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BOOK OF ABSTRACT BOOK OF ABSTRACT

Compiled by: Nik Nor Suhaida Ali Siti Zubaidah Ismail Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi

Parallel Sessions Schedule Parallel Session 1 Panel 1: International Economic Collaboration/ Public Administration Room: AV 9 Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.15 a.m. (August 20, 2016) Chairperson: Dr. Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 1 Malaysia and Its Free Trade Agreements Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Nurhaizal Shariffuddin,Universiti Utara Malaysia

Azam Ariff

and

Mohd

Dino

Khairri

PAPER 2 Attitude Toward Foreign Investment in ASEAN Economic Community/ ASEAN Investment Area: Comparative Study in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam Guido Benny, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia PAPER 3

Compiled by:

Articulating the Motions of Reciprocity in China’s Trade Relations with United States and European Union Nik Nor Suhaida Ali Sivasegaran Nadarajan, Universiti Utara Malaysia

Siti Zubaidah Ismail Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi

PAPER 4

Integrity among Royal Malaysia Police Ahmad Shamil Abu Bakar and Mashitah Mohd Udin, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 5 Administrative Reforms – A Malaysian Perspective Mashitah Mohd Udin, Rusdi Omar, Abd. Rahim Romle and Kamarul Zaman Yusoff, Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Panel 2: Cross Culture Studies Room: AV 10 Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.15 a.m. (August 20, 2016) Chairperson: Dr. Mohd Azwardi Md. Isa, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Masculinity versus Femininity: Its Relationship Towards Conspicious Consumption Behaviour Wan Nurisma Ayu Wan Ismail, Norhayati Zakaria and Asmat Nizam Abdul Talib, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 2 Conceptualization of Influence of Ethnicity in Destination Image Formation and the Choice of Destination Shankar Chelliah, Mohammad Jamal Khan, Mahmood Sabri Haron and Sahrish Ahmed, Universiti Sains Malaysia PAPER 3 The Influence Factors of Consumer Ethnocentrism on Brand Consideration among Government Servant Mohd Azwardi Md. Isa, Fawad Hussain, Fitratul Huda Abdul Rashid and Mohammad Basir Saud, Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Panel 3: Logistics and Supply Chain Room: AV 11 Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.15 a.m. (August 20, 2016) Chairperson: Dr. Sabariah Yaakub, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1

Employee’s and Manager’s Capabilities: The Application of Resource-Based View in Evaluating Malaysian Port Competitiveness Salwani Arbak and Aminurraasyid Yatiban, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 2 Classification and Functions of Third Party Logistics Service Providers: A Literature Review Sabariah Yaakub, Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Parallel Session 2

Panel 1: International Business Strategy Room: AV 9 Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.15 p.m. (August 20, 2016) Chairperson: Dr. Mohd Haniff Jedin, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Effect of IFRS Adoption and Corporate Governance Practices on Performance: A Study on Listed Companies in Dubai Abbas Alkhuzaie and Noraza Mat Udin, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 2 Assessing the Impact of Product Factors on the Satisfaction of Smartphone Consumers: Evidence from North Malaysia Norsafinas Saad and Faiz Masnan, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 3 The Influence of Service Marketing Mix (7 P) on Customer Service Satisfaction in Malaysia Edutainment Services Mohd Haniff Jedin and Indra Balachandran, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 4 Pengaruh Kemanjuran Diri (Self-Efficacy) Terhadap Tingkah Laku Innovatif di kalangan Pekerja-Pekerja Eksekutif di Syarikat Multinasional Asing Yang Beroperasi Di Malaysia Hartini Husin, Fakhrorazi Ahmad and Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah, Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Panel 2: Peace and Conflict Resolution Room: AV 10 Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.15 p.m. (August 20, 2016) Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fuad Othman, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Anti Terrorism Education: An Effort to Enhance Nationalism and Preserving the Unity of Indonesia Aditya Cleverina and Salieg Munestri, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia PAPER 2 2011 Libyan Uprising and NATO Intervention: A Critical Analysis Basiru Musa, Bayero University Nigeria, Che Mohd Aziz Yaacob and Rusdi Omar, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 3 Ethnicity, Culture and Political Instability in Guinea Conakry Toure Cheick Ahmed Median, Russli Kamaruddin, Sity Daud, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia PAPER 4 Pengurusan Konflik Palestin-Israel: Analisis Perjanjian Damai Rusnawati Ismail, Universiti Utara Malaysia Paper 5 Model Pengurusan Konflik Parti Politik Ke Arah 1Malaysia Muhammad Fuad Othman, Zaheruddin Othman and Mohd Foad Sakdan, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 6 Kepimpinan Politik Pemangkin Kepada Perkongsian Komprehensif Antara Malaysia-Amerika Syarikat Pasca 9/11 Mas Juliana Mukhtaruddin, Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Panel 3: International Entrepreneurship Room: AV 11 Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.15 p.m. (August 20, 2016) Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Asmat Abdul Talib, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 A One-To-One Ratio between Family Directors and Independent Directors: A View From Malaysia Public-Listed Family Firms and Its Policy Implication Lynn Yew Hua Ling, Curtin University, Malaysia, John Evans, Curtin University, Australia, and Shibley Sadique, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh PAPER 2 Preferences of Students in Their Buying Decisions of Foreign Products Mohammad Basir Saud, Fawad Hussain, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Khairul Hisham Zainuddin, Kolej Professional MARA Seri Iskandar, Malaysia, and Mohd Azwardi Md Isa, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 3 Entrepreneurial Behavior and Performance: A Study on Students’ Intention at the School of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia Mohd Najib Mansor, Abdul Rahim Jaguli and Muhammad Fuad Othman, Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Institutional Panel Session: Selected Issues in International Politics Room: AV 15 Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.15 p.m. (August 20, 2016) Chairperson: Dr. Knocks Tapiwa Zengeni, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Accounting Ethics and Its Impact on Corporate Governance in A Globalizing World Denson Muvandi, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa PAPER 2 The Ethical Dilemma on the Imposition of Sanctions as a Deterrent Tool Against a Sovereign State: The Case of Zimbabwe Peter Muchakazi, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, and Michael Tedzani Moyo, National Defence College, Zimbabwe PAPER 3 The United Nations Force Intervention Brigade: Any Need for Synchronized Peace Support Efforts in the Eastern Congo Recurring Conflict? Engelbert Rugeje, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, and Sadiki Maeresera, Zimbabwe National Defence College’s Institute of Strategic Research and Analysis/ University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa PAPER 4 The SADC Intervention in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo Recurring Conflict: Constraints and Prospect Sadiki Maeresera, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, and Knocks Tapiwa Zengeni, Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Parallel Session 3

Panel 1: Global Business Management Room: AV 9 Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.30 a.m. (August 21, 2016) Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Knowledge Acquisition through Inter-Firm Collaboration and Firm’s Innovation Performance Tamma Elhachemi, Abdul Rahim Jaguli and Fakhrorazi Ahmad, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 2 Globalization of Trade Firms: Lessons from ASEAN Firms Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 3 The Impact of Workplace Environment and Workplace Diversity on Employee’s Motivation and Firm’s Performance: A Study of a MNC Subsidiary in Malaysia Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah, Mazatul Nadiah Sahiri and Fakhrorazi Ahmad, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 4 Factors Influencing the Relationship between Malaysia Exporting SMEs and Export Intermediaries Norliza Hamir Basah and Asmat Nizam Abdul Talib, Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Panel 2: Kelantan Flood Disaster Room: AV 10 Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.30 a.m. (August 21, 2016) Chairperson: Dr. Nazariah Osman, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 The Roles and Contributions of the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the Post-2014 Kelantan Flood Disaster Nazariah Osman, Norafidah Ismail, Mohamad Zaki Ahmad, Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad and Muhammad Fuad Othman, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 2 Kelantan Flood vs. Hurricane Katrina: Home Building for Disaster Victims During Post-Flood Reconstruction Norafidah Ismail and Nazariah Osman, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 3 Post-Hurricane Katrina Disaster Management Regime: Lesson Learned for Malaysia’s Post-Flood Reconstruction Initiatives Mohamad Zaki Ahmad and Muhammad Fuad Othman, Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Panel 3: Security Room: AV 11 Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.30 a.m. (August 21, 2016) Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 International Organization Against the Islamic State in Iraq: An Neoliberal Institutionalist Analysis Suror Shaba Polus and Guido Benny, National University of Malaysia PAPER 2 Women as Irregular Migrants: Indonesia’s Challenges for Human Security Karina Utami, Universitas Islam Indonesia PAPER 3 ISIL Threat and Deradicalisation in Malaysia Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani and Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 4 Perubahan Dasar Pertahanan Malaysia: Era Mahathir Mohamad 1981-2003 Rodziah Md Zin and Mohd Kamarulnizam Abdullah, Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Panel 4: Global Politics Room: AV 15 Time & Date: 9.00 - 10.30 a.m. (August 21, 2016) Chairperson: Dr. Rie Nakamura, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Iran’s Strategy in Iraq and Syria Sherko Kimanj, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 2 Why Does Thai Military Intervene into Politics? Sathid Boonmuang, Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Chumphon Kaewsom, Maejo University and Emil Mahyudin, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 3 Understanding Hiep Hoi Giao Vietnam (The Association of Muslim Cham in Vietnam) Rie Nakamura, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 4 Cohabitation in the Occupied Palestine’s Political System Aminurraasyid Yatiban, Ramzi Odah, Sivaperegasam P. Rajenthiran, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 5 The Importance of Building Strategic Alliance Between Indonesia and Malaysia for Countering ISIS Ideology and Movement M. Syafi’i Anwar, Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Parallel Session 4

Panel 1: Maritime and Southeast Asia Room: AV 9 Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.30 p.m. (August 21, 2016) Chairperson: Dr. Mohamad Zaki Ahmad, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Securing the Maritime Supply Chains: The Challenge of Piracy and Armed Robbery in Southeast Asian Waters Nik Nor Suhaida Ali and Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 2 Maritime Silk Road: Past Picture and Future Challenges Wahyu Wardhana, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia PAPER 3 The Maritime Security Architecture in Southeast Asia Irawan Jati, Universitas Islam Indonesia PAPER 4 The Contribution of Track Two to Track One Diplomacy: An Analyzes of Indonesian Efforts in Managing the South China Sea Ignatius Satyawan, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia

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Panel 2: Foreign Policy Room: AV 10 Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.30 p.m. (August 21, 2016) Chairperson: Dr. Bakri Mat, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 Malaysia-Singapore Relations Under Najib Razak: Malaysian Perspectives Rusdi Omar, Muhammad Muda and Che Mohd Aziz Yaacob, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 2 Yemen-China Relations: History and Development in Bilateral Relations Yahya Yahya Yahya Al-Awd, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 3 Malaysian Peacekeeping Contribution in the Post-Mahathir Era and the Middle Power Motivation Muhammad Afifi Abdul Razak, Kamarul Azman Khamis and Rusdi Omar, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 4 Shiite Ideology and Its Implication for Malaysia’s Domestic and Foreign Policy Nor Azizan Idris, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bakri Mat, Universiti Utara Malaysia, and Zarina Othman, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

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Panel 3: Politics of Malaysia Room: AV 11 Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.30 p.m. (August 21, 2016) Chairperson: Dr. Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 1 Landskap Politik Kampus: Satu Tinjauan di Universiti Utara Malaysia Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin and Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 2 Mahathiriskonomism: Peranan Tun Dr Mahathir Dalam Pengurusan Krisis Ekonomi 1997/98 Md Shukri Shuib, Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad, Nazariah Osman, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 3 Discourse Analysis on the Budgetary Debates among the Female MPs in the 13th Dewan Rakyat: Issues, Motivation and Style of Debating Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan and Nor Azura A Rahman, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 4 The Process of National Building among the Youth in Malaysia: A Case Study of the National Service Programme (NSP) in Northern Region of Peninsular Malaysia Mohamad Ainuddin Iskandar Lee Abdullah, Yahya Don, Fairol Halim and Sivaperegasam P. Rajanthiran, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 5 Party-Political (In)Congruence and Federal-State Fiscal Relations: The Case of Kelantan and Trengganu (2004-2012) Siti Zubaidah Ismail and Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi, Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Panel 4: The ASEAN Community Room: AV 15 Time & Date: 2.00 - 3.30 p.m. (August 21, 2016) Chairperson: Dr. Muhammad Subhan, Universiti Utara Malaysia

PAPER 1 ASEAN Community: An Integration Favourable for American’s Pacific Century Salieg Munestri, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia PAPER 2 ASEAN Summit: A Driver of ASEAN Community-Building? Siti Darwinda Mohamed Pero and Rusdi Omar, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 3 Re-Thinking of ASEAN Regional Integration: People-Oriented Towards Communitarianism Approaches Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani, Mohammad Fajar Ikhsan and Muhammad Subhan Ishak, Universiti Utara Malaysia PAPER 4 The ASEAN Community: Are the Malaysian Youths Aware and Prepared? Kamarulnizam Abdullah, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Guido Benny, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Yahya Don, Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee, Universiti Utara Malaysia, and Zahrul Akmal Damin, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn

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ABSTRACTS

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PARALLEL SESSION 1 PANEL 1: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC COLLABORATION/ PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

MALAYSIA AND ITS FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Nurhaizal Azam Ariff Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract Malaysia has signed several free trade agreements with the aim to achieve deeper liberalization and to gain better access into the global economy. At bilateral level, Malaysia so far has concluded agreements with Australia, Chile, India, New Zealand, Pakistan and Turkey. Besides, Malaysia also concluded several free trade agreements at regional level within the framework of ASEAN such as the ASEAN-China and ASEAN-Australia/New Zealand. Similarly, Malaysia also participates in several negotiations as a member state of ASEAN such as the ASEAN-EU free trade agreement and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. It is suggested that the concluded free trade agreements also cater the needs of Malaysia in terms of facilitating strategic economic development and dispersing political values. Keywords: Free Trade Agreements, Malaysia, Strategic Economic Development

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ATTITUDE TOWARD FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY/ ASEAN INVESTMENT AREA: COMPARATIVE STUDY IN INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, THAILAND AND VIETNAM Guido Benny Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract ASEAN has set its objective to forge further regional economic integration among member countries under the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) to be established effectively at the end of 2015. Nation and business leaders have voiced its optimism on this initiative; however, support and acceptance of the public for this integration or to FDIs has never been revealed. The main objective of this study was to investigate the opinion of young citizens in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam on the AEC and AIA. Data from questionnaires of 1,471 young professionals, with approximately equal distribution from each country were collected between June and November 2015. Quantitative methods and statistical tests were employed to achieve three research objectives. The finding suggests that, firstly, the respondents had moderate level of awareness on AEC and AIA, perceived that it will be beneficial to the region and countries, and showed strong support for it. In addition, they also showed negative sentiment toward foreign investments, but had positive sentiments towards FDIs from ASEAN countries. Secondly, the study made it evident the relationship between awareness and perceived benefits; awareness, perceived benefits and supports; and perceived benefits and sentiments toward FDIs. Finally, the study found that positive sentiment toward intra-ASEAN investment was positively influenced by the perception of benefits from AEC/AIA. Keywords: ASEAN, Foreign Investment, Opinion, Free Trade, ASEAN Investment Area

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ARTICULATING THE MOTIONS OF RECIPROCITY IN CHINA’S TRADE RELATIONS WITH UNITED STATES AND EUROPEAN UNION Sivasegaran Nadarajan Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract In general, reciprocity emphasised on the norm of mutual exchange between countries that will enable common understanding and benefits for each sides. Specific to trade relations, reciprocity provides the fundamental background for the negotiation of trade concessions especially in regard to the reduction of protectionism as to promote fair trade between nations. Stimultaneously, in spite of its core assumption of mutually beneficial trade relation, reciprocity only serves as a guiding principle rather than a binding enforcement, it depends on a country’s intention whether to adhere reciprocity in a good manner or to use it only as a mean of exploiting others for its own benefits. Augmenting from this, China engagement in global trade has beem categorised as exploitative, aimed in gaining upper-hand over other nations. Since joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), China, while in principle agrees to open up its market to promote fair trade, in practice, its commitmenrt remained questionable. In regard to this, concerns have been raised by China’s trading partners particularly the United States (US) and European Union (EU); inquiring its reciprocal commitment in upholding the WTO’s principle of trade liberalisation. This is because, by being a member of WTO, China has gained freer access in penetrating the market of these countries while at the same time limiting the opportunities in its domestic markets through the practice of currency manipulation, non-tariff barriers applications, and infringement of intellectual property rights that further resulted in trade deficits and job losses in these countries. This further provides doubt in the sustainability of reciprocal trade relations involving China with US and also China with EU. However, deliberating the notion above as the conventional understanding of reciprocity, this paper intends to demarcate the comprehension of reciprocity from a broader set of thinking; forwarding that despite being exploitative, nations will continuously engage in reciprocal commercial activities regardless of the trade related issues that occur among them. This is because trade relations by nature are mutually dependenct relationships that coexist between countries in which one could not successfully participate in global trade without other. Nevertheless, at the same time, the coexistence of trade relations between countries are also relied on what each other can offer in order to maintain the longevity of such relationships in which commercial engagement will continue to reciprocally progress as long it is beneficial for both sides. Deriving from this, despite the lingering issues in 19

trade, the United States and European Union continuously engage in commercial activities with China due to the abundant supply of resources, and also huge populations with growing ‘middle-class’ spending power that China could offer. On the other hand, with a combination of population around 820 million people between the US and EU, this has provided China the marketplace in meeting their huge supply of manufactured goods. Furthermore, through the commercial interaction with these countrues, it also offers China the access toward advanced technology Keywords: Reciprocity, China-US and China-EU trade relations

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INTEGRITY AMONG ROYAL MALAYSIA POLICE Ahmad Shamil Abu Bakar Universiti Utara Malaysia Mashitah Mohd Udin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract The Royal Malaysian Police is a centralized police agency within the Government of Malaysia. This paper explores the contours of police integrity among the Malaysian serving police officers. It relies on the integrity survey recently conducted. A total of 210 self-administered questionnaires were distributed and the quantitative crosssection has been used. The final response rate was 93.4% and the data obtained was being analysed using the Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). We analyse the results across several measures of police integrity, such as the respondents’ knowledge of official rules, evaluations of the seriousness of police misconduct, views about appropriate, expected disciplinary actions and the code of silence. The results show that most of our respondents recognized behaviours described in the hypothetical scenarios as rule violating and evaluated them to be serious. On the other hand, findings also show that only lenient discipline is appropriate for such forms of misconduct. They mostly expected their police agencies to mete out lenient disciplinary corrective actions, indicating a relaxed disciplinary environment within the force. The paper ends with a discussion on the possible implications and suggestions for future research.

Keywords: Royal Malaysian police, police integrity, survey, misconduct.

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ADMINSTRATIVE REFORMS – A MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVE

Mashitah Mohd Udin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Rusdi Omar Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abd. Rahim Romle Universiti Utara Malaysia Kamarul Zaman Yusoff Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract This paper focuses on Malaysian bureaucracy and the administrative reforms undertaken by the government in the context of promoting development activities to achieve Vision 2020, which aims at making Malaysia a developed nation by the year 2020. Malaysian public service is a huge organisation with over 1.4 million government servants, spreading over a number of Ministries, Departments and Statutory Bodies with many smaller organisations under them. To understand the complex relationships between the various elements in development process in Malaysia, a system approach is adopted in this study. Administrative reforms are generally grouped into structural, process and behavioural reforms, with a common objective of improving the efficiency and productivity of the government delivery system. The paper traces the historical development of administrative reforms vis-avis the development process in Malaysia with a strong emphasis on Abdullah Ahmad Badawi’s era, a period of strong behavioural administrative reforms and human capital development. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed among Malaysian Civil Service officers working in Putrajaya in 2010. Using the structural equation modelling approach to process data, our findings show there exists a close relationship between administrative reforms and government delivery system in terms of productivity and efficiency with integrity acting as a mediating variable in the research framework. Keywords: Administrative Reforms, Bureaucracy, Government Delivery System, Productivity, Efficiency, Malaysian Civil Service Officers, Integrity.

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PANEL 2 : CROSS CULTURE STUDIES

MASCULINITY VS. FEMININITY: ITS RELATIONSHIP TOWARDS CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR Wan Nurisma Ayu Wan Ismail Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Norhayati Zakaria Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Asmat Nizam Abdul Talib Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract This research deals with the influence cultural value of Gen Y consumers toward consumption behaviour in Malaysia. Gen Y consumers can be classified as a people with age range between 14-31 years old. Gen Y consumers are become an interest of researchers. However, not much information are reflect with this generation cohort especially in the segment of college student Gen Y. Gen Y consumers have different consumption behaviour compared to the previous generation. This study attempts to understand the role of masculinity vs. femininity of Gen Y consumers’ toward luxury products. A convenience sample of 275 university students was used to assess the impact of these values toward conspicuous consumption behaviour. Based on the findings, it shows that femininity vs. masculinity play a significant role towards conspicuous consumption behaviour. This paper helps to generate some important directions for future research in Gen Y context. Keywords: Generation Y, Conspicuous Consumption, Attitude toward Luxury Brand, Values, Culture

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CONCEPTUALIZATION OF INFLUENCE OF ETHNICITY IN DESTINATION IMAGE FORMATION AND THE CHOICE OF DESTINATION Shankar Chelliah Universiti Sains Malaysia ([email protected]) Mohammad Jamal Khan Universiti Sains Malaysia ([email protected]) Mahmood Sabri Haron Universiti Sains Malaysia ([email protected]) Sahrish Ahmed Universiti Sains Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract Fast economic growth of South-East Asian countries leads citizens of this region to take leisure travel more frequently to outside their countries. However, India in-spite of geographically and culturally diverse and offer many travel activities to perform, failed to attract significant number of travelers from south-east Asian regions. This situation clearly indicates, India is not in their choice set of destinations. Literature argues that destination image is the most important factor in destination choice followed by travel motivations. Early literature reveals that motivations and socioeconomic factors have significant role in destination image formation and recently perceived risk is also considered as another factor. However, authors argue that due to large social diversity in South-East Asian region ethnicity of population should also be considered as important factor influence destination image. Population from a particular ethnic group had close ties with India earlier may hold different image than other ethnic group and may keep India in different set of choice destination than the others. After thorough literature review authors argued that apart from travel motivation and perceived risks, ethnicity of population will also influence destination image. And later, based on image potential travelers will keep a particular destination in early choice set and late choice set of destinations. Keywords: Travel Motivations and Risks, Ethnicity, Destination Image, Early Choice Set, Late Choice Set

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THE INFLUENCE FACTORS OF CONSUMER ETHNOCENTRISM ON BRAND CONSIDERATION AMONG GOVERNMENT SERVANT Mohd Azwardi Md. Isa Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Fawad Husain Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Fitratul Huda bt Abdul Rashid Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Mohammad Basir Saud Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract The Malaysian automobile consumers are quite versatile in taking their purchasing decisions. The establishment of choice set from which consumers identify their brand choices provokes some attention among researchers and practitioners, particularly within the context of international marketing and domestic Malaysian automobile market. This paper looks into the construct of consumer ethnocentrism (CE) and its influence on brand consideration. The objective of this research is to study the brand preference of Majlis Amanah Rakyat(MARA) staff in Perak Tengah District, two from Mara Junior Science Colleges (MRSM) Staff in Parit and Kg Gajah and one MARA Professional College (KPM) Staff and lastly in Mara District Office Staff. A total of 106 questionnaires were distributed among the college staff in order to obtain primary data for the purpose of the study. A total of 104 questionnaires was used for analysis. Smart PLS 2 statistical software was used for analysis. A relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and brand consideration was tested. It was found that there is a significant relationship with consumer ethnocentrism and brand consideration for Malaysian made automobiles. The study, therefore, provides a better understanding into Malaysian consumers’ selection of automobiles as influenced by consumer ethnocentrism. Keywords: Consumer Ethnocentrism, Brand Consideration, Malaysian Automobile Market . 25

PANEL 3: LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN

EMPLOYEE’S AND MANAGER’S CAPABILITIES: THE APPLICATION OF RESOURCE-BASED VIEW IN EVALUATING MALAYSIAN PORT COMPETITIVENESS

Salwani Arbak Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Aminurraasyid Yatiban Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract A great deal of literature applies efficiency measurement methods to investigate port’s competitive advantages. Nevertheless, the competitive characteristics of a port are deeply influenced by port policies of government, the operating strategies of the port, operating facilities, and the loading and unloading efficiencies, etc. Therefore, the measurement of a port’s overall competitiveness requires considering all internal and external factors. This paper is to identify the relationship among those determinants and port performance with special emphasis on employee’s and manager’s capabilities from eight Malaysian ports.

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CLASSIFICATION AND FUNCTIONS OF THIRD PARTY LOGISTICS SERVICE PROVIDERS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Sabariah Yaakub Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract On the basis of content analysis, this paper provided a definition of third party logistics service providers (LSPs) before performing a classification and functions of third party logistics service providers and the importance that these LSPs play. Although the common consensus across literature with regards to the function of LSP is that it should be grounded in the definition of the underlying domain of logistics and its management, there has been several differing arguments on how to classify these LSPs concerning their roles or what they do. Drawing on the extant literature in supply chain management and logistics, this paper strives to demarcate the classifications and functions of these LSPs to provide a better understanding of third party logistics service providers. Keywords: Third Party Logistics, Classification and Functions of LSP, Logistics Service Providers, Supply Chain Management, Logistics, Literature Review

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PARALLEL SESSION 2 PANEL 1: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY

EFFECT OF IFRS ADOPTION AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES ON PERFORMANCE: A STUDY ON LISTED COMPANIES IN DUBAI Abbas Alkhuzaie Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Noraza Mat Udin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract This study has been conducted on the financial market of Dubai. The purpose of the study is to understand the effect of IFRS adoption along with corporate governance characteristics over the financial performance of listed companies in Dubai. The study has taken return on assets as the measurement of performance, while IFRS adoption, board independence, board size, and audit quality as the measurement of CG. Firm size and leverage have been taken as control variables. The data has been collected from the annual reports and websites of the companies. Regression analysis is employed to understand the effect of each independent variable on performance. The study has identified that IFRS adoption; board independence, board size, and audit quality have a significant effect over financial performance of companies listed in Dubai stock market. The major contribution of the study is the combined effect of variables, as in the available literature all these variables have not yet been studied collectively. Keywords: IFRS, Corporate Governance, Board of Director Committees, Firm Size, ROA

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ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF PRODUCT FACTORS ON THE SATISFACTION OF SMARTPHONE CONSUMERS: EVIDENCE FROM NORTH MALAYSIA Norsafinas Md. Saad Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Faiz Masnan Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract For many years, smartphone adoption and usage has been an area of interest in consumer and marketing research. Taking the notion of how consumers attach importance to smartphones, this study sets out to investigate the product factors affecting the satisfaction of smartphone consumers and to understand better the current dynamics of smartphone market from the perspective of end consumers in North Malaysia. Data were gathered via survey, resulting in 382 completed questionnaires being returned. The results indicate that product judgment, product feature and brand image have a significant positive impact on the satisfaction on smartphone consumers. Keywords: Smartphone, Product Judgment, Product Feature, Brand Image, Consumer Satisfaction

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THE INFLUENCE OF SERVICE MARKETING MIX (7 P) ON CUSTOMER SERVICE SATISFACTION IN MALAYSIAN EDUTAINMENT SERVICES

Mohd Haniff Jedin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Indra Balachandran Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract Marketing mix is a foundation to marketing managers to make decision particularly to meet the expectations and needs of customers. Addtionally, it is also a means to acquire customer’s satisfaction through high reputation products or services. In this respect, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of the service marketing mix elements with customer service satisfaction in Malaysian edutainment industry. A survey methodology was used by applying mall intercept methods. 123 useable responses were received from customers especially parents and their children who have used the edutainment services in three selected malls in the Klang Valley that near to the edutainment service providers. The study reveal that price, physical and product/service quality have significant relationship on customer service satisfaction. Keywords: Marketing Mix, Customer Service Satisfaction, Edutainment Services

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PENGARUH KEMANJURAN DIRI (SELF-EFFICACY) TERHADAP TINGKAH LAKU INNOVATIF DI KALANGAN PEKERJA-PEKERJA EKSEKUTIF DI SYARIKAT MULTINASIONAL ASING YANG BEROPERASI DI MALAYSIA Hartini Husin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Fakhrorazi Ahmad Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstrak Elemen kemanjuran-diri atau lebih dikenali sebagai self-efficacy di dalam bahasa Inggeris merupakan satu elemen motivasi yang sangat penting di dalam mempengaruhi tingkah laku seseorang, seperti apa yang telah dinyatakan di dalam teori kognitif sosial. Bagi menilai pengaruh kemanjuran-diri terhadap tingkah laku inovatif, satu kajian terperinci telah dijalankan di beberapa syarikat terpilih di negara ini. Syarikat-syarikat terbabit adalah syarikat-syarikat MNC asing yang beroperasi di Malaysia di dalam sektor elektrik dan elektronik. Sebanyak 304 responden dari pelbagai syarikat dan latar belakang dari seluruh Malaysia telah memberi maklum balas ke atas soalan soalan soal selidik yang telah diedarkan. Data yang diperolehi kemudiannya dianalisa secara langsung dengan menggunakan varian-based SEM dengan program Smart-PLS v2. Kajian mendapati bahawa kemanjuran-diri memberi kesan yang sangat besar terhadap tingkahlaku inovatif pekerja. Dapatan kajian ini juga selari dengan kenyataan di dalam teori kognitif sosial. Secara kesimpulan, bagi memacu tingkah laku inovatif di kalangan pekerja ke tahap yang lebih tinggi di dalam sesuatu organisasi, tahap kemanjuran-diri bagi setiap pekerja perlu dipertingkatkan. Jika perlu, latihan yang khusus berkaitan kemanjuran-diri perlu diberikan kepada setiap pekerja di dalam sesebuah organisasi. Katakunci: Inovasi, Kemanjuran-diri, Tingkah Laku Innovatif, Motivasi, Teori Kognitif Sosial

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PANEL 2: PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION

ANTI TERRORISM EDUCATION: AN EFFORT TO ENHANCE NATIONALISM AND PRESERVING THE UNITY OF INDONESIA

Aditya Cleverina Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia ([email protected]) Salieg Munestri Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia ([email protected]) Abstract

This paper identifies lack of an urgency of the government to tackle the terrorism threat from the early detection. That is why terrorism attacks mostly done by the youth. The idea of giving an interactive course for university student would be much beneficial explained by three reasons. First, the formal education would give a standard perspective on how student of university would sense, understand, and define about anti terrorism action. Second, the youth is the right target merely because in age between 16 - 25 is the most critical, curious, and labile stage which need more attention and control. Third, through formal education, but would give easier detection and evaluation if it finds indications about terrorism or misinterpretation. This paper uses qualitative method with collecting data as the primary source. This paper offers a reference that can be used as a solution called Anti Terrorism Education; an interactive formal education which contains a proper material about anti terrorism integrated with material of nationalism, inter faith dialog among religions, and moral for student of university. This scheme consist of two main ways to deliver the material, first is a proper explanation and material about anti terrorism. Second, an interactive discussion which will be the media provided in class to have check and balance and raising the awareness of preventing the terrorism itself. Keywords: Terrorism, Anti Terrorism, Education, Nationalism, Indonesia

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2011 LIBYAN UPRISING AND NATO INTERVENTION: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS Basiru Musa Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria ([email protected]) Che Mohd Aziz Yaacob Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Rusdi Omar Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract The paper critically evaluated the impact of NATO’s military intervention in the 2011 Libyan uprising. Specifically, it was intended to protect innocent civilians by imposing a no-fly zone over Libya ordered by a United Nations Security Council Resolution: 1973 or it was carried out to further the global hegemonic interests of the United States of America through the employment of NATO’s military might. The work utilised a theoretical framework of Collective Security, developed by A.F.K. Organski in 1958, and relied on documentary method of data collection and qualitative method as its tool or yardstick for data analysis. It was found out that the imposition and enforcement of a no-fly zone over the Libyan airspace did not protect innocent civilians, but resulted in toppling of Muammar Gaddafi and his 42 year old regime (1st September, 1969-20th October, 2011), worsening insecurity, fragile and unstable government, exacerbation of human rights abuses, humanitarian crisis, resurgence of Islamic radicalism, weapons proliferation in Libya and its neighbours, such as Mali and Egypt, Diplomatic failure, Loss of Libya’s internal and external sovereignty, aiding the rebels to victory over Gaddafi, decimation of the hitherto stable Libyan society and plunging it into utter anarchy, shattering of the Libyan economy and its endowed oil wealth. Therefore, this brings to the fore, the apparent need for a truly autonomous, robust and impartial Global Authority to check the excesses of the superordinate states, such as the U.S., France, Britain and their allies in order to protect the weaker states in the International System from the catastrophic drawbacks of an unnecessary military intervention, which has an ulterior imperialist motive. Libya is today a shadow of its former prosperous and stable self under Gaddafi and the hope of stability, peace and sustainable human development continues to fade.

Keywords: Libya, Uprising, NATO, Intervention

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PENGURUSAN KONFLIK PALESTIN-ISRAEL: ANALISIS PERJANJIAN DAMAI Rusnawati Ismail Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstrak Konflik boleh berlaku pada bila-bila masa dan yang pastinya ianya mempunyai pemangkin, pendorong dan faktor yang boleh menggerakkan kepada tercetusnya konflik. Antara faktor yang boleh membawa kepada konflik termasuklah faktor biologi, psikologi, geografi, demografi, ideologi, budaya dan sosioekonomi. Kewujudan aspek propaganda dan kemajuan hubungan komunikasi pada masa kini juga menjadi aspek utama kepada pertambahan kewujudan konflik masa kini. Huntington melalui kritikannya mengatakan bahawa konflik akan terus berlaku selagi semangat nasionalisme dan etnik menguasai pemikiran manusia. Hal ini sejajar dengan situasi pada masa kini kerana setiap negara lebih mementingkan kepentingan masing-masing berdasarkan faktor geografi seperti barat dengan timur. Terdapat satu konsep untuk mengelakkan konflik daripada berlaku iaitu konsep “incrementalisme” yang mana proses yang menjurus kepada pembaharuan serta pembangunan dalam sesuatu hubungan yang dijalinkan secara berperingkat-peringkat (fasa). Namun konflik tidak dapat dielakkan kerana kecenderungan manusia dalam bermasyarakat dan adakalanya konflik wujud sejak berabad dulu seperti yang terjadi di Asia Barat. Sehingga kini, kebanyakkan masalah yang timbul di Asia Barat telah mencetuskan konflik yang seringkalinya berkisarkan kepada masalah Palestin. Konflik ini dapat dibendung sekiranya mendapat komitmen daripada daripada masyarakat antarabangsa. Dengan itu, perlu usaha untuk menilai sejauhmana konflik yang berlaku dapat ditangani dan seterusnya menjalankan usaha untuk memastikan konflik dapat diselesaikan sekaligus mewujudkan keadaan yang stabil di Timur Tengah yang dapat menjamin kestabilan masyarakat dunia secara keseluruhannya.Konflik diantara Israel dan Palestin memperlihatkan jalan penyelesaian dengan termeterinya perjanjian damai antara Israel dan Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) pada 13 September 1993 di Washington D.C. Dengan ini penyelidikan berterusan telah dijalankan dalam pelbagai aspek untuk melihat dan mencari penyelesaian yang paling sesuai dalam memastikan konflik ini reda demi kepentingan pihak bertelagah, perantara dan masyarakat dunia amnya.

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MODEL PENGURUSAN KONFLIK PARTI POLITIK KE ARAH 1 MALAYSIA

Muhammad Fuad Othman Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Zaheruddin Othman Universiti Utara Malaysia Mohd Foad Sakdan Universiti Utara Malaysia Abstract Malaysia dikenali sebagai sebuah negara yang berjaya menguruskan masyarakt berbilang kaum sehingga mencapai kestabilan politik. Kekuatan Barisan Nasional, pakatan tiga belas parti-parti politik perkauman and bukan perkauman, yang mengungguli pemerintahan kerajaan Malaysia sejak lebih 50 tahun yang lampau menarik perhatian ramai pengkaji. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam mengecap keamanan ini, amalan permintaan dan proses tawar-menawar politik antara kaum di negara ini telah wujud dan amalan ini cenderung mengakibatkan parti politik sentiasa dirundund keluh-kesah politik dan konflik. Artikel ini adalah berdasarkan kepada satu kajian yang telah dilaksanakan di bawah geran RAGS di bawah Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk, menukur nilai kompetensi emosi terhadap barisan kepimpinan parti UMNO, menilai gaya kepimpinan dan pengurusan barian kepimpinan UMNO dan mengenal pasti kaedah pengurusan konflik di kalangan barisan kepimpinan UMNO. Kajian ini menggunakan data primer yang telah diperolehi melalui temu bual secara bersemuka dengan responden berdasarkan soal selidik yang telah disediakan. Responden untuk kajian ini telah dipilih secara purposive dan maklumat mengenai responden in telah diperolehi dari pejabat UMNO di setiap daerah, Seramai 132 orang digunakan dalam membuat analisis data. Dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa kepimpinan UMNO telah menggunakan pelbagai kaedah dalam mengurus konflik dalaman seperti pengelakan, penundaan dan kerjasama.

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KEPIMPINAN POLITIK PEMANGKIN KEPADA PERKONGSIAN KOMPREHENSIF ANTARA MALAYSIA-AMERIKA SYARIKAT PASCA 9/11

Mas Juliana Mukhtaruddin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstrak Cabaran dalam hubungan politik antara Amerika Syarikat dan negara barat terhadap dunia Islam telah menjadi kritikal selepas berlakunya tragedi 11 September 2001. Sekaligus ia telah merubah landskap perhubungan politik antarabangsa. Dalam situasi dunia yang saling kebergantungan, tidak dapat dinafikan setiap negara mempunyai hubungan dengan Amerika Syarikat dalam pelbagai skala. Maka, bagi setiap hubungan politik, kesan ini mewujudkan ketegangan antara negara serta menjejaskan interaksi ekonomi. Oleh itu, hubungan politik antara Malaysia dan Amerika Syarikat juga tidak terkecuali. Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan hubungan politik MalaysiaAmerika Syarikat pasca 9/11 dengan menganalisa kepimpinan politik Malaysia sebagai salah satu faktor yang menyumbang kepada hubungan dua hala yang progresif. Kerjasama kepimpinan politik antara Kuala lumpur dan Washington telah membawa hubungan dua hala Malaysia-Amerika Syarikat kepada tahap perkongsian komprehensif. Katakunci: Malaysia, Amerika Syarikat, Kepimpinan Politik, Perkongsian Komprehensif dan 9/11

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PANEL 3: INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

A ONE-TO-ONE RATIO BETWEEN FAMILY DIRECTORS AND INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS: A VIEW FROM MALAYSIA PUBLIC-LISTED FAMILY FIRMS AND ITS POLICY IMPLICATION

Lynn Yew Hua Ling Curtin University, Malaysia ([email protected]) John Evans Curtin University, Australia ([email protected]) Shibley Sadique University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh ([email protected]) Abstract Corporate governance has been a continuous global concern. It is well perceived that a good corporate governance practice induce good company performance and value. Good corporate governance practices are especially important to protect the interest of minority shareholders from companies with concentrated shareholdings. In Malaysia, major companies that constitute to concentrated shareholdings in public listed companies are family firms. Such phenomenon is further asserted by The World Bank Group. This leads to the motivation of further scrutinization on the significance role of the board of family firms in corporate governance. This paper aims to shed further light in this area by examining the effect of family directors on family firms’ performance, within the context of corporate acquisition and its wealth effect. Findings suggest that a 1:1 ratio of family representatives to independent directors on the board should be introduced into the best practices of corporate governance in Malaysia public listed family firms. Such best practice should be upheld by the management or implemented by policy makers to induce better company value and performance for public-listed Malaysian family firms. This finding is derived based on a sample of 267 corporate acquisitions made by public-listed Malaysian family firms over the ten-year period of 2002-2011. Keywords: Board Corporate Governance, Family Firm Value, Malaysian Family Firms, Family Directors, Corporate Acquisitions

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PREFERENCES OF STUDENTS IN THEIR BUYING DECISIONS OF FOREIGN PRODUCTS Mohammad Basir Saud Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Fawad Hussain Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Khairul Hisham Zainudin Kolej Professional MARA Seri Iskandar, Malaysia ([email protected]) Mohd Azwardi Md. Isa Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract Nowadays customers are very conscious about choosing specific products for their own consumption whether local made or foreign made. Therefore, this paper will look into factors that most influence their decision of buying foreign products specifically sport footwear among higher institution’s students. This paper identified the factors as country of origin, product quality, brand image, and price and what are their priorities or preferences among those four factors in their buying decision. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed to KPM’s Seri Iskandar’s students who currently enrolled and 300 were used for data analysis using Smart Partial Least Square (Smart-PLS3). The finding shows that brand image and price play a significant role in influencing student’s sports footwear purchase preferences. For future research it is recommended to use cultural and social norms factors as an independent variables to see the impact on students purchasing preference. It is hope that the findings will help manufacturers or producers to better understand and aware of the preferences preferred among the young generations, especially Generation Y and Z in their buying decision of foreign products. Keywords: Country of Origin, Product Quality, Brand Image, Price, Purchase Preferences

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ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE: A STUDY ON STUDENTS’ INTENTIONS AT THE SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA

Mohd Najib Mansor Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abdul Rahim Jaguli Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Muhammad Fuad Othman Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract This conceptual paper is to examine the relationship between entrepreneurial selfefficacy, entrepreneurial need for achievement and locus of control of students with entrepreneurial performance at the School of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia. Data from 150 students will be analyzed using multiple regression analysis. With various entrepreneurship programs that have been exposed to the students, the results of this study hopefully will reveal the relationship of their intentions to become an entrepreneur with their entrepreneurial performance. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy; Student Entrepreneurs; Entrepreneurial Performance

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INSTITUTIONAL PANEL SESSION: SELECTED ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

ACCOUNTING ETHICS AND ITS IMPACT ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN A GLOBALISING WORLD Denson Muvandi University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ([email protected]) Abstract In recent years, the Accounting Profession has been engulfed by a considerable number of issues related to unprofessionalism. There have been numerous stories in the media about the systematic misconduct within the accounting profession which sometimes lead to the bankruptcy and ultimate collapse of companies, organisations and government institutions. This paper makes an analysis of accounting ethics and its impact on corporate governance in a globalising world. It will be argued that ineffective and unsustainable institutional support (both bottom up and top down) from the relevant arms of central government have devastating effects on the central government in a globalising world. Strategic policy and scholarly recommendations will be proffered on how enhance accounting ethics in order to enhance corporate governance in a globalising world.

Keywords: Accounting Ethics, Corporate Governance, Unsustainable Institutional Support

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Globalising World

,

THE ETHICAL DILEMMA ON THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS AS A DETERRENT TOOL AGAINST A SOVEREIGN STATE: THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE Peter Muchakazi University of KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa Michael Tedzani Moyo National Defence College, Zimbabwe

Abstract The imposition of sanctions is based on Chapter VII, Article 41 of the United Charter which stipulates that the UNSC can apply economic and diplomatic measures against a state that interrupts peace and security in the world. Sanctions are usually understood as a means of avoiding war and its costs. The quest for the lifting of sanctions is regarded as an incentive for the delinquent state. Besides the incentive of lifting of sanctions, it is also presumed that sanctions will exert pressure domestically and internationally to those who are in governance of the targeted country. The imposition of sanctions against Iraq actually resulted in a catastrophic humanitarian situation whereby the majority of the ordinary citizens lost their lives due to hunger, disease and political instability. A question that arises is whether economic sanctions have a deterrent effect or that they create a situation of a catastrophic humanitarian crisis? This article argues that the imposition of sanctions against a legitimate sovereign state does not help to create a situation of international peace and security, rather such a practice undermines the ethic of humanitarianism, thus posing a threat to peace and security in the world. Keywords: Ethical Dilemma, Economic Sanctions, Deterrent Tools, Sovereign State

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THE UNITED NATIONS FORCE INTERVENTION BRIGADE: ANY NEED FOR SYNCRONIZED PEACE SUPPORT EFFORTS IN THE EASTERN CONGO RECURRING CONFLICT? Engelbert Rugeje University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ([email protected]) Sadiki Maeresera Zimbabwe National Defence College’s Institute of Strategic Research and Analysis and University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ([email protected] and [email protected]) Abstract From the time it deployed in the eastern DRC in 2013 up to the first quarter of 2016, arguably no much tangible progress has been made by the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade. The security situation in the eastern Congo continues to be unstable. This instability continues to pause serious direct security threats and spillover effects to respective neighbouring countries that are either part of the East African Community (EAC) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) or both. This is a conflict that falls within the two sub regions’ areas of peace support responsibility. What constraints are encountered by the Force in the context of regional and international political and strategic dynamics with specific reference to eastern Congo conflict? With the support of the African Union and the UN, what impact would be made of personnel comprising this Force are made up of those from the East African and SADC Standby Forces? What impact would such synchronised regional and international peace support efforts have on the effectiveness of the Force in undertaking its mandate? To what extent would such an initiative have on the respective political will and commonality of interests among member nations of the SADC and EAC in respect of peace support efforts to the eastern Congo recurring conflict? Keywords: The United Nations Intervention Brigade, Synchronised Peace Support Efforts, East African Community, Southern African Development Community, Political and Strategic Dynamics, Political Will, Commonality of Interests

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THE SADC INTERVENTION IN THE EASTERN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO RECURRING CONFLICT: CONSTRAINTS AND PROSPECT Sadiki Maeresera University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ([email protected] and [email protected]) Knocks Tapiwa Zengeni Universiti Utara Malaysia Abstract Conflict recurrence in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) provides a litmus test to the Southern African Development Community (SADC)’s capacity to sustainably resolve the conflict and build peace. The surrender of the March 23 (M23) rebels, followed by overtures to incorporate the same into the Congolese military and political institutions, seem not to have made much significant impact on the security stability in the eastern part of the country. Armed activities by militia groups such as the Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda (FDLR), Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), and various MayiMayi groups are likely to cause a recurrence of a fully fledged armed conflict in the eastern Congo. Whilst the UN Mission for the Stabilisation of Congo (MONUSCO), along with its Intervention Brigade continue to make efforts to support the Congolese government to address the security situation in the country, this article presents a critical analysis on the prospects and constraints of SADC to sustainably resolve the conflict and build peace in the context of conflict recurrence. For purposes of conflict resolution and peacebuilding, the DRC falls within SADC’s area of sub-regional responsibility, which overlaps into that of the International Conference of the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR). The paper looks at the political/diplomatic and military/security initiatives that SADC can take to complement the current efforts of critical role players such as MONUSCO and the ICGLR in sustainably resolving the recurring conflict and building peace. It also analyses the prospects of such subregional initiatives. Considering the conflict matrix of the eastern Congo conflict with specific reference to its recurrence, an examination of the likely constraints that SADC could encounter in trying to resolve the eastern Congo conflict will be presented. Policy suggestions will be proffered on what can be done to encounter such constraints. The research adopted a qualitative approach premised on interviews. Secondary sources, including key policy documents and statements of the SADC, AU, ICGLR and UN, were utilised. As complementing primary sources, structured opportunity interviews were conducted at seminars and workshops with academics and senior political and security analysts conversant with SADC conflict and peace dynamics. 43

PARALLEL SESSION 3 PANEL 1: GLOBAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION THROUGH INTER-FIRM COLLABORATION AND FIRM’S INNOVATION PERFORMANCE Tamma Elhachemi Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abd Rahim Jaguli Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Fakhrorazi Ahmad Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract In order to strengthen their competitive positions, emerging market firms establish inter-organizational collaborations actively for acquiring new knowledge, where learning and knowledge acquisition from the foreign parent is thought to be particularly critical. Nevertheless, the learning potential from these collaborations may not be realized due to the difficulties, risks and conflicts that arise during the course of collaborations. Although research on knowledge acquisition in inter-firm collaboration is increasing, yet the understanding of its antecedents and consequences remains unclear. Furthermore, the more recent studies typically undertake careful disaggregation and provide a detailed analysis of knowledge processes at a very high level of granularity. While such studies answer the call for building knowledge processes up from their micro foundations, it remarked a corresponding lack of studies that integrate the various levels of analysis. Due to the aforementioned interactions, this conceptual paper will utilize bottom-up approach. Namely, managing knowledge process is affected by both individual level characteristics and higher-level determinants. To that end, we draw conceptual framework by suggesting the influence of HRM practices and change readiness to knowledge acquisition with the moderating role of absorptive capacity. We, in turn relate assessment of knowledge acquisition to firm ‘innovation performance.

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Keywords: Multinational Corporations (MNC), Technology and Knowledge Transfer, Absorptive Capacity, Knowledge Acquisition, Firm’s Innovation Performance.

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GLOBALIZATION OF TRADE FIRMS: LESSONS FROM ASEAN FIRMS

Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract

In the last 50 years, the debate on the development of international business remained unsettled, especially concerning the establishment of multinational firms from developing countries. Using OLI Model this paper examined the formation of multinational firms from ASEAN countries. We found positive similarities in the advancing of firm’s specific-ownership advantages such as skills, management know-how, R&D and technological capabilities. Unlike the firms from developed countries, the firms from developing countries adopted local elements in their products and services.

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THE IMPACT OF WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT AND WORKPLACE DIVERSITY ON EMPLOYEE’S MOTIVATION AND FIRM’S PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF AN MNC SUBSIDIARY IN MALAYSIA Nik Ab Halim Nik Abdullah Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Mazatul Nadiah Sahiri Universiti Utara Malaysia Fakhrorazi Ahmad Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract Employees working in the subsidiary of multinational firms may experience different working environment and they might also have to work with people from diverse background in terms of their nationality, race or culture. Thus, this study is conducted with the objective is to identify the impact of MNC’s workplace environment and workplace diversity on the employee’s motivation and the firm’s performance. The study is conducted at the subsidiary of a Japanese based firms located in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. A quantitative research design were employed and data were collected using self-administered survey questionnaires. A total of 161 employees from various department and demographic background were randomly selected as a sample for this study. Hypothesis testing was conducted using the Partial Least Square (PLS) Regression Analysis. Result of the data analysis shows that the different working environment and workforce diversity that exists in this MNC do have a positive significant relationship with the employee’s motivation. In addition, employee’s motivation also positively influence the firm’s performance. It can be concluded that different working environment and worforce diversity which exist in MNC did not create difficulties to the employees but instead, both factors increase their motivation and eventually leads towards a better firm’s performance. Keywords: Workplace Environment, Workplace Diversity, Employee Motivation, Firm’s Performance

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MALAYSIAN EXPORTING SMES AND EXPORTER INTERMEDIARIES Norliza Hamir Basah Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Asmat Nizam Abdul Talib Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract Building a relationship alone between SME exporters and intermediaries is not sufficient to achieve high export performance. Thus, creating a quality relationship is highly encouraged for SMEs which are commonly known to have limited resources. The relational factors such as trust, commitment and cooperation has been proposed in this study as factors that could influence the relationship between the exporter and intermediary while facilitating the internationalisation process. Quality is a crucial component in developing relationship between SME exporter and exporter intermediaries which has been highlighted as a significance role of relationship capabilities in enhancing performance of small businesses in foreign markets. Further, in order to support the development of such relationships, cultural similarity is suggested to be fundamental in the process due to the belief that companies would perform better in foreign markets when they have cultural similarity. In addition, the similarities of culture between two parties help to a great extent to reduce the psychic distance between the home and host countries in respect of business approaches, language, marketing infrastructure, as well as legal and political systems. This study integrates the resource based view (RBV) and Social Capital Theory to examine the synergistic effect of several constructs on export performance within the context of Malaysian exporting SMEs and exporter intermediaries.

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PANEL 2: KELANTAN FLOOD DISASTER

THE ROLES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) IN THE POST-2014 KELANTAN FLOOD DISASTER Nazariah Osman Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Norafidah Ismail Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Mohamad Zaki Ahmad Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Mohd Hanapi Mohamad Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Muhammad Fuad Othman Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract The post-flood aftermath or locally known as “bah kuning” witnessed a massive NGOs’ engagement in assisting the flood victims in most affected areas, namely in Kuala Krai, Gua Musang, Kota Bharu, Pasir Mas, Tanah Merah, Tumpat and Machang . Among those NGOs involved in restoring and rebuilding the affected zones were MERCY or Medical Relief Society Malaysia, IKRAM Malaysia, Islamic Relief, DarulHijrah, Khazanah Yayasan (linked to Khazanah Nasional), Pertubuhan Bantuan Bencana (BBNGO) and few other international NGOs. Kelantan received a high volume of relief and assistance in the forms of food, cloth, shelters, cash donation, volunteers, experts, local and international donors including multinational corporations (MNCs) and individual countries (government-to-government relations) which includes Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, China United Kingdom etc. Yet, criticism arose on matters related to the distributing process of flood relief and assistance: 49

uneven distribution of aid to the victims. One of the many reason was a lack of coordination among those NGOs, which actively involved helping the flood victims to lessen the impacts of flood disaster. The NGOs worked independently without a proper order and guideline in distributing aid to the victims. There were incidents where victims had claimed that in some areas goods and aid were distributed abundantly whereas in other places these assistances had been delayed. Indeed, the late receiving of critical goods, such as food and clothing, was due to a handicapped delivery of information between the NGOs and government agencies. Another factor was a sudden increase of water level, which led to road closure. This situation made it impossible for the rescue teams and NGOs to reach those flooded locations. In this manner, the researchers would strongly recommend for all NGOs to work hand-in-hand with both state and federal governments should this worst flood ever struck in the future. To date, despite all the problems and difficulties faced by those NGOs involved not only during and aftermath the mega flood, NGOs do play a very significant role in the reconstruction of Kelantan in its post flood stage. This paper examines the roles and contributions played by the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the Post-2014 Kelantan Flood Disaster. Furthermore, a plan or strategy to manage, uplift as well as enhance their efficiency and performances in case if such a huge magnitude of flood ever occurred in future will also be highlighted. Keywords: Kelantan, Flood, Non-Governmental Organization

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KELANTAN FLOOD vs. HURRICANE KATRINA: HOME BUILDING FOR DISASTER VICTIMS DURING POST-FLOOD RECONSTRUCTION Norafidah Ismail Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Nazariah Osman Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract A massive flood in Kelantan at the end of 2014 has greatly caused a terrible catastrophe to the flood victims. Thousands of houses have been affected by the heavy flow of water including some 2000 houses along Lebir and Galas rivers. Helping the flood victims rebuilding their lives, the Federal Government has broadly agreed to allocate RM500 million for developing new homes and RM10,000 for repairing each household’s home: it is an ultimate responsibility of the Federal Government to build new homes for disaster survivors. The State Government, in unison, has spent RM5 million – a sum donated to Tabung Amanah Bencana Banjir Negeri Kelantan- to build and repair house and infrastructure for flood victims. Repairing and rebuilding homes involve an array of institutions including thousands of volunteers and non-governmental Organization (NGOs) members. The Post-flood Recovery Unit’s record shows that 2,200 houses across Kelantan need to be built. At least, eight areas are designated for developing permanent homes: Kota Bharu, Chenulang (in Kuala Krai), Dabong (in Kuala Krai), Simpang Tiga Pulai, Bertam Baru, Tanah Putih, Limau Kasturi and Lebir (in Gua Musang). The research conclusions concerning housing efforts (during post-flood reconstruction in Kelantan) speak about unprecedented cooperation between the Federal and State governments; “I am not the land owner”; a lengthy and confusing registration process for new permanent homes; unlikely change of new home project schedule; and home building by NGOs which produces different designs and different specification. Considering some serious constraints in housing effort, the paper has two underlying aims: to assess the development of housing effort in Kelantan’s flood aftermath; and to evaluate a possibility of developing effective disaster housing approaches based on American National Disaster Housing Strategy (NDHS). As a blueprint of Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) responses to Hurricane Katrina implications on sheltering, NDHS reveals the way the American nation providing home for disaster victims. Keywords: FEMA, Kelantan Flood, New Orleans, Home Building, Post-Flood Reconstruction 51

POST-HURRICANE KATRINA DISASTER MANAGEMENT REGIME: LESSON LEARNED FOR MALAYSIA’S POST-FLOOD RECONSTRUCTION INITIATIVES Mohamad Zaki Ahmad Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Muhammad Fuad Othman Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract The massive flooding that hit Malaysia’s east coast states of Kelantan and Terengganu in 2014 was viewed as the worst in the history of the two states. This unprecedented event has forced the federal, state, municipal and local emergency community in the country to rethink and reexamine the existing strategies, policies, plans, and programs for post-disaster management and reconstruction. Recurring problems of restoring physical environment and constructing infrastructure, along with a myriad of challenges in providing expedited emergency humanitarian services and recovery in the affected areas necessitate the need for the Malaysian authorities to learn from the developed countries. Malaysia can learn, review and if possible, implement emergency management models, operational measures and rebuilding strategies adopted by the United States government in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In response to the widely perceived failure of the country’s federal government to carry out humanitarian assistance during and after Hurricane Katrina, US government have embarked several initiatives to improve the country’s legislative, policy and institutional framework for effective natural disaster and postdisaster management. One of these initiatives includes major functional and structural reform for its main federal agency responsible in disaster management Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Hence, the aim of this paper is to examine a range of policies, strategies, plans and programs adopted by US government for post-disaster management and disaster risk reduction immediately after the Hurricane Katrina from which Malaysia can learn and adopt for its post-flood disaster management regime, particularly on the reconstruction efforts.

Keywords: Flood, FEMA, Hurricane Katrina, Malaysia, Post-Flood Reconstruction, Kelantan

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PANEL 3: SECURITY

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AGAINST THE ISLAMIC STATE IN IRAQ: AN NEOLIBERAL INSTITUTIONALIST ANALYSIS Suror Shaba Polus National University of Malaysia ([email protected]) Guido Benny National University of Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria/the Levant (ISIS/ISIL) has threatened human and national security of Iraq and Syria, as well as the rest of the world, as its influence spreads in forms of terrorism in many parts in the world such as Yemen, Libya, Sinai, Mali, Somalia, North-Eastern Nigeria, Pakistan, and some parts of Southeast Asia and Europe. USA has called for a formation of a new international coalition to confront ISIS in Iraq to provide a support for the Iraqi government institutions to impose the sovereignty of law and to provide equal opportunities for the members in federal governmental institutions. Following the declaration from the US President, an international coalition was formed by the USA, British, Bahrain, Jordan and Iraq on 10th September 2014, in addition to the military and humanitarian supports provided by NATO and EU states. A number of international organizations namely the UN and NATO, as well as regional organizations namely the Arab League and EU, have moved to contain the development of ISIS, but the results were limited and inconclusive. Using neoliberal institutionalist perspective, the study argues that an effective international organization is required to solve the crisis caused by ISIS in Iraq and the shortcoming in solving ISIS crisis is caused by the non-existence of a unitary international organization. The study firstly identifies the current operating role of those international and regional organizations in response to ISIS in responding and preventing ISIS and its expansion. Secondly, the reasons behind the shortcoming of the current international coalition are discussed. Consequently, the study suggests the formation of a stronger international organization that managed the strategy to fight IS in Iraq. Keywords: Iraq, Organization

ISIS/ISIL,

Conflict,

Neoliberal

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Institutionalism,

International

WOMEN AS IRREGULAR MIGRANTS: INDONESIA’S CHALLENGES FOR HUMAN SECURITY Karina Utami Universitas Islam Indonesia ([email protected])

Abstract Women is a quintessential part in globalization, and at the same time, are also the most exposed element to face various challenges that threaten their welfare and security within the society. Issues such as cultural, social, and economic have made women vulnerable, particularly those who live in poverty, where women are currently making up seventy percent of world’s poor population. This situation also one of the causes on why a significant number of women are involved as irregular migrants, whether as refugees, economic migrants, and even trafficking. This paper is choosing Indonesia as a country for the case study on researching the problems and challenges of women as irregular migrants. It will use the concept of human security and rise a question on how elements in human security for women as irregular migrants in Indonesia are being provided by the government. For instance, in terms of economic and personal security, women are still often being put in a very vulnerable condition, where sometimes they are being trafficked to be sexual objects, or have to travel abroad illegally, in order to fulfill their economic needs. There will be two important points to highlight in this paper. First, it will argue on the policy of Indonesian government in handling the challenges of human security for women, especially those with middle and low income, and its impacts that encourage the increasing number of irregular migrants. Second, this paper will talk about the importance of the role of government as well as society at large in changing creating the security for women in Indonesia, and therefore, protecting women as an important part of the society. Keywords: Irregular Migrants, Human Security, Indonesia, Women

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ISIL THREAT AND DERADICALISATION IN MALAYSIA

Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia ([email protected]) Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin Universiti Utara Malaysia

Abstract

The emergence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has shocked the international community after the release of gruesome beheading videos of western journalists via the internet. The violence methods used by ISIL militants were considered as crimes and absolutely argued to be contradicted with the Islamic teachings. ISIL manages to attract many supporters and sympathisers including Malaysians to join them in Iraq and Syria. As a Muslim majority country, the influence of ISIL in Malaysia is considered as a threat to national security and stability. The concern now is the spread of ISIL extreme ideology especially through social media to Malaysian youth which is hostile to Muslims and non-Muslims in Malaysia. If it fails to be contained pre-emptively, it can also harm the multireligious Malaysian society through terrorism activities. This presentation focuses on ISIL threat in Malaysia and how does it attracted Malaysians particularly youths to voluntarily join the militant group. It also looks at the deradicalisation efforts by the government to counter the ISIL threats. This presentation will also highlight a ground-breaking or first ever empirical research conducted by Universiti Utara Malaysia’s researchers about the influence of ISIL at the local institutions of higher learning. This will enlighten many regarding the impact of ISIL threat to society in Malaysia.

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PERUBAHAN DASAR PERTAHANAN MALAYSIA : ERA MAHATHIR MOHAMAD 1981-2003 Rodziah Md Zin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Mohd Kamarulnizam Abdullah Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstrak Dasar Pertahanan Negara merupakan satu manifestasi matlamat yang bertanggungjawab untuk melindungi keselamatan dan kepentingan strategik sesebuah negara. Dalam konteks Malaysia, tiga asas utama yang menjadi teras utama Dasar Pertahanan iaitu kepentingan strategik negara, prinsip pertahanan dan konsep pertahanan adalah bertujuan untuk mengekalkan keamanan dan kestabilan negara. Semenjak 1957, Malaysia telah membangunkan aspek pertahanan negara bagi memastikan keselamatan dan kedaulatan terjamin. Secara umumnya, Dasar pertahanan yang dibangunkan pada era Tunku Abdul Rahman 1957 sehingga 1970 adalah pro barat (dependency). Ketika ancaman konfrontasi dari Indonesia misalnya Malaysia mendapat sokongan dari semua anggota AMDA dan sekaligus mendapat bantuan ketenteraan dari AMDA. Manakala ketika era pemerintahan Tun Razak pada tahun 1970 sehingga 1976 dan Tun Hussin Onn pada tahun 1976 sehingga 1980 dasar pertahanan berubah kepada berkecuali. Dalam interaksinya dengan dunia antrabangsa Malaysia mengadakan hubungan bilateral dan multilateral serta bersahabat dengan semua negara tanpa mengambilkira fahaman politik negara tersebut. Sewaktu pentadbiran era Mahathir dasar pertahanannya lebih kepada self reliance berbanding pentadbiran sebelumnya yang pro west yang bergantung kepada barat serta neutraliti. Dasar Pertahanan Malaysia era Tun Mahathir (1981-2003) merupakan era perubahan yang drastik kepada sebuah negara yang lebih berdikari (self reliance). Perubahan dasar pertahanan Mahathir dapat dilihat dalam Precument persenjataan beliau yang telah memberi kesan kepada Malaysia sebagai negara membangun yang begitu lantang dan berani bersuara. Di gelanggang antarabangsa suaranya begitu bergema bagi menyuarakan aspirasi Negara Dunia Ketiga dan komitmen yang ditunjukkan melebihi pemimpin yang lain. Dasar yang dilaksanakan oleh Mahathir agak menyimpang daripada dasar yang diketengahkan oleh ketiga-tiga pemimpin negara yang terdahulu, terutama dasar yang tidak berpaksikan barat. Terdapat faktor-faktor dalaman dan faktor-faktor luaran yang mempengaruhi Dasar Pertahanan Malaysia era Mahathir. Implikasinya, sudah tentu memberi impak kepada keselamatan dan pertahanan negara. Self reliance di bawah pentadbiran Tun Mahathir menjadikan 56

aspek pertahanan Malaysia bertambah moden sehingga Tun Mahathir menjadi rujukan dan perhatian diseluruh dunia terutamanya Negara Dunia Ketiga.

Keywords: Pertahanan, Keselamatan, Kepentingan Strategik, Kestabilan, Self Reliance (berdikari).

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PANEL 4: GLOBAL POLITICS

IRAN’S STRATEGY IN IRAQ AND SYRIA

Sherko Kirmanj Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract

This article examines the roles of Iran in post-2003 Iraq and in the ongoing Syrian conflict. It also investigates and analyses Iran’s strategy in both countries. The aim is to assess Iran’s foreign policy and its use of proxy warfare in Iraq and Syria in order to identify Iran’s strategic goals in the two countries and in the Middle East in general. The article seeks a better understanding of the underlying causes and motives behind Iran’s use of proxy warfare as a key element of its foreign policy. It also attempts to analyse actions and reactions by Iran’s regional rivals such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The article argues that Syrian regime’s religious affiliation and its strategic location connecting Iran to Hezbollah are the most significance driving force behind Iran’s involvement in Syrian conflict. It also asserts that the significance of Iraq to Iran lies in the fact that Iraq is a vital conduit connecting Iran with Syria and Hezbollah. Also, this article argues that, Iraq is a political tool used by Iran to advance its regional power ambition in order to keep the balance of power in the Middle East. In this way, Iraq occupies a better position than Syria in the Iran’s geopolitical calculation in the Middle East.

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WHY DOES THAI MILITARY INTERVENE INTO POLITICS?

Sathid Boonmuang Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Chumphon Kaewsom Maejo University, Thailand ([email protected]) Emil Mahyuddin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract This article provides an insight into the reasons that the Royal Thai Army intervenes in the political system of Thailand. Over the years, senior Thai army officers have been blamed for using the Royal Thai Army as their vehicle to intervene in the political system of Thailand by staging various coup d'etat to unseat the elected government. However, more recent evidences have indicated that the intervention draw flak from many quarters and did not go down well with the majority of people of Thailand as well as from foreign government including The United States of America and The European Union. On May 22, 2014, the Royal Thai Army, led by General Prayuth Chan-ocha, Commander in Chief, launched a coup d'état against the caretaker government of Thailand, following six months of political crisis. The military established a junta called National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) to govern the nation. This article aim at to examine the causes of Thai military coup regarding intervention on politic in the post Thaksin era. This study is purely a qualitative research. The methodological orientation of this study is based on two methods of data collection. The methods of data collection employed including interviews and documentary consultation. This study found that the root cause of military intervention was to uproot Thaksin regime that influence in Thai politics for the past 13 year.

Keywords: Coup D’état, Thai Army, Thaksin Era, Thai Politics, Democracy in Thailand 59

UNDERSTANDING HIEP HOI CHAM HOI GIAO VIETNAM (THE ASSOCIATION OF MUSLIM CHAM IN VIETNAM) Rie Nakamura Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract The proposed paper aims to understand the Association of Muslim Cham in Vietnam and their activities. It was the government recognized organization of the Cham ethnic minority group in 1960s. This association was needed to assist Cham people who had migrated into Saigon, seeking employments and escaping from the war. They also needed to have an organization to identify them as Cham ethnic minority to prevent them from being conscribed. Upon establishment of the Association, it carried out various activities to assert their ethnic identity as Cham based on the religion of Islam. Since the Association was recognized by the former Saigon government, current Vietnamese scholars see it as a product of the US puppet regime. There are only limited number of research carried out and those studies are quite sketcy and some facts are mixed up. The proposed paper is based on the interview accounts of former officials of the association and some archive records to re-evaluate meaning of the Association. It argues that the Association of Muslim Cham in Vietnam can be understood as earliest attempt to unify the Cham ethnic minority scattered in the southern part of Vietnam through religion of Islam and to build Pan-Cham ethnic identity. The paper also discusses the Cham Muslim community’s relationship to to International Muslim communities especially the Malay communities in Malaysia. Relating to this issue, the paper examines the process of introduction of the new sect of Islam called “Muda” (young group) from Malaysia. Keywords: Cham, Muslim, Ethnicity

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COHABITATION IN THE OCCUPIED PALESTINE’S POLITICAL SYSTEM Aminurraasyid Yatiban Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Ramzi Odah Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Sivaperegasam P. Rajenthiran Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract This paper attempts to investigate the impact of the mixed electoral system on the creation of the state of cohabitation that occurred in the Palestinian political system after the second legislative elections in 2006, viewed through a theoretical framework based on the idea of divided societies. This study employed quantitative and qualitative research methods together. This study found several important results regarding this relationship. Firstly, cohabitation is more likely to occur when there is low rate of party fractionalization (more polarization) produced in mixed electoral system. Second, the strategic voting in this election was sensitive to the divided attitudes about the Israeli occupation. Third, the mixed electoral system did not greatly reduce the small parties punishment caused by the pluralistic system, which increased opportunities for creating a state of cohabitation. Keywords: Cohabitation, Mixed Electoral System, Consensus Democracy, Occupied Palestine

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THE IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING STRATEGIC ALLIANCE BETWEEN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA FOR COUNTERING ISIS IDEOLOGY AND MOVEMENT

M. Syafi’i Anwar Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract The development of ISIS ideology and movement in Indonesia and Malaysia is alarming. It can be seen from its efforts of spreading its ideology and movement in the two countries, particularly to the young generations, students, civil servants, and others. Developing strategy and strong networking as well as maintaining hidden recruitment processes through social media, prisons, mosques, and campuses, ISIS’ ideology and movement have been spread widely in the two countries. Not surprisingly that from its base in al Shadadi, Syria, members of ISIS from Indonesia and Malaysia has established an institution namely Khatibah Nusantara, which translates and publishes ISIS propaganda in Malay language. One of the most serious ISIS propaganda is to propagate apocalyptic ideology based on “theology of dead”, which promotes misleading interpretation of jihad (holy war) and the final battle to attack what they describe as “enemies of Islam” both in Indonesia and Malaysia. To counter this development, both Indonesia and Malaysia as moderate Muslim countries need to build a strong strategic alliance not only between the two governments and state actors, but also mobilizing support from the non-state actors such as religious organizations, civil society movements, and the media. This paper will demonstrate the importance of building strategic alliance between Indonesia and Malaysia in refuting ISIS ideology and movement.

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PARALLEL SESSION 4 PANEL 1: MARITIME AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

SECURING THE MARITIME SUPPLY CHAINS: THE CHALLENGE OF PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN WATERS

Nik Nor Suhaida Ali Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract According to United Nation Conference on Trade and Development (UNTAD, 2014), maritime transport is a key economic sector that underpins international trade, with some 50 percent of trade volumes are carried out by sea. It provides the low-cost, efficient and reliable long distance transportation of commodities and merchandise. However, the scourge of modern maritime piracy and armed robbery is expensive for the international maritime community. The loss of ships and cargoes, seafarer abuse, injury, and death, the need for premium compensation, the payment of ransom, high fuel cost, delayed cargo delivery etc. are an inevitable cost of the global supply chain operations. Therefore, this paper aims to frame the risk of maritime piracy and armed robbery towards the security of maritime supply chains, particularly in the Southeast Asian waters. This paper also will review the regional policy and strategies in mitigating the risk of piracy towards supply chains in this region. Thus, the discussion of this paper will provide a hindsight view of security of supply chains in this region.

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MARITIME SILK ROAD: PAST PICTURE AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

Wahyu Wardhana Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia ([email protected])

Abstract Eleven centuries ago, around 900 to 1400 AD, maritime trade brought commercial changes and increased maritime links among civilization around maritime Silk Road. This maritime trade route stretched from China to South Asia and Middle East through Southeast Asia. It brought wealth and prosperity was secured by convoy merchant fleets to dissuade pirates or another threat. In today 21st century and in the globalized economy, China as emerging maritime power in international level has published its 21st century maritime silk road. A congruent trade route with ancient maritime trade route which transport oil, energy, and other material for Chinese industry and also a trade route to distributed Chinese product around the globe. This trade route essential for China to be secured by its naval forces with its string of pearls strategy. A Strategy to dissuade other extra regional naval great power, such as US pivots in the Asia Pacific and India naval modernization. By describing narrative of maritime history and neighboring countries were linked of trade route at 900 to 1400 in Southeast Asia with comparative maritime history methodology, this paper will mapping past history to current development. This paper argues that based on historical narrative, current emerging contour of maritime landscape of regional affairs will challenges many nation in Southeast Asia, due to thier geostrategic location with vital sea lines of communications (SLOCs) which important among emerging maritime great power. Keywords: Maritime Silk Road, Maritime History, Southeast Asia, Emerging Maritime Power, Maritime Trade Route

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THE MARITIME SECURITY ARCHITECTURE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Irawan Jati Universitas Islam Indonesia ([email protected])

Abstract Southeast Asia’s waters are one of the most significant water ways in the world. Its strategic position and natural resources stocks are the basis of economic advantages and security challenges. The region has crucial sea lanes of international trade and marine potentials. But it also has plenty of security challenges such as overlapping borders issues, contraband activities, piracy and armed robbery at sea, and natural disaster. Above all these, the South China Sea issues and the struggle of primacy between the United States and China are probably the most latent threats on the security of the region. The over claim of China on the most part of South China Sea area has sparked dissenting opinions among the members of ASEAN. Despite the ongoing ASEAN Regional Forum dialogue, the rivalry between the US and China has threaten the unity of ASEAN members. Therefore, this paper tries to qualitatively analyze the question on how these advantages and security challenges contribute to the maritime architecture in Southeast Asia? And what are the role of ASEAN in this maritime architecture? The working argument on this paper is that the maritime security architecture in Southeast Asia is mostly influenced by the presence of Asia Pacific’s major power, the US and China. While ASEAN’s role is mostly as security forum organizers. Keywords: ASEAN, Maritime Security Architecture, South China Sea, the US and China Rivalry

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THE CONTRIBUTION OF TRACK TWO TO TRACK ONE DIPLOMACY: AN ANALYZES OF INDONESIAN EFFORTS IN MANAGING THE SOUTH CHINA SEA Ignatius Satyawan Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia ([email protected])

Abstract Conflict in the South China Sea became a flashpoint in Southeast Asia since 1970s. Located in a strategic area which has important sea lanes and rich in living and nonliving resources, the South China Sea is claimed wholly or partly by six states namely China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia and Brunei. However, in that period, there was no formal forum through which the conflict could be handled. Based on basic tenets of “free and active foreign policy”, Indonesia led Track Two (non-formal) diplomacy to manage the conflict through a series of meetings entitled “Workshop on Managing Potential Conflict in the South China Sea” since 1990. Track Two Diplomacy was applied in order to reduce tension by developing dialogue among the parties and to pave the way to conduct formal/ Track One Diplomacy. This study analyzes the process of Track Two Diplomacy initiated by Indonesia in managing conflict in the South China Sea during the period 1990-2001 and its impact to the Track One Diplomacy carried-out by formal parties surrounding the South China Sea. It shows some results of Track Two Diplomacy such as cooperation activities in marine scientific research was adopted into formal cooperation among states. It is also noted that some statements released by Track Two Diplomacy transformed into formal declaration, for instance, ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea in 1992 and Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea in 2002. Furthermore, Track Two Diplomacy was able to maintain peace in the region as indicated by the absence of major military conflict since 1990. Keywords: Indonesia, South China Sea, Diplomacy, Conflict Management, Foreign Policy

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PANEL 2: FOREIGN POLICY

MALAYSIA-SINGAPORE RELATIONS UNDER NAJIB RAZAK: MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVES

Rusdi Omar Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Muhammad Muda Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Che Mohd Aziz Yaacob Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract Malaysia and Singapore enjoy and share a special relationship due to their geographical, historical, familial, cultural, political, economic and strategic features. Their relationship is characterized by competition and interdependence. The competitive world has brought about a close neighborly cooperation between the two nations to build resilience and strength. This article will examine the state of bilateral relations between these two countries under Malaysia's Prime Minister Najib from Malaysian perspectives, which focusing on political-socio-economic aspects and will analyze the future prospect of Malaysia and Singapore under his era. Looking at the history of relations between the two countries, the role of leadership has played important role in the up and down of relationship. Leaders of both countries play a significant role in overcoming conflicts and finding solutions to the problems that besieged the relations between the two countries. If both countries could maintain the momentum and capitalize the benefits of the initiatives that had been done by both countries, we foresee that both countries will not enter into troubled relationships like the previous periods, but it augurs well for strengthened relationships in the future. Keywords: Malaysia, Singapore, Bilateral Relations

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YEMEN-CHINA RELATIONS: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT IN BILATERAL RELATIONS Yahya Yahya Yahya Al-Awd Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract Yemen has a long diplomatic relationship with China since the middle of 20th Century. North Yemen established the diplomatic relationship with China in 1956 and South Yemen had diplomatic ties with China in 1967. The diplomatic relationship between Yemen and China well continued even after the unification of North and South as the Republic of Yemen in 1990 in 1990. During Ali Abdullah Saleh (then the Leader of the Republic of Yemen) period from 1990 to 2012, China is interested to make good relations with Yemen in specific and other Arab countries in general due to the old trade exchanges and open market between Yemen and China. Besides that, the strategic location of Yemen and natural resources make the relations stronger. China has many projects in Yemen such as oil, gas and so on. Nevertheless, there has been a very negligible amount of development in Yemen in terms of infrastructure and living standards of the people. From the interviews that have undertaken with many diplomatic people who regarded to work closely with China representing Yemen from 1990-2012. It has been found that, there are many reasons that contributed to weak and slow development in Yemen which can be categorized into internal and external factors. The internal factors comprise corruption in every side of the governmental system, resources management, political instability, internal wars with Al-Qaedah and other insurgent groups (i.e. the Houthis, the Islah Party, the civil war 1994, is one of the more complex events after that the start of the Arab Spring and the southern movement) and tribalism. The external factors are the interventions of some friendly and brotherly countries on the internal affairs of Yemen and the phenomenon of AQAP (Al-Qaedah in Arabian Peninsula). All these internal and external factors participated to make the relationship between Yemen and China unbalanced and affects the development as well. Therefore, in this study, the historical background of the Yemen-China relations and the reasons of weak development in Yemen are presented and investigated. Keywords: Yemen-China Relations, Development, Factors, Mismanagement, Leader Strategic, Diplomatic and Economic

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MALAYSIAN PEACEKEEPING CONTRIBUTION IN THE POSTMAHATHIR ERA AND THE MIDDLE POWER MOTIVATION Muhammad Afifi Abdul Razak Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Kamarul Azman Khamis Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Rusdi Omar Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstract As a UN member, Malaysia is considered as one of the prominent participant and troop contributor to peacekeeping operations. The country peacekeeping began in 1960s in Congo. In the Mahathir era, Malaysian peacekeeping contribution reached its peak. However, in the post-Mahathir era, Malaysian peacekeeping contribution had undergone a dramatic change. The number of UN missions participated and troop contributed were decreased to almost half compared to the previous era. Meanwhile, Malaysian government under the current prime minister, Najib Razak, in its capacity as a non-permanent member in the UNSC and also a Chairman of ASEAN for 2015, had expressed its un-ending support to the UN and its peacekeeping initiatives. This includes a pledge to promote peacekeeping at the UNSC, supporting the establishment of an ASEAN Peacekeeping Force (APF) and a contributing of 800 troops, mostly police, to UN peacekeeping forces. This paper examines the Malaysian peacekeeping contribution in the post-Mahathir era. It attempts to identify and explain the primary factors which underlie the Malaysian peacekeeping motivations in the period under study. It uses the middle power concept as its framework of analysis. This paper proceeds in four major sections. The first section explains the concepts of peacekeeping and middle power. The second section explains the background and history of Malaysian peacekeeping contribution since 1960s to the present time. The third section identifies and explains the Malaysian middle power approach and the role UN peacekeeping in the post-Mahathir era. Finally, this paper concludes that the Malaysian peacekeeping contributions in the post-Mahathir era are highly motivated by

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the desire to become a middle power country. It further argues that, by acquiring this status, Malaysia will be able to play a bigger role in global affairs. Keywords: Malaysia, Foreign Policy, United Nations, Peacekeeping Operations, PostMahathir Era, Najib Razak, Middle Power.

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SHIITE IDEOLOGY AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR MALAYSIA’S DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY

Nor Azizan Idris Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bakri Mat Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Zarina Othman Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract Iran’s nuclear program has been hotly debated by the international community. The United States charges that it is a threat to the stability of the region, labelling Iran as one of the Axis of Evils and a threat to her national interests in the Middle East. Iran’s nuclear program which was started in the 1950s was supported by the United States but was briefly abandoned when Ayatollah Khomeini led the revolution and came to power in 1979. The revolution gained supports from almost all Muslim countries throughout the world. Khomeini was seen as Mullah who brought back Islam to Iran, specifically Shiite Islam. This article is neither designed to explain Iran’s nuclear threat nor designed to discuss about Shiite ideology from Ulama’s perspectives. Rather the article proposed that at least two important events in Iran – namely Iran’s Revolution and Iran’s nuclear power – have overshadowed our understanding of Shiite ideology, which may have serious implication to a Muslim Sunni country like Malaysia. To explain the phenomenon, this article has collected both secondary and primary data. Secondary data was gathered from published academic articles and books. While primary data was partly mainly collected from interviews which is important to validate the research. Preliminary findings suggest that Shiite ideology is very complex and a long overdue issue yet it is important for Malaysia’s domestic and foreign policy. Keywords: Foreign Policy, Iran, Nuclear Program, Shiite, Security

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PANEL 3: POLITICS OF MALAYSIA

LANDSKAP POLITIK KAMPUS: SATU TINJAUAN DI UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstrak Tinjauan terhadap politik kampus amnya di Universiti Awam (UA) dan khususnya di Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) merupakan satu tinjauan yang penting kerana ianya bukan setakat akan melantik perwakilan mahasiswa namun keputusannya akan dinantikan oleh pelbagai pihak seperti Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi, pihak Pengurusan Universiti, mahasiswa, ahli politik dan pemberita kerana keputusan Pemilihan Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar (PMPP) seringkali dikait dengan pengaruh parti politik dan isu-isu nasional. Perjuangan kumpulan atau individu yang bertanding dalam PMPP pasti akan mewujudkan keadaan yang harmoni atau tegang berikutan daripada perbezaan manifesto yang diperjuangkan. Kempen kumpulan-kumpulan dan individuindividu yang bertangding pada ketika ini ditinjau semakin rancak seperti kempen pilihanraya national memandangkan pelbagai method telah digunapakai termasuklah dengan adanya jentera pilihanraya, cybertrooper dan pemakaian baju atau logo lencana semasa hari pengundian. Pemasangan poster calon juga digantung dikawasan pengundian demi menarik pengundi disamping terhadapnya tempat ucap kepada caloncalon untuk menyampaikan manifesto setiap calon.

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MAHATHIRISKONOMISM: PERANAN TUN DR MAHATHIR DALAM PENGURUSAN KRISIS EKONOMI 1997/98 Md Shukri Shuib Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Mohd Hanapi Mohamad Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Nazariah Osman Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Abstrak Krisis ekonomi 1997/98 belaku secara mengejut bagi Malaysia dan menerusi proses pemulihan dilaksanakan kerajaan, ia berjaya dilakukan dengan pantas kerana wujudnya polisi yang dijanakan oleh pengurusan Malaysia sendiri. Tekanan memuncak krisis ekonomi yang melanda Malaysia adalah pada Ogos 1998 di mana berlakunya penurunan tertinggi kadar tukaran matawang bagi ringgit Malaysia, tekanan ke atas rizab asing dan juga kenaikan kadar faedah pada paras yang tinggi. Kemelut ekonomi yang berlaku sejak Julai 1997 dengan berpunca dari kejatuhan nilai ringgit telah dilihat menjadi antara punca ketegangan politik di antara Tun Dr. Mahathir dan Timbalan Perdana Menteri ketika itu, Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim sehingga menyebabkan hubungan politik kedua pemimpin itu semakin renggang di tambah pula oleh tindakan pemecatan Anwar sebagai anggota kabinet dan keahlian UMNO pada September 1998 sehingga di sabitkan kesalahan penyalahgunaan kuasa oleh Mahkamah kemudiaannya. Ketegangan antara dua pemimpin itu telah kemudiaannya merebakkan gerakan Reformasi yang dipelopori oleh Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim yang dilihat seperti yang turut berlaku di Indonesia, dan gerakan Reformasi tersebut telah kehilangan taringnya setelah keadaan ekonomi Malaysia kembali pulih di bawah pemerintahan Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. Krisis ekonomi yang berlaku memberikan impak terhadap Malaysia dengan menjejaskan wawasan serta perancangan pembangunan ekonomi serta menyebabkan gangguan terhadap perancangan untuk mencapai kemajuan yang disasarkan kerajaan. Krisis ekonomi 1997/98 memberikan kesan besar kepada kebanyakan bank dan sektor korporat, dan ini merunsingkan pihak kerajaan. Dalam proses menangani kegawatan ekonomi dan melaksanakan pemulihan ekonomi, kerajaan semasa pemerintahan Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad telah berjaya bertindak 73

balas terhadap krisis tersebut dan memperkenalkan sistem yang berlawanan seperti yang dipraktikkan oleh Thailand dan Indonesia yang menerima bantuan IMF. Penubuhan Majlis Tindakan Ekonomi Negara (MTEN) pada 7 Januari 1998 untuk menguruskan krisis ekonomi dan mengurangkan jurang antara sektor kerajaan dan swasta. Langkah MTEN yang diperkenalkan oleh tindakan kepimpinan Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad dengan penghasilan satu kerangka tindakan di namakan sebagai Pelan Pemulihan Ekonomi Negara (PPEN) yang diwujudkan berasaskan orientasi ke arah penstabilan nilai Ringgit di pasaran mata wang antarabangsa telah memberikan kesan positif iaitu ia telah terbukti berjaya mengembalikan keyakinan pelabur terhadap pasaran dan kedudukan ekonomi Malaysia, selain itu MTEN menerusi PPEN yang juga berorientasikan kepada usaha mengekalkan kestabilan kewangan, mengukuhkan asas ekonomi dan ekuiti di dapati berjaya dilaksanakan dengan berkesan. Kertas kerja ini akan melihat secara khusus pengamalan dan pendekatan serta peranan dimainkan Tun Dr Mahathir dalam penyelesaian krisis ekonomi 1997/98 dengan konsep dinamakan sebagai Mahathiriskonomism. Secara jelas, Tun Dr Mahathir memainkan peranan dan pembinaan “ism” berasaskan corak pemikiran dan model kepimpinan beliau membantu Malaysia keluar dari kemelut kegawatan krisis ekonomi tersebut tanpa memerlukan bantuan asing yang membelenggu sistem politik dan ekonomi negara.

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DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON THE BUDGETARY DEBATES AMONG THE FEMALE MPS IN THE 13TH DEWAN RAKYAT: ISSUES, MOTIVATION AND STYLE OF DEBATING

Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Nor Azura A Rahman Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract This paper analyses the budgetary debates among the female MPs in the 13 th Dewan Rakyat (the present one). Budget session reckons as one of the most important sessions in the parliament as it is the blueprint for a country’s socioeconomic policies each fiscal year. It is therefore the fundamental indicator of what government wanted to do and for what purposes. Thus, it is therefore crucial to examine what issues have been raised by the female MPs during the budgetary sessions. Previous literature suggests that female MPs exerts more issues that are women friendly than the male MPs. Using critical discourse analysis and supported by primary content analysis, this paper also tried to understand the motivation behind each issues proposed by the female MPs as well as the syle of debating of the female MPs. This paper provides insights into the Dewan Rakyat as an avenue for female MPs to exert dominance over feminist and social issues as well as a platform to display style of debating. This paper contributes to the literature on the use of critical discourse analysis in examining the issues raised during the budgetary sessions, its motivation and the style of the debating among the female MPs.

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THE PROCESS OF NATIONAL BUILDING AMONG YOUTH IN MALAYSIA: A CASE STUDY OF THE NATIONAL SERVICE PROGRAMME (NSP) IN NORTHERN REGION OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Mohamad Ainuddin Iskandar Lee Abdullah Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Yahya Don Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Fairol Halim Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Sivaperegasam P. Rajanthiran Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract The implementation of National Service Programme (NSP) is one of the tools to achieve nation-building goals among Malaysian youth. The objectives of NSP are to build good personality and develop the spirit of nationalism among adolescents, improve national integration and increase positive attitude towards the programs. This study aims to provide an understanding of the problems that led to the establishment of nation-building in Malaysia. This study is important for the government to evaluate the effectiveness of a nation-building approach among youth groups. More importantly, this research will identify the uses of the NSP as a tool in achieving nation-building goals. The findings show the effectiveness of implementing the NSP and the impacts of NSP towards the trainee were positive. Besides, the study also able to overcome the various challenges in the NSP. In addition, all these aspects will provide several fresh dimensions to examine the process of nationbuilding among the youth in Malaysia. This study able to contribute to the existing literature on the politics of nation-building in Malaysia, and add to the existing knowledge about the NSP in general. Keywords: National Service Programme (NSP), Effectiveness, Nation-Building

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PARTY-POLITICAL (IN) CONGRUENCE AND FEDERAL-STATE FISCAL RELATIONS: THE CASE OF KELANTAN AND TERENGGANU (2004-12) Siti Zubaidah Ismail Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract In the 12th general election of 8 March 2008, the National Front did not only lose its twothird majority in parliament; it also lost control of five of the 13 states. There have been various follow-on developments since then. Among them is the restructuring of federalstate fiscal relations. This article argues that the changes in political party strength due to the changing voting pattern and the transformation of the political opposition have potential to alter federal-states relations especially in terms of fiscal federalism. In the case of Malaysia, centralisation offers the federal government considerable scope to treat those states that are governed by the party that dominates the centre differently from those that are in the hands of other parties. This article thus seeks to use the state of Kelantan and Terengganu to examine how party-political incongruence impacts on the fiscal relations between the federal government and constituent states specifically in terms of non-discretionary federal transfers.

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PANEL 4: THE ASEAN COMMUNITY ASEAN COMMUNITY: AN INTEGRATION FAVOURABLE FOR AMERICA’S PACIFIC CENTURY Salieg Munestri Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia ([email protected])

Abstract A well-established, stable, prosperous and rich region, Southeast Asia has so far received less attention than other regions. The region is a battlefield for the rivalry between the United States and the People‘s Republic of China (PRC). Both have started to deepen their relations with each of the states in the region and signed various agreements with the regional association to win the race. China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA) has shown tremendous impacts on the development of China‘s economic condition these five years. The US-ASEAN Trade and Investment Framework Agreement signed in 2006, Treaty of Amity and Cooperation that Obama signed in 2009, US annual presence in the East Asia Summit and US position as one of ASEAN Dialogue Partners with resident ambassador to ASEAN have shown the US continuing commitment to enhanced engagement with ASEAN. Moreover, America‘s Pacific century has decided that pivot of the future will be in Asia. Trade liberalization in the region provides the US abundant opportunities for trade, investment and technology to help America‘s economic recovery at home. Opportunely, ASEAN members have agreed to build a fully integrated community that involve political, security, economy and social realms by the end of 2015. By applying the concept of geopolitics, ASEAN Community is seen strongly favorable for American interests, especially to strengthen American influence in the region and to help to pertain American leadership. Hence, the paper will focus on the importance of ASEAN Community for the US and how the US supports the development of ASEAN Community. For ASEAN has so far been a US strategic bilateral partner in Southeast Asia, the deeper ASEAN member countries are integrated, the more benefits the US may obtain for the pursuit of maintaining its primacy. Keywords: America’s Pacific Century, ASEAN Community, CAFTA

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ASEAN SUMMIT: A DRIVER OF ASEAN COMMUNITY-BUILDING?

Siti Darwinda Mohamed Pero Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Rusdi Omar Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract

Article 7.2 (b) of the ASEAN Charter (2008, p. 10) states that ‘ASEAN Summit shall be the supreme-policy making body of ASEAN’. This indicates the central importance of ASEAN Summit in ASEAN decision-making processes as well as in the development of an ASEAN Community. This paper argues that ASEAN Summit is either a driver of, or, an impediment to ASEAN regional community-building efforts. It seeks to analyse the significance of ASEAN Summit meetings in steering the pace of ASEAN communitybuilding. It provides a working definition of summitry, before an examination on the significant role of summit in regional community-building can be carried out. In doing so, this paper utilises both primary and secondary documents related with ASEAN Summit such as declarations, reports, data published by ASEAN Secretariat, leaders’ speeches, journals, and newspaper articles. Keywords: ASEAN Summit, ASEAN Community, Historical-Instutionalist Approach

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RE-THINKING OF ASEAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION: PEOPLEORIENTED TOWARDS COMMUNITARIANISM APPROACHES

Ahmad Bashawir Abdul Ghani Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Mohammad Fajar Ikhsan Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Muhammad Subhan Ishak Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected])

Abstract The discussions on regional integration at the level of Southeast Asian (SEA) countries or ASEAN at this time has a specific purpose which is to run the collective agenda called ASEAN Community, which is have goals to create a multilateral program. The program was divided into three sectors which are ASEAN Economic Community, ASEAN Political-Security Community, and ASEAN Socio-Culture Community. I assumed that, there are three internal actors in ASEAN that really involved in the organization’s program. First we have political actors (governments, political elite, who get benefits from security cooperation to avoid conflict among SEA states , etc.), second, business actors (economy elite, corporation, who run business and get benefits from trade agreements made by ASEAN integration), third, people actors (society, communities, who should receive direct benefits from ASEAN integration). By looking at the three groups above, the first and second groups have felt the direct benefits from ASEAN integration, but for the third group, it can be seen that they are in the class of grassroots (middle and low level) that does not understand what is meant by ASEAN, and what are the benefits and functions given by ASEAN to them, which shows there is a missing-link between states and people understanding. This paper is aim to discuss, how relevant the concept of communitarianism that bring ideas about the importance of the role of communities in term of political aspects, especially to create a real regional community and regional identity. Another purpose of this paper is to discuss how the ASEAN’s idea of people-oriented can be implemented by using the communitarianism approach. Next purpose of the study is to discuss how states-oriented integration can

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move to people-oriented integration. This paper will focus on conceptual study, which is expected to provide an alternative understanding in making community integration. Keywords: Regional Integration, ASEAN's Regional Identity, Communitarianism

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THE ASEAN COMMUNITY: ARE THE MALAYSIAN YOUTHS AWARE AND PREPARED? Kamarulnizam Abdullah Universiti Utara Malaysia ([email protected]) Guido Benny Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Yahya Don Universiti Utara Malaysia Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee Universiti Utara Malaysia Zahrul Akmal Damin Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Abstract The ASEAN Community, which also consists of the Community blueprints – ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC), and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC), is finally launched in 2016 after years of conceptualization, discussion, and debates about the viability of regional community formation in Southeast Asia. Yet, critics argue that the Southeast Asia’s regional formation is a top-down process, where the idea of community identity is not shared by the majority of people. What’s more important is, whether the younger generation could understand and even aware about the impending establishment of ASEAN Community. Henceforth, this article seeks to answer some pertinent questions regarding Malaysian youth’s understanding, attitudes, awareness, and preparedness to the ASEAN Community. A survey was conducted between August and September 2015, to ascertain the Malaysian youth perception on the Community by testing four major variables: understanding, attitudes, awareness, and preparedness. The survey was conducted on 5, 032 Malaysian youths in six different zones: the north, south, central and eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak. The survey reveals some important findings. Firstly, the knowledge and understanding of the ASEAN Community among the Malaysian youths are still minimal. Secondly, Malaysian youths have a good perception of the relevancy and benefits of ASEAN Community. Although their level of awareness was low, they show some supports to the ASEAN Community. Finally, the finding suggests that the government needs to embark upon 82

various youth-inclusive programs to better socialize this new generation to the idea and concept of the ASEAN Community and, to prepare them for a closer regional integration. Keywords: Regional Community Building, ASEAN Community, Malaysian Youth, Awareness Survey

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