typical biomedical engineering research and development project. It has the following phases: - Project starts with the idea. - It is based to existing theory or new ...
Biomedical Engineering Education Jaakko Malmivuo Ragnar Granit Institute, Tampere University of Technology P.O. Box 692. FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland \\ \\ \\'.cc.tut. l r/--rnlrl
Abstract: The interdisciplinary nature of Biomedical Engineering brings special demands for its education. In this paper it is described the target, philosophy and contents of biomedical engineering studies in general and especially at the Ragnar Granit Institute.
DICIPLINE The interdisciplinary nature of biomedical engineering raises special demands in its education.
Characteristic to engineering sciences is that they are based on synthesis. There does not exist any such device or computer program whose construction and operation would not be understood by an engineer or group of them because the device is designed and constructed by engineers. Characteristic to biomedical sciences is that they are based on analysis. The nature is extremely complicated
and we never can understand
all its details.
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CONTENTS OF THE STUDIES
Biomedical Engineering may discuss any different subfields of engineering and medicine. At the Ragnar Granit Institute we concentrate on applying the electrical engineering and computer science to cardiology, neurology and medical imaging. In biomedical engineering studies the students may specialize to medical electronics, medical physics and medical informatics. The main emphasis in the education is in Bioelectromagnetism. In addition to biomedical engineering we also give education in medical physics.
The biomedical engineering courses are given on the third and fourth year. To ensure that the students obtain full competence in electronics and/or computer science, it is recommended.
that the main studies in
biomedical
engineering do not exceed 30 study weeks.
With
biomedical methods and statistical analysis we will understand it more and more. Characteristic to biomedical engineering is that it is a combination of these two approaches. This is best seen in a typical biomedical engineering research and development
INTERCHANGE BETWEEN DICIPLINES For the biomedical engineers it is important to have the opportunity to select their job freely within different disciplines. Therefore at the Ragnar Granit Institute we
project. It has the following phases: - Project starts with the idea. - It is based to existing theory or new theory will be developed on the basis of the idea. - To fill the requirements of a) measurement or b) therapeutical or stimulating energy application and c) signal processing, instrument and programming development has
have been very conservative in the sense of establishing a department of biomedical engineering and giving a degree
to be made.
At the RGI we consider that it is valuable for the biomedical engineers that they have a degree either in electrical engineering or in the computer science rather than specifically in biomedical engineering. This gives for them much better freedom to direct their activities widely also in the fields of electronics or computer science, as they have
- An essential phase of the project is clinical testing of the instrument and the method. In its initial phase the clinical testing may include a few patients. This gives preliminary information on the applicability of the theory and the method. This phase gives important feedback information on further development of the theory and the instrumentation. But what is of paramount importance is, that before the project is finished, large clinical research has to be made. That includes statistical analysis of the performance of the instrument and the methods with hundreds of patients with different disease categories as well as hundreds of normal subjects.
- Not before the clinical research is successfullv completed the project is in successful completion. To
understand this whole chain of a biomedical engineering project and the competence to successfully
perform such
is the is
engineering education.
r36
ultimate goal
of
biomedical
in this discipline. We are aware that for in the USA there exist several departments of biomedical engineering. But, on the other hand, this industry has in the USA much wider base than in the specifically
instance
Nordic Countries.
done.
DOCTORAL EDUCATION As an interdisciplinary science, biomedical engineering
on two disciplines. For this reason and is very research oriented, we strongly recommended for the biomedical engineers that hey continue their studies to the doctoral needs studies
because biomedical engineering industry
degree.
We recommended that the doctoral students choose for their minor subject, including 15 study weeks, studies in the medical faculty. This is usually a course in anatomy and
physiology. For their major subject, including 30 study weeks, we recommended the doctoral seminars in biomedical engineering. These seminars include selected
Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing
Vol. 37, Supplement 1, 1999
books in biomedical engineering and bioelectromagnetism.
A list of www.
c c. t
these books may be found
ut.fi/- malmiv uo/ g raduat e/ s e mina
in the Web
at
rs. htm.
The main part of the doctoral studies includes, of course, preparing the Doctoral Thesis. It is either a monograph or composed from a set of scientific publications in international scientific journals in biomedical engineering or medicine. Part of the doctoral theses in biomedical engineering are
in
theoretical bioelectromagnetism, part
of
them are
so
close to biomedical sciences that they could be defended in the medical faculty. Altogether 12 PhD (Eng.) degrees have now been given by the RGI. In addition to that, two MD degrees to the Faculty of Medicine of University of Tampere have also been prepared it the research projects of the RGI.
RESEARCH STUDENTS
In Finland it is a target the doctoral students complete their degree before the age of 30. To speed up the studies we have started a program of research students. It means that the students of engineering or medicine may already
during their Master of Science studies participate in preliminary doctoral education. Some selected students of their third or fourth university year are recruited for one year to the research projects of the RGI. They serve as research assistants and it is the purpose that they can participate the research on such activity that they will have
We solved this problem in the following way. Ragnar Granit Institute made an initiative for the construction of a building in the immediate vicinity of the hospital which is dedicated for research and new innovative companies in the field of biomedical engineering and medicine. This
building also includes the cardiological and
neurophysiological laboratories of the hospital. In this building there exists some 1000 m' space witch is dedicated for biomedical engineering research. It is
occupied
by scientists from the RGI and the Tampere
University Hospital. On the other hand, we consider that we also must have
premises
at the Tampere University of
Technology.
Otherwise we loose our contacts to our students and colleagues. This means that the Ragnar Granit Institute is located in two places, in the research building at the hospital and at the University of Technology. In both places we have some 500 m' of space. The distance between Tampere University of Technology and Tampere University Hospital is about 7 km.
BME INDUSTRY
Biomedical engineering
industry
has
some
characteri stic features.
Typically, the biomedical engineering instruments are highly specialized and needed only in specific applications. Therefore the domestic markets are usually very limited. But because the needs for such instruments are similar all around the world, the total markets are global. Therefore, typically, over 90Vo of the production of biomedical
their name in one publication. Starting the career as scientist in so early stage of the studies will help these students to associate to the scientific community and this facilitates their doctoral studies.
engineering instruments are exported globally. Therefore, biomedical engineering industry is very international.
CO-OPERATION WITH MEDICAL FACULTY
INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAM
University of Technology cannot have successful in biomedical engineering without close cooperation with the medical faculty. The RGI co-operates with the Medical Faculty of Tampere University on several
To ensure the international attitude of the biomedical engineers, it is important to have an international education program in this field. That, on the other hand, ensures that the biomedical engineers learn fluent foreign language, usually English, and on the other hand, ensures that the engineers have international attitude and learn to communicate with people from foreign countries. We offer all our biomedical education in English. The
activities
levels.
In education the members of the medical faculty carry of teaching the basic anatomy and physiology course for the engineering students. The engineering students may also participate the courses offered by the medical faculty. Usually they participate the anatomy course and have it as their minor subject for the
the responsibility
doctoral studies in engineering.
CO-OPERATION
WITH HOSPITAL: BIOMEDICAL
basic courses are also given in Finnish. This gives the possibility for students from foreign countries to participate our education. We have had international students from all parts of the world. Because the main duty of our university is to educate Finnish students we limit the number of foreign students accepted to the program.
ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER, BERC ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Co-operation with the industry is an essential activity for all fields of engineering sciences including biomedical engineering. But biomedical engineering has, in addition, the hospital as an important co-operating partner. Our experience has shown that this co-operation cannot be
REFERENCES
hospital.
J. Viik and J. Malmivuo: Biomedical Engineering as a Career Resource. Ragnar Granit Institute, Report No.
active and fruitful unless the institute of biomedical engineering is located in the immediate vicinity of the
This work has been financially supported by the Ragnar Granit Foundation.
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1998. www. ee.tut.fi/rg i/B M E- S U RV EY
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