 5 MW

as a small. The Study points to possibilities for building of 400 SHPP with total installed capacity of 255 MW and estimated average annual electricity production of 1.100 GWh. However, according to the average production from the existing SHPP, the annual production of these 255 MW would be 670 GWh. Some of these sites in the meantime have been further explored through research and feasibility projects, and the Ministry of Economy gives the best and the most promising locations gradually in tendering process for building. Up to date, the Ministry for Economy announced four calls for tender concession applications over 121 locations for SHPP with total installed capacity of 93 MW. The estimated annual electricity production of these 121 SHPP is about 245 GWh. So far the procedures for the first three tenders have been completed and 35

147

Table 2.2.4.1 – Existing small HPP in RM - Technical data Qinst Pinst (m3/s)

SHPP

Wyear

(MW)

(GWh)

Pena

2x2

3,3

9,43

Zrnovci

3 x 0,4

1,4

4,19

Pesocani

2 x 0,6

2,7

10,29

Sapuncica

2 x 0,4

2,9

9,96

Doshnica

3 x 0,7

4,1

15,02

Turija

2 x 2,3

2,2

5,20

Modric

1 x 0,4

0,2

0,43

Babuna

3 x 1,24

0,7

2,70

Belica

1x1

0,3

1,00

Glaznja

/

2,1

/

Popova Sapka

4 x 0,6

4,8

18,00

Strezevo 1

/

2,4

/

Strezevo 2

/

0,1

/

Strezevo 3

/

0,38

/

Strezevo 4

/

0,46

/

/

1,21

/

/

0,032

/

29,282

76,2

Lukar SHPP Dabniste

(Kavadarci)

4

Total

agreements on concessions with total installed capacity of 21 MW have been signed. 2.2.6. Small Hydro Power Plants candidates on other hydro systems

Apart from SHPP given in the tendering procedure through the Ministry of Economy, it is planned and there are opportunities for building SHPP on other hydro systems, such as water supplying systems or irrigation systems. Such a

148

Table 2.2.6.1 – SHPP candidates on the HS Zletovica Qinst H (m3/s)

SHPP

(m)

Pinst

Wyear

(MW)

(GWh)

Zletovica 1

3, 2

235

3,1

8,96

Zletovica 2

3,2

163

2,5

7,23

Zletovica 3

3,5

133

1,9

5,49

7,5

21,68

Total

case is the Hydro System Zletovica, where 3 SHPP are planed for building (Table 2.2.6.1). HS Zletovica is under construction and the first stage provides the construction of the dam and the system for supplying drinking water to the eastern region of the country, as well as water for irrigation. Hydropower plants are provided in the second construction

phase of the HS Zletovica. Each HPP is provided with two equal units. Total installed capacity of all three HPP is 7,5 MW with average annual production up to 22 GWh. Table 2.2.6.2 gives the installed capacity and average annual production for the SHPP in R.Macedonia planned by the tender from the Ministry of Economy, as well as for the SHPP on the HS Zletovica.

Table 2.2.6.2 – Small HPP candidates for investments

SHPP Tender from ME HS Zletovica Total

Besides the listed SHPP, also several small HPP are planned on other hydro systems: HS Studencica, HS Lisice, HS Boshava e.t.c., but still there is no specific technical data for these SHPP. 2.2.7. Comparison of existing and planned hydroelectric potential The Strategy [7] makes a comparison of existing and planned hydro-

Pinst

Wyear

MW

GWh

93

245

7,5

22

100,5

267

electric potential in R.Macedonia. Table 2.2.7.1 gives an overview of existing and planned hydro potential in RM (source: Strategy [7]). Graphical presentations of installed capacity and corresponding production for existing HPP and for planned HPP separately, as well as in total for existing and planned HPP in Macedonia are given in images 2.2.7.1 and 2.2.7.2.

149

Table 2.2.7.1 Installed capacities and annual production of existing and planned HPP in RM Existing

HPP

Planned

Total

Pins

Wyear

Pins

Wyear

Pins

Wyear

(MW)

(GWh)

(MW)

(GWh)

(MW)

(GWh)

Large

552

1392

960

2280

1512

3672

Small

27

76

100

267

127

343

Total

579

1468

1060

2547

1639

4015

Fig. 2.2.7.1 Installed capacities

Fig. 2.2.7.2 Average annual production

HPP planned to be built in future in Macedonia will be with total installed capacity of about 1060 MW; and 960 MW from the total installed capacity will be in large hydropower facilities, and about 100 MW will be in small hydro. Reciprocal total average annual production will amount 2550 GWh, with about 2280 GWh of large HPP and about 270 GWh of small HPP. According to announcements of concession of additional sites for construction of small hydro it is expected that by 2020 the contribution of new small hydro can reach installed capacity within 80 to 120 MW with an annual production from 210 to 310 GWh. It is also expected that construction of other small HPP will be completed in the period 2020-2030. The revitalization of

existing HPP can give additional production of electricity. With these planned hydro facilities, the hydro potential in Macedonia in the coming period until 2030 should be increased up to total installed capacity of about 1700 MW with average annual production of about 4400 GWh. 2.2.8. Feed-in tariffs for SHPP in Republic of Macedonia According to the Energy Law of the Republic [9], feed-in tariffs and the installed power of the hydropower plants for acquisition of right of use feed-in tariffs are determined by the Regulatory Commission of the Republic. Regarding feedin tariffs for SHPP, Regulatory Commis-

150

sion has been adopted Rules for the method and procedure for determining and approving the use of feed-in tariffs for sale of electricity produced in small hydropower plants [10]. Under the Rules, feed-in tariffs apply to quantities of electricity supplied from the newly constructed run-of-river SHPP with installed capacity up to 10,000 kW which have acquired the status of preferential producer. Preferential producer is obliged to use the feed-in tariffs, for the use of which has received a Decision on approval, for a period of 20 years. The

Operator on electricity market is obliged to buy the entire quantity of electricity supplied by the preferential producer at feed-in tariffs for which the Energy Regulatory Commission has been adopted a Decision approving the use from this preferential producer. Also, the Energy Regulatory Commission has been adopted a Decision on determining the tariffs for sale of electricity produced and supplied by small hydro which acquired the status of preferential producer. These tariffs are given in Table 2.2.8.1.

Table 2.2.8.1 – Feed-in tariffs for the electricity produced and furnished from the SHPP monthly furnished annual furnished Feed in tariffs electricity [kWh] electricity [kWh] Unit [€ cents/kWh] I

1-85000

1-1020000

12,00

II

85001-170000

1020000-2040000

8,00

III

170001-350000

2040001-4200000

6,00

IV

350001-700000

4200001-8400000

5,00

V

above 700001

above 8400001

4,50

2.2.9. Planned utilization of hydro energy in Republic of Macedonia by 2020 and by 2030 In the future it is planned increased use of energy from renewable sources. According to the Strategy for Energy Development in Macedonia by 2030 [12], there are technical potential of hydro energy for annually electricity production of around 5500 GWh at average hydrology in Macedonia. Up to date, there are hydropower plants with total installed capacity of 580 MW (Tables 2.2.1.1 and 2.2.4.1) and average production of about 150 GWh which represents 27% of available potential. According to the mentioned Study, it is planned utilization of additional hydro power plants with

production of about 2500 GWh, so that the total production will increase up to 4000 GWh or 73% of available technical potential. The baseline scenario of the mentioned Strategy [12] are planning the construction of 6 large hydro power plants in the period until 2020 (HPP St.Petka by 2010, HPP Boskov Most by 2015, Lukovo Pole with HPP Crn Kamen and HPP Galishte by 2016, HPP Gradec by 2017 and HPP Cebren by 2019) with total installed capacity of about 690 MW and average annual production of about 1200 GWh (Table 2.2.9.1 Upper Limit (UL)). Having on mind that tenders for the concession ended in failure on several occasions, there is possibility for some extension of the construction of these

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hydropower plants. With several years delay in their construction, it is to expect that construction of HPP Gradec and HPP Cebren will end after 2020. In this case, in 2020 the production from the new large hydropower plants would amount about 600 GWh (Table 2.2.9.1 Lower Limit (LL)). As a realistic scenario it is foresees some delay in construction of hydropower plants with only HPP Gradec cross over 2020. According to this scenario, by 2020 there will be new large HPP with a total capacity of 635 MW and annual production of 940 GWh (Table 2.2.9.1 Planned Scenario (PS)). In the period by 2030, beside the aforementioned, it is also foresees construction of HPP Veles and remaining 10 smaller HPP of Vardar Valley. Thus, the total installed capacity of newly built hydro power plants will amount 960 MW with average annual production of about 2280 GWh. The available potential for construction of small hydro power plants on 400 possible locations is estimated to 255 MW. According to the average production of the available small hydro power plants, the annual production from these new 255 MW would be 670 GWh. The locations for building small hydropower plants have been given under concession through tendering by the Ministry of Economy. Also, there are small hydro power plants planned for building on water supplying systems, as well as on irrigation systems. Despite some administrative problems, and problems with unclear hydrology of sites, the realistic scenario expects by 2020 construction of small hydro power plants with installed capacity of 80 MW and annual production of 210 GWh; and by 2030 it is expects 160 MW in small hydro power plants with annual production of 420 GWh. Also, there is an optimistic scenario which by 2020 foresees construction of small hydro power plants with installed capacity of 120 MW and annual production of 310 GWh; and by 2030 it is foresees 240 MW in small hydro power plants with annual produc-

tion of 620 GWh. 3.

CONCLUSION

Today it is generally accepted and clear, as it is explained in this text too, that all hydro power plants (large, as well as small) belong to renewable hydro energy sources. The limit for small hydropower plants (10 MW), recommended by the European Small Hydropower Association, which is also used in the R.Macedonia, is in function of application the feed-in tariffs for electricity generation from small hydro hydropower plants. In R.Macedonia there is considerable hydro energy potential, which is estimated to be around 5600 GWh technically usable hydro potential. Today, it is used around 1470 GWh which is only about 26% from this potential. The Strategy for utilization of renewable energy sources in R.Macedonia [4] gives four scenarios depending on participation of renewable energy in total final energy consumption. In all four scenarios it can be expected that R.Macedonia by 2020 can realistically achieve 21% participation of renewables. Scenarios C2 and C3 appear as the most likely. C3 scenario is based on final energy consumption scenario with enhanced energy efficiency measures under the Strategy for Energy Development in Macedonia [12], so that it represents a target option. The C2 scenario foresees final energy consumption as it is in the basic scenario of the Strategy [12]. For realization of scenarios C2 and C3 or any option between them, by 2020 it is needed to use hydro energy from large HPP in amount of 2000 - 2350 GWh (construction of HPP St. Petka, HPP Boskov Most, Lukovo Pole with HPP Crn Kamen and HPP Galiste under the C3 scenario; and according to the C2 scenario construction of the above listed HPP plus HPP Cebren), as well as hydro energy from small HPP in amount of 350 - 360 GWh. Moreover, the percentage participation of large and small HPP in

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the total amount of renewable energy by 2020 is: according to the C2 scenario large HPP participate by 34.1% and small HPP by 5.2%, and according to the C3 scenario large HPP participate by 30.9% and small HPP by 5.4%. The Strategy [4]

predicts the participation of HPP electricity generation in the final energy consumption in the limits 3430 - 4410 GWh from large HPP and in the limits 510 - 710 GWh from small HPP by 2030.

Table 2.2.9.1 – Large HPP candidates for investments Annual production HPP

Pinst

(GWh)

(MW)

UL

LL

PS

St. Petka

36

60

60

60

Boskov Most

68

117

117

117

Lukovo Pole

5

163

163

163

Galishte

193

264

264

264

Chebren**

333

340

340*

340

55

252

252*

252*

690; 302; 635

1196

604

944

93

300

300

300

177

784

784

784

960

2280

2280

2280

Gradec 2020

Total

Veles 10 HPP Vardar Valley 2030

Total

*Starting after 2020 **According to Directive 2009/28/EC the production from pumped water not inclouded REFERENCES

[3] Water economy basis of Republic of Macedonia, 1974.

[1] Directive 2009/28/EC for promotion of renewable energy.

[4] Strategy for utilization of renewable energy sources in Macedonia by 2020, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje 2010.

[2] Rules for electricity generation from renewable sources, Official Gazette No.127/2008, Republic of Macedonia.

[5] Energy Sector Development Strategy for Macedonia – Final Report, Ministry of Economy, Research

153

Center for Energy Informatics and Materials of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts and Electrotek Concepts Inc., July 2000.

status of privileged producer, Official Gazette No.16/2007, Re-public of Macedonia.

[6] Panovski S., Janevska G., Trajcevski Lj., Concessions possibilities for small hydro power plants (SHPPs) in Macedonia with emphasis on the model DBOT as a special case study, Hidroenergia 2010, Lausanne, Suisse, 16-19 June 2010.

[11] Strategy for Energy Development in Macedonia by 2030, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2010. [12] Rulebook on the manner of issuing guarantees of origin for electricity produced from renewable sources, and the content, form and manner of keeping the register of issued guarantees of origin for electricity produced from renewable sources, Official Gazette No.127/2008, Republic of Macedonia.

[7] Study about possible mini and small HPP in SR of Macedonia, Republic Committtee for Energetics of SR of Macedonia, 1980. [8]

Energy Law, Official Gazette No.63/2006, 36/2007 and 106/2008, Republic of Macedonia.

[13] Rules on the conditions, manner and procedure for issuing, modifying, extending and revoking licenses for performing energy activities, Official Gazette No.31/2009, Republic of Macedonia.

[9] Rules for the method and procedure for determining and approving the use of feed-in tariffs for sale of electricity produced in small hydropower plants, Official Gazette No.16/2007, Republic of Macedonia.

[14] Rules on the manner of acquiring status of privileged producer of electricity produced from renewable sources, and the content, form and manner of keeping a register of privileged producers of electricity produced from renewable sources, Official Gazette No.29/2009, Republic of Macedonia.

[10] Decision on determining the feedin tariffs for sale of electricity produced and supplied by small hydropower plants which acquired the

154

155

4. SUSTAINABLE INCORPORATION OF BIOMASS AND OTHER RES IN MUNICIPAL AND NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

156

157

POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AT THE MUNICIPALY LEVEL V. Segon, J. Domac North-West Croatia Regional Energy Agency, Zagreb, Croatia Abstract: Renewable energy sources (RES) are being increasingly considered as one of the key elements of future development strategies on a national, regional and local level. This paper discusses the methodological approach proposed by the authors and identifies the most important drivers for application at the regional or local (i.e. municipality) level. This approach is different to the previous ‘top-down’ or strategic assessments as seen many times in the past in most Western Balkan countries and is expected to herald a new future for the local community ownership and ‘buy-in’ to renewable energy resulting in the greater probability of individual project success providing local stakeholder sympathy is retained. The implementation of the developed approach is demonstrated on Karlovac County (western Croatia) which has considerable potential for the utilisation of different RES. The main outcomes are described: approved Regional strategy for utilisation of renewable energy sources in the Karlovac County, number of individual projects identified, supported and launched and a Regional energy agency created as the implementing body for future renewable energy projects. Keywords: Renewable energy, Planning methodology, Croatia, Karlovac County 1.

INTRODUCTION

Regional policies and plans can be critical for promoting clean energy and for regulating renewable energy development activities. Community-based efforts to inform and influence policymaking at the regional level are also helping accelerate progress toward a sustainable energy supply and use structure. While the kind and extend of renewable energy vary considerably from country to country, most regions would like to see the increased deployment of these technologies, largely thanks to their perceived socio-economic benefits. The

exact number of jobs which would be generated as well as other socio-economic benefits are hard to predict and the figures produced depend largely on the methodology used to obtain them. However, examples of European regions like Styria (Austria) [1], Växjö Municipality (South-eastern Sweden) [2] and many others that were extremly succesful during last decades in developing renewable energy schemes confirm that impact of renewable energy on regional economy. An encouraging trend is that in many regions policy makers are beginning to perceive the potential economic benefits of renewable energy e.g. employment/

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earnings, regional economic gain, contribution to security of energy supply and all others. This represents a significant policy shift with regards to the old view in which renewable energy sources (RES) were viewed only as a non-commercial or rural energy sources. The County of Karlovac is situated in the central part of Croatian state territory and covers an area of approximately 3,622 km² which makes this county one of the largest among 20 counties existing in Croatia. Because of its transit, traffic and geostrategic position, the County of Karlovac is one of the most important in the whole country. As of the census of 2001, there are 141,787 people and 49,621 households residing in county. The population density is 39 persons km². In Karlovac County there is significant potential for utilisation of different types of RES. There are several on-going projects of RES utilisation in the area of the County, especially small hydro-power plants. In addition, more than a few preliminary analysis and start up projects for various RES types have been written. In that respect, it is reasonable to say that Karlovac County has gained significant experience in RES utilisation which positively influenced the public opinion. It is important to emphasise that the County leaders already recognise noteworthy socio-economic impacts (employment, regional and local business activity, circulation and retention of income within the region/local community, investments, profit and taxation) of RES utilisation on the regional level. This was the main reason that RES are included in an already existing important strategic document - the Regional Operational Plan (ROP) and some of the projects from the ROP are submitted for funding within various development funds of the EU [3]. 2.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO REGIONAL ENERGY PLANNING AS A KEY FOR MORE RE-

NEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES The planning of the energy sector development is usually carried out on three different levels: global, national and regional. Each level has its own rules, requirements, domains and limits, and none of them can be neglected because each represent a real dimension of the energy sector and market. The requirements of planning on a global scale stem in the first place from the specific issues in energy production and consumption due to the limited availability of energy sources, but also due to the requirements regarding environment protection and global climate change. Planning on a national level in order to ensure the proper functioning of the energy sector is the responsibility of each national government, which has this obligation not only towards its citizens but also to the international community. This type of energy planning, often called ‘topdown’ was very often in the past in Croatia due to overall lack of experience and infrastructure as well as an early stage of energy sector development. This resulted sometimes in rather ambitious but unrealistic national planes or sometimes in underestimation of a real potential and possible role of renewable energy in national energy balance. The regional level of energy planning is connected directly to the interests and status of energy consumption within the region, as well as the direct impact on its citizens regarding the quality of energy supply, clean environment, economic development, quality and standard of life etc. The process of strengthening of interest and widening of impact of local communities, and consequently the increase of significance of regional energy planning, is connected to other processes which determine the development of modern, democratic and market oriented societies. Thus, it can be expected that in Croatia the regional level of planning and

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responsibility for the energy sector development will in time increase, in parallel with the development of the energy market, but especially regarding the activities connected with energy efficiency and renewable energy sources utilisation. The Croatian legislation recognises the importance of local and regional government involvement in the energy sector and envisages strong involvement of local and regional authorities in the creation of energy strategies and their implementation. Furthermore, examples of regional energy planning can be found in all EU members, where towns, municipalities and regional authorities successfully formulate and implement their own energy plans. In Croatia, the basic entity which is responsible for regional energy planning is the county, and thus the development of models and concepts for such planning was tailored specifically at that level. The first significant activities related to regional energy planning in Croatia started in 1995 within the Programme for development and reconstruction of the Croatian

energy sector (PROHES) started by the Croatian Government. Within the activities performed in recent years, the concept and procedure of regional energy planning was developed and was tested on several counties. This concept is based on the Integrated Energy/Resource Planning (IRP) approach and consists of two main phases: ·

Establishing the base platform (current status); · Development of energy plan and strategy. Within the first phase (base platform or current status) the energy balance of the county is established, based on the data of energy companies, national and regional statistical data, households and industry surveys and other means of data acquisition. Other important activities of this phase include analysing of current environmental conditions or concerns, precise estimation of existing RES potential and identification of available and future energy technologies which could be utilised in that area [4].

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Energy Database

Existing energy Current environmnet al conditions

RES potential

Available and future energy

Future energy consumption

Environmental policy and targets

External emission and

Future energy supply from large energy Introduction of decentralised

Pollution and impacts from other sectors Adjustments according to IRP

Socio-economic modelling

Figure 1. Overview of regional energy planning concept based on the IRP approach

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The second phase encompasses activities aimed at estimating the potential of various energy sources (including renewable energy sources and energy efficiency measures), their mathematical modelling in order to compare their economic, environmental and social parameters, and finally the creation of plans regarding the future energy supply within the region and long-term development of the energy sector. Figure 1 illustrates the concept of the regional energy planning based on the IRP approach. All aforementioned activities are harmonised with the current changes in the energy sector of the Republic of Croatia. Namely, structural changes in the energy sector lead towards greater responsibility of a region in the energy planning and security: Public Administration and Local (Regional) Self-government are obliged to include energy demand and sources of energy supply in their development documents. In addition, those documents have to be harmonised with the Strategy of Energy Development and Programme for Implementation of the Strategy of Energy Development (Article 7, Law on Energy, O.B. 68/01, Law on Amendments on the Law on Energy, O.B. 177/04) [5]. 3.

REGIONAL ENERGY PLANNING METHODOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND TARGETS The foundations of the environmental policy of the Karlovac County are set in the Statute of the County, which already in the preamble emphasises the ecological diversity of the landscapes and natural resources as one of the important merits of the County. Furthermore, the Statute obliges the Council to “take special care about the protection of natural features of the County, watercourses and environmental management” [6]. These basic postulates are further elaborated in the Regional Operational Plan (ROP),

which defines sustainable natural resources management and environmental protection as one of the three goals of the development plan. To fulfil this goal the ROP identifies three priority areas: upgrading of environmental protection, environmental infrastructure improvement and upgrading of nature protection. For each of the priority areas the measures to be undertaken are prescribed. Among others the measures include Setting of the Natural Resources Management Programme - for Watercourses, Forests, Soil and Air, Upgrading of Energy Systems and Protection of Landscapes and Biodiversity. When assessing these aims and measures within the perspective of the development of the County, only the integration of these measures with the economic and social measures can assure sustainable development. In that sense, actions directed towards the RES utilisation can be viewed as a tool that can be employed in accomplishment of multiple goals on both regional and national scale. On one hand, it can bring economic and social benefits to the local communities of the Karlovac County, while on the other side, the utilisation of such a great RES potential can contribute to the reduction of GHG emission reduction that is significant on the national scale. Along with this, if managed sustainably and according to the national energy strategy and national environmental protection strategy it can both indirectly and directly contribute to better implementation of nature protection measures. The National Environmental Strategy identifies the energy sector as the sector that imposes the most significant impacts on the environment. Thus, considering the objectives and aims of the Strategy, it designates the energy sector to be priority sector where the changes have to be made [7]. Apart from the necessary institutional changes the Strategy calls for impelling of the RES utilisation and horizontal integration of environmental pro-

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tection postulates into all national and regional development strategies. The Regional Operational Plan of the Karlovac County is an example of a strategic document that refers to all the national development strategies and transfers the national objectives and goals to the regional level, where the actions are to be taken. In that way it is a “top-down” support for the implementation of the projects related to RES utilisation in the Karlovac County, whether they are initiated by private parties, NGOs or the local government. 3.2 OVERVIEW OF EXISTING EXPERIENCES AND PROJECTS OF RES UTILISATION IN THE COUNTY Despite the fact that the collected experiences of the Karlovac County in RES utilisation are relatively modest, some of the most important national projects (especially biomass and small hydropower plants) are situated there which singles the Karlovac County out from the rest of counties. The experience and awareness of the possibilities and impacts of RES utilisation represent crucial preconditions for future activities of the County. In respect to biomass energy utilisation, the Karlovac County is quite advanced compared to other parts of Croatia. The only heating plant on forest biomass that is not incorporated in a wood processing industry is situated in Ogulin. It was established in 1995 by Uprava suma Ogulin (Hrvatske sume Ltd.) with the capacity of 1 MW, which is used for heating the office buildings of Uprava suma Ogulin. Apart of Ogulin’s heating plant, there are several saw mills and wood processing plants that are partially utilising the wood residues. One of the largest heating plants is in DIP Karlovac, which has the processing capacity of 60 m3 shift-1 of trunks. Total amount of wood residues per year is estimated to be around 16 kt and is partly utilised for their own purposes and partly sold to the

locals while the bark is still being disposed as waste. Forests cover 118,637 ha of the Karlovac County which represents 5.75 percent of the total forest fund of the Republic of Croatia. Annual cutting is estimated at 373,400 m3, out of which fuel wood and low quality wood make almost 45 percent. Fuel wood remains one of the most important energy sources for household heating, despite of the partial introduction of natural gas network in the County. Annual fuel wood consumption in the households has been estimated to around 50,000 cubic meters. The fuel wood is supplied, apart from the Hrvatske sume Ltd., from private forests, orchards, garden trees, etc. [8]. In May 2006, the first biodiesel processing plant has started its production in Ozalj. The plant has an annual capacity of 20 kt and is owned by private company MODIBIT Ltd. Utilisation of small hydro power plants has a long tradition in the County. The first hydro power plants were built in the turn from 19th to 20th century. There are three small hydro power plants in the category of several MW of installed capacity and they are all owned by Hrvatska elektroprivreda : Gojak in Ogulin (48 MW), HPP Ozalj I and Ozalj II in vicinity of Ozalj (in total 5.82 MW) and small hydro power plants within the complex of Pamucna industrija Duga Resa (1.16 MW). Currently, HPP Lesce (42 MW) is in the phase of construction. Solar and geothermal energy utilisation is on the level of data collection, such as recording of solar radiance (meteorological stations Karlovac and Ogulin) and investigation of geothermal potentials (INA-Naftaplin Ltd.). Although a certain potential for wind energy utilisation exists, especially at the uplifts of the Karlovac County, there were no data collection or research activities to support utilisation of this type of RES. 3.3 ESTABLISHING GOALS FOR RES UTILISATION IN THE KARLOVAC COUNTY

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3.3.1 Present energy consumption analysis Energy demand is divided into demand for heat and demand for electricity in households, service and industry sectors. Thermal energy in households is usually utilised for satisfying three basic needs (space heating, sanitary hot water preparation and cooking). Each of these three needs depends on its own parameters. Space heating depends on the age of the building, heating area, isolation and the standard of living. It is commonly known that the living standard influences the share of the heating area of the household. Namely, the heating area is increasing with the standard of living until it passes a certain level on which the whole household is being heated. Preparation of sanitary hot water is primarily related to the hygiene habits and needs, which is, again, closely related to the level of the standard of living. In the calculations for heat energy demand per household, there are two contradictory trends: decreasing number of household members and increasing need for hot water per household member. The consumption of energy for cooking depends on the same factors as the space heating energy. After taking into the consideration the aforementioned interrelations and available data for the Karlovac County, assessment of heat energy demand per households for separate settlements and towns has been made. The sum of the projected heat energy demand per households makes 2.55 PJ for the year 2001. Energy utilisation in the service sector has the same pattern as the households’ consumption with the difference in

the criteria for consumption assessment. Namely, besides the criteria applicable both for households and service sector, there are additional parameters for the service sector, such as the business activity and working hours to consider. The parameters for the industry sector are even more complex. Besides the space heating, energy consumption is closely related to the industry process in place. In general, the industry processes could be divided into two main categories which are: low-temperature processes where the fuel is converted into the hot water energy and/or steam that are further used in the technological process, and high-temperature processes where the heat represents energy used in the energy process without being converted. Based on the previous studies and analysis of the Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar, the heat energy consumption for the Karlovac County’s industry and service sectors is estimated at 1.42 PJ and 0.45 PJ, respectively, for the year 2003 (Figure 2). 4,5 4 3,5 Heat consumption (PJ)

The set up of goals for RES utilisation in the Karlovac County represents the ratio between energy demand (excluding transport) and potential contribution of certain types of RES, taking into the account the existing experience and level of the each RES type utilisation.

3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 PJ

2001

2005

2010

2015

2020

2,553

2,896

3,201

3,534

4,025

Figure 2 Current and future heat consumption within the Karlovac County The data on electric energy consumption for the Karlovac County are taken from the 2004 reports by HEP Distribucija Ltd., DP Elektra Karlovac [9]. It is possible to accurately assess the consumption of the electric energy according to the individual consumer categories (Table 1) as the measurements are executed for each individual consumer depending on the voltage level.

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Table 1 Consumption of the electric energy in the Karlovac County by consumer categories Consumer category

Consumption (GWh)

Industry consumers

128.94

Entrepreneurship

95.57

Households

212.03

Public lighting

17.35

TOTAL

453.89

Like consumption, the electric energy production is measured for each individual power plant. It is interesting to point out that, in the Karlovac County, the production of the small hydro power plants was 1.18 GWh or 0.26 percent of the total consumption in 2004 (Figure 3). GWh

Electricity consumption (GWh)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 GWh

2004

2010

2015

2020

212,03

239,75

255,23

268,16

Figure 3 Current and future electricity consumption within the Karlovac County 3.3.2 Purpose of utilisation and possible contribution of each RES type The possible projects of RES utilisation have been identified for the Karlovac County continuing on the demand and supply relationships described above. The projects were identified by technical staff employed within the County, municipality leaders and independent experts from the Energy Institute with previous experience in that area. All proposed

projects were evaluated and their feasibility was estimated according to the utilisation purposes and possible contribution of the each RES type. 1) Small hydro power plants: In 2004, small hydro power plants produced 1.18 GWh or 0.26 percent of the total consumption of the Karlovac County [10]. Based on the current state and possible total potential, the following development dynamics for the electricity production from hydro power plants have been projected: · 2010: production of 2.36 GWh with linear growth, · 2015: production of 4.00 GWh with linear growth. 2) Biomass: The projected growth dynamic of installation of biomass plants for heat energy generation and/or cogeneration is based on the current and planned projects along with the biomass availability, climate and business factors and other relevant parameters: · 2010: installation of 3 MW thermal, · 2015: installation of 10 MW thermal. 3) Solar energy: The current average of installed solar thermal collectors in the EU amounts of 26 m2 1,000 persons-1 inhabitants which would make 3,686 m2 for the Karlovac County. Together with all positive governmental regulations regarding solar energy and planned educational activities, the following dynamic of growth has been assumed: · 2010: total of 1,500 m2 installed, · 2015: total of 3,600 m2 installed. 4) Geothermal energy: No speculations have been made on geothermal energy’s contribution to the energy supply of the County for two basic reasons: · Its utilisation, in general, depends on specific circumstances and special agreement with the INA-Naftaplin Ltd. and · Geothermal field Karlovac needs additional research in order to precisely assess its energy potential which, again, depends on INA-Naftaplin Ltd. However, utilisation of geothermal energy confidently could bring valuable

164

benefits. Thus, it is worth bearing in mind that there is certain geothermal potential in the area of Karlovac County and including it in all future activity programmes and plans. 5) Wind energy: Considering the current lack of experience in wind energy utilisation in the Karlovac County and absence of data on wind energy potential, it is not realistic to expect production of electric energy from wind until 2010. In order to set up realistic goals and assess the possible contribution of wind energy, it is necessary to execute detailed data collection. In that way, it will be possible to assess the total wind energy potential of the Karlovac County and identify the most prosperous locations for the wind power plants. 3.3.3 Identification of the possible project of RES utilisation in the Karlovac County Biomass seems to be the primary RES type to be used in the Karlovac County. The arguments lie in significant area of forest cover, dominantly continental climate and long heating season. Moreover, the tradition and habits of the inhabitants and development of infrastructure and economy are in favour to the biomass utilisation. The total energy potential of biomass (excluding the biomass from cattle breeding, solid waste and waste waters) is projected to be around 2.5 PJ per year, which represents around 6.7 percent of the total technical potential of biomass of the Republic of Croatia. Unutilised potentials of biomass in the Karlovac County can be organised according to the type and origin: 1) Forests: total area of maintained forest in the County is 1,186.4 km2, out of which 37 percent belongs to new stands. Annual cutting in the region amounts to 373,399 m3 where 44 percent goes to fuel wood and low quality wood and other 56% are used in wood processing industry. Unplanned cutting in the region is

10,660 m3 while the annual contribution of forest residues makes 46,111 m3. 2) Abandoned agricultural area: bushes, shrubs and other types of degraded forest cover that cover approximately 20 percent of the total surface of the County - however there is no data on how much of this could be sustainable harvested each year and biomass crops on that are were not considered in the past; 3) Agricultural area: residues from the agricultural production (around 30 percent of total biomass produced), and especially from corn growing and straw, although there is no example of current utilisation; 4) Wood processing industry: total annual amount of wood residues is estimated to be 17 kt which is only partly used in industrial heating plants and for heating of local households in vicinity of wood processing industries. Utilisation of biomass energy has been assessed through cogeneration plants in the industry, district heating systems and small furnaces and individual heating systems (micro-grids). In that respect, considering the gasification plans, a gradual implementation has been proposed for all aforesaid technologies targeting at different consumer groups: · District heating systems with possibility of cogeneration: inhabited parts of towns and municipalities due to the energy consumption density (settlements Zakanje, Ribnik, Netretic, Vojnic, Slunj, Plaski, Lasinja, Bjelolasica and town Ogulin); · Cogeneration systems: larger consumers of heat and electricity such as industrial plants, business zones and public buildings (DIP Karlovac, Kordun); · Educational and promotional biomass utilisation: primary and secondary schools, other public buildings and tourist-recreational facilities (HOC Bjelolasica); · Small biogas plants at cattle and poultry farms.

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Based exclusively on the available data from the registry of small water flows, its total energy potential amounts a little over 35 MW electric of installed capacity or 136 GWh of produced electricity [10]. It is important to emphasise that the energy potential of the Karlovac

County has been estimated for only a certain number of water flows, namely those that have the specific power higher than 50 kW. The Table 2 shows the existing and possible potential of utilisation of energy from small hydro power plants in the Karlovac County.

Table 2 Net potential of small water flows in the Karlovac County With defined utilisation sites Name of the water flows

Total possible number of utilisation routes at the water flows

Possible annual production of electric energy (GWh)

Total installed capacity (kW)

Bistrica

1

50

0.20

Dretulja

10

466

2.57

Glinica

12

1,734

6.04

Korana gornja

39

8,455

32.64

Kupa gornja

15

14,244

41.55

Kupcina

16

1,041

4.13

Slunjcica (Slusnica)

7

1,945

7.60

Tounjcica

22

3,200

9.14

Vitunjcica Total

6 128

1,258 32,393

3.68 107.55

Without defined utilisation site: Name of the water flows Globornica Radonja

Total installed capacity (kW)

River basin

Possible annual production of electric energy (GWh)

Donja Dobra

402

3.52

Korana

570

4.99

Glina

Kupa

1,135

9.94

Kravascica

Kupa

90

0.79

Utinja

Kupa

373

3.27

V. Trepca

Kupa

426

3.73

V. Utinja

Kupa

250

2.19

3,246

28.43

Total

-

In respect to the geothermal energy, only two deep research wells were investigated: Karlovac-3 (production well)

and Karlovac-2 (injection well). The preliminary research data show that Karlovac-3 has greater abundance both in

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quantity and temperature. While its bottom temperature is 140˚C, with optimised production flow the acquired temperature on the well-head would be 93˚C [11]. The well Karlovac-3 is intermediate enthalpy resource that is appropriate for both direct use and production of electric energy. The most common utilisation technologies are binary plants, direct use, heat exchangers, and heat pumps. For its optimal use multiple (cascading) utilisation of geothermal energy could be considered with possible re-heating to reach more options for its utilisation. The recommended utilisation for geothermal wells of these characteristics are numerous such as food processing, distillation of water for drinking purposes, cement drying and other organic mater drying, cooling, greenhouses and space heating, in fermentation process, de-frosting, fisheries and agriculture. Those possibilities for the utilisation should be incorporated in the needs of the already existing business activities such as Karlovac pivovara - top beer exported and located in Karlovac, approximately ten kilometres from the Karlovac-3 as well as planned business activities, such as business zones [12]. Due to the relatively high investment costs in solar energy utilisation, active part of the County seems to be crucial for achieving its goals: · Education of solar system technicians; · Setting up of demonstration solar collector system on targeted public buildings of the County; · Motivate installation of solar collectors on school buildings in order to achieve educational impact (primary school Zakanje, Craft and technical school in Ogulin, Technical school Karlovac); · Reaching the European solar collectors average of 26 m2 1,000 persons-1 on the level of the County. Considering the little data on the energy potential of wind of the Karlovac

County, the priority in wind energy utilisation is erection of four or five new measuring stations, 40 meters high, in order to establish systematic data collection on the wind [13]. The County has complex orthography as well as windclimate diversity, and thus it is necessary to establish zones of smaller areas in order to maximise the local characterristics of wind currents. Additionally, that would help optimal positioning of the measuring stations. 4.

CONCLUSIONS

After years of utilising fossil fuels, the global scenario is in recent times changing and renewable energy sources are being increasingly considered as one of the key elements of future development strategies on a national, regional and local level. This paper described the work that has been undertaken in the Karlovac County where there are considerable possibilities for the utilisation of different renewable energy sources. The current situation and existing experience regarding renewable energy sources utilisation within the county have been used as the starting point for the setting of future targets, whilst the energy potential of each renewable energy source (small hydro, biomass, geothermal) was also determined. At the end, recommendations regarding organisational measures for the implementation of renewable energy projects have been presented, which include public and experts education, necessary planning and strategic documents, domestic and international cooperation and the setting up of a regional energy agency as the implementing body for renewable energy projects. Based on the results presented in previous sections, it is possible to conclude that there are significant potentials of RES utilisation in the Karlovac County. Presented results were already utilised in the County that made some significant moves forward - official Regional strategy for utilisation of renewable energy sources in the Karlovac County was appro-

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ved; number of individual projects were identified, supported and launched; and a Regional energy agency was created as the implementing body for future renewable energy projects. Therefore, results and conclusions presented in the paper represent only the first step in the implementation of the programme for renewable energy sources utilisation. The key for the future will be ‘co-management’, the national and regional government to work in partnership with the local communities concerned. In this way communities would benefit from greater self-reliance, increased self-esteem, have fewer social problems and become less vulnerable to change. 5. REFERENCES: [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6] [7]

[8]

[9]

Weiss G. The role of innovation systems in the development and diffusion of biomass-based district heating plants in Austria (in German), Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 121(4): 225-242. 2004. Nilsson, S., Frank, B. Climate protection and bioenergy, What's in it for a polititian. Proceedings from the IEA Bioenergy Task 29 Workshop Socio-Economic Drivers in Implementing Bioenergy Projects: Education and Promotion, Streatley, 15-23. 2003. Anon. Regional operational plan of Karlovac County (in Croatian). Available at http://www.karlovacka-zupanija.hr/rop_opcenito.asp. 2005. Domac, J. Methods for evaluating the energy, economic and social impacts of using biomass in energy systems. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Power Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. 2004. Anon. Energy Law (O.B. 68/01) and Law on amendments to the Energy Law (O.B. 177/04) (in Croatian),

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available at www.nn.hr. 2004 (accessed in May 2008). Anon. Karlovac County Statute (in Croatian). available at http://www.kazup.hr/. 2005. Anon. National Strategy of Environment Protection (OG 46/2002) (in Croatian), available at http://www.nn. hr/sluzbeni-list/sluzbeni/index.asp. 2002. Domac, J. BIOEN – National energy programme of biomass and waste utilisation – previous results and future activities (in Croatian). Energy institute Hrvoje Pozar, Zagreb, Croatia. 1998. DP Elektra Karlovac (Local electric utility). Direct communication with Ivan Horvat on 21 May 2005. Karlovac, Croatia. 2005. Basic, H. New approach to implementation planning for small hydro power plants, Ph.D. Thesis, (in Croatian), Faculty of electrical engineering and computing, University of Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. 2003. Getliher, A. Geothermal water, renewable, ecological and multi-functional energy potential (in Croatian), Regional conference on energy security and economic development. HGK. Zagreb, Croatia. 2006. Bosnjak, R, Golub, M, Pesut, D. GEOEN – National energy programme of geothermal energy utilisation – previous results and future activities, (in Croatian), Energy institute Hrvoje Pozar, Zagreb, Croatia. 1998. Domac, J, Segon, V, Horvath, L, Matic, Z. Karlovac County Regional Strategy for RES Utilisation, Energy institute Hrvoje Pozar, Zagreb, Croatia. 2006.

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5. OPEN REGIONAL FUND IN SOUTH-EAST EUROPE -ENERGY(ORF-E), EXPERIENCE AND OPPORTUNITIES IN WB COUNTRIES

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OPEN REGIONAL FUND IN SOUTH-EAST EUROPEENERGY(ORF-E) , EXPERIENCE AND OPPORTUNITIES IN WB COUNTRIES The 0pen Regional Fund in SouthEast Europe-Energy (ORF-E) has been established in June 2008 as one of the four Open Regional Funds in SEE. Overall objective of the Fund is: Energy supply and the use of energy in SEE become more sustainable through rational use of energy and the use of renewable energy sources. As a regional instrument of German Technical Cooperation, the ORF-E complement the efforts of the bilateral German Development Cooperation conducted on behalf of BMZ by both GTZ and KfW in the energy sector. By spring 2009 the ORF-E has been introduced in each of the seven eligible partner countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. ORF-E sub-projects support initiatives: * in which partners from at least three eligible partner countries cooperate, which contribute to EU approximation and * which sustainably strengthen the capacity of partners to implement projects independently. The ORF-E sub-projects intend to impact on the issues of EE and RE in a wide scope of intervention:

* At a regional level through a close cooperation with existing regional organisations like the Energy Community Treaty formed by the South Eastern European contracting partners, to use regional synergies. * At national level, to improve the regulatory framework on energy issues. This may include, for example, advising on strategies, plans and the legal framework, or upgrading institutional structures. * At local level by promoting a sustainable energy management – for example, through the initiative of South East European capital cities (Zagreb, Sarajevo, Podgorica and Skopje, supported by the German reference city of Freiburg). This initiative aims at reducing CO2 in line with the goals of the European Covenant of Mayors. * In the private sector, via the implementation of ‘development partnerships with the business sector’ (public private partnership approaches) with companies and associations in short-term, highpotential, regionally oriented approaches. * Through cooperation with stakeholders from organised civil society (nongovernmental organisations - NGOs); in particular with a view to raising public

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awareness about the importance of sustainable energy use. In the beginning, ORF E had a very open approach related to the demand expressed by partners (governmental institutions, local governments, civil society, etc.). After two years of implementation of first sub-projects, following lessons learned can be derived from the process: * Subprojects require a long preparation time and time necessary for building up of partner relationship. * ORF-E sub-projects are with shortterm implementation period (up to two years) having a limited fund with regard to size and scope. Therefore the cooperation with partners and other stakeholders is essential for the sustainability of the intervention. * A purely demand driven approach is not always possible as partners are not able or willing to submit substantially based proposals. Therefore, the ORF – E has to identify partners and check their capabilities and commitment actively. * In SEE there are a many projects, initiatives and funds in energy sector which could be used to foster sustainability of ORF-E projects and also to find out to meet expectation of partners. To maintain high quality standards, every new sub-project must – besides specific outputs-clearly express its objective (outcome) and expected impacts, based on a results chain. If the ORF-E wants to extend and scale up activities, additional budgets have to be retrieved from other partners and donors. Other serious international organizations offering technical assistance in field of EE and RE are: UNDP (which is present in most of the countries of the region) , USAID ( also present in most of the SEE countries) and ADA ( present in some SEE countries). ORF E has already established cooperation with UNDP (in Croatia, BiH and upcoming Macedonia) on CCI project. In order to formalize the cooperation with partner institution as well as with

other donor organizations ORF E established some written forms as ,,Letter of intent “ and ,, Memorandum of understanding”. These documents are basis for the cooperation and define the objective of cooperation and the contribution of partners. The ORF E most important strength is regional cooperation because of several reasons: own network on the ground , supported by GTZ offices network of local partners (city administrations, NGO’s etc) in the region use of a network of local experts capable to work in the region Therefore ORF E can undertake some actions which differ from other bilateral projects. They are regional, but sometimes ,,tailor made’’ approach is also possible for each country of the region. The aim of ORF E is to create a regional network between partners (governmental institution, local authorities, NGO’s) and within EU. Further, aim of ORF E is to develop right capacities, to adopt organizational structures and to establish appropriate structures on a permanent basis-not only while the project last. For example, in the CCI subproject , partner cities ( Zagreb, Sarajevo, Podgorica and Skopje) have signed EU Covenant of Mayors and committed to establish energy management structures, based on the model city from Germany (Freiburg). Without learning and innovation no improvement in EE and RE will be achieve in the region. To emphasise these aspects some questions have to be answered: * How to come from ‘’knowing “to “acting” with regard to the use of energy? * How to implement ,, change of behaviour” * What are the specific instruments for regional learning? * Are the knowledge-owners interested in distribution of such knowledge in the region?

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Different situation in different countries makes it difficult to have three or more countries in one project. For example some of the SEE countries have adopted EU legislation and have very well prepared statistical data (Croatia), some or almost all of them do not have sufficient institutional capacity, some of them do not have proper structure, some still do not have proper legislation or EE strategies etc. However, in almost all SEE countries lack of implementation of EE and RE measures and legislation is a critical point. The preparation of strategic documents as EE and RE strategies and action plans is very important, but also very important is a monitoring and an evaluation of the results of the implementation. The GTZ ORF E will support countries to establish proper system for Monitoring, Evaluation and Verification of the results of the National Energy Efficiency polices as for example the NEEAPs. Other very important aspect in implementation of EE and RE is an involvement and active participation of all political decision makers (parliamentaryans, government, ministries etc). Therefore establishment of a political dialog on national, but also on regional level is one of the objectives of ORF E.

In this process the role of media must be also taken in consideration, as one of the crucial factors for creation of public awareness with regard to rational use of energy. The business sector also has to be active involved in the implementation process. EE and RE can create additional job opportunities and can reduce the unemployment in West Balkan countries. GTZ ORF E will continue to establish a strong partnership with the business association as the Chambers of Commerce. PPP is one of the possible forms of the cooperation with the private sector. If the countries of the region will take in consideration serious all above aspects, we can be sure that the overall goal 20-20-20 will be achieve until 2020 also in the SEE region. Therefore all relevant actors must active contribute in this process. GTZ ORF Energy will support the partner countries in their efforts for rational use of energy, reduction of CO2 emission and increase the use of renewable energy sources. The biomass for sure is one of the renewable sources with huge potential, which can be use in almost all countries in the region. However, only rational and smart use of biomass will be useful and productive.

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Biblioteka OBNOVLIVI ENERGETSKI IZVORI VO MAKEDONIJA Publikacija br.5 Proceedings of the WB Workshop on HARMONIZATION OF METHODOLOGIES FOR ESTIMATION AND SUSTAINABLE INCORPORATION OF BIOMASS AND OTHER RES IN MUNICIPAL AND NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT Skopje, 2010

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