Book of abstracts

Book of abstracts

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering FOREST AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Brașov, Romania, 7-8 October 2016

Book of abstracts

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Book of abstracts

Contents 1. Forests and biodiversity ..................................................................................................................3 2. Forest ecosystem management.....................................................................................................35 3. Forest policy, economics and contribution to green growth ..........................................................63 4. Forest engineering ........................................................................................................................76 5. Wildlife management..................................................................................................................111 6. Advanced geomatics ...................................................................................................................121

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Book of abstracts

Section 1: Forests and biodiversity

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Book of abstracts

ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN TEMPERATE FORESTS

Rodica PENA

Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Germany [email protected] Abstract: One of the most frequent associations in the temperate and boreal forest is the symbiosis between the tree and ectomycorrhizal fungi. For example, 99% of beech root tips are enwrapped by fungal structures, which extend in the soil and maximize plant nutrient uptake capacity in exchange of recent assimilate plant carbohydrates. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is mainly found in limited nitrogen ecosystems, and given the functional abilities of fungal partners for altering plant and soil nitrogen pools and channelling the carbon flux toward the soil, we may consider it as a flexible joint between carbon and nitrogen cycles in forest ecosystems. Fungal ectomycorrhizal communities associated with forest trees are rich, and reveal a high functional diversity with differences in external mycelial exploration type, enzymatic activities, and nitrogen uptake effectiveness. In this study, we investigate the response of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity to forest management intensity and its consequences on ecosystem processes. More specifically, we address the following questions: 1) Does forest management intensity influence functional diversity of ectomycorrhizal communities? Are ectomycorrhizal fungi more functional redundant or complementary under managed compared to unmanaged forests? Is the soil C transfer/storage via mycelial biomass and turnover affected by forest management? The study takes place in the Biodiversity Exploratories Priority Program, using hyphal in-growth mesh bags techniques to assess the mycelial biomass, and Next Generation Sequencing to investigate fungal mycelial communities.

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INTROGRESSION OF POTENTIALLY ADAPTIVE ALLELES AMONG RED OAK SPECIES WITH DIFFERENT DROUGHT TOLERANCE Oliver GAILING1*, Jennifer RIEHL1, Sudhir KHODWEKAR1, Alexis SULLIVAN2 1

School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, USA, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå, Sweden

Abstract: The ecologically divergent but hybridizing oak species, Quercus rubra and Quercus ellipsoidalis, provide a model for the discovery of genes that are involved in reproductive isolation and adaptive divergence between these species. One gene with very high interspecific differentiation as signature of divergent selection (outlier locus) has been identified among nuclear Simple Sequence Repeats (nSSRs) and genic EST-SSRs in neighboring interspecific population pairs. The trinucleotide microsatellite in this gene was nearly fixed on alternate alleles in the drought tolerant Q. ellipsoidalis and in the drought averse Q. rubra and was identified as outlier in four interspecific population pairs. The trinucleotide microsatellite is located in the coding region of a CONSTANS-like gene (COL) and encodes for poly (E) repeat. The Q. ellipsoidalis allele (138bp) differs from the Q. rubra allele (141 bp) by one glutamine residue. Analysis of this marker in populations of the drought tolerant clade, Q. ellipsoidlais, Q. velutina and Q. coccinea, showed that all three species are characterized by high frequencies of the 138 bp allele. Asymmetric introgression of 138 bp and 141 bp alleles between interspecific population pairs with different drought tolerance suggested adaptive introgression between species. In future studies the effect of introgression of these alleles on fitness should be analyzed in seedling common garden trials.

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Book of abstracts

URBAN PARKS - A WEB-BASED GIS APPLICATION: A CASE STUDY OF NECIP FAZIL KISAKÜREK PARK – KAHRAMANMARAŞ

Hakan OGUZ*, Seyran Palabas UZUN, Sercan GULCI

Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Urban trees provide many tangible and intangible benefits to city residents. The total number of current tree species, individual properties, location, health and maintenance status of each tree can only be gathered by tree inventory studies. The main objective of this study is to develop a web-based tree information system for Necip Fazıl Kısakürek Park, Kahramanmaraş. The first step of this study was conducting an inventory for trees in the park. With this study, location and individual attributes (scientific name, common Turkish name, height, dbh, and canopy diameter) of each tree were gathered by doing ground measurements. Pictures of trees were also taken in the park and then all data were ımported into ESRI ArcGIS. Finally, a web-based GIS application was developed using ArcGIS Online.

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Book of abstracts

THE EVOLUTION IN TIME OF ORGANIC CARBON STOCK FROM NEAMT AND ARGES DISTRICT FOREST SOILS Dincă Lucian1*, Dincă Maria1, Strugaru Dan – Mihai2

1 „Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry – Research Station Brașov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] 2 Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania Abstract: The study of the evolution in time of the organic carbon from soils is very difficult to achieve due to the lack of soil analysis realized in the same areas at intervals of at least 7 years. However, the soil analysis realized for the forest management can be used to realize these kind of calculations. As such, the data regarding the humus quantity on pedogenetical horizons from 3 successive management plans from 18 forest districts belonging to Neamt and Arges county forest administration were introduced in a special computer program created for the calculation of the soil’s organic carbon (Dinca, 2015), namely StOCS (Stock of Organic Carbon in Soil). Then, the evolution in time of this carbon stock was analyzed. The two counties that were studied (Neamt and Arges) were chosen due to the presence of stands both in the mountain area as well as in the hill one. The obtained results show a growth in time of the organic carbon stock from the mountain area (O.S. Bicaz, O.S. Cotmeana, O.S. Tarcau, O.S. Tazlau, O.S. Vidraru, O.S. Voineasa) and its decrease in the hill area (O.S. Curtea de Arges, O.S. Garcina, O.S. Pitesti, O.S. Poiana Lacului, O.S. Topoloveni, O.S. Varatec). The altitudinal limit between the growth and decrease of the carbon stock from soils seems to be that of 700 meters. A possible explanation for the obtained results is represented by climatic changes: due to the increase of temperatures from the last 3 decades, the biomass production of stands is superior at higher altitudes. This causes an accumulation of more organic residues on the surface of soils, leading (together with an increase of the activity of mycorrhiza and soil organisms) to a growth of the organic carbon stock from soils. However, in the hill and plain areas, the increase of temperatures (together with the decrease of precipitations) leads to lower biomass production and a decreased activity of organisms from soils, which implies lower carbon stocks in soils.

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WHICH ARE THE MOST PROMISING NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS FOR A SINGLE FOREST MANAGEMENT UNIT IN TRANSILVANIA? Cristian Mihai ENESCU1*, Lucian DINCĂ2, Patrick HUBER3, Harald VACIK3 1

Department of Soil Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry – Research Station Brasov, Romania 3

Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Austria

Abstract: In Romania, the forest sector comprises a range of industry branches, such as wood processing industries, wood manufacturing industries, pulp and paper industries and utilizes various NWFPs, apart from traditional timber. Considering the economic relevance, NWFPs are mainly represented by forest fruits, edible mushrooms, game and medicinal plants. Romania is characterized by significant differences in terms of forest land at the regional level, with Transilvania holding for more than 54% of the total national forest land, in comparison with Muntenia and Moldova that are accounting for 26% and 20% respectively. The purpose of this study was to identify the most promising NWFPs for a single forest management unit (FMU) in Transilvania region. Therefore, two representative non-wood forest products were selected for four categories, namely Penny bun and golden chanterelle (Mushrooms and truffles), Norway spruce seeds and Silver fir Christmas trees (Tree products), dog-rose berries and bilberry berries (Understory plants) and wild boar and brown hare (Animal origin), respectively. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used in order to systematically evaluate both quantitative and qualitative criteria and to assess the performance of selected alternatives (i.e. NWFPs) by means of pairwise comparisons. The decision problem was structured in two levels, the upper level of the hierarchy (i.e. Criteria) was decomposed into four indicators (i.e. Market potential, Institutional, Requirements, and Resource potential) that were specific to the Transilvania region. The lower level of the hierarchy (i.e. SubCriteria) was used to further decompose the higher-level indicators and was specific to distinct forest owner profiles. The analysis were carried out by the aid of the Expert Choice Desktop software, version 11.5. The most promising two NWFPs for a single forest management unit in Transilvania were bilberry and Penny bun. In the near future, it is expected that these analysis could support non-expert decision makers for a sustainable production of NWFPs.

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Book of abstracts

NATURE CONSERVATION ON DEALUL LEMPEȘ (HĂRMAN, ROMANIA), BETWEEN NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN OBJECTIVES

Adrian INDREICA* and Dan GUREAN

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: The botanical reserve Dealul Lempeș (4th-level IUCN) is a remarkable spot for biodiversity conservation as it preserves several steppe species inside the forest domain. In the last years, the reserve was included in a Natura 2000 site, but its most valuable habitat (xerophilous vegetation) was neglected and not included in the site’s habitat list. Without a complete knowledge of the nature, the planned actions for the Natura 2000 site could negatively affect priority habitats. Despite the early description of the flora at the beginning of XX century, a detailed analysis of the vegetation is missing. To fill this gap, a phytosociological survey of the reserve vegetation was performed in order to identify the habitat types and to assess their conservation status. The key to habitat identification and a vegetation map is provided. Special cases in habitat classification are discussed; the results are confronted with the existing literature. A special attention was paid to the interaction between the reserve's objective, to preserve the steppe grasslands, and the Natura 2000 objective, to restore the forest habitat 91I0 by afforestation.

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Book of abstracts

DENDROECOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF DISTURBANCE HISTORY OF THE VIRGIN BEECH-SILVER FIR FOREST SINCA Ion Catalin PETRITAN1*, Volodymyr TROTSIUK2, Brigitte COMMARMOT3, Martina Lena HOBI3, Any Mary PETRITAN4

1 Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] 2 Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Czech Republic 3 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Switzerland 4

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania

Abstract: The disturbance regime and several life history traits (e.g., growth patterns, competition ability, and longevity) of a virgin silver fir (Abies alba) – European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest in the Southern Carpathians (Romania) were investigated to enlighten the role of disturbances for the coexistence of beech and fir. All living trees ≥16 cm were cored at 1.2m above ground at 21 sample plots (35 x 35 m) randomly distributed within an area of 240 ha. The disturbance history has been reconstructed based on the identification of rapid growth releases revealed in 676 cross-dated tree-ring series (367 beech and 309 silver fir) using the boundary line method. A total of 540 trees (269 silver firs and 271 beech) were reliable dated, and were used recruitment and age analyses. The disturbance history of the Sinca virgin forest is characterized by a low severity disturbance regime during the last three centuries. Disturbances causing tree growth releases appeared more or less continuously over the last 250-300 years but with low severity (less than 5% of the trees showed major releases, and approx. 10-15% of the trees major or moderate releases within a decade). The tree recruitment occurred in almost every decade throughout the last four centuries. The radial growth patterns analysis indicated beech was much older than silver fir, which compensate through a higher growth rate, particularly in overstorey, where the competition levels is reduced. These small life history differences combined with tree replacement under a regime of low intensity, but frequent small scale disturbances may contribute to coexistence of beech and silver fir and maintaining tree diversity in mixed beech-silver fir Sinca forest.

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HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE OF SOME VIRGIN FORESTS FROM ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS (RETEZAT MOUNTAINS, FAGARAS MOUNTAINS AND PENTELEU MOUNTAINS)

Serban CHIVULESCU

Transilvania University of Brasov and „Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: The importance of virgin ecosystems lies in the structural model they represent for modern forestry. Research areas are carried out in representative Romanian Carpathians forests and they meet the selection criteria issued by Order 3397/2012 of Environment, Water and Forests Ministry from Romania. In the research plots there is a large variability of number of trees (413-475) indicated be high value of standard deviation (>75). The minimum of DBH falls into the range of 7.40 (Penteleu – Viforata) and 7.77 cm (Fagaras – Sinca) while the maximum values range from 106.47 cm (Fagaras – Sinca) and 181.79 cm (Retezat – Zanoaga). Graphical representations of experimental diameter distributions display an exponential negative type. The comparison between experimental and theoretical distributions was adjusted with frequency functions Beta, Gamma and Weibull. The goodness of fit was tested using χ2, Kolmogorov - Smirnov (KS) and AndersonDarling (AD) tests and it demonstrated that the Beta, Gamma 3P and Weibull 3P were the most suitable theoretical frequencies functions.

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Book of abstracts

ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN TWO MIXED PHYTOCENOSIS OF CARPINUS BETULUS AND C. ORIENTALIS

Mihaela Cristina CARABUS*, Neculae SOFLETEA, Alexandru Lucian CURTU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: The aim of this study is to assess genetic diversity in two mixed coexistence phytocenosis of the two species, located in different geographical areas: northeastern Romania (Trifesti - Iasi) and southwestern Romania (Baia de Arama - Mehedinti). It performed a genetic analysis of 100 trees/population, with seven nuclear markers SSR for hornbeam, respectively five for oriental hornbeam. At hornbeam (octoploid species, 2n = 8x = 64) were identified 148 alleles, of which 124 are common to the two populations, respectively at oriental hornbeam (diploid species, 2n = 2x = 16), from those 17 alleles enumerated, 14 are common to both populations. Genetic diversity shows similar values in the two hornbeam populations (He = 0.200 in Trifesti – Iasi population, He = 0.201 in Baia de Arama – Mehedinti population) and AMOVA test reveals a contribution of 6% genetic diversity between populations. At oriental hornbeam, the genetic diversity difference is significant between the two populations, being lower by 5.6% in the population from northeastern Romania. This seems to be the result of geographical isolation of this population, situated at 220 km distance from the closest zone from oriental hornbeam area. Genetic differentiation between C. orientalis populations is 5%. Per overall loci analyzed at oriental hornbeam in both populations, resulted in a slight excess of heterozygotes (F = 0.045 in Trifesti – Iasi population, F = 0.051, respectively in Baia de Arama – Mehedinti population). Among the populations analyzed, C. orientalis from north-eastern Romania stands out through its location at the periphery and its particular genetic structure. Therefore it is required to be selected for the gene pool conservation of this species.

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SUPPORTING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN THE CITIES BY URBAN FORESTS

Neslihan DOYGUN

Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Biodiversity has degraded in the cities due to ecosystem fragmentation, and environmental pollution occurred as a result of urbanization. It is possible to improve biodiversity by managing the urban landscape as a whole by connecting fragmented ecosystems. The urban forest, which includes vegetation in urban parks, woodlots, abandoned sites, and residential areas, can comprise a significant percentage of a city’s tree canopy. Within this study, it is aimed at investigating potential of urban forests to improve biological diversity in urban areas, in the city of Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Urban expansion and related environmental problems threat biological diversity in the city, due especially to degradation of vegetation cover, streams, soils, and other natural or semi-natural areas. First, urban forest types have been classiffied considering urban green areas with the help of high resolution satellite image of the city. In the second hand, they are assessed according to areal coverage, tree canopy, and plant species for having information on their natural potential. The results revealed that green areas throughout the city have no well developed three canopy, and areal coverages are not sufficient to promote development of biological diversity. It is suggested that natural species should be used during afforestation studies, and green areas should be planned as large as possible.

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URBAN FORESTS AS HABITATS FOR BIRDS AND BUTTERFLIES

Hakan DOYGUN* and Seniha Gul KILINC

Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Urbanization is one of the most important and destructive threat on biological and habitat diversity. Decreased plant species richness, reduced water quality, increased air, soil and noise pollution, conversion of rural areas to urban, and heat island effect are major reasons for the loss of biological and habitat diversity. Bird and butterfly species are important parts of urban ecosystems, because they are not restricted in their habitat to distant natural environments; they live in both rural and urban environments, and their populations can easily be maintained. In this study, it is aimed at determining the role of green and afforested areas for improving life conditions of birds and butterflies in the city of Gaziantep, Turkey. In the first step, habitat and other living needs for that taxa has been stated, and than, green areas and forests have been detected from the viewpoint of their areal and vegetation coverages. The results revealed that green areas and forests have great potential to improve living conditions of birds and butterflies in an urban area. But on the other hand, an ecological infrastructure should be established throughout the city by connecting habitat patches by corridors. Roads, streams and other linear structures in the city should be afforested by using native species, and they should be assessed as connection tools between habitat patches in urban area.

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SEASONAL VARIATION OF MINERAL NUTRITION FOR SESSILE OAK (QUERCUS PETRAEA (LIEBL.)) Raluca-Elena ENESCU1,2*, Lucian DINCĂ1, Gheorghe SPÂRCHEZ2

1 „Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania 2 Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: In Romania, the sessile oak is the widest spread species of all autochthonous oaks species, forming a lower storey of vegetation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the variability of the leaf nutrients, as well as of the soil nutrients, for two sessile oak stands situated under different forest site conditions. These two stands are situated on the same type of soil: luvisol. Four soil profiles were carried out for analysis the soil properties. Leaves samples were collected from twenty sessile oak trees, in three moments during the growing season. The same eight elements in total form (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn) for soil and leaves were determined. There was studied the seasonal variation of eight elements content in leaves and the correlations between the content of the elements in soil and leaf. In addition, there was studied the degree of influence exerted by some soil properties on the foliar content of nutrients (multiple regression). The obtained results show a different mobility of the elements and a greater variability was noticed in the case of certain elements. The foliar nitrogen content was noticed to be influenced, by the same three soil properties.

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THE LINDEN-ASH GROVE FROM ROCKY OAK OF CENTRAL MOLDOVA AND THEIR ASSOCIATED SOILS

Tamara LEAH

Institute of Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection „N. Dimo”, Republic of Moldova, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Fresh Linden-Ash Grove from rocky oak - a special type of forest, distributed in the form of arrays, mainly in the central part of the Republic of Moldova. Less large portions of it are revealed in the high relief elements - watershed plateau and slopes with different orientations - in the northern regions, in the Prut and Transnistrian areas; in the south regions, on the Tigheci hill. Phytocenosises of this forest type, as in Moldova, and also in other regions, for a long time have undergone an intensive anthropogenic influence, in consequence of which appeared heavily modified derivatives community, now dominant in the region. Wide ecological amplitude of the rocky oak and its derivates contributes to the development of communities, which forest stands differ in the quantitative ratios of the main species, which depend on the specific growing conditions. For pyhtocenosis of Linden-Ash Grove are characteristic the gray forest soils with profile, clearly differentiated into genetic horizons by eluvial-illuvial type, often with presence at a certain depth the humusilluvial and sometimes with the second illuvial horizons. Depending on the parental rock, topography and cover vegetation, there are significant differences in granulometric composition, degree of podzolization, gleyzation, hydromorphic and chemical composition of these soils. From the 14 described associations, the most widespread is association Tilieto-Fraxineto-Quercetum caricosum, typical for the type as a whole, inducing optimal conditions for plants and soil moisture. The last, depending on rainfall, which determines the stocks of available moisture in the soil, not enrich the deep-lying groundwater, has essential importance for the formation and normal existence of phytocenoses. This is reflected in its decrease in southern regions, especially in the summer season, leads to lower oak bonitet and associated tree species and a change in species composition. It is defines the transitional of linden-ash grove from fresh to dry forest types. High phytocenoses productivity of linden-ash groves, their soil protection and climate formation proved greater economic value of this forest type. Therefore, all the preserved areas of indigenous associations, along with their immediate environmental protective zone should be taken under state protection as natural standards for use.

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IS THE NATURAL GENETIC DIVERSITY MODEL FOUND IN CULTIVATED FORESTS? A CASE STUDY OF SCOTS PINE IN THE BICAZ AREA, ORIENTAL CARPATHIANS

Măriuca MARANGOCI*, Elena CIOCÎRLAN, Alexandru Lucian CURTU, Neculae ȘOFLETEA

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Comparative genetic diversity analysis using five SSR nuclear markers have been con-ducted in a natural population and artificial Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand selected as ge-netic resource in the same area. For some of the genetic parameters have resulted differences be-tween the two populations. Thus, the natural population has lower values for (Na) and and effec-tive number of alleles per locus (Ne), by 15.4% and 12.2% respectively, but 12% higher for ob-served heterozygosity (Ho). Between the two populations, there have also resulted notable dif-ferences for the relative frequencies of some mutual alleles. The multilocus genotype analysis conducted through the STRUCTURE program has indicated the presence of two genetic groups (k=2), without totally excluding the presence of the natural population's genotype within the arti-ficial stand or conversely. Thereby, at a reference level above 0.60 (60%) for the multilocus model, in the plantation remained only six trees (12.5%) that reveals the multilocus genotype coresponding of model of natural population, and also only two trees (4.2%) at the reference lev-el of 0,80. As such, we can hypothesize that the plantation was established with reproductive ma-terial that is not prevalent to local areas.

Keywords: Scots pine, genetic diversity, natural and artificial stands, SSR nuclear markers.

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INHERITANCE OF THE QUANTITATIVE TRAITS AND BUD FLUSHING IN ABIES ALBA (MILL.)

Georgeta MIHAI*, Ionel MIRANCEA*, Paula IVANOV, Maria TEODOSIU

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania, e-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract: In Romania, silver fir is a main component of mountain forests and has manifold ecological, economical and soil protective functions. Both anthropic and environment pressures on silver fir populations increased in the last decades and therefore focus on quantitative and adaptive traits has become a new priority. To address these problems, the objectives of this study were: to investigate the genetic variation of growth traits and bud flushing into two progeny tests of silver fir created through controlled pollination and open-pollination, to determine and to compare the genetic parameters from control-pollinated and open-pollinated progenies, to assess the genetic correlations between bud flushing and growth traits, to determine relationship with geographical and climatic parameters of the place of parent origin, and to evaluate the potential for selection. Results revels high genetic variation for growth traits and bud flushing in both progeny tests.

General

combining ability and specific combining ability were very important sources of variation for the studied characters. Narrow-sense individual heritability estimates for full-sib progenies ranged from 0.14 to 0.64, while the full-sib family heritability ranged from 0.09 to 0.40. In the open-pollinated progenies, the values of individual and family heritability were higher ranged from 0.50-0.95 for both.High positive genetic correlations were obtained between bud flushing and root collar diameter in full-sib test. Latitude, longitude, altitude, annual mean temperature and annual mean precipitation at the origin places explain together 83% of the bud flushing variation in the full-sib families. Information has an extremely importance in the species breeding program and in the reforestation activity.

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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN ROMANIAN FORESTS Robert PACHE1*, Bogdan POPA2, Mihai-Daniel NIȚĂ2 1

National Forest Administration-Romsilva, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

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Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

Abstract: The role of forest ecosystems in providing benefits to the population is well known. In the context of developing the society the pressure on natural resources has becoming more acute challenging the provision of these services at a level which will ensure a proper human welfare. Even if the concept of the ecosystem services approach is not new, it is less used in related studies conducted in Romania, due to the lack of review articles on ecosystem services in Romania as well as the lack of transposing the research results obtained abroad. Therefore, in a broader international context, the paper identifies and describes the most important ecosystem services in Romanian forests and the methods used to assess their value, based on available literature and some qualitative research. The literature review has allowed the authors to capture the growing importance given to the concept of ecosystem services in Romania and around the world. The paper presents a correspondence between ecosystem services classification and the Romanian functional categorizing system for forests. Thus, in the context of the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020, by which Member States must map and assess the ecosystem services at the national level, the output of this correspondence represents a very useful tool for a rapid and efficient ecosystem services mapping using the forest management plans.

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FAGUS SYLVATICA F. LEUCODERMIS GEORG. ET TĂTĂRANU AND F. SYLVATICA TYPICA SCHUR: PHENOTYPIC COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENTS

Radu POPESCU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The researches consisted of the comparative evaluation of the Fagus sylvatica f. leucodermis population from Săcărâmb area (Metaliferi Mountains) and a population of Fagus sylvatica typica from the same geographical area, of the same age and in the same type of soil and climatic conditions. Unlike the typical population, which leaves are ovate or elliptical-ovate, the leucodermis one has obovate leaves, with the petiole shorter by 14%, and the pruning height higher by 13.2%. The conventional wood density does not differ in average (1.280 g/cm3). However, only at the sample trees from the F. s. typica population has resulted a gradual decrease of the conventional density from youth to the wood recently produced. Conversely, in the leucodermis population we have obtained lower values for the conventional density of the wood in the first third of life, for 60% of trees analyzed. At the same time, the average annual radial growth was lower by 4.3% at the leucodermis beech, but the variation coefficient was higher by about 10% compared to the F. s. typica population. The two populations were also compared in terms of some synthetic indices (Füldner index of diameters diversity; inhomogeneity distribution of diameters - Pommerening, 2002; the crowns diversity index - Jaehne and Dohrenbusch, 1997), resulting in similar values in the two cases analyzed. In conclusion, the preliminary data show the superiority of leucodermis beech in terms of trunk form and natural pruning which is more active, but not for the growth characters.

Key words: Fagus sylvatica f. leucodermis, F. s. typica, phenotypic analysis

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EXTREME TEMPERATURE IMPACT ON TREE RING STRUCTURE OF PINES

Anca Ionela SEMENIUC*, Ionel POPA, Cristian SIDOR

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania, email address: [email protected] Abstract: The anatomical structure of tree rings in Scots pine and black pine was analyzed to describe the effects of temperature during the growing season. Microscopic sections were prepared from pine cores, which allowed the description and assessment of the tree ring structure. Reduced radial growth, unlignified cells and false tree rings were found in the structure of secondary xylem. Rapid temperature drops had a negative impact on the lignification process of the cell walls. The high temperatures recorded over the recent years have negatively influenced radial growth. The most reduced radial growth based on cell number was observed for the 2010-2015 time period. Tree ring structure is liked with occurrence of extreme climate events. The structure of the tree rings clearly shows the effects of climate variations during the growing season and can be a good indicator in their assessment.

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COMPARISON OF NUCLEAR GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE ABIES ALBA, PICEA ABIES AND FAGUS SYLVATICA POPULATIONS SAMPLED ACROSS THE CZECH LANDSCAPE

Eva ŽIŽKOVÁ*, Helena CVRČKOVÁ, Pavlína MÁCHOVÁ, Lucie POLÁKOVÁ, Olga TRČKOVÁ

Výzkumný ústav lesního hospodářství a myslivosti, v.v.i., Czech Republic, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Three forest tree species of Abies alba, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica growing in different natural environments across the Czech Republic were used as the main object for the genetic comparison study. For genotypes screening were selected eight important populations of Abies alba, twelve important populations of Picea abies and thirteen important populations of Fagus sylvatica originated mostly from gene reserves, protected landscape areas or national nature reservations. It has been revealed by the Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) method that high genetic variation occurs in the populations of observed species in contrast to very low genetic differentiation between them. But almost all pairwise FST values were significantly greater than zero, thus confirming the presence of a slight, but significant amount of population structuring in Czech forest tree species.

This work was supported by Project No. QJ1230334.

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DETERMINATION OF CLONAL IDENTITY IN SEED ORCHARDS OF ABIES ALBA, PICEA ABIES AND PRUNUS AVIUM BY NUCLEAR MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

Olga TRČKOVÁ, Máchová PAVLÍNA, Helena CVRČKOVÁ, Eva ŽIŽKOVÁ, Petr NOVOTNÝ*

Výzkumný ústav lesního hospodářství a myslivosti, v.v.i., Czech Republic, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Seed orchards are very important sources of seeds used for forest regeneration. The questions concerning to clonal identity in seed orchards are highly topical. The objective of the running project is to obtain new knowledge enabling checking of identity of reproductive material sources of 7 forest tree species by using optimized molecular-genetic methods. In this study, we focused on clonal identification of Abies alba, Picea abies and Prunus avium model seed orchards. The set of polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers were used to obtain multilocus individual genotypes of wild cherry, silver fir and Norway spruce clones. In summary, for example, declared clone affiliation in Picea abies model seed orchard was confirmed in 94% of sampled trees and in 71% of tested clones while declared clone affiliation in Abies alba model seed orchard was confirmed in 76% of sampled trees and in 50% of tested clones. This work was supported by Project No. QJ1330240.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS UNDER CHESTNUT FORESTS (CASTANEA SATIVA) IN THE BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Vanja DANIČIĆ*, Marijana KAPOVIĆ-SOLOMUN, Milan MATARUGA, Branislav CVJETKOVIĆ*, Zoran GOVEDAR, Srđan KEREN

University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Forestry, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, e-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract: In the context of gene-environment, studies within and among population-diversity forest of chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller) in the different localities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, were carried out and detailed analysis of morphological and physic-chemical properties of the soil. We analyzed the soil at 6 sample plots within researched localities of that are, at the same time, determined by climatic and geological parameters. The climte is humid, the average annual temperature in the range of 9.6 to 10.8 ° C, an average annual rainfall of 848-1449 mm. The geological substrate is a silicate, or it consists mainly of chert, sandstone, shales and slates. According to the classification ŠKORIĆ et al., (1985), we identified the following types of land: dystric cambisol, eutric cambisol, ilimerized soil and ranker. Active acidity of the analyzed soil types is different. The highest acidity had ranker (4.22- 4.30 pH) which makes it extremely acidic, and the lowest eutric cambisol - from 5.96 to 6.46 pH, which is slightly acidic. Plots contained a lot of humus or compost which reflected on the characteristics of the adsorption complex. Thelevel of base saturation is low and does not exceed 50%. In case of ranker, this value is zero. The shareof nitrogen and potassium is good, while the phosphorus is in deficit. The texture is mainly loam, and in luvisol clay content increases in the deeper part of the profile. Good pedoecological conditions for the development of chestnuts provide all types of examined soils except rankers which is due to the low depth, extreme acidity and very poor adsorption complex the least suitable for this species. Identified pedological characteristics of the analyzed sites under natural forests of chestnuts, despite the fact that they part of environmental attributes of species, are very significant in and multidisciplinary studies of geneecological potential Castanea sativa as the basis for silviculture and plant breeding.

Keywords: Castanea sativa, soil types, plant breeding

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REGENERATION OF SILVER FIR BY ARTIFICIAL SEEDING IN A BEECH STAND WITHIN MANAGEMENT UNIT „KOZARAČKO“, THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

Zoran GOVEDAR, Milan MATARUGA, Vanja DANIČIĆ*, Srđan KEREN, *Branislav CVJETKOVIĆ*

University of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, e-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] Abstract: In this study the effects of regeneration following artificial seeding of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) within pure European beech stand were observed. The study area was located in the region characterized with moderately continental, submontane climate. The very beech stand belongs to the forest association Fagetum submontanum. Parental material was made of acid silicate rocks on which deep illymerized and deep eutric soils developed. Site quality for beech was assessed to be III, whereas I denotes the best and V the worse site conditions. The stand had uneven-aged structure, growing stock 387 m3/ha, volume increment 9.0 m3/ha, and 724 trees per hectare. Silver fir trees occurred on the site as a result of artificial seeding of this species 30 years ago. They do not receive sufficient amount of solar radiation as they are still overtopped by mature beech trees, some individuals are under strong shading, and for a consequence the growth and overall development of fir decelerated. Silvicultural measures in the stand shall hence entail selective thinnings in order to reduce canopy closure and increase the transmission of light to the crowns of young fir trees. Since the final management goal is the creation of mixed beech-fir stand for which natural conditions exist following the map of potential vegetation (identified as the association Abieti – Fagetum illyricum), by intensifying fir diameter increment through mentioned measures, this species could eventually play more significant role in the future stand species composition.

Keywords: regeneration, silver fir, artificial seeding

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GENETIC VARIATION OF SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS) IN ROMANIA

Elena CIOCÎRLAN*, Alexandru Lucian CURTU, Neculae ŞOFLETEA

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Genetic diversity is essential to local adaptation and species long-term survival. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) shows a large distribution area, he is one of the most common species in the world and he is found in different climate and soil conditions, but the genetic variability in extreme condition in Romania not been studied. We analyzed two natural populations situated in Eastern and Southern Carpathians by means of five genomic SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers. Our results suggest that the Retezat populations show a higher genetic diversity than Poiana Stampei populations, this can be explained by a more intensive action of natural selection in the second population.

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GENETIC ANALYSIS OF NATIVE EUROPEAN BLACK POPLAR (POPULUS NIGRA L.) POPULATIONS IN NORTHERN SERBIA Dijana ČORTAN1*, Matthias FLADUNG2, Mirjana ŠIJAČIĆ-NIKOLIĆ3 1

Facultу of Education, University of Novi Sad, Sombor, Serbia, e-mail address: [email protected]

2

Thuenen-Institute (TI) of Forest Genetics, Grosshansdorf, Germany 3

Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Serbia

Abstract: European black poplar (Populus nigra L.) is one of most important pioneer tree species of alluvial forests, even though is on the verge of extinction in a large part of Western Europe. The natural habitat of black poplar is reduced by human activities and the gene pool of native populations is threatened by introgression of introduced crossable poplar species. However this has further increased the threat for this tree species, because the ability to naturally regenerate is decreasing, thus, it is necessary to minimize further losses and preserve the remaining gene pool of this poplar species. We have analyzed the genetic diversity and structure of four native P. nigra populations (120 trees) along the main river systems in northern Serbia (Danube, Tisa, Sava) using 12 microsatellite loci (PMGC14, PMGC2020, PMGC2163, PMGC2550, PMGC2607, PMGC2679, WPMS09, WPMS14, WPMS16, WPMS17, WPMS18, WPMS20). For estimation of genetic diversity and genetic structure of these populations we used standard methods within programs GenAlEx, Arlequin and Fstat. The results of our analyses reveal that neither a clear accumulation of allelic richness nor a genetic diversity downstream exists. However, we found that the remaining gene pool of native P. nigra populations sustains high genetic connectivity along river systems regardless of their fragmented distribution today (4.67% of variation among populations) and patchy natural regeneration. These results can be used for the development of P. nigra dynamic conservation strategies in disturbed riparian forest ecosystems at both the national and the regional level.

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EUROPEAN BEECH (FAGUS SYLVATICA) PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY ACROSS ROMANIA Ecaterina Nicoleta APOSTOL1*, Elena STUPARU1, Marius BUDEANU1, Cristiana Georgeta DINU1, Maria TEODOSIU1, Virgil SCARLATESCU1, Marin TUDOROIU2 1

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania, email address: [email protected] 2

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria and FOXLAB Joint CNR-FEM Initiative, Italy

Abstract: With large distribution range, European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is one of the most ecological and economical important tree species in Europe. In the context of climate change, the European Programme for the Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources (EUFORGEN) has a special network for broadleaf species, including beech, which is considered important for its adaptability, plasticity and wood production. In Romania is considered one of the most important specie for conservation of local genofond, seed source, protection area, as well as for wood production. 60 European beech natural populations, mapped as base material for production of forest reproductive material, were sampled in representative of the full range of the specie in the country. Qualitative and quantitative characters for trunk and stem for 30 trees per population were described in order to evaluate inter- and intrapopulational phenotypic variability. The results show that the trees in the studied populations have superior phenotypic, both in quantitative and qualitative traits. In order to conserve Romanian beech genetic diversity, seeds from 15 populations were collected and used to install provenance trials.

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STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEECH VIRGIN FORESTS OF „IZVOARELE NEREI” NATURE RESERVE AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDINAL LEVELS

Vlad Emil CRIșAN*, Any Mary PETRITAN, Diana VASILE, Daniel TURCU

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: In recent years, there has been an increase in the interest of the ecologists and the conservationists for a close-to nature forest management to maintain and enhance biodiversity. Therefore, the current study investigates whether altitude influences structural stand characteristics of beech virgin forests. Our study was carried out in "Izvoarele Nerei" Nature Reserve, a 5028 ha beech forest located on the Southern slope of the Semenic Mountain (SW Romania), which has a compact body of pure virgin beech forests of 5000 ha, being the second largest Reserve after Unesco Uholka Schyrokyj Luh Reserve from Ucraine. The inventory was made on twelve permanent plots of 1 ha each, at the following altitudinal levels: 800, 1000, 1200 and 1350 m. The effect of the altitude has been observed in diameter distribution at breast height and especially at the height of trees distribution, on plots at 800 m, 1000 m and 1200 m altitude. The largest number of trees was met in the lowest class of diameters. At 1350 m altitude the maximum number of trees was met in the third grade of diameters 16-20 cm. The total dead wood volume was 92.24 m3ha-1, representing 10% of the living trees volume. From the total volume of dead wood, 31% is represented by standing dead trees (snags) and 69% is represented by lying dead trees. Regarding the spatial distribution of standing dead trees most are randomly scattered. The proportion of standing dead trees which are grouped decreases from 20% at 800m to less than 2% at 1350 m altitude. Trees with breaks in crown or rupture of trunks are distributed mostly randomly. The proportion of trees which are grouped increases with altitude from about 1% at 800m up to 12-16% at 1200m and 1300m. The volume and the tree height are influenced by altitude, meaning that these characteristics decrease with increasing altitude. Keywords: beech, dead wood, trees, virgin forests.

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RED LIST OF FOREST HABITATS IN ROMANIA

Virgil SCĂRLĂTESCU*, Diana VASILE, Elena STUPARU

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: As a result of the increased risk of natural disasters (desertification, floods, hurricanes etc.) caused by global climate change, it was necessary a differentiation of forestry habitats in categories of threat to raise awareness not only about the threats but also to demonstrate that proper management of forest habitats can reduce the risk of extinction, will increase strength and help them to adapt to these changes. The methodology for identifying forest habitats of the Red List was established by harmonizing criteria for their identification, developed by Rodriguez et al. 2011 (Red List of Ecosystems) with the specific forest habitats in Romania. Thus, there were defined categories of threat to forest habitats: critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or near threatened, and there was updated the Red List of them for Romania, comprising 120 types of rare, threatened and / or endangered forests. They belong to 43 types of Romanian forest habitats (Doniţă et al., 1990, 2005), being spread from altitudinal limit of forests (forests of Picea abies and Pinus cembra limit), to Danube Delta and Meadow (wetland forest habitats). The 120 forest types fall into 14 types of European habitats, of which 9 are priority habitat types in Europe. In this red list of forest habitats were included also virgin forest habitats. Updating of Red List of forest habitats will allow detailed studies regarding the establishment of the area of these habitats (current and historical), evaluation of ecological functions and quantifying the severity of the threat. Keywords: red list, forest habitats, forest types, categories of threat

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„IZVOARELE NEREI” RESERVE - AN IMPORTANT VIRGIN BEECH FOREST FROM EUROPE (ROMANIA)

Diana VASILE*, Any Mary PETRITAN, Daniel TURCU, Vlad CRIȘAN

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Virgin forest is a forest where the structure and dynamics have developed only under natural conditions, without any human influence. The concept of virgin forest seems to be today as relevant as ever, because the most existing silvicultural models tend to be the close-to-nature models. We assess the ”Izvoarele Nerei” Reserve from Romania, which is composed of pure beech virgin forest with an area of 5000 ha, being the second largest reserve, after Unesco Uholka Schyrokyj Luh Reserve from Ucraine. The aim of this article is to compare our data (tree density, basal area, volume and tree height) to other virgin beech forests to show that this forest is one of the most valuable virgin forests from Europe. On the Reserve area, 12 permanent plots of 1 ha each has been installed at the following altitudinal levels: 800, 1000, 1200 și 1350 m. Within each plot, we measured all living trees with dbh >8cm. For each tree were measured: dbh, height, pruning height, canopy projection and vitality. After we analyzed the forest structure, it has been observed, that these forest classified as Asperulo-Făgetum associations, are superior regarding the density of living trees (348 ha-1), basal area (46.6 m2·ha-1) and the volume (852 m3·ha-1) to other virgin forests from Ukraine, Germany, Italy, Albania and Slovenia. The number of trees with large dimension (dbh>80 cm) is higher with an average of 20 trees compared with other European virgin forests. The tallest tree in Izvoarele Nerei Reserve is 51.7 m tall, while in the other virgin forests from Europe, maximum heights are between 29 and 50 m. Virgin forests in general are very important because they represent a reference for naturalness assessment of other managed forests. Izvoarele Nerei Reserve, due to her structure is an important virgin forest being in an advanced process of assessment to enter in the UNESCO world heritage.

Keywords: beech, structure, reserve, virgin forest

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FOREST VEGETATION OF HARGHITA MADARAS NATURA 2000 SITE – IMPLICATIONS ON HABITAT MAPPING Tudor STANCIOIU1, Dan GUREAN1, Gheorghe Marian TUDORAN1, Adrian INDREICA1*, Bogdan CANDREA-BOZGA2, Daniel Mihai NITA1 1

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail: [email protected] 2

Forest Design, Romania

Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyse forest vegetation of “Harghita Mădăraș” Natura 2000 site in order to establish the key features of habitat mapping. The research questions were: (i) Which is the floristic composition and site characteristics of habitat types 91D0 (Bog woodland) and 9410 (Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetea))? (ii) Is the type 9410 proper for all non-waterlogged forests? (iii) Which factors can be used to optimize the mapping procedure? Since previous phytosociological descriptions in the area are lacking, a vegetation inventory was made during the year 2014, along transects, following the Braun-Blanquet approach. Floristic composition, basic site conditions, information on actual forest management, vegetation history and disturbances were recorded. Each sampled phytocenoses was classified to Natura 2000 habitat type by means of diagnostic features of EU habitats, phytosociological syntaxa, forest type, national habitat type. The main findings of the research shows that: (i) 9410 type is defined by higher altitude, specific stand and ground composition; (ii) Despite of volcanic bedrock, not all forest sites exhibit boreal character, with acidophilous flora, therefore the proper type should be chosen between 9410 and 91V0 (Dacian beech forests); the last type applies mainly to stands at the lower altitudinal limit of the boreal vegetation range or to stands along rivulets inside the boreal range; (iii) Identification of habitat type based solely on management plan data (forest type, site type, stand composition) is subject of errors because of intensive afforestation in the last centuries; this means that habitat mapping requires ground survey followed or not by modelling of the potential natural vegetation.

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GENETIC DIVERSITY AND REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS OF TILIA CORDATA IN DENMARK – IS THE GENE POOL READY FOR A REVIVAL?

Eva Ortvald ERICHSEN* and Ole K. HANSEN

Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Today Tilia cordata (Mill.) are only found in small, scattered and fragmented populations in Denmark, but earlier it was a dominating tree species (approx. 7000-500 BC). The species has only rarely been planted as it has not been of silvicultural interest and today is therefore commonly accepted as an indicator for ancient forest (Lawesson 1994). Tilia spp is an important species for biodiversity; it is one of the few insect pollinated large forest trees in Europe and it is important for many insects and fungi. Denmark is in the northern parts of the distribution range and viable seeds are only scarcely developed, but often it propagate itself vegetatively leading to the hypothesis that effective population sizes are considerably smaller than a simple count of number of trees would indicate. Due to the forecasted warmer future climate Tilia may again become a widespread species – but is the genetic base sufficient to ensure a satisfactory development of this species? In trying to answer this question seven populations have been sampled, four of which have been extensively or fully sampled in order to compare neighbouring trees and patterns of vegetative propagation. The seven populations have been chosen because they are, for the species in Denmark, large populations and are believed to be of natural origin. The sampled trees have then been analysed using 9 SSR markers developed for Tilia by Phuekvilai & Wolff (2013). Results show extensive clonal structures in three of the extensively sampled populations with genets as large as more than 20 ramets. In all of the sampled populations clones were detected. Estimates of effective population size will be presented and Tilia as an indicator of ancient forest will be discussed in relation to these new genetic results.

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INDIVIDUAL SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIP OF TREE SPECIES IN A TROPICAL BROADLEAVED FOREST Nguyen Hong HAI1 and Ion Catalin PETRITAN2 1

Department of Forest Inventory and Planning, Faculty of Silviculture, Vietnam Forestry University, Hanoi, Vietnam

2

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Explaining the high diversity of tropical rain forest has been a challenge for ecologists for decades. We applied a recent technique of spatial statistics that is individual species area relationship (ISAR) to study diversity structure of a tropical broadleaved forest based on individual species. The ISAR is combined by species area relationship and Ripley’s K to measure the expected diversity in circular neighborhoods with variable radius of moving window circles around an arbitrary individual of a focal species. Data was collected from a fully mapped 2-ha plot of tropical broadleaved forest inThuathien-Hue province Vietnam. 18 dominant tree species with at least 50 individuals/species were analyzed. The results showed that: Nine of 18 species were significant at level of 0.05 (p-value < 0.05) Eight of nine species was regarded to diversity accumulator and one species was termed as diversity repeller. Most of signatures on spatial diversity were found at scales smaller than 30 m while some were found at larger scales. Species diversity seems not to be affected by tree size or species abundance or species dispersion. High number of accumulators may be explained by positive inter-specific interactions occurring on this study area. ISAR seems to be promising method to study spatial structure of species diversity in order to better understanding of species-rich communities.

Keywords: Spatial pattern, Spatial statistic, Species area relationship, Spatial diversity, Tropical evergreen forest, Vietnam

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Section 2: Forest ecosystem management

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TREE SPECIES REACTION UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS ON RECLAIMES POST MINE SITES

Marcin PIETRZYKOWSKI

University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Forestry, Poland e-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract: Post-mining landscapes are examples of a large scale transformation and human disturbance to ecosystem and are of worldwide interest and concern. In the world, coal and lignite still play important role in the energy mix. Large portion of post-mining sites are afforested. A main objective of forest restoration at postmining sites is establishing a long-term sustainable ecosystem, which depends on adaptations of tree species to reclaimed mine sites conditions. Reclaimed Mine Soils (RMS) is characterized, unfavorable chemical and physical properties, and large spatial variability. Thus in recent years, interest in tree species selection and their adaptation to post-mining sites has grown. The work presents consequences of mining extraction for environment and reclamation managements, with special focus on tree species reaction to mine sites and soilsubstrates characteristic.

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POSSIBILITIES OF DECISION SUPPORT IN HARVEST SCHEDULING

Róbert MARUŠÁK* and Jan KAŠPAR

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republi, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Harvest scheduling is based on traditional allowable cut indicators in Czech Republic for long time. This approach is characterized by set of disadvantages. First of all they cannot guarantee neither sustainable nor balanced harvest within planning periods. In addition to this, taking into account nonwood forest function into classical harvest scheduling is not possible. For more, legal constraints, as area cut, greenup constraints etc., are not accepted in harvest scheduling as well. Equally important is that allowable cut indicators are valid only for clear-cut silvicutural systems. Last, but not least attribute is forest owner’s goal, which is not able to implement to present harvest scheduling process. One of the possible way is to move from static allowable cut indicators to optimisation process and to looking for optimal solution, which will fulfil all demands and constraint defined by forest manager. Methods of mathematical programing and decision support systems can serve to solve harvest scheduling problems. Computerized harvest planning will lead not only to saving time of forest managers, but it will also enable them to explore various scenarios in a matter of minutes. We introduce DSS Optimal, tool for spatial and temporal decisions of harvest scheduling. Optimal allows creating new harvest units, which reflects the forestry act and/or forest managers’ requirements. Optimal includes necessary tools for automatic controlling of harvest unit parameters. It allows alternative harvest scheduling, while taking into account different constraints. Optimal is a decision Support System designed and applied for clear-cut and shelterwood silvicultural systems with respect to the environmental and economic constraints.

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MANAGEMENT RESERVOIR BASINS FOR BETTER WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE. APPLICATION TO THE RIVER LOZOYA BASIN (MADRID)

Robredo J.C., García J.L.*, García Robredo F., Gómez M., Ciulianu A.

Technical School of Forest Engineers. UPM, Spain, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: The current variation in temperatures in high mountain areas to numerous studies that can determine the form of new ways of managing forests in the basin headwaters that allow adjustment of the availability of water to the cities from basins has resulted reservoir water quality. A recent report develop at the EEA in 287 sub-basins in Europe provides data by the Agency about the role of forest regarding retention water. The difficult interpretation of the data obtained in these scenarios is complex due to the number of processes studied forest hydrology which has led to discussions on better management of forests and water production and water quality in the headwater these masses offer.

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COUPLED EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MANAGEMENT ON FOREST STRUCTURE: CASE STUDY IN CENTRAL EUROPE Tomáš HLÁSNY1 and Ivan BARKA2 1

Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Czech Republic, e-mail address: [email protected]

2

National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Slovakia

Abstract: Managed forests can be particularly sensitive to climate change, because tree species composition and structure of such forests were modified to maximize wood production, while inherent adaptive mechanisms related to species and structural diversity, were compromised. We explored in the region located in central Europe, Slovakia, how species diversity and stand structure might develop under several management systems (MSs) and various intensity of climate change. The region is dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies L Karst), which was planted, to a large extent, outside the zone of original spruce distribution. We use the empirical treebased and climate sensitive forest model Sibyla to investigate the future trajectories of forest development as affected by climate change and different MSs. The investigated MSs include the support to non-spruce species and stand diversity (i), maintenance of spruce oriented management (ii) and no-management regime (iii). We evaluated tree species diversity and tree size diversity, which is indicative of the diversity of habitats for various forest-dwelling species. The simulation period was 2010-2100. The investigation was performed separately for low elevation forests, which are expected to suffer from the drought in the future; medium elevation forests; and high elevation forests, which might benefit from the prolonged growing season and sufficient water supplies. We found that tree species diversity benefited from climate change particularly in low elevations, where broadleaved species with lesser demands on water gained competitive advantage over spruce. Although such a development was observed with all management systems, species diversity increased particularly with the MS that promoted spruce. That the diversity increase was, in part, related to the substantial increase in spruce mortality, indicates the unsustainability of spruce oriented management in the study region. Tree size diversity increased particularly with the unmanaged forest development, while effect of climate change was negligible. The managed alternatives did not show any substantial change in the diversity of tree sizes. Our findings indicate the substantial rule of management in shaping the future forest structure, including supporting adaptive mechanisms of forests and moderating damage. At the same time, we demonstrated how climate change can both support and counter the management objectives.

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DIFFERENT SPATIAL ASPECTS OF HARVEST SCHEDULING MODELS AND THEIRS EFFECT ON NET PRESENT VALUE OF HARVESTED TIMBER Jan KAŠPAR1, Róbert MARUŠÁK1, Gerardo Felipe Espinoza PEREZ2, Adelaide CERVEIRA3 1

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic, e-mail address: [email protected] 2 3

Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil

University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto-Douro, Portugal

Abstract: Nowadays, planted forests are responsible for supplying important production chains of the national economy, such as construction, power generation, charcoal production, furniture making, pulp and paper in many countries over the world. Forest managers have traditionally planned harvests using their expert knowledge. This applies mainly to the spatial distribution of harvest units. The amount of timber to be harvested is regulated by market demand. In addition to expert knowledge of forest managers, there is a set of rules, which can be automatized. Computerized harvest planning will lead not only to saving time of forest managers, but it will also enable them to explore various scenarios in a matter of minutes. Considering the opening area limit and area of the forest stands, as well as the dispersion of stands within the management area, there is a clear need for decision supporting methods that help forest managers to make decision on the harvest scheduling. The optimization of the harvest scheduling considering economic and spatial factors may reduce production costs by increasing the logistic efficiency. The new spatial harvest scheduling model, presented in this contribution, is based on the integer programming method and was developed using real data from plantation of fast growing tree species. The goal of proposed scheduling approach is maximize the net present value and concentrate the harvesting in each year, without not exceeding the opening area limit. This study case show, the effect of spatial aspect also in different management conditions. The proposed model could be use with any plantations.

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POPLAR PLANTATIONS AS PROSPECTIVE SOURSE OF RENEVABLE ENERGY IN UKRAINE

Yu. DEBRYNYUK and I. SOLOVIY

Ukrainian National Forestry University, Ukraine

Abstract: Sustainable providing of energy resources is an important strategic element of sustainable development. The use of renewable energy sources may be considered as the way out of the energy challenges. In particular, it is possible by extending use of fuel produced by fast-growing tree species, especially by different varieties of poplar because of its high calorific value and relatively low cultivation requirements. The total area of tree plantations in Ukraine is quite low (less than 1.0 thousand. ha). The silvicultural technology allows to receive a profit during 25-30 years from 30-40 tons of wood pulp per hectare of plantation. Such varieties of poplar are highly suitable for cultivation in different regions of Ukraine: Populus nigra x Populus maximowiczii ("Japanese poplar"), clone J-105; Populus maximowiczii's Populus berolinensis, clone Oxford; Populus deltoides x Populus nigra, clone AF2; Populus generosa's Populus trichocarpa, clone AF8; Populus generosa's Populus nigra, clone Monviso. It is possible to obtain an average yield of about 22 t / ha of dry matter (equivalent of almost 10 thousand liters of oil) can be harvested every three years. The environmental benefits the production of oxygen, carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change, stabilizing the hydrological regime, etc. can significantly increase the total economic value of plantations. The movement towards the production and use of renewable energy in Ukraine is still at the initial stage. But taking into account its forestry potential it is possible to make in a short term a strong step forward. It is important to expand the area of energy plantations, to strength its position as a renewable energy source, and take a leading position at the wood energy resources market in Europe. This approach is an important step towards sustainable development and responsible attitudes to introduction of new energy sources and new technologies. Development of forest plantations has a great perspective in Ukraine. There is no alternative to such solution and it determines the relevance of the development of special programs for fast-growing plantations with short age rotation as a renewable energy source.

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SESSILE OAK (QUERCUS PETRAEA (MATT.) LIEBL): STAND OR SINGLE-TREE ORIENTED SILVICULTURE?

Valeriu-Norocel NICOLESCU*, Diana-Cristina ȘIMON, Matei – Nicolae CIOLAN, Iulia-Elena GALAN, Denisa – Maria ISAC

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Sessile oak is the dominant oak species in Romanian forests, covering over 10 per cent of national forest land. It is found in both pure and mixed stands and its silvicultural management targets the production of high-quality wood for superior end-uses (e.g. veneer, solid furniture, flooring, lumber etc.). Legally (based on the in-use Technical norms on tending operations - *** 2000), stand (classical) silviculture involving mixed (from below and from above) interventions regulated using the canopy closure is the way of managing pure sessile oak or mixed sessile-oak dominated forests in Romania. This approach targets the production of large diameter logs at long rotations (usually more than 120 years), when the stand stocking is 300-400 trees/ha, much higher than the one recommended in other European countries where oaks make an important share of forests. Taking into account the interest to (i) reduce the management costs and (ii) reduce the rotation age, in parallel with the production of top-quality and large diameter sessile oak logs, a research project was launched in order to compare two options - stand silviculture vs. single-tree oriented silviculture -, the latter targeting interventions focusing around (potential) final crop trees in order to provide them a free-growth state at crown level since young ages (end of thicket-beginning of pole stage). The field works were performed in several demonstration and research plots and areas belonging to two forest districts (FD): Valea Mare (Dambovita) FD, and ”Stejarul” Rupea (Brasov) FD. The provisional results show relevant differences in various terms between the two silvicultural approaches. The large-scale, not only demonstrative, application of single-tree oriented silviculture is quite obvious, its main advantages being the speeding up of diameter and crown increments. The only potential important drawback of this silvicultural model is the occurrence of epicormic branches, a defect encountered especially in too widelyspaced sessile oak trees, with unbalanced and small crowns.

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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LOCAL CLIMATE ANALYSIS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MOUNTAIN FORESTS IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE CONTEXT

Victor Dan PACURAR

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: The impact of possible global climate changes on mountain forest ecosystems requires a special attention from both researchers and managers. The mountain forests are highly vulnerable, because many of these are located in difficult site conditions (for example, those on steep slopes and shallow soils, with reduced water storage capacity, are more sensitive to climate factors fluctuations). The local climate conditions are highly variable in mountain areas, due to the pronounced variation in aspect, inclination and shading and consequently their accurate evaluation, at the highest possible resolution, is of utmost importance in modelling complex geo-systems and simulating the specific biophysical processes. Romanian forests are concentrated in the highlands and consequently it is very important to establish the necessary adaptation measures, for coping with the new threats and opportunities. The researches synthesized in the paper, focused the study of climate parameters spatial distribution in steep terrain areas, using geographic information systems (GIS), and the results used in the examples are referring to test areas located in the Brasov mountain region. There are also analyzed possible climate change scenarios, outlining the local climate parameters regime trends in the study mountain area. For mountain regions, it is not enough to use regional climate models or accurate techniques for downscaling global climate models (GCM) outcomes, because the local climate conditions are modified in accordance with slope gradient, aspect and slope position. Thus, for the study region there were established climate parameters distribution patterns, for different climate changes scenarios. In mountain forestry, the decision making process requires stand level climate data and their importance is enhanced in the context of the possible climate changes. As shown in the given examples, climate data could be extracted for each forest management unit and these sets of local climate parameters (significantly different from the regional reference weather station ones) could be used for feeding forest growth models, for estimating the impact of various climate change scenarios etc., thus for defining the basis of the sustainable management of mountain forests.

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USING NESTED DATA TO DEVELOP BIOMASS ALLOMETRIC MODELS Ioan DUTCA1* and Florin IORAS2 1

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

Buckinghamshire New University, UK

Abstract: Nested data denotes hierarchical structured data with more than one level, such as multiple trees (level 1 hierarchy) sampled from multiple forest stands (level 2). Because of environment, competition and genetic similarities, the trees from the same forest stand tend to be more alike with each other than with the trees from other forest stands. And, pooling biomass data from multiple trees sampled from different forest stands may generate spatial autocorrelation within the dataset. Thus, applying ordinary least squares (OLS) methods on autocorrelated data yields to violation of independence assumption. Fortunately, multilevel models can incorporate the variance caused by the forest stand, offering adjusted estimates. Using two datasets of 110 and 220 Norway spruce trees sampled in clusters it was shown that ignoring the nesting effect (OLS linear regression) could produce biased standard errors. When nesting was not incorporated, the standard errors were underestimated. The level of underestimation depended on intraclass correlation coefficient (a coefficient showing the proportion of the variance that was caused by the forest stand itself) and the number of trees sampled from the same forest stand. The bias was further propagated and increased the parameter uncertainty and, simultaneously, reduced the amount of evidence against null hypothesis in t-test (higher type I error rate). The mechanism of adjusting the standard errors due to nesting and why multilevel models should be used to develop allometric equations instead of current OLS linear models, will be discussed.

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OPTIMAL STRUCTURES FOR UNEVEN-AGED FIR-BEECH STAND

Avram CICŞA, Alexandru – Claudiu DOBRE, Gheorghe Marian TUDORAN*

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: In the last decade due the climate changes, the coniferous from the mixed stand, situated at the border of their natural area, have become more sensitive, manifesting premature drying. The question is how we can make the structure as stable as the action of climatic factors, which ensure the permanence of forest in order to exercise, forwards the functions they fulfill. This was the main goal pursued by this research. In this way, we have been developed structural models to meet the requirements imposed by multiple functions assigned stands, in relation to the proportion of their participation in the composition of species. For their justification was needed a detailed study of forest stations and a close examination for the real structure of stands. An important element in the development of the model it was setting goal-diameter trees. The study led to the knowledge of productivity and dendrometrical characteristics. For each model were determined parameters who define it, such as: composition, goal -diameter, volume, basal area and number of trees on categories / diameters classes. These models will be implemented through forest plannings, in the forest management practice from mixtures of coniferous and beech floor in Curvature Carpathians. In the occasion of forest management, knowing the actual structure of each tree in hand, we can choose the most favorable structural model to be guided for.

Keywords: structural model, forest management, structure stands

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A RESEARCH ON SUITABILITY OF AGGREGATE DROUGHT INDEX (ADI) IN MEDITERRANEAN CITY OF KAHRAMANMARAS

Mahmut REİS*, Hurem DUTAL, Nurşen BOLAT

Kahramanmaras Sütcü Imam University, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Drought is a natural hazard causing adverse effects on land and water resources due to lack of rainfall in a certain region. One of the most important features of drought is insidiousness. Thus, drought should be consistently monitored with different drought indexes. There are lots of drought indexes used in national or international scale. Aggregate drought ındex (ADI) is one of the comprehensive drought indexes. Aggregate drought ındex (ADI) considers all drought type (meteorological, agricultural and hydrological) by selecting variables relating to each drought type. Kahramanmaras is located in Mediterranean region that is among the areas expected to be affected by climate change in the World. As Kahramanmaras has the largest water reservoir in Turkey, drought must be monitored with comprehensive drought indexes instead of drought indexes based on only one variable. In this study, a drought analysis was carried out for Kahramanmaras city using Aggregate drought index. In order to determine suitability of Aggregate drought index; average precipitation, temperature and stream flow data belonging to 1989 – 2011 period of Kahramanmaras meteorology station were used and results were compared historical drought events occurred in 1989-1994, 2001 and 2006-2008 in whole Turkey. When examined the results, it was seen that Aggregate drought index results corresponded to historical drought events and can be used to monitor drought in the study area.

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CONTRASTING SOIL RESPIRATION IN AN YOUNG AND OLD GROWTH BEECH FOREST

Cosmin Ion BRAGǍ

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Carbon dioxide efflux from forest soils is an important process in the global carbon cycle and effects of stand age remain uncertain. We compared soil respiration and its relationship to soil carbon content, forest floor mass, soil temperature, and soil moisture content among two different age stands beech in Forest District Mihaesti, sourthern of Romania. Carbon dioxide efflux was measured on soil subsurface (9 samples per plot), bimonthly, using an infrared gas analyzer EGM-4 with a closed manual chamber system SRC-1 (PP Systems, USA) between April and December 2015. Soil CO2 efflux was not measured when it was raining and measurements were postponed 48h after a major rain event to minimize the effect of extreme precipitation on soil respiration. The stand experienced similar meteorological and growth conditions. We analyzed the causes for seasonal variation CO2 efflux and want to identify the main environmental parameters that explain the variation in soil respirations rates. The variation in temperature and soil water content influenced the seasonal trend. The rate of soil respiration was higher in July (5.2 µmol×m-2 s-1 for OB and 3.9 µmol×m-2 s-1 for YB) and lower in September (1.4 µmol×m-2 s-1 for OB and 1.1 µmol×m-2 s-1 for YB). Average annual soil CO2 efflux at OB (11.3 ± 4.3 Mg C×ha–2 × year–1) was significantly higher than at YB (9.4 ± 3.6 Mg C×ha–2 × year–1). Differences in soil temperature among those sites were not statistically significant but contributed to the differences in annual CO2 efflux. In addition, the temperature response of soil CO2 efflux was higher at OB (Q10 = 2.5) that at OB (Q10 = 2.1). Our results suggest that the age stands affects soil respiration by the differences in substrate quantity and quality, environmental soil conditions and probably root respiration. Long-term studies and more plots are needed to confirm these predictions.

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DETERMINING VEGETATION COVER CHANGE AHIR MOUNTAIN, TURKEY Hakan DOYGUN1*, Nurdan ERDOGAN2, Sule Kısakurek1 1

Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

Ege University, Turkey

Abstract: Within this research, it is aimed to determine vegetation change in Ahir Mountain by using remotely sensed data and geographical information systems. Located in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey, Ahir Mountain is among the „Important Plant Ares” in the country, depending on its reach ecological and landscape potential. But, factors such as transhumance, recreation, hunting, grazing, agricultural activities, and fires lead to irreversible destructions of the mountainous area. In this research, vegetation cover change has been analysed considering 13 years period, between 2000 and 2013. 10 m Spot 4 (2000) and 5 m Rapideye (2013) satellite images have been used to classify vegetation cover within five classes: Broad-leaved forest, Coniferous forest, Sparsely vegetated areas, Valley vegetation, and Mountain steppes. The results revealed that areal coverages of Sparsely vegetated areas and Mountain steppes were decreased while others ware increased. It is thought that afforestation studies and grazing were the main reason of these changes. (The authors gratefully acknowledge the scientific research grant (TOVAG 113O212) of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)).

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST VEGETATION IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE WITHIN FORESTRY ENTITY BĂLȚI

Vladislav GRATI

Forest Research and Management Institute Institutul Chișinău, Republic of Moldova, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Ramura silvică din R. Moldova se confruntă cu numeroase probleme și, în special, acestea se referă la regenerarea pădurilor și promovarea unui spectru adecvat de specii apte potențialului oferit de stațiune. Contextul schimbărilor climatice (≈+2.5°C) a impus silvicultorilor să accepte inevitabilul - pierderea suprafețelor acoperite cu păduri. Pădurile supuse studiului se află în gestiunea Entității Silvice Bălți care s-a format având la bază doar 1000 ha, iar în prezent are peste 11000 ha, și este situată în stepa Bălților. Realizarea lucrărilor de împădurire pe suprafețe mari în anii 60-70 ai sec. 20 a favorizat stoparea eroziuniii terenurilor inapte culturilor agricole, dar speciile utilizate nu au fost studiate prin prisma evoluției în timp. Țin să menționez că, calitatea arboretelor este foarte scăzută și, de la un deceniu la altul, aceasta este în descreștere, atât volumetric, cât și pe suprafață. Salcâmul, fiind la prima etapă de dezvoltare, este promovat în continuare prin regenerare din lăstari încă una, două generații. Relizarea materialului lemnos aduce cele mai mari venituri ramurii silvice. Veniturile ES Bălți din vânzarea lemnului sunt mici, deoarece volumul la peste 80% din suprafața acoperită cu păduri este sub 40 m³/ha. O altă problemă considerată majoră o constituie prezența sângerului. Acesta a fost instalat în tandem cu salcâmul (Robinia pseudoacacia), ulmul de câmp (Ulmus minor). Sângerul (Cornus sanguinea) s-a extras prin lucrările de pregătire a parchetului spre exploatare. După exploatare s-a efectuat provocarea drajonării prin care s-a favorizat și înmulțirea exagerată a sângerului. Pe suprafețe mari salcâmul se usucă în pâlcuri la vîrste mici 5-10 ani din cauza concurenței pentru volumul edafic. În prezent se cere utilizarea speciilor repede crescătoare cu coronament bogat, dar rezistente la bonitatea joasă a stațiunilor și la schimbările climatice pentru lupta cu sângerul. Pădurea, în viitor ca și în prezent, este sursa principală de producere a oxigenului, iar paza și regenerarea eficientă îi revine silvicultorului, de comun cu întreaga societate. Pădurile instalate în zone improprii necesită o gospodărire judicioasă prin implicarea financiară obligatorie a statului în vederea compesării cheltuielelor.

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THE HEALTH CONDITION OF PINE STANDS INSTALLED ON DEGRADED LANDS IN BUZAU SUBCARPATHIANS

Ciprian-Valentin SILVESTRU-GRIGORE* and Gheorghe SPARCHEZ

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The ability of pine stands installed on degraded lands to perform their ecoprotective functions is influenced by their structure and their health condition, as well as by the components of the sites forest: rock, relief, climate, soil. In the present paper we analyze the state of health of trees reflected by the degree of defoliation and the nature of the damage caused by abiotic factors (wind, snow). Out of 1964 trees analyzed, 92.7 % fall into 0 and 1 category of defoliation, representing healthy or weekly affected trees, while 11 % of all trees have various mechanical damages caused by wind and snow.

Keywords: degraded land, health condition, structure, forest sites

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QUANTIFYING THE WOOD WITH STEM DECAY DENSITY OF NORWAY SPRUCE USING DRILL RESISTANCE

Radu VLAD

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: In European forests, Norway spruce trees commonly suffers damage caused by decay, due to Heterobasidion annosum (root rot) and Stereum Sanguinolentum (stem decay, after bark stripping made by red deer). The economic relevance (the deterioration of timber by decay, growth reduction of affected trees, higher costs during processing) and the ecologic impact (risks to wind throw and stem breakage) are a highly signification. Precise prediction of the standing trees mechanical properties has many benefits for wood producers or processors. It underlies decisions concerning the forest enhancement (by trees selection), planning and placement of wood harvesting depending on trees (forest) quality. That is given, among other, in the Norway spruce cases, by the presence of root rot and stem decay. The aim of the study was to quantify the density and the resistance of the wood with stem decay of the Norway spruce trees, using the relation between drill resistance and wood density. To evaluate mass and the resistance of wood with stem decay, it is necessary to quantify its density. Drill resistance measurements are used as an approach to estimate the density of wood with stem decay. 90 Norway spruce trees located in north of Eastern Carpathian were used as a test system to compare the new method with conventional predictors of wood density. Tree DBH, proportion of the decay from horizontal trunk area and drill resistance are the predictor variables used to quantify the wood with stem decay density. The model containing only drill resistance as a predictor explained 50% of the wood density variation. We show that drill resistance and gravimetric wood density relationship is sensitive to the proportion of the rot from horizontal stem area. Therefore, the best model combines tree DBH, drill resistance and proportion of the decay from trunk area (Ra2 = 0.650). The relation can be used to an expeditious and precise estimate of the wood quality by the resistance value indicated to the device. Also, the major potential of the method lies in its non-destructive nature which allows repeated measurements in long-term experimental plots or in protected areas where destructive sampling is prohibited.

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BIOMETRIC AND STABILITY PARAMETERS ON DEGRADED FIELDS FROM VRANCEA’S SUB CARPATHIANS

Radu VLAD*, Cristinel CONSTANDACHE, Laurențiu POPOVICI, Margareta CRIVAT, Costică BABAN

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Research Station Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Torrential processes and field degradation consequences consist in significant material damage and forest management disruption. The main feature of Vancea’s degraded lands was very strong, excessive and deep erosion. As a consequence amelioration of these lands through reforestation it was considered. The research aim was to complete the forest from degraded land database by some biometric and stability parameters quantification. That was made to substantiate necessary forestry measures for ensuring efficient ecosystem effectiveness, under the climate change. They were investigated 22 experimental plots, placed on two pilot afforestation perimeter with different degraded lands: (i) very strongly to excessively erode and ravines, (ii) moderately to very highly erode and glides. Representative stands were studied (pure pine or hardwood mixed) with different reforestation technologies. The stands biometric parameters (diameter and height) dynamics on degraded field under the influence of abiotic and biotic disturbing factors is done, with site conditions and forestry work interrelated. In pure and mixed stands thinned by snow (wind) at 30-40 years old, result an autochthone species installation, respectively a structural and ecological diversification. From the stands stability point of view, the slenderness coefficient of average tree indicates that the main species (Scots pine and Black pine) falls into the vulnerable and very vulnerable domain (to the wind and snow action) in pure stands younger than 40 years and into reduced vulnerability domain, stands aged over 50 years. The slenderness coefficient of average tree decreases to a linear equation by diameter increasing. Stands younger than 40 years, with less than 16 cm of average diameter value, falls within the vulnerable and very vulnerable domain, because most stands are still relatively young and they are characterized by a large number of trees. In stands older than 50 years is found that average diameter within the range between 14 cm and 22 cm, fall into the vulnerable domain; at a value exceed 22 cm stands fit in low-vulnerability domain. The results obtained from the research are particularly useful in the management of stands on degraded field (improvement cutting application and establishing the forestry work type including afforestation).

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CURRENT TRENDS IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF POPLAR PLANTATIONS ALONG THE DANUBE

Ilka YONOVSKA

Bulgaria, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The increased interest in plantations of fast-growing tree species is a worldwide trend. In Bulgaria, the interest in poplars emerged during the 1960’s of the twentieth century. It was driven by the dynamic development of the society and the accompanying increased demand for wood. Poplars are fast-growing, easy to vegetative propagation and highly adaptable to different climatic and soil conditions. These characteristic features, combined with the wide range of application of poplar wood, are the basis for the decision taken to establish poplar plantations. The paper aims to clarify the economic aspects of poplar cultivation along the Danube. The study focuses on the costs for the establishment of poplar plantations within the state forest areas in Bulgaria. In order to achieve this goal, data on the economic aspects of the establishment of poplar plantations in several forestry holdings along the Danube is accumulated and analyzed. The analysis makes it possible to identify trends and to draw conclusions.

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REGENERATION OF SILVER FIR BY ARTIFICIAL SEEDING IN A BEECH STAND WITHIN MANAGEMENT UNIT „KOZARAČKO“, THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

Zoran GOVEDAR*, Milan MATARUGA, Vanja DANIČIĆ, Srđan KEREN, Branislav CVJETKOVIĆ

University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Forestry, Bosnia and Heryegovina, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: In this study the effects of regeneration following artificial seeding of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) within pure European beech stand were observed. The study area was located in the region characterized with moderately continental, submontane climate. The very beech stand belongs to the forest association Fagetum submontanum. Parental material was made of acid silicate rocks on which deep illymerized and deep eutric soils developed. Site quality for beech was assessed to be III, whereas I denotes the best and V the worse site conditions. The stand had uneven-aged structure, growing stock 387 m3/ha, volume increment 9.0 m3/ha, and 724 trees per hectare. Silver fir trees occurred on the site as a result of artificial seeding of this species 30 years ago. They do not receive sufficient amount of solar radiation as they are still overtopped by mature beech trees, some individuals are under strong shading, and for a consequence the growth and overall development of fir decelerated. Silvicultural measures in the stand shall hence entail selective thinnings in order to reduce canopy closure and increase the transmission of light to the crowns of young fir trees. Since the final management goal is the creation of mixed beech-fir stand for which natural conditions exist following the map of potential vegetation (identified as the association Abieti – Fagetum illyricum), by intensifying fir diameter increment through mentioned measures, this species could eventually play more significant role in the future stand species composition.

Keywords: regeneration, silver fir, artificial seeding

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CAN BECOME ORCHESTES FAGI L. AN IMPORTANT PEST OF BEECH IN ROMANIA?

Petre-Sidor FOROGĂU and Gabriela ISAIA*

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: In the last years, many species of pests are often identified on beech leaves. We focused our research on Orchestes fagi (Linnaeus, 1758), a common and widespread pest of beech in Europe. The large amount of data collected in the autumn of 2015 allowed us to perform statistical analyzes and to obtain results concerning the variation of the beech weevil attack along the slope, along the crown, on the cardinal direction and along the branch. The only factor that did not influence the frequency of the attack was the position along the branch. The beech weevil mainly attacked the trees situated at the middle of the slope and the leaves from the middle and the top of the crown. The cardinal direction influenced significantly the frequency and the intensity of the adult and larva attack. The experiment conducted in the spring of 2016 in Poiana Brașov plot highlighted the level of the frequency and the intensity of the beech weevil attack in Brașov area and especially the level of the pest parasitoids population. We believe that our research will lead in future to the improvement of the working methodology for analyzes on the beech leaf pests.

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FORESTRY MANAGEMENT IN HARGHITA COUNTY TO SUPPORT THE UTILIZATION OF LOCAL FOREST RESOURCES

Gheorghe IGNEA

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: In Harghita county the mountain zone covers over 60% of the territory. The livelihoods of many human communities depend on forest, therefore maintaining its functions is essential and requires a sustainable management. The growing interest for forest planning emerged from the awareness of wooded areas as strategic place not only for economic resources, but also as catalyst for environmental and social practises. The promotion and development of “multifunctional” forest implies to improve forest planning especially through its governance aspect in order to ensure a balance between the diverse uses. The participatory approach aims to involve all the forest users in the decision making process of its management, use and protection.

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STUDY ON QUALITY OF SPRUCE WOOD IN UP X SANDOMINIC U.A.175 GÁLKUT

Gábor MOLNÁR* and Gheorghe IGNEA

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Forest rational management, exercise permanent and continuous multiple and complex functions of protection, environmental, social and production. The complex of measures and works carried out in the forest should be linked, coordinated and phased in time and space depending on the importance and urgency of defending the general interest objectives and scale phenomena. Methodological aspect of the problem allowed investigations location in the geographical area of Harghita County, Sandominic commonages UP X Sandominic 175 u.a. Gálkut , in which the forest present in terms of both current structure and in terms of their purpose, their own research conditions. Qualitative classification of spruce wood involves 4 classes of quality of wood working, criterion proportion of the length of the working wood and after common and important defects Interest in identifying and highlighting resources higher quality wood, for economic reasons, but stimulated by continue tightening of this type

raw material has motivated its choice of study that relate parameters

dendrometrical, the multitude of flaws that factors necessary for the development of forest ecosystems which refrangible the quality of spruce wood. Election of the spruce was determined by the concrete realities of the technological and market demand of wood from that species.

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SANDOMINIC AND MADARAS COMMONAGES SPRUCE ACTIONS ANALYSIS BETWEEN 2009 - 2012

Gábor MOLNÁR* and Gheorghe IGNEA

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Areas APV whose sites were investigated, are part of the forest fund of commonages Sandominic and Madaras from Harghita County, managed by Forest District Regime Ciuc and are located in two production units with a total area of 159.7 ha, surprising diversity of 18 ua sites and having a total volume of 9295 m3 of timber, from 2009 - 2012. The most productive species is spruce (production class II 5) due to favorable climatic conditions this species even at low altitudes (in large depressions). Much of the raw data (total number of logs, volume, age, sorting dimensional) were taken from the 35 APV sites as the basis of tender auctions held in 2009 - 2012. Another aspect worth noting is that age is not the determinant in getting in the same conditions or as close, diameters or superior sortiments. Also at Sandominic, sortiments G1 and G2 shows a total balance, which can not be said about the situation at Madaras where G1 sorting dimensional varieties dominate, which may be attributed to various type of stations.

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USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS TO DETERMINE CERTAIN DENDROMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STANDS

Alexandru-Claudiu DOBRE, Avram CICŞA, Gheorghe Marian TUDORAN*

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: In the last decade, the methods using modern remote sensing techniques to monitor forest ecosystems, took a large advance because of the spectral information that satellite images contain. Lately, LiDAR technologies has rapidly developed because they provide precise geospatial information on topography. The question is to what extent other images can provide enough information to characterize, with much lower costs, forest ecosystems. To this end, Google images were chosen, images that under certain conditions of the structure stands, can lead to satisfactory results. The objective of the research was to determine the structural characteristics of stands on Google Images. Cause the determinations are on the structure stands, their performances are somehow limited by certain shortcomings in the processing of these images to capture the structure stands. Difficulties in determining the particular dendrometrical characteristics were recorded in mixed stands composed of trees of different ages and with crowns sometimes less visible on the aerial photographs. Research in selected stands conducted to significant results in terms of their volume, in relation with the complexity of their structure. More precise results are obtained if the measurements on frames include elements measured by land. The developed models led to dendrometrical stand features depending on the diameter of the trees crowns and can be used for other determinations using the canopy diameter measured on aerial photographs.

Keywords: structure stands, dendrometrical features, satellite images

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FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF OAK STANDS LOCATED ON THE SUPERIOR BORDER OF THEIR AREA

Robert-Georgian MIHAI, Victor-Vasile MIHĂILĂ, Gheorghe Marian TUDORAN*

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: At the upper border of their area it overlaps with beech and other deciduous trees such as maple, sycamore, hornbeam and linden. In the structure of stands, with oak as the main species, are involved a number of influences, from the existing species, to the management measures taken in time, but also the environment factors that acts on it. In these environmental circumstances, oak structures are not simplified structures, but rather diversified structures horizontally and vertically. Very important for a good functional management is knowing the structure of these stands. This is the primary purpose of this research, structural conditions that show the influence on growth and development of oak trees. These stands generally form a dominant oak floor and other species form a second floor, few trees from those species participate along with oak. Arranged by diameter category, the base area and the volume are concentrated in the center of the distribution, opposed to the frequency of trees arranged

in diameters categories. But such mixtures are closed structurally and

contributes to the improved varieties of oak. The mixture influences also the oak’s prune height (achieving, on average, 0.6 h) and thus the percentage of quality wood, in such stands, can get for oak to 92%. On the stand, the oak floor owns 75% of the basal area, but within it there is a strong competition for light, 95% of trees being located in the first three Kraft grades. Maintaining a closed structure in the stand is a prerequisite for ensuring the stability of these mixtures, otherwise, if not carefully managed, trends of species succession can occur and worsen the state of preservation of trees.

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BIOMETRIC RESEARCH ON THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF BEECH REGULAR FOREST

Victor-Vasile MIHĂILĂ, Robert-Georgian MIHAI, Gheorghe Marian TUDORAN*

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The importance of beech, in many aspects, as well as his wide spread in our country still requires further research on knowing the structure of beech forests. In their natural area, beech forests present various structures as a result of applied management in relation to the multiple functions they fulfill. In general, for most beech forests with production roles the result is a regular forest structure, where beech is the main species which constitutes the forest. Research has shown that even at an old age, beech stands have effective functional structures, it highlights itself through a series of structural parameters, close to those surprised by the tables of production, such as an arrangement of the number of trees in diameter classes as close to theoretical distributions, an active growing in diameter, height and volume. The forest achieved an outstanding volume of 1075 m3 per hectare and a density of 1.1, a median tree of area base with a diameter of 52 cm and a height of 40 m. Research has highlighted the close relationship between the main biometrical characteristics of trees such as: diameter and volume (0.91), height (0.90), base surface (0.95). Environmental factors and forest structure are reflected on the increase in diameter of trees and hence the current growth in volume production volume, which goes up to 4 m3/year/hectar. In general these stands, without the careful intervention of the forest specialist, are evolving to regular structures, due to their temperament and vitality of the species in terms of its regeneration.

Keywords: stand structures, biometrical characteristics, stand production

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PECULIARITIES OF THE UNDERGROWTH FORMATION IN THE HORNBEAMOAK FOREST OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE T. BONDARENKO1, Volodymir BONDARENKO1, D. GALUPA2, G. KRYNYTSKYI1, G. LEONTYAK3, V. MAZEPA1 1

Ukrainian National Forestry University, Ukraine 2

3

Moldsilva, Republic of Moldova

National Natural Park „Karmelyukove Podillya”, Ukraine

Abstract: The article presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the modern state and specific features of undergrowth formation in hornbeam-oak forests of the Western forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The aim of the research is to establish silvicultural and ecological characteristics of the undergrowth formation, its biological and ecological relationship with the forest and to evaluate forest vitality and role of the undergrowth species. It is stated that under the impact of economic activities hornbeam-oak forests of the region have undergone considerable changes. The oak stands area has decreased and their structure has changed, fragmentation of species that form forest stands has increased. Rare undergrowth, which is basically formed by three to five plant species dominates in hornbeam-oak forests of the region. In conditions of fresh and moist hornbeam-oak forests maximum development of the undergrowth is observed in 15 – 20 years old stands as well as after 60 years of growth, which is consistent with the dynamics of forest stands growth. The number of pieces of undergrowth species per unit of area depends on the type of site conditions, age, stand and canopy density and ranges from 550 to 11.500 pieces·ha-1. Undergrowth species which are distributed in hornbeam-oak forest stands are different according to the environmental properties and are divided into typical understory, facultative understory and forest-edge understory. The results of a study of the undergrowth species vitality are characterized. Indicators of impedance of understory species range from 5.6 to 51.1 kОm, the polarization capacity is 0.54 - 3.59 nF. The vitality index Rfd of all the investigated bushes in the open territory increases and potential activity of photosynthetic apparatus under the forest canopy reduces. For the content of green pigments and reaction to changes of light intensity in different vegetation periods undergrowth species are characterized by the significant species diversity. Organizational, managerial and silvicultural activities on optimizing the composition, formation and use of the undergrowth, which can be applied in the hornbeam-oak forest stands silviculture are proposed.

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Section 3: Forest policy, economics and contribution to green growth

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SUSTAINABLE MULTIFUNCTIONAL MOUNTAINOUS AREA

Vasileios C. DROSOS* and Dimirtios E. FARMAKIS

Democritus University of Thrace, Greece, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Sustainable development of mountainous regions has as objective to increase the economic investments to profit of residents of region, without however it influences drastic the natural environment. The respect to the natural environment and the goods that to us offers, gives the possibility of its sustained use. The refuting opinions for the effect of anthropogenic action of economic nature come in contrary with the interdependent of the coexistence of men and nature, as the men is piece of nature. The manner of coexistence of development and natural environment is the sustainable development, which was used soft rhythms, without the intense intervention in the more wide space in which it is practiced. Green Infrastructure (GI) can be broadly defined as a strategically planned network of high quality natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features, which is designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and protect biodiversity. More specifically GI, being a spatial structure providing benefits from nature to people, aims to enhance nature’s ability to deliver multiple valuable ecosystem goods and services in perpetuity, such as timber, clean air or water. Above all, GI offers us a smart, integrated way of managing our natural capital. As research area is chosen a typical example of a multifunctional GI one that is capable of combining forestry, farming, housing, as well as tourism and recreational activities in the same space whilst at the same time keeping our freshwater systems clean, our air healthy and our wildlife safe.

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THE IMPLEMENTATION AND APPLICATION OF THE EIA DIRECTIVE IN THE GREEK FOREST TECHNICAL WORKS IN THE 21th CENTURY

Dimitrios E. FARMAKIS*, Angelos-Sarantis LIAMPAS, Vasileios C. DROSOS

Democritus University of Thrace, Greece, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: To paraphrase the famous saying of Wilson Churchill could be argued that “never before in human history has been said so much by so many in so little time” as the last time for the environment and the need for its protection. However, especially amid the economic crisis, many may think that protecting the environment is economically unattractive and does no good for our pocket and even more it is already costly. Unfortunately, the unemployment and the economic crisis are more worried by climate change citizens, or rather the ice melts, the interest „freezes”. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a policy and management tool for both planning and decision making. It assists to identify, predict and evaluate the foreseeable environmental consequences of proposed development projects, plans and policies. EIA is a detailed and documented scientific work and research aimed at assessing the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment, as in the balanced development of the national territory to become easy and effective effort to prevent pollution and degradation of the environment assessing direct and indirect impacts of projects and activities. The paper also aims to investigate how well the EIA Directive has been implemented and applied in the Greek forest technical works. EC Directive 85/337/EEC or the EIA Directive was agreed on in 1985 and required Member States of the European Community to achieve formal compliance by July 1988. The Directive sought to ensure that, before a development consent decision is taken, a minimum level of information describing the potential significant effects on the environment of certain development projects is supplied both to the relevant competent authority and to the public.

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SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TOURISM AND COMPATIBLE FOREST OPENING UP WORKS

George TASIONAS*, Dimitrios E. FARMAKIS, Vasileios C. DROSOS

Democritus University of Thrace, Greece, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The development of the semi mountainous and mountainous regions is related with the development of sustainable alternative tourism, which, as all the aspects of economic growth, causes negative impacts to the environment. This is peculiar because this particular human activity often causes degradation of the natural and structural environment but on the other hand, uses the environment as a feedstock for its development. The semi mountainous forest areas not only because of their position but and as ecosystems are the link between coastal, island and mountain regions. It is the backbone of the country. The combination between the technology of the digital photogrammetry and the GIS technology was used in order to evaluate the compatibility between the general forest opening up works and the natural environment. In order to evaluate the compatibility, practical criteria of the intensity of the human influence as well as criteria of the environment absorption to the opening up works were used. The digital maps and the spatial analysis allowed the efficient and reliable evaluation of these criteria. The results prove that the usage of this method provides the ability to evaluate the compatibility of the existing opening up works with the natural environment and the possibility to choose the most compatible for the environment solution, in order to achieve not only a sustainable forest management but also a development of different aspects of alternative tourism. The sustainable development of the semi mountainous and mountainous areas of Greece targets regional and social cohesion in the framework of the following strategic targets: -

the environmentally compatible development between the economic and residential activities, maintaining and making comparative geographical, physical, productive and cultural advantages of the areas and the strengthening of regional and territorial cohesion of the country;

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protection and conservation of sensitive ecosystems, landscapes, geological formations and cultural heritage and sustainable management of natural resources and especially water;

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adapting the country to the new circumstances that outline the climate changes and the dealing with the consequences that follow from them (fires, floods and erosion, drought, salinization, desertification and other natural phenomena), by the creation of appropriate preventive mechanisms, infrastructures and action plans.

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INVEST IN WATERSHED SERVICES COULD BE ATTRACTIVE? Adrian Paul CIULIANU1*, José Luis GARCÍA2, Fernando GARCÍA2 1

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

Department of Forest and Environmental Engineering and Management ETSI Montes (School of Forestry), Technical University of Madrid, Spain

Abstract: Within the conceptual frame of ecosystem services, the water generated in a watershed, can be considered as a public good, with a zero marginal cost. But how evaluate the costs of producing 1m3 of water with a certain quality? If through a funding mechanism, owners upstream receive an amount equal or slightly greater than the opportunity cost, the problem is partially solved. But how can convince the downstream beneficiaries to pay a minimum amount for a public good? One option would be considering maintenance and improving watershed expanditures as an investment product and showing that his yields are attractive, within the frame of risks management.

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THEORETICAL, METHODOLOGICAL AND PRACTICAL PRINCIPLES FOR CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION THE FIELD OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT OF UKRAINE AND EUROPEAN UNION

Ion DUBOVICI

Ukrainian National Forestry University, Ukraine, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: The most pressing environmental and economic problems in Ukraine and neighboring EU countries include the implementation of sustainable forest management conception. European integration is a priority for state policy of Ukraine. Efficient cross-border environmental and economic cooperation between Ukraine and the EU is an important instrument of the European integration course of Ukraine and the main mechanism for the practical implementation of European standards. Therefore it is a need to develop a theoreticalmethodological and practical basis of environmental and economic spheres that would ensure practical implementation of sustainable forest management conception, both at the national and transboundary levels of Ukraine and neighboring EU countries. State of forest resources depends primarily on the human attitude to forests. Until recently, the attitude towards forests, both in Ukraine and in the neighboring EU countries had clearly consumerist nature, where forest resources are seen as the only economic factor. This attitude of society to the forests is wrong and is not conducive to effective cross-border cooperation on sustainable forest management and efficient development of civilization generally.Today, the main problem of unsustainable use of forest resources and inefficient efforts towards its conservation in the border regions of Ukraine and neighboring countries caused by the lack of societal understanding of priorities for the environmental conservation of environment and the benefits of sustainable forest management. In this regard, solving complex problems in the forestry sector in the border areas require to form a new ecological and economic vision, new ethical priority values, and new regulation to provide science-based concept of sustainable forest management. In our opinion, providing the conditions for sustainable forest management in the border regions of neighboring states is possible only by greening the economy and greening of education aimed at training for sustainable development.In Ukraine, the need and prerequisites for greening the economy, greening of education through the training for sustainable development is included in a number of regulations.Today Ukraine has to make a lot of environmental and economic efforts aimed to establish effective cross-border cooperation on sustainable forest management in the border regions of Ukraine and neighboring EU countries. This is due to the necessity of closer cross-border cooperation in terms of European integration.Main directions of cross-border environmental and economic cooperation between Ukraine and the EU should include conservation and restoration of biodiversity, environmental security, creation of favorable natural conditions for living of present and future generations, and human well-being improvement.

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SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT AND THE ROMANIAN CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

Viorel-Gheorghe MARINESCU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The cultural landscape is a concept with multiple valences and is defined as a form of manifestation of the effects, in specific manner and extent, of four intrinsic dimensions: geographical in time, relational, structural and functional. The forest has, generally, a determining role in the structure and the dynamics of contemporary Romanian landscape. The aim of this work is to do an analysis to see the manner and the intensity in which the forest management determines the contemporary Romanian cultural landscape. Through its work the author has set out to achieve: -

presentation of the concept of cultural landscape with a brief history;

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various approaches to the subject from the perspective of interest for it;

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possible approaches, taking into account sustainable forest management;

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possible prospects for the future.

Realisation of forest management, taking into account the conclusions of the paper may cause the raising of social satisfaction, an essential aspect in the evaluation of the level at which the forest carries out its functions.

Keywords: Sustainable Forestry Management, Cultural landscape, Social satisfaction

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FOREST FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN ROMANIA BASED ON 2006 - 2015 FIRE IGNITION RECORDS Adrian LORENŢ1,2*, Ștefan NEAGU1, Marius PETRILA1, Bogdan APOSTOL1, Vladimir GANCZ1 1 2

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Forest fires pose a significant threat in many European countries, especially in Mediterranean region but also in Central and Northern Europe, becoming an increasing concern in Romania, due to prolonged drought periods linked to land use/land cover and socio-economic changes. National civil protection authority requires accurate and updated fire hazard and risk assessment in order to make appropriate decisions and resource allocation for firefighting and to develop an integrated strategy for disasters response and mitigation, in accordance with EU requirements for common reporting. The paper presents an initial assessment of forest fire hazard for Romania using forest fire data recorded during 2006-2015 period by the National Forest Administration - ROMSILVA and the National Authority for Forests, geo-located based on their descriptive metadata and georeferenced forest management maps. The main findings show an increasing trend of forest fires concerning frequency, which has doubled up to 341 events/year in the last decade compared with an historical (1956 - 2005) average of 175. In addition, the average burned area has increased with 25%, from 5.2 to 6.5 ha in the same period. Most of the fires (58%) are caused by anthropogenic negligence (vegetation management, agricultural burnings), compared with only 1% representing natural causes. However, the proportion of human fire ignitions is likely greater considering that 41% of fires are reported having an unknown cause or being under investigation. The majority of the fires were recorded during spring (51%) followed by autumn (25%), summer (18%) and winter season (6%) as a result of vegetation waste burning practices. The annual fire occurrence probability was determined in relation to annual fires frequency weighted with the forest area and fitted under the national/EU scaling system. In the last decade, from the total 3186 administrative units, 2321 (73%) were assigned to the low and average-low probabilities, 616 (19%) to the average and average-high, and the last 276 (8%) had no forest vegetation. The results of the study show that the human activity is the main triggering factor of forest fires in Romania and could support the development of forestry policy and intervention strategies, in the context of climate change.

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BIOACCUMULATION POTENTIAL OF BLACK LOCUST (ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA L.) COPPICES ON DEGRADED LANDS FROM SW ROMANIA Alexandru Liviu CIUVĂȚ1*, Ioan Vasile ABRUDAN2, Viorel Blujdea2, Ioan DUTCĂ2, Cristiana DINU1, Ecaterina APOSTOL1, Bogdan APOSTOL1, Lorent Adrian1,2, Cristiana MARCU1 1

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

2

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania

Abstract: In the past decades the S-V part of Romania (southern Oltenia region) was subject to an aridization process mainly because of its very low percentage of forests combined with increasingly felt negative impact of global climatic changes (e.g. drought, high temperatures). These phenomena generated degraded lands (especially by sand deflation) that have a devastating effect on the environmental and social conditions in southern Oltenia. The only species that proved capable to reclaim not only the sandy soils but also different types of degraded lands (e.g. eroded slopes, sterile dumps) is black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and it’s been used by foresters in this purpose since 1885. Currently black locust occupies about 5% of Romania’s forests (cca. 250000 ha) and plays an important role in mitigating the negative impact of global climate changes by CO2 sequestration, and protection of soil and water resources. On the other hand, Romania, as a country which ratified the Kyoto Protocol (KP) and United Nations Conventions to combat Desertification (UNCCD), accounts for LULUCF activities through a National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, and also implements GHG emissions reductions and carbon sequestration activities to comply with its emission reduction target. The aim of this paper was to provide specific allometric data for young black locust trees (1 - 4 years old) from coppices established mainly on degraded lands. Such equations are very important considering the general lack of biometric data for young/small trees, required for the national reports on GHG removal in the case of degraded land afforestation, especially in South - Eastern Europe.

Keywords: black locust, coppice, allometric equations, degraded lands

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FOREST CERTIFICATION AND LEGALITY VERIFICATION IN ROMANIA: CURRENT STATUS, CHALLENGES AND THE WAY FORWARD Aureliu Florin HALALISAN1* and Alexandru GIURCA2 1

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

Forest and Environmental Policy, University of Freiburg, Germany

Abstract: Illegal logging is a pressing issue in Romania, associated with serious economic, social and environmental implications [1].Different international initiatives such as voluntary forest certification (Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)) and legality verification (EU Timber Regulation (EUTR)) address such highly relevant issues for Romania’s forest management. During the last decade, FSC certification has gained momentum in Romania [2] whereas the EUTR came in 2013 as an additional EU legal requirement that all member states must abide to [3]. Although it is too early to quantify the direct impact of these two mechanisms, their early stage of implementation allows for assessing their interaction and potential effectiveness [4]. Our contribution to the international symposium „Forest and Sustainable Development” reviews the state of the art on FSC certification and EUTR implementation in Romania. After reviewing the most recent developments, it discusses the current challenges FSC certification and EUTR face, as well as the way forward for coming closer to achieving sustainable forest management in Romania.

References: 1. Nichiforel, L.; Bouriaud, L.; Dragoi, M.; Dorondel, S.; Mantescu, L.; Terpe, H. Romania. In Forest Land Ownership Change in Europe. COST Action FP1201 FACESMAP Country Reports, Joint Volume; Živojinović, I.; Weiss, G.; Lidestav, G.; Feliciano, D.; Hujala, T.; Dobšinská, Z.; Lawrence, A.; Nybakk, E.; Quiroga, S.; Schraml, U., Eds.; EFICEEC-EFISEE Research Report. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU): Vienna, Austria, 2015; pp. 471–495. 2. Halalisan, A. F.; Marinchescu, M.; Popa, B.; Abrudan, I. V Chain of Custody Certification in Romania: Profile and Perceptions of FSC Certified Companies. Int. For. Rev.2013, 15, 305–314. 3. Halalisan, A. F. Regulation No 955/2010 and FSC Forest Certification. Rev. Silvic. si Cineg.2014, 34, 145– 147. 4. Gavrilut, I.; Halalisan, A. F.; Giurca, A.; Sotirov, M. The interaction between FSC certification and the implementation of the EU timber regulation in Romania. Forests 2016, 7, 1–13.

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THE DYNAMIC OF CARBON (C) STOCKS IN LAND USE CONVERSIONS FROM FOREST LAND TO OTHERS LAND USES IN ROMANIA Mihaela MICLAUS1*, Ioan Vasile ABRUDAN1, Viorel BLUJDEA2 1

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania

Abstract: Deforestation implies permanent loss of forest cover and conversion to another land use by direct anthropogenic intervention. It associates with dramatic change of land’s carbon stocks, generally resulting in net contribution to atmospheric CO2 concentration and, sometimes, non-CO2 greenhouse gases. For these reasons, deforestation is the key land activity to be monitored as part of any country’s emission reduction commitment under the United Nation Framework Convention for Climate Change. Depending on the final land use and management practices on deforested land, the loss of C, thus related CO2 emissions, are smaller or higher. This research focus on quantitative description of carbon stock dynamics in the carbon pools of living biomass, litter, dead wood and organic matter of mineral soil, for three the most important conversions from forest to other land uses in Romania. Research methods involve processing data collected by statistical sampling in the Romanian National Forest Inventory, additional collecting of soil data and statistical processing. Method used to establish the deforested area allows development of spatially and temporal explicit data sets and information.

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THE CHALLENGES OF DEVELOPING SOCIO-ECONOMIC CRITERIA & INDICATORS IN SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

Ioana NEGREA

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Considering the highly disputed underestimation of the value of forest ecosystems, especially due to the difficulty of assessing the associated social and economic benefits, the development of reliable and robust instruments for its measurement is of upmost importance. If the values of forest products for which trading markets exist are relatively easy to determine, when it comes to social benefits, the literature and practitioners reveal significant challenges in the design and implementation of social criteria and indicators. Even if these indicators have demonstrated to be a powerful and innovative instrument, the lack of financing and political commitment, the bias towards the availability of data, information overlapping, inefficient systems for collecting and reporting data have triggered inconsistent information at European level. Consequently, there is a need for a “bottom-up”, participatory process that should involve all major stakeholders, from the local community, employees of the forestry system, forest administrators, scientists, employees of the local administration and the civil society. Information should be transferred from these stakeholders to the experts responsible with policy drafting, codes of forest practice and to those who report in the regional processes, in order to move from the descriptive level. Aspects such as occupational rate in forest sector, employment benefits in forest sector, compliance with occupational safety standards (forestry workforce rights), participation in decision making process, conflict resolution, land tenure rights, equitable benefits distribution, value of wood and non-wood products for livelihood (local communities level), access of general public to information, potential for recreation, cultural and historic importance (life quality) are vital to be quantified in order to have an overview of the balance between the need of modern societies for recreation and nature conservation and that of local communities for livelihood.

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Section 4: Forest engineering

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EFFECTS OF GROUND-BASED SKIDDING ON FOREST SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN THE HYRCANIAN FOREST, NORTHERN IRAN

Jourgholami MEGHDAD* and Feghhi JAHANGIR

Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Forest harvesting operations for extracting of forest products in these trails, causing extensive damage in a wide range of soil and its productivity every year, therefore it is necessary to research about degradation of soil properties should be down. The aim of this study was investigate changes in the skid trails soil physical characteristics due to wheeled cable skidder traffic by measuring soil texture, bulk density, porosity and soil penetration resistance. For this purposes, 311 and 319 compartments of Gorazbon district in Kheyrud educational and research forest were selected. This study was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design and treatments consisted of two slop (uphill and downhill), three levels of skidder traffic intensity such as low intensity (less than 3 passes), moderate (3 to 7 passes) and very large (more than 7 passes) and two soil depths (0-10 and 10-20 cm).The results showed that machine traffic intensity and skid trail slop statistically had significant effects on soil compaction. Soil compaction and penetration resistance will increase with increasing of machine traffic, but the largest percentage increase observe in initial passes (less than 3 times) although subsequent passes change this factors, but its trend is not significant, also soil compaction is greater than in the uphill skidding of downhill skidding and in the 0-10 cm soil depth greater than 10-20 cm. Hence, we concluded that skidding operation should be planned in slope lower than 20% and uphill skidding (higher than 10%) should be excluded from ground-based logging systems.

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IMPACTS OF FELLING AND EXTRACTION OPERATIONS ON RESIDUAL TREE DAMAGE: A CASE STUDY FROM OSMANIYE FOREST ADMINISTRATION, TURKEY Neşe GÜLCI1*, Abdullah E. AKAY2, Orhan ERDAŞ1, Sercan GÜLCI1 1

KahramanmarasSutcu Imam University, Faculty of Forestry, 46100 Kahramanmaras, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

Faculty of Forestry, Bursa Technical University, Turkey

Abstract: In Turkey, timber harvesting stages involve felling, delimbing, bucking, debarking, skidding, loading, hauling, unloading, and stacking operations. Felling and skidding operations using man power in stands involves great ecological challenges comparing with high machinery operations in forests. Besides, forest operations have generally been performed by uncertificated workers from nearby villagers or forest service Therefore, unplanned forest operations in forest lands increase inevitable damage on residual trees, saplings, and forest soils. Generally, forest workers would determine the unsuitable felling direction, and felling trees hit and injure residual trees. Besides, using unsuitable skidding technics also causes residual tree damages. This study evaluates the process of red pine production employing chainsaw for felling, chute system for yarding, and portable winch and farm tractor for skidding in the border of Bahçe Forest Chief in Osmaniye, Turkey. As a result of this study, asset production stages in forest operations showed significant deals with sap wood and bark wounds. After the forest operations in study area, the measurements on residual trees indicated 13 sap wood and 30 bark wounds at felling stages, 10 sap wood and 24 bark wounds at uncontrolled skidding with chute system, 1 sap wood and 3 bark wounds at portable hand winch, and 16 sap wood and 44 bark wounds at skidding on uphill slope with farm tractor.

Keywords: Harvesting, residual trees, sap wood and bark wounds, chainsaw, chute system, portable hand winch

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IMPACT OF REGIMES OF PROTECTION ON EFFECTIVNESS OF FOREST UTILIZATION IN SPECIAL NATURE RESEVE „GORNJE PODUNAVLJE” Milorad DANILOVIĆ1*, Radmila ŠAKIĆ – PEURAČA2, Aleksandar ŽIVKOVIĆ1, Slavica ANTONIĆ1, Vukan LAVADINOVIĆ1 1

Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

SE „Vojvodinašume”, Serbia

Abstract: This study tends to explore the impact of protective measures, prescribed by the legal acts, in Special nature reserve „Gornje Podunavlje“on the dynamic of forest utilization. Special attention has been referred to nesting dynamic and abundance of White-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla L.). In regard to long-term monitoring of nesting, dislocation of occupied nests within nesting area, operational and practical security, this study besides usual nomenclature of localities and management categories (compartments and management units) used also geographical coordinates of nesting trees as permanent and independent parameters. Coordinates have been obtained with GPS instruments. In the case when the protection zone is strictly respected and all other activities during the reproduction period are eliminated, nesting is not affected with forest management and human activities. However in such circumstances the possibility of achieving forest management goals decreases, i.e. the final outcome of forest utilization and its success has been questioned. Taking in consideration that the basic principle of management of protected area is its conservation, forest utilization has to be based on principles of sustainability, biodiversity protection and to focus on close to nature management principles. Besides, this study analysed influence of flood stage on the dynamics of forest utilization activities, actually on its efficiency. This research can be an important step in implementation of sustainable development, since its long term concept implies constant economical growth, which besides economic efficiency, technological development and higher participation of indviduality ensures decrease of poverty, improvement of natural resources utilization, health conditions and life quality, prevent pollution and mitigate biodiversity.

Keywords: Forest utilization, White-tailed eagle, floods, Gornje podunavlje, protection regimes

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ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGES INF WORK-RELATED HEALTH STATUS OF THE HARVESTING WORKERS IN FORESTRY

Metin TUNAY* and Tuna EMİR

Bartın University, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Today labor protection is one of the most important issues of the business life. While forestry workers are at the limit value of the ergonomic pressures that a human organism can stand despite the technical progressions in recent years, legislation provisions fall behind the application due to the different features that the forestry business has exhibited in terms of business life and the social security of the employees working in this sector cannot be provided completely. This situation hinders the forestry workers in showing the required sensitivity on health problems, and thus results in high level of health problems and affects productivity. The aim of this study is to reveal all the changes by performing all the physical examinations of the forestry workers who take charge in production and transport operations in forestry such as measurement-logging, cutting with chainsaw, dragging with tractor and transportation with trucks within certain periods in the hospital environment, to detect the disorders occurring due to the work effect and to propose solutions. Within this scope, detailed information on general health status of a total of 12 forestry workers who are only taking charge in the relevant work segment, with each segment having a capacity of 3 workers, despite not having a certain distribution of work in forestry production and transport operations has been obtained upon comparing all the physical examinations of these workers to be made in 5-year periods (2011-2012 / 2015-2016 production years) and revealing the differences. Moreover, the work load that the forestry workers had within this period, their working methods and habits were also analyzed together.

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NETCAD HELP WITH GOOGLE EARTH AND FOREST ROADS PLANNING

Erhan ÇALIŞKAN

Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Forest roads production, protection, access to forest areas in the realization of forestry activities such as reforestation and fighting forest fires provide ways. Forest road projects, economic, environmental and social needs are meeting. Planning of forest road network, access to forest villages, depending on social needs providing transportation to production work that is made according to the intended use of the forest. In this study, the construction of forest roads and made its way Netcad plan utilizing the Google Earth program.Research results in the construction of forest roads and plan Netcad Google Earth 'has emerged from can be utilized. Keywords: Forest road, planning, NetCAD, Google Earth

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COMPARISON OF FOREST OPERATION WORKERS IN ERGONOMIC RISK ASSESMENT METHODOLOGY

Erhan ÇALIŞKAN

Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: One of the most important functions of forests is timber production. Wood raw material in the production of soot, which is the object of the tree is a natural asset. trees in the forest in different terrain, in different locations, each of which are in different shape and condition. Forestry workers work with tools, implements over a wide area and being exposed to all kinds of external factors and working methods is completed, it will move to another. Thus, the workplace is not hard, it is mobile. Workplace change working conditions are also changing the order was related musculoskeletal disorders primarily for the prevention of ergonomic risk assessment should be carried out in workplaces. Many methods have been developed in the literature in order to ergonomic risk assessments are available. In this study, three method chosen to ergonomic risk assessment and presented detailed information on these methods. These methods are not suitable in terms of the primary risk factors on forest workers and ergonomic posture, strength and continuity factor is assessed on the basis of a model consisting of different combinations. Risk percent according to the results obtained in the studies was determined. Keywords: Forest Operations Workers, Occupational Health and Safety, Ergonomics Risk Assessment

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TREE-CROWN DELINEATION BASED ON VERY HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGES

Nicoleta-Viorela IURIST (DUMITRASCU)* and Ersilia ONIGA

„Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Hydrotechnical Engineering, Geodesy and Environmental Engineering, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The forest and trees have an important role for ecology and as a supply as natural resources. Satellite remote sensing technology is one of the most effective methods for mapping and monitoring forest resources. The objective of the current study was to automaticaly delineate the trees-crowns located in a certain area based on the filtered nDSM in raster format obtained from Pleiades satellite images and the 3D point cloud acquired by airborne laser scanning (ALS), using the "watershed" segmentation. To achieve the goal, the necessary steps are presented, from the different topographic models derivation, such as the digital terrain model (DTM) and the digital surface model (DSM) using the moving least squares interpolation e.g. moving planes, to the determination of the normalized surface model (nDSM) that contains trees heights, calculated by subtracting the DTM from the DSM. The DTM of the study area was created based on ALS points and the DSM based on the point cloud automatically generated using Pleiades stereoscopic pair images and the „Match-T” software. Finally, the number of manually digitized trees was compared with the number of segments obtained automatically. The preliminary results showed high potential of using Pleiades images, ALS point clouds and the "watershed" segmentation for tree-crown delinition with applications in forest management and monitoring, forest inventory analysis etc.

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NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FOREST PRODUCTION STUDIES - FROM TRADITIONAL TO SENSOR BASED

Stelian Alexandru BORZ

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The results of forest production studies represent key components in various forestry-related activities. While the traditional production studies helped the researchers to better understand the operational behavior of different harvesting systems, they produced also important results to be used in forest management. Nevertheless, this particular kind of research is heavily impacted by the need to commit significant resources both, in the field phase as well as in the office phase of the study. This is mostly the case of traditional hand-on production studies. On the other hand, the forest technology is continuously progressing by adapting itself to the new challenges posed by the scientific and practical context in the forestry and environmental domains. Often, the improvements in technology are leading to quite different operational behaviors of the newly developed equipment while the production studies are struggling to keep the pace with all of these developments. In this context, this paper addresses the new developments in forest production studies with emphasize on those based on sensors. Advantages and limitations of different types of sensors as well as the potential of development in this particular research field are discussed based on a literature survey and examples form the Romanian forest operations.

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EDGE EFFECTS IN FORESTS DUE TO TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT: A SHORT REVIEW OF DRIVERS AND RESPONSES

Gabriela-Codrina TIŢĂ* and Marina Viorela MARCU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Forest edges are the consequence of either natural or anthropogenic factors being characterized by a quite different exposure to microclimate compared to forest interior. Air and soil temperature, soil moisture, wind regime and light availability are only few vegetation drivers that particularly characterize the dynamics of tree growth near the forest edges. Examples of forest edges that are created by human activity are those characterizing the roads corridors, yarding and skidding corridors as well as the artificially created edges near the clearcuts. While the natural forest edges are not thoroughly discussed here, this paper reviews the drivers that produce effects in growth dynamics of trees located on or near the artificially created forest edges with emphasize on those forest edges that are specific to forest road network development and harvesting operations: yarding and skidding corridors. The motivation of this bibliographic research was framed around the need to better understand how the development of harvesting and road transportation infrastructure may affect the tree growth dynamics, in the attempt to improve the strategic and tactical approaches as well as the design of harvesting and transportation infrastructure. The results of this study may be useful for forest managers by providing supplementary data that could assist them in their decision making. Also, the results of this study may be used as a starting point in carrying regional studies aiming to emphasize eventual differences related to the behavior of tree growth dynamics.

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EFFECTS OF SOIL COMPACTION ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN RANGELANDS CASE STUDY: KAHRAMANMARAS AHIR MOUNTAIN

Nurşen BOLAT*, Mahmut REİS, Hurem DUTAL

Kahramanmaras Sütcü Imam University, Turkey, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Soil compaction which is more influence on productivity and runoff is one of the frequently encountered problems in rangelands non-uniform and overgrazing pressure. In this study, effects of soil compaction on soil properties were revealed by investigating Ahır mountain rangelands non-uniform grazing and overgrazing pressure. For this purpose, 4 different factors namely erosion paving, road, protected area and grazed area were selected in Ahır mountain rangelands. 3 plots, each one 1000 m2, were determined for each factor. Totally 960 homogeneously distributed penetrometer measures were performed in research plots. Penetration measures were performed in 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm depth level. 4 undisturbed soil samples were taken from each area (erosion paving, road, protected area and grazed area) to determine soil properties such as bulk density, permeability, particle density, water holding capacity and porosity capacity. According to results obtained, it was determined that there were differences among soil compaction values in 4 different areas. It was found that bulk density was high and soil was impervious in areas where soil compaction was high.

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A RESEARCH ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS AND SOIL EROSION

Mimar Sinan ÖZKAYA, Mahmut REİS*, Hurem DUTAL, Ömer BOLAT

Kahramanmaras Sütcü Imam University, Turkey, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Physiographical properties of a watershed are one of the most important factors affecting hydrological and soil properties of the watershed. Therefore, watershed characteristics have a significant influence on soil erosion. Turkey especially its Mediterranean region is among countries most affected by soil erosion in the World. In this study, it was evaluated relationship between physiographic characteristics and erosion risk of Halfalı stream watershed which is 25 km away from Kahramanmaras city located in Mediterranean region of Turkey. The watershed area, land use type, average elevation, average slope and aspect properties were determined by using geographic information systems (GIS). In order to determine erosion risk status of study area, RUSLE (revised universal soil loss equation) method was used. It was determined that watershed area is 1411 ha. Watershed elevation ranges from 665m to 2053m. When examined the results obtained it was found that watershed characteristics harmonized with erosion risk status. İt was determined that 60% of study area was subject to very low erosion risk, while 2%, 6%, 10% and 20% of study area was subject to low, medium, high and very high erosion risk, respectively. It was found that especially slope factor as a watershed characteristic had the most important effect on erosion, and high and very high erosion risk areas is located in steep, very steep and rough slope areas constituting 68% of the watershed.

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MONTHLY CHANGES OF NDVI VALUES IN GROWTH SEASON. CASE STUDY: TERBUZEK STREAM WATERSHED

Hurem DUTAL*, Mahmut REİS, Nurşen BOLAT

Kahramanmaras Sütcü Imam University, Turkey, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: NDVI (Normalized Differences Vegetation Index) is a reliable and widespread indicator used for investigating vegetation changes in both regional and global scales. In this study, changes in NDVI values were investigated based on elevation (2500 m) and time (April – December) through growth season in Terbuzek stream watershed within boundaries of Kahramanmaras city in Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Study area consists of forest, rangelands, agricultural lands, residential areas and open areas. Growth season lasts from beginning of April to end of October in the study area. In this process, with the purpose of determining changes in vegetation, average NDVI values were calculated for each month. Landsat 8 and Landsat 7 satellite images were used for NDVI calculation. According to results obtained, NDVI values reached maximum in May at 2500 m. Then, NDVI values belonging to all altitude level decreased to October. This situation was attributed to extreme decrease in precipitation and increase in evapotranspiration due to extreme temperature.

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A RESEARCH ON SUITABILITY OF AGGREGATE DROUGHT INDEX (ADI) IN MEDITERRANEAN CITY OF KAHRAMANMARAS

Mahmut REİS*, Hurem DUTAL, Nurşen BOLAT

Kahramanmaras Sütcü Imam University, Turkey, e-mail: mailto: [email protected] Abstract: Drought is a natural hazard causing adverse effects on land and water resources due to lack of rainfall in a certain region. One of the most important features of drought is insidiousness. Thus, drought should be consistently monitored with different drought indexes. There are lots of drought indexes used in national or international scale. Aggregate drought ındex (ADI) is one of the comprehensive drought indexes. Aggregate drought ındex (ADI) considers all drought type (meteorological, agricultural and hydrological) by selecting variables relating to each drought type. Kahramanmaras is located in Mediterranean region that is among the areas expected to be affected by climate change in the World. As Kahramanmaras has the largest water reservoir in Turkey, drought must be monitored with comprehensive drought indexes instead of drought indexes based on only one variable. In this study, a drought analysis was carried out for Kahramanmaras city using Aggregate drought index. In order to determine suitability of Aggregate drought index; average precipitation, temperature and stream flow data belonging to 1989 – 2011 period of Kahramanmaras meteorology station were used and results were compared historical drought events occurred in 1989 – 1994, 2001 and 2006 – 2008 in whole Turkey. When examined the results, it was seen that Aggregate drought index results corresponded to historical drought events and can be used to monitor drought in the study area.

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MODERN METHODS IN TREE STABILITY ASSESSMENT

Vasile Razvan CAMPU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: This paper presents a modern methodology for assessing the risk in park and street alignment trees of the city of Brasov. The method involves analysing tree stem resistance to wind load, using modern techniques (sonic tomograph and drilling resistance) for the identification of internal defects and studying the tree stem and crown characteristics as well as the distance from objectives to be protected. The purpose of this methodology is to identify trees that have stability problems and the main defects which affect their stability. These trees could be a danger to society in the event of natural phenomena such as strong winds that may cause the breaking of crowns, stems or even uprooting. For an accurate assessment of the risk in these trees, they have been divided into five risk classes depending on the score that they get by adding the points given for each criterion.

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CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE RELATIONSHIP „FOREST ROAD-FOREST”

Jean VIȘAN*, Valeria Maria ALEXANDRU, Doina Valentina CIOBANU, Elena Camelia MUSAT

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The accessibility of forest sector with roads mainly solves some technical-economical aspects based on the fact that the road penetrates more deeply the forest, even for difficult land conditions. Thus, the capitalization and transportation of harvested wood is performed with resonable costs. The forest itself fulfils two important functions, such as for protection and production, but it offers also other functions that are worth to be considered: the climatic function, protection of waters and soil, hygienic function for air purification, as well as the touristic function, through the aesthetics of lanscape. The forest road solves the accessibility of forest as regard to multiple aspects (soil, subsoil, hydro-energetic and touristic potential), offering the premise needed for rational management of forest areas up to the limit age of exploitability (cultivation, protection and safety). Based on this statement, the forest road must belong organically to the forest life, inclusively within the forest eco-system biotop. It also contributes to the wood transportation and silvicultural works that are needed to stabilize and develop the area. This way the forest itself is capitalized. Beginning with such request, the actual norms for forest roads (design-rehabilitation-maintenance and reparation) bring into the attention of forest engineers, both designers and constructors, new modalities to solve the problems of forest roads. The technical and economical solutions for road are corelated to the ecological, social and touristic demands of the area, with a view to fix the relationship „forest road-forest”.

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A STUDY OF THE ACCELERATION AND VELOCITY OF MANEVRES OF HEAVY VEHICLES ON FOREST – NATIONAL ROADS INTERSECTIONS

Constantin-Alexandru BRATU* and Doina Valentina CIOBANU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Road junction composed of forest roads and public roads are presented as spatial element that requieres a high level of traffic safety. The main objective of this paper is to determine acceleration and speed transit mode of manevres of heavy vehicles on forest – national roads intersections. The methology consists of the following steps: 1.indentifying forest road – national road intersections; 2. surveying forest road – national road intersections; 3. recording the acceleration and velocity of manevres of vehicles in transiting forest road - national road and national road - forest road. The result of this study is comparing speeds and accelerations recorded on forest roads and public roads and determining how to influence the variation of acceleration and speed on road traffic safety.

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A STUDY OF SAFETY LAVEL OF MANEUVRES OF HEAVY VEHICLES ON FOREST ROAD – PUBLIC ROAD (NATIONAL ROAD) INTERSECTIONS

Constantin-Alexandru BRATU* and Doina Valentina CIOBANU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Traffic safety in the area of intersections between forest roads and public roads (with modern superstructure) is influenced by the geometrical characteristics. The main objective of this paper is to find in the international scientific literature which is geometrical elements that define traffic safety in intersections forest road - national road. The methology consists of following steps: study Romanian scientific literature; study interntional scientific literature and comparing of the both studies. The result of this study is finding the newest design solutions to increase the level traffic safety on forest road public road (national road) intersections.

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ECOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF HORNBEAM OAK STANDS

Ana GLAVAN

University of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Republic of Moldova, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Inadequate treatments or lack of interventions with operations in youth culture, promotes the expansion of secondary species at the expense of main species. The negative effects of the phenomenon of replacing the oak with hornbeam species have considered both ecological aspect (natural composition change) and the economic aspect (wood oaks is often more expensive than wood hornbeam). Scientific profound sense of ecological reconstruction is reaching or approaching natural structures, corresponding fundamental natural forest type. But in present it is accepted that once you have produced changes in the ecosystem, on the one hand taking into account the influences of disturbances climate in progress, on the other hand the initial state of the stand is hard or, quite a lot of stands it”s impossible. Therefore, in such situations, it tends to structures „natural-potential” optimized, close to the new conditions, to cope better with stress. The research aim is to identify and propose technologies to increase production capacity of the stands and reduce costs by improving effective methods on replacement and restoration stands inadequate, low productivity which provides for the promotion techniques ecological and economical to keep hornbeam in rein when it manifests itself as a species as invading and overwhelming, without push for its removal from future composition stands but rather to capitalize valences of secondary species. Depending on the research aim, propose the following research methods regarding ecological reconstruction of stands with hornbeam: Return partially derived hornbeam stands into natural fundamental forest typest will be done by natural regeneration and apply progressive and successive silvicultural treatments but where stands are totally derived, regeneration of these stands has the appearance of an ecological reconstruction (substitution) and apply clear cutting silvicultural treatments. For restoring partially derived stands will be done a comparative analysis of the influence of progressive cutting treatments and successive cutting treatments on the natural regeneration of seedlings. For restoring totally derived stands by applying clear cutting, afforestation will be executed through direct sowing and the platantions of seedlings there after will be make comparisons between qualitative and quantitative characteristics obtained from seedling. The research works will be carried out in stand from central area of Moldova.

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INFLUENCE OF THE SOIL ON THE DURATION OF HOLE DIGGING FOR PLANTING SAPLINGS BY USING A GROUND AUGER N. BOJA1*, F. BOJA1, D. VIDREAN2, I. POPESCU2, A. TEUSDEA3 1

Faculty of Economics, Informatics and Engineering, „Vasile Goldiş” Western University of Arad, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

2

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania 3

Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, Romania

Abstract: This paper presents the results of our research regarding the usage of ground augers in the forestry sector for drilling holes in order to plant saplings. In order to carry out the research, we settled in two forest divisions in the plains of the West of Romania (Arad, Lipova) so that we could have four different types of soils which are representative for that specific area. All our trials were conducted on previously unprepared (non-processed) soils. We started by measuring the particle size distribution and the main physical properties of the soil (moisture, bulk density and total porosity) and then, we determined the duration of drilling holes, split times (duration of movement from one hole to the other) and the fuel consumption when using a Stihl BT 121 auger equipped with a 200mm-diameter drill. The average values for the duration of digging and the fuel consumption for each type of soil was as follows: 1st type of soil – timing 11.7±3.09 sec. and average consumption 4.31±1.14 ml; 2nd type of soil – timing 12.0±3.76 sec. and average consumption 5.75±1.80 ml; 3rd type of soil – timing 12.06±1.99 sec. and average consumption 4.76±0.79 ml; 4th type of soil – timing 9.83±2.52 sec. and average consumption 3.49±0.89 ml (mean±SD).

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RELIABILITY OF FOREST ROADS IN THE FOREST DISTRICT COMANDAU COVASNA COUNTY

Vasile BOGHIAN

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Reliability of forest roads is their ability to provide safety and comfort in operation for a certain period of time. Depending on the climatic conditions of the area smooth functioning forest roads at certain times of the year. Water and road traffic on forest roads are currently the main factors influencing the proper functioning of forest roads. Depending on the quantity of biomass transported on the forest road as well as period when transporting biomass, the road can be degraded more or less. Reliability concerns and maintenance costs and repairs of roads in the area, as well as solutions for reducing these costs.

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PRODUCTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IN FORWARDING OPERATIONS - A REVIEW

Stelian Alexandru BORZ

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Forwarders are considered to be among the most used harvesting equipment worldwide. Their use in forest operations is often associated with soil impacts due to their increased mass. Soil compaction on the forwarding tracks represents one of the most researched issue that is related to this kind of operations. In adequate conditions that are mostly related to extraction distance, stand characteristics and extraction type, they may be regarded as very productive machines. This is partially related to their technical and operational capabilities, enabling them to exhibit an outstanding maneuverability. This study reviews the relevant literature on forwarding operations with emphasize on the productivity and the environmental impact. A literature survey has been carried out in the most relevant databases to extract the studies carried out on forwarding operations using relevant keywords. Additional studies have been collected from other data sources such as technical paper and reports prepared as results of previous research projects on this topic. Also, databases of forwarder manufacturing companies have been investigated in order to extract key components and information that were relevant for this study. The results of this study present the advantages and limitations of forwarding technology and they indicate further directions for improvement in this kind of operations.

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DEVELOPMENTS IN FOREST OPERATIONS ECOLOGY - NEW METHODS AND TOOLS FOR SOIL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Stelian Alexandru BORZ

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: One important research component in the forest operations engineering and management science is represented by the forest operations ecology. This particular research field aims to develop improved techniques and equipment in order to reduce as much as possible the harvesting operations impact on the residual trees, seedling and soil. However, the latest developments are focused also on using environmental impact assessment methods to analyze and improve or (re)design the harvesting systems in order to meet the current environmental challenges. Nevertheless, one key issue that is frequently addressed in forest operations research is the impact of harvesting equipment on the forest soil. In this direction, methods have been developed for quantifying and classifying the soil impact. Most of them are based on implementing statistical designs that should able to meet the accuracy requirements while the fieldwork consists of visually assessing and classifying the soil impact. Soil compaction is another key issue that has been frequently addressed by researchers. New developments seem to make the transition from the traditionally conducted impact studies to methods that are specific to remote sensing applications. This study reviews the methods used in the assessment of soil impact following the harvesting operations with focus on the newly developed methods and tools. The potential and limitation of such tools and methods is discussed as well.

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CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT OF THE HUMAN RESOURCES FOR EXECUTION PROCESS OF FOREST ROADS USING SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Cristina-Ioana DRAGOMIR, Adela-Eliza DUMITRASCU*, Doina Valentina CIOBANU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: In this paper are presented the evaluation and development methodology of human resources for the execution process of forest roads taking into account the performances indicators. In this sense, there are define the steps of the analyzed execution activities, the considered performances indicators, assessment methodology and specific criteria, and concrete results which it will lead to optimize the analyzed process.

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LAYOUT MODELS OF SHELTERBELTS FOR PROTECTION OF COMMUNICATION NETWORK NATIONALLY AND GLOBALLY LEVELS

Corina GANCZ*, Serban DAVIDESCU, Cezar UNGUREAN, Nicu TUDOSE, Andrei ADORJANI, Cristinel CONSTANDACHE, Costica ANASTASIU

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The last half of the last century was marked by explosive growth of terrestrial communication paths as a consequence of the increasing need of the population to move quickly anywhere in Europe (and beyond). Ever increasing development of terrestrial transport enhances the need to travel safely throughout the year. The effect of disruptive climatic factors, such as blizzards, must be reduced by various means, including through the establishment of protective shelterbelts. Researches regarding protective forest belts of communication network have to be deepened and developed for climatic conditions of our country, previous data being old and insufficient. Technical Norms and standards concerning the placement of forest belts for protecting communications network in Romania provides inhomogeneous information about shelterbelts positioning and species composition, depending on the issuer and elaboration date. The forestry sector is licensed to provide solutions for protection of communication routes against extreme climatic events, but these solutions must be based on modern research in the field, taking into account the current climatic conditions and protection requirements of the contemporary world. In US and Europe but also in Japan, in the last 50-60 years have been made research on the structure and location of road protection forest belts in the last 50-60 years, researches have been made on the structure and location of the forest belts of roads, whose scientific results that can be analyzed and adapted to specific climate and vegetation in our country.. Worldwide there is a wide experience of the installation and efficiency of forest belts, validated through a series of research; due to this, it is beneficial to test and validate these models at a national level.

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EVALUATION OF SELECTED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WILLOW WOOD

Bogdan IANCU, Elena-Camelia MUSAT, Emilia-Adela Salca*, Cezar SCRIBA, Doina Valentina CIOBANU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The utilization of willows is mostly known for traditional purposes, such as baskets, utility wood and other small specialty wooden items. Nowadays, new scenarios regarding its uses in furniture manufacturing are written according to the new eco-friendly approach of low grade wood species with a view to achieve valueadded products. The present paper is focused on some selected mechanical properties of willow wood (Salix alba) native in Romania. Density of wood has a strong correlation with strength and elasticity, playing also an important role in wood processing and its utilization. Therefore, the influence of density on bending strength of willow wood was studied in this work. Defect free willow samples were cut from commercially manufactured flat sawn timber supplied by a sawmill company in Brasov, Romania. Modulus of rupture (MOR) and Modulus of elasticity (MOE) were determined and analysed in accordance to European standards in the field. When compared to most other hardwood and softwoods, the mechanical properties of willows were relatively low. However, findings in this work revealed that willow wood showed high strength values in relation to its limited density. It appears that wood species having less comercial value can also be utilized effectively in sectors where they previously had no or little potential. Therefore, under such approach, the ranking of willows may improve significantly.

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SKYLINE TENSION IN CABLE YARDING – TECHNICAL AND SAFETY FACTORS

Gheorghe IGNEA*, Cătălin Cosmin MUNTEANU, Ionut DUTA

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: This paper analyses the technical-economic and legal framework in relation to the use of cable yarders in the Romanian forest operation. Following some examples given on the occupational accidents, the paper analyses the factors affecting the correct skyline setup as well as the possible ways to determine the influence of incorrect setups on the skyline failure. The paper includes also practical diagrams that enable the rapid calculation of skyline tension for forest cable yarders.

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SCAR CLOSURE IN THE RESIDUAL DAMAGED TREES DUE TO GROUNDBASED SKIDDING IN THE HYRCANIAN FOREST, NORTHERN IRAN

Jourgholami MEGHDAD* and Feghhi JAHANGIR

Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Damage to residual trees, the most important consequence of the utilization of residual masses is unknown. Due to the exercise of close to nature forestry method to manage forests and harvest distribution in this method, reduce damage to the residual mass becomes significant The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of damage to residual trees during logging operations, review and compare various diameters of tree species and resistance against scars or created during the operational size, intensity and different locations and the changes in the wound (healing and wound closure or expansion) is the species over time. The research was carried out in the Patom and Namkhaneh was Kheyrud Forest. The results showed that significant differences exist between species and of healing. By increasing the diameter of the tree species, the recovery ratio is reduced significantly. Results the relationship between the area and the percentage of wound healing showed that by increasing the size of the wound (the primary area of the wound), statistically significantly reduced compared heal. Also, the height of the wound, the rate of wound healing is a significant change. With the increasing severity of the wound healing rate was statistically significantly reduced. The results showed that old wound statistically significant effect on the amount of traffic healing, but highly statistically significant effect on wound healing is not over. Also, data distribution is a normal wound. The results showed that deep wounds trees later than superficial wounds heal. Regardless of the species, by increasing the size of the wound, the wound healing significantly (by about logarithmic dimming) is reduced. Position trees skid trail has positive effects on the amount of damage to residual trees And Due to this fact that wounds more than a meter in height of the tree, and the tree is the most valuable part of the tree, so try to mitigate the damage to the residual stand is an essential ground skidding operations.

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SOIL BULK DENSITY, POROSITY AND PENETRATION RESISTANCE RECOVERY AFTER TIMBER HARVEST CESSATION ON ABANDONED SKID TRAILS AFTER 20 YEARS IN THE HYRCANIAN FOREST, NORTHERN IRAN

Jourgholami MEGHDAD* and Feghhi JAHANGIR

Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, I.R. Iran, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Deforestation and soil degradation were started simultaneously, the maintenance one was causing the other maintenance, therefore, the forest operation engineers have tried to develop techniques that the amount of damage was lower and the recovery time was shorter. The research studied in two districts; Patom and Namkhaneh of Forest Kheyrud in order to assessment the environmental impact of slope, traffic and rutting Location on soil physical properties and recovery them over 20 years compared with the controls. Four abandoned skid trails was selected with direction downward and different ages and in each of these skid trails three traffic classes and each traffic class were determined by two classes of slope. For measurement soil bulk density and total porosity, a sample plot of 10×4 m was located at each treatment. The results showed that the maximum value of the bulk density and penetration resistance was achieved in high traffic intensity and slopes over 20%. Soil bulk densities in the different skid trails directions over 20 years, were more than the control area, but the difference was not significant, While the difference in resistance to penetration was significant. Over 20 years of skidding operations, soil physical properties are being retrieved, so that the bulk density and penetration resistance as 12.75 and 23.3% more than in a control area. This difference was not significant for bulk density, but for penetration resistance is significant.

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RESEARCH CONCERNING THE FOREST FIRES PRODUCED IN ARGEș COUNTY, ROMANIA

Elena Camelia MUŞAT*, Rudolf Alexandru DERCZENI, Doina Valentina CIOBANU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Forest fires have always represented a destabilizing factor which had affected the most diverse forest ecosystems. However, the forest fires should not be regarded always as an ending point but rather as a new beginning for other ecosystems. Arguments in this respect are even the practices of the shepherds who, in desire to regenerate the grasslands, ignite the dry grass and causing forest fires which, not infrequently, were out of control and have produced significant damage. Thus, the dry vegetation from the ground level (grass, dry leafs, branches fallen on the ground) ignites very easy and causes litter fires of whose development is influenced, among other things, by the direction and speed of wind. In the light of the above, it was chosen the Argeș County (Romania) as the study area, because here the sheep farming is an important occupation for citizens of rural areas. From data centralization was found that only at the 2012 level have produced 36 forest fires, being affected a total area of approximately 245 ha. In addition, it appears that the most fires were recorded in March. At firefighting attended besides forest rangers, military and civilian firemen, also many citizens.

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RESEARCH CONCERNING THE IDENTIFICATION OF INTERNAL DEFECTS AT BEECH BY ANALYZES ON TRANSFER OF SOUND THROUGH THE WOOD

Elena Camelia MUŞAT* and Arcadie CIUBOTARU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Lately, the nondestructive determination of internal defects of standing trees has become increasingly more widespread. Thus, it came to expanding the medical technique of tomography at the standing trees, being developed tomographs that can identify the internal irregularities of wood that may indicate defects which, at a simple visual assessment of the external appearance of trunk, can remain unnoticeable. This paper aims to highlight how working the Arbotom sonic tomograph in detection of internal defects at beech wood. In this regard, it were conducted tomographies on beech logs which subsequently were sectioned in the investigated areas, being made comparisons between the true condition of the wood at the sectioned level and the image reconstructed by the tomograph based on the apparent velocity of sound through the wood. It has been found that the images provided by tomograph often indicate the true condition of the wood, even if the image do not indicates exactly the type of defect. Thus, on the tomographies appear irregularities in wood caused by the non-uniformity from inside. In conjunction with the low values of velocities of sounds that travel through the wood, these draw attention on the existence of internal defects.

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ESTIMATION OF BIOMASS GROWTH IN ONE-YEAR SALIX CROP AFTER SHOOTS CUTTING

Cezar SCRIBA*, Elena Camelia MUȘAT, Doina Valentina CIOBANU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Biomass is for Romania, a promising renewable source of energy, both in terms of potential and in terms of usability. So far in Romania were based a lot of the energy crops willow, especially in Mures, Covasna and Harghita counties. The studies on estimation of biomass energy crops willow is at the beginning, this experiment determined the amount of wood that can be obtained after cutting the shoots. At the base of study is the hypothesis that correlation of diameters measured at different heights of shoots can express the yield of biomass contained in a one year shoot and the yield of biomass per hectare can be estimated using medium samples harvested from sistematic field samples. The study is located in Covasna county on experimental willow crops (Inger clone). As a result, the diameters and heights from enrgy crop willow and the number of shoots (distributed to classes of heights and diameters) represent the best indicators for the yield of dry mass per hectare. The yield of biomass can be up to 10 t / ha, a result comparable with other studies.

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SURVIVAL RATE OF INGER AND TORDIS (SALIX VIMINALIS) CLONES CULTIVATED ON SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH HEAVY METALS

Cezar SCRIBA*, Ioan Daniel POPOVICI, Elena Camelia MUȘAT, Doina Valentina CIOBANU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: In Romania, the introduction of short rotation willow for energetic purposes is relatively recent, although there has been a significant progress recorded in the last years. A key aspect of using the biomass that can come from such cultures is related to their success that can be expressed also in terms of surviving. An equally importnat secondary objective of willow crops is to improve the soil conditions, by their installation in industrial contaminated soils. In Romania are used mainly cuttings of northern origin, whereas in the practice prevail the Inger and Tordis cultivars. In this context, this paper aimed to analyze the survival rate in a comparative culture that has been installed on a contaminated soil using Inger and Tordis cultivars. For this purpose, there was adapted a simple methodology for sampling the survival rate, consisting of a full inspection of the culture. Thus, it was considered that a specimen survived, if it generated shoots respectively entered into vegetation and that a specimen did not survived if it did not generated shoots or it has not been identified to the planting site during the filed data collection activities. The results of this study may be useful in choosing the strategy for establishing and maintaining such short rotation plantations with the general aim to improve the properties of contaminated soils as well as to produce biomass for energetic use.

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A METHOD FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ACCOUNTABILITY AND ASSESSMENT IN FOREST ROAD NETWORK DEVELOPMENT

Iulian Mihai NENU* and Stelian Alexandru BORZ

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: The assessment of environmental impact represents one of the central research preoccupations in many industrial sectors as it was triggered by the need to evaluate to what extent a given product system may affect the environment. Depending on many factors, the development of forest road network may result in many activities out of which the earthmoving, bridging and surfacing are predominant. Of course, these suppose the use of heavy machinery, transport of raw materials and significant on-site operations aiming to construct or to rehabilitate/maintain forest roads. Starting from the principle of sustainability – „think globally, act locally” the impact of construction, maintenance, operation and rehabilitation of forest roads must be addressed holistically, probably by using analysis-to-severe degrees. The goal of this study was to develop a method able to analyze and evaluate technical solutions for the construction, maintenance and rehabilitation of forest roads, framed around the system engineering concepts and incorporating the principles of Life Cycle Assessment. The developed method is presented as a case study for a representative forested area of Romania as well as for the commonly used engineering solutions in the region.

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EVALUATION OF A SMARTPHONE APPLICATION USED IN TREE HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS

Andrei APĂFĂIAN* and Horațiu MUNTEANU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Recently, the development of software applications for mobile phones has been characterized by an extraordinary development. Depending on the intended use, some applications may be of a real help by enabling the decision making process in some specific situations. In forestry, key dendrometric features such as the basal area, number of trees per hectare, tree height and the growing stock can be easily acquired, estimated or derived by using various applications that are available for both Android and IOS platforms. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the tree height measurement accuracy that could be achieved when using a Moti software installed on two smartphones: Samsung Galaxy S5 and IPhone 5S respectively. Data acquired with the mentioned smartphones was then compared with the measurements made by a Vertex III and Nikon Forestry Pro rangefinder. Field data was collected in a Scots pine stand. Each tree was measured by two operators using all of the above described equipment. The results of this study indicate significant tree height differences (possibly errors) produced by smartphone measurements if compared to data produced by Vertex and Nikon devices. However, mobile software technology such as that used in this study has a lot of development potential in future tree measurement applications.

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Section 5: Wildlife management

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THE SOUTHERN CRESTED NEWT IN WESTERN PALEARCTIC FORESTS; IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AMPHIBIANS

Sohrab ASHRAFI*, Anooshe KAFASH, Masoud YOUSEFI

University of Tehran, Iran, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Climate change affects ecosystems and species ability to adapt and so it is expected to threaten many species in near future. In this study, we predicted the impact of climate change on distribution of the Southern Crested Newt. Distribution models were developed on two levels, including species and the phylogeographic lineages-level. For both levels, modeling process was carried out in Maxent software, using 10 climate variables and the occurrence data. For future climate change, developed current distribution models were projected into the future using two scenarios for 2050 and 2070. We also conducted a gap analysis to see, to what extent current protected areas will be able to support future suitable ranges of the Southern Crested Newt. Output of the distribution model at the species-level showed that the Southern Crested Newt was likely to lose considerable proportions of its current suitable habitats in the future. Among three phylogeographic lineages, the western and central lineages were also predicted to undergo range contractions with higher level of habitat loss for the central lineage. In contrast, the eastern lineage was recognized to gain some suitable habitats particularly in eastern parts of the species distribution. Gap analysis showed that the future coverage of the suitable habitats for the species inside the protected areas would drop by 7%, indicating the importance of integrating the impacts of climate changes into designation of new protected areas. Our study also highlighted the necessity of using species evolution history in addressing and evaluating future climate-change impacts. This could lead conservationists to taking unbiased conservation actions considering the phylogeographic lineage-level conservation requirements than the species level.

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INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF TROPHIC INTERACTIONS: MOOSE AND FOREST IN SWEDEN AND BELARUS Vitalie GULCA1* and Per ANGELSTAM2 1

Forest Research and Management Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, School for Forest Management, Sweden

Abstract: The effects on tree regeneration of herbivores depend on their density and the amount of food provided under different forest landscape management systems. Within the European hemiboreal ecoregion different countries provide different social-ecological contexts, and thus opportunity for comparative studies regarding the trade-offs among different variables. Currently, moose (Alces alces) hunting management is being reformed in both Sweden and Belarus, including several suggestions for improving wildlife and forest management in both countries. The situation in southern Sweden is presently quite problematic concerning the chance to regenerate Scots pine for wood production, and deciduous tree species for biodiversity conservation successfully in areas with even moderate populations of moose. In Belarus moose hunting is a significant product delivered by forest ecosystems, which can be steered by development and change of hunting and forest management. First, based on interviews we assessed stakeholders’ perceived ecosystem services linked to moose and forests in Sweden and Belarus. Second, we assess the carrying capacity for moose in case study landscapes in different both countries. The profiles of ecosystem services linked to the moose-forest system were different between Sweden and Belarus. The big difference in moose density and harvest between the countries was linked to different carrying capacities related to forest management systems. Finally, we propose a governance and management model focused on integration of the interactions between moose populations and forests management.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE UNGULATES HUNTING MANAGEMENT IN REPUBLIC OF SERBIA AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL Vukan M. LAVADINOVIĆ1*, Milorad DANILOVIĆ1, Dejan BEUKOVIĆ2, Pajo VOJVODIĆ1 1

Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail address: [email protected]

2

Agriculture Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Abstract: Socialistic Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) had well developed hunting, based on favorable natural characteristics, strategic planning and proper ground management. Republic of Serbia, as its successor, inherited knowledge and hunting tradition developed in SFRY which is a good prerequisite for establishment of strong hunting sector. Besides, Serbia has high biodiversity of wildlife, since majority of European bird and mammal species are autochthonous in the country. Despite all potentials the Serbian hunting sector is in poor state, due to political and economical crises which shaped the country during the ‘90s. Nowadays it tries to recover, although it faces many threats and it has been neglected by decision makers and researchers. In that sense, this paper tries to provide knowledge on hunting sector and its characteristics. Traditional analyses of the Serbian hunting sector in the past were done at the national level, in order to provide information to decision makers. This research tends to identify if there are difference at the regional level between hunting management practices in order to identify how well decision making at the national level fits regional characteristics. For that purpose two statistical regions of Central Serbia, Western Serbia with Šumadija and Easter and South Serbia, have been included in this research. Their hunting management practices have been compared and analyzed for autochthonous deer species (red deer and roe deer) and wild boar. These wild animals have been chosen because they are the most important large ungulates species in Serbian hunting sector. Results show that the game management for these species is not satisfactory. Population abundance at the national level, despite some improvements, is low. However there are no differences between regional management characteristics, which mean that decision makers can implement the same measures to improve the game abundance and establish adequate management practices. Keywords: Serbia, game management, regions, deer, wild boar

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BIOCOENOTICS ROLE AND WILDLIFE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IMPORTANCE OF LARGE PREDATORS IN THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS Mykhailo LUSCHAK1, I. Delehan2, V. Bondarenko2 1

Specialized Forest Hunting Research & Nature Reserve Enterprise „Black Forest”, Ukraine 2

Ukrainian National Forestry University, Ukraine

Abstract: At the beginning of the ХХI century the problem of large predators of the Ukrainian Carpathians doesn’t lose its actuality although the role of these animals in the biocoenosis and the human attitude to them has essentially changed. The investigations carried out in the region demonstrate that the existence of large predators depends on the anthropogenetic factors (including the press of hunting) and to a great extent on the anthropogenetic transformation of ecosystems. Area fragmentation of large predators complicated brown dear and lynx existence. Its caused the loss of their ecological resistance and population number decreasing. Wolf areal and its number has also changed but fox turned out to be the most capable to adapt to the transformed environmental conditions. The retrospective has been studied and the present-day importance of large predators in nature and human economic activity in the Carpathians has been defined. Most of the animal species under the investigation such as wolf, lynx and fox during the year are in the competitive relationship with a man for hoofed and fir-bearing animals resources. Taking into the consideration the depression of such species as deer, roes, wild boars and rabbits in the Ukrainian Carpathians efficient measures should be taken in order to protect brown bear and lynx populations, to control the number of wolves and foxes and to reproduce the livestock of deer, roes, wild boars and rabbits. Cattle-breeding damages caused by the large predators are minimal and only the dogs are killed by the wolves. Brown bear and lynx populations have the decreasing tendency that is why they need more effective protective measures. The cyclic increase and decrease of the indices that can be used to forecast foxes population dynamics as well as to develop a special kind of programs for population control in the desired direction.

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MORPHOMETRIC ASPECTS OF BEAVERS IN ROMANIA

Alexandru GRIDAN* and Simon DIETER

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: 18 years after its reintroduction in Romania, beaver came to populate most of inland rivers and their tributaries. In general, after the introduction of a species it is necessary to monitor the newly formed population trends until its stabilization. One of the important aspects related to reintroduced species is the morphological and anatomical survey, in different habitats, as a result of integration and development. At the same time, creating a morpho - anatomical and geneticdatabase, is a matter of major importance for future research and conservation of beaver in Romania.

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CONSERVATION STRATEGIES FOR EUROPE’S LARGEST BROWN BEAR POPULATION IN THE CARPATHIANS THROUGH LANDSCAPE RESISTANCE MODELING Ancuta FEDORCA1* , Mihai FEDORCA1, Georgeta IONESCU2, Ovidiu IONESCU1 1

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania

Abstract: One of the largest population of brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Europe, is situated in the Romanian Carpathians, more than 6000 individuals occurs at the highest densities reported in Europe: at between nine and more than 24 bears/10.000 ha. Large carnivores

need large surfaces to satisfy their ecological/ethological

needs and a high pressure is put on them. At the moment, human activities, infrastructure development and habitats fragmentation give birth to major challenges in elaborating conservation strategies. To mitigate these pressures, long-term conservation strategy is compulsory and should take into consideration the influence of anthropogenic/ecological factors correlated with species ecology and ethology and to be implemented into species management. This study highlights the power of landscape genetics tool in detecting fine scale structuring within one large continuous population demonstrating that the landscape composition becomes an important predictor of spatial genetic variation in brown bear population. Assessment studies of environmental impact, using gene flow modeling, field observation, individual’s movement (telemetry) and protection of identified corridors and a buffer zone, respectively the implementation of mitigation measures in crossing areas, represents management strategies which should be adopted for conserving the largest Europe’s largest brown bear population in the Carpathians and to assist in mitigating planned infrastructure development in the next decade.

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PREFERENCES OF LEK SELECTION BY CAPERCAILLIE IN THE ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS Mihai FEDORCA1*, Neculae SOFLETEA1, Ovidiu IONESCU1, Georgeta IONESCU2, Ancuta FEDORCA1 1

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

„Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Romania

Abstract: Starting 2011, Romanian legislation has listed capercaillie as a game bird species, but without a hunting period because of the population decline in Europe. However, now is essential to determine forest habitats used by the species in order to design long-term conservation measures. The aim of this study consists in mapping the leks used by the species across Carpathians. Our initiative represents the first study conducted in Romania, being a very important step towards, for ensuring the conservation of a viable population. Locations of the leks were collected from the field (more than 700), further we have used different size circles to determine the habitat conditions. Slope, altitude, distance to settlements, distance to roads, land use, distance to arable land, temperature, rain fall are the variables which have been used. Conserving the leks is very important in providing a good future of the specie. These should be translated in long-term conservation measures, in order to ensure sustainable development.

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IMPORTANCE OF ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS IN DESIGNING ECODUCTS

Aurelian CANDREA-GRIGORAȘ

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Habitat fragmentation in natural areas represents a great threat to global biodiversity conservation in the long term. The corridors are important because they can be a tool to maintain the viability of populations in fragmented landscapes, resulting in a stronger connectivity. In order to keep habitat patency at the intersection with the transport infrastructure, we need viable technical solutions, thus maintaining continuity of ecological corridors. Ecoducts and all the other special structures for infrastructure crossing by wild animals should not be evaluated in isolation. They should be an integral part of the overall concept of maintaining habitat patency between populations.

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NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION OF RUPICAPRA RUPICAPRA L. IN THE RETEZAT MOUNTAINS

Viorel DUMITRESCU*, Andrei DUMITRESCU, Gheorghe Florian BORLEA

Banat University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine „King Michael I of Romania“ from Timisoara, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: The chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra L.) is a well known species in the Retezat Mountains, where the species has optimal local conditions. After a dramatic decrease in number of individuals between 1980 – 1990, the chamois is facing new challenges which could dramatically affect its future in the area. The species sex-ratio is unbalanced and recent records show an excess number of female chamois. The high number of females leads to a forcing of the young he-goats and as a consequence their robustness and their trophies value has dramatically decreased. As a result, unwanted and very bizzare trophies characteristics have recently been recorded in the area: he-goats with high and thin trophies and small span of the horns as well as females with strong and bent trophies (similar to those of he-goats). Comparing with the chamois hunted in the Parang neighbour mountains, where the chamois have horns with a large span and big thickness, the trophies hunted in Retezat are characterized by extra- height, small span and thin horns. The genetic variability of the Retezat Mountains chamois population could be affected and urgent actions must be taken in this respect.

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Section 6: Advanced geomatics

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ELEVATION ERROR COMPARISON OF COMMONLY USED DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS (DEM) WITH GROUND CONTROL POINTS

Sercan GÜLCİ*, Hakan OĞUZ, Kıvanç YÜKSEL

Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Forestry, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Land surveying has vital use for monitoring, planning and detailed mapping for natural resources in lands. Recently, considering the technological progress in surveying, especially in the area of engineering, more professional and precious instruments (laser or radar scanners, GPSs, total stations etc.) and platforms (satellite, aerial, and ground-based) employed to promote high-efficiency, accurate of projects. In addition to technological development and instrumentation, sustainability approaches necessitate greater accuracy for land surveying of habitats. The engineering applications in forests require more precision and attention to projects; otherwise engineers may cause irreversible damage to nature in addition to wasting money and time. Hence, the concept of the accuracy has become a significant factor to preventing engineering impacts on habitats. Thus, this study primarily evaluates the DEMs mentioned in many research papers. Within the scope of this study, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflectometer Global DEM (ASTER GDEM 2), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 1 arc-second and DEMs derived from photogrammetry, which are commonly used by researchers, were compared and validated by using the root mean square error (RMSE) to investigate errors in elevation data. Surveying for 116 reference points in the test-site, which has barren and poorly vegetated (Grass/Shrub) land surfaces, was carried out by using total station. The precision of the photogrammetryderived DEM's error, is better, and more reliable than that of other DEMs in bare lands, such as forest openings. The investigated RMSE values were 1.62 m for the photogrammetry-derived DEM, 2.68 m for SRTM, and 11.79 m for ASTER GDEM2. The photogrammetry-derived DEM showed higher accuracy than satellitebased models.

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CALCULATING ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN KAHRAMANMARAS, TURKEY USING LANDSAT 8 IMAGERY WITH THE SEBAL MODEL

Hakan OGUZ

Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Forestry, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: In Turkey, water is the most important constraint facing agriculture. Irrigated lands are extremely vital to our economy. Evapotranspiration (ET) can be defined as the loss of water to the atmosphere from the ground, lake, pond, and vegetative surfaces due to vaporization of water. ET is usually the largest hydrological flux through the summer months in Turkey. The ability to accurately estimate the magnitude of this flux is crucial for the water balance and planning the use of available water resources. The main objective of this study is to calculate the actual ET for the city of Kahramanmaras, Turkey via the SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) model using Landsat 8 imagery. Landsat images are useful resource for estimating ET when high spatial resolution is desired.

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LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE RETRIEVAL FROM LANDSAT 8 SATELLITE IMAGERY: A CASE STUDY OF BURSA – TURKEY

Hakan OGUZ

Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Forestry, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Land Surface Temperature (LST) is a key climate variable, related to surface energy balance. The new instrument which called Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) carried on board of the new generation of Landsat 8 captures the temperature of the Earth’s surface in two bands, band 10 and band 11 with spatial resolution of 100m. The main objective of this study was to retrieve LST using the tool developed by Oguz H (2016), which makes the LST retrieval process quite simple. In this study, Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) method has been employed in ArcGIS Model Builder to retrieve LST from Landsat 8 satellite imagery. The user just inputs required bands (Band4, Band5, and Band10) and a couple of parameters then the tool outputs the final LST imagery automatically. The tool first makes the conversions to top of atmosphere (TOA) radiance and reflectance. Then NDVI is calculated based on NIR and RED bands reflectances. Land surface emissivity is calculated based on NDVI Thresholds Method (NDVI-THM) which was developed by Sobrino et al. (2008). Finally the tool calculates land surface temperatures in degrees Celsius.

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GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND MANAGEMENT

Costinela Pîrvan

„Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: In the context of the increasing number of inhabitants of the planet, life expectancy and climate changes that we face with, obtaining stable yields, by practicing sustainable agriculture it is a challenge of great importance. Also the improved technologies that allows to view, query, and analyze geographic data leads to an easier use of such software in the management of agricultural land.

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THE USE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN LAND QUALITY ANALYSIS

Costinela Pîrvan

„Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: There is very few information provided by the sporadic or systematic cadaster regarding its economical side, many of them being limited at only some information such as, destination and category of land usage. To obtain increased yields of the highest quality under low cost it is important to own knowledge about the agricultural land quality, as well as their various favorability to crops and agricultural uses. At the same time, the assessment of agricultural land must be made not only in natural conditions, but also in terms of arrangement, as the intervention with various works of territorial improvements may increase or decrease the quality of farmland.

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TAX ASPECTS ON ASSESSING THE VALUE OF BUILDINGS IN ROMANIA USING METHODOLOGY DERIVED FROM IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW TAX CODE

Gabriel SANDULACHE* and Gabriela PROCA

„Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: This paper presents measurement principles of real estate using the provisions of the new Fiscal Code, ANEVAR’ new methodology imposed by GEV 500 Guide and representative case study.The legal framework for the taxation of buildings consists of: Tax Code, Rules methodology of law enforcement 227/2015 regarding the Fiscal Code and Evaluation Guide 500 GEV - Assessment methodology for buildings No.3 / 2015. The evaluation takes into account two criteria, namely the owner - the taxpayer and the use of the building (residential, non-residential and mixed). The taxable value is the estimated value type tax purposes nonresidential buildings owned by individuals or legal entities and residential buildings owned by legal entities. The taxable value is not market value or fair value as defined types of value assessment standards in force, ie the Romanian legislation on accounting regulations consistent with European directives or other specific accounting regulations and International Standards on Auditing.

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DRAWING OF SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MAPS FOR PROTECTED AREA ROSCI0202 SIVOSTEPA OLTENIEI

Irinel GRESITA

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Protected areas, defined as areas in which the primary purpose is the conservation and protection of nature and cultural values are important to all segments of society. They have great potential to become models of the harmonious development of human society because these areas are promoted, more than elsewhere, sustainable management of natural and cultural resources. One of such protected area is ROSCI0202 Sivostepa Olteniei is in Câmpia Română, in Dolj County, and it consists of six blocks . Their surface is 9297 hectares, which, in terms of bio-geographic region are integrated into the mainland. Prevailing forests are made up predominantly of sky and flasks, at a rate of over 85% being natural forest ecosystems. The five types of habitat identified here provide optimum development conditions for many species of community interest. In the management plans of protected areas of national an important part consists of mapping the distribution of species in the protected area. This paper presents field and office activities conducted and the results obtained map for achieving them ROSCI0202 Sivostepa Olteniei.

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THE USING OF ORTHOPHOTOMAPS IN CADASTRAL WORKS

Adrian-Cosmin GHIMBASAN

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The introduction of cadastre in Romania as a matter of national interest and community obligation, in order to guarantee property rights, real estate market development, credit guarantee, etc., is dependent upon the digitisation of the basic cadastral plan at a scale of 1/5000 all across Romania. The technologies used are varied and the work is complex, involving large expenses. Within this context, the present work aims to determine whether and to what extent this cadastral plan can be obtained through the transformation or vectorization of the existing national orthophotoplans. The methodology is based on comparing the vectorised cadastral plan with the one obtained by level surveys, considered as a reference, and applied to land areas located in two different places. Comparisation has focused on the main stages of the vectorization process, namely on easily identifying parcels (property estates) and tracking their borders, on markings positioning accuracy, on surface errors that may arise in relation to real errors, and on aspects regarding performance, including hardware and software logistics. The results are good, fully satisfactory, suitable for practice in many categories of surveying projects and particularly advantageous in terms of performance that is ensured with minimum equipment. Some difficulties arise only in special cases on site, when additional evaluations and monitoring is required.

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AN ERROR ANALYSIS FOR ELEVATION DATA COLLECTED BY ALS IN FOREST ENVIRONMENTS

Mihnea CATEANU*, Arcadie CIUBOTARU, Cornel Cristian TERESNEU

Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: The remote mapping of terrain covered by forests with an ALS (Airborne Laser Scanner) system has the potential to assist forest harvesting projects, where an accurate representation of morphology is very useful. Elevation data is also necessary for quantifing and monitoring forest resources, such as above-ground biomass, from LiDAR data. A laser scanner stores recorded data in the form of a 3D point cloud, which contains not only points resulting from the laser pulses` reflection from the ground, but also reflections from buildings, bridges and vegetation. Therefore, in order to extract meaningful terrain elevation data, ground returns have to be separated from the other returns, a process called ground filtering. This paper aims to provide a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the errors that are inherent when ground filtering is performed automatically. Of interest to our research is the case of mountainous terrain, characterised by moderate to steep slopes and covered by forest vegetation. The study area is located in the Lotru valley of the Southern Carpathian Mountains in Romania, where ALS data was recorded with an airflown RIEGL LMS-Q560 sensor. In a this area a number of test plots, designed to ensure statistical significance, were surveyed with a total station, to provide a basis for estimating the elevation errors caused by ground filtering. The influence of vegetation cover parameters (such as canopy cover density), laser data parameters (point density, scan angle) and terrain parameters (terrain slope, curvature or ruggedness) on the amount of error induced by filtering is analysed. We also consider the degree of error propagation for different DEM interpolation techniques and for derived products (such as slope, curvature or landform maps) at multiple scales of analysis. Our findings suggest that, even though the amplitude of errors is difficult to estimate a priori, LiDAR technology (especially if manual post-processing is considered) provides an accurate, detailed representation of terrain morphology for forest harvesting purposes. The fact that steep slopes covered by forest vegetation are far from ideal conditions for any ground filtering algorithm has to be taken into account.

Keywords: LiDAR, ground filtering, forest harvesting.

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INVESTIGATION OF THE QUALITIES OF DEMS OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES TO PRODUCE TOPOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR GULLY EROSION STUDIES

Mirwais AZAMI1*, Tuğrul YAKUPOGLU1, Recep GUNDOGAN2, Turgay DINDAROGLU1 1

Kahramanmaraş Sutçu Imam University, Turkey, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

Harran University, Turkey

Abstract: Topography plays key role in soil erosion processes. Field measuring data are essential tools for getting topographical characteristics. But it is cost and time consuming. Topographical characteristics can be derived from digital elevation model easily. In this study we investigated the qualities of DEM obtained from ASTER GDM, SRTM and contours to produce topographicalcharacteristics such as elevation, slope, aspect, compoundtopographical index in micro catchment of Topçu creek in Mediterranean region of Turkey. Also we compared the elevation values with those generated DEM derived GPS-based ground observation data. The overall accuracy was computed as 3.5, 4.6, 14,6 m for DEMs obtained from contours, ASTER GDEM and SRTM, respectively. The results revealed that DEM obtained from contours was more successful than SRTM and ASTERGDEM ones producing topographical data for gully erosion studies.

Keywords: Soil erosion, Topographical characteristics, DEM, GPS

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Book of abstracts

THE USE OF DRONES IN FORESTRY (REVIEW PAPER)

Tiberiu BANU*, Florian BORLEA, Constantin BANU

Faculty of Horticulture and Forestry, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: Recently drones have found applicability in a variety of study fields, one of these being forestry, where an increasing interest is given to this segment of technology, especially due to the high-resolution data that can be collected flexibly in a short time and at a relatively low price. Also, drones have an important role in filling the gaps of common data collected using manned aircraft or satellite remote sensing, while having many advantages both in research and in various practical applications particulary in forestry as well as in land use in general. This paper aims to briefly describe the different approaches of applications of the unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAVs) in forestry, such as forest mapping, forest management planning, canopy height model creation or mapping forest gaps. These approaches have great potential in the near future applications and their quick implementation in a variety of situations is desirable for the sustainable management of forests.

Keywords: drones, UAV, remote sensing, forest management

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Book of abstracts

BUILDING GEODATABASE FOR CHEILE TURZII ROSCI 0035 AND CHEILE TURENILOR ROSCI0034 - NATURA 2000 PROTECTED AREAS DIMEN Levente1*, BORșAN Tudor1, BUZILĂ Liviu2 1

„1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia, Romania, e-mail address: [email protected] 2

„Babeș -Bolyai” University, Cluj Napoca, Romania

Abstract: The main objective of this paper consisted in creating a geospatial database in order to enable the analysis of the relief from different perspectives. We have chosen, in this sense, to analyze the morphometric factors (hypsometry, horizontal fragmentation, fragmentation depth, the map and the exposition of the slopes) which act upon the relief in the Turda Gorge, by using, mostly, the possibilities offered by the Geographic Information Systems. ROSCI 0035 and Cheile Turenilor – ROSCI0034 - Natura 2000 protected areas are located 6 km west of Turda and about 15 km south-east of Cluj Napoca, in Transilvania, România. These areas contain one of the richest and most scenic karst landscapes in Romania. The reason for choosing this area as a case study is the fact that, here, the relief is visibly fragmented, not only horizontally, but also vertically, by numerous permanent and temporary watercourses that influence, through their existence, the morphometric factors.

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