Book of Abstracts

Book of Abstracts

La Serena, Chile April 21 – 26, 2013

IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile

Dear Delegates On behalf of the Organising Committee and our sponsors it is a pleasure to welcome you to the IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology and to the city of La Serena. As in previous symposia we have had, this time we also are going to discuss the latest advances in research in most of the disciplines related to grapevine. With more than 260 oral and poster presentations covering from applied physiology to molecular biology aspects, we are sure that at the end of the meeting we will have a better understanding about this wonderful species. Physiology, molecular, genetic and biotechnology talks and posters in the following research areas will be presented: • • • • • • • • • • •

Fruit development and composition Plant growth and development Flowering and fruit setting New advances in grapevine physiology including stress physiology Grapevine water relations Grapevine rootstock physiology Plant management including nutrition New advances in grapevine genomics and metabolomics Plant - pathogen interactions and disease resistance Environment interactions and grapevine responses to climate changes Grapevine post - harvest physiology and biotechnology

The symposium will be hosted in La Serena city which is the capital of the Coquimbo region, one of the most important viticultural regions of Chile. Famous for the traditional cultivation of special varieties for production of aromatic spirits (Pisco), this region is also reputed for its high standard table grape production and its modern wine industry. On Wednesday 24th we will visit the Elqui valley known as the “magic valley of the Andes”.

During the tour you will have the opportunity to taste our Pisco and wines. During the evening you will have an experience unique observing the starts of the South hemisphere in the Mamalluca Observatory. Once again welcome to La Serena and to the IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology

Manuel Pinto Convener

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Organizing Committee •

Dr. Manuel Pinto (President) INIA - CRI La Platina, Santiago [email protected]

•

Dr. Gabriel Sellés INIA - CRI La Platina, Santiago [email protected]

•

Dr. Patricio Hinrichsen INIA - CRI La Platina, Santiago [email protected]

•

Dra. Carolina Uquillas INIA - CRI La Platina, Santiago [email protected]

•

M.Sc. Antonio Ibacache INIA - CRI Intihuasi, La Serena [email protected]

•

Dr. Andrés Zurita INIA - CRI Intihuasi, La Serena [email protected]

Scientific Committee •

Anne-Francoise Adam-Blondon URGV - Plant Genomics Research, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, INRA

•

Eduardo Agosin Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

•

Patricio Arce Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile

•

Alain Carbonneau Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier, France

•

Bruno Defilippi Bruzzone Unidad de Postcosecha, Departamento de Mejoramiento Genético y Biotecnología, Centro Regional de Investigación La Platina, INIA, Santiago, Chile

3


•

Serge Delrot

UMR Ecophysiologie et Genomique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), Domaine de la Grande Ferrade, INRA, France

•

Patricio Hinrichsen Ramírez Departamento de Mejoramiento Genético y Biotecnología, Centro Regional de Investigación La Platina, INIA, Santiago, Chile

•

Mark Krstic The Australian Wine Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia

•

José Miguel Martínez-Zapater Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino, Complejo Científico Técnico de la Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, C. Autonómica de La Rioja, Spain

•

Hipólito Medrano Gil Grup de Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterránies, IMEDEA Departament de Biología, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Malllorca, Spain

•

Claudio Moser Dipartimento Genomica e Biologia delle Piante, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Istituto Agrario di San Michele all'Adige, San Michele, Italy

•

Etti Or

Fruit Tree Science Department, Institute of Horticulture, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel

•

Claudio Pastenes Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile

•

Manuel Pinto Contreras Departamento de Mejoramiento Genético y Biotecnología, Centro Regional de Investigación La Platina, INIA, Santiago, Chile

•

Humberto Prieto Encalada Departamento de Mejoramiento Genético y Biotecnología, Centro Regional de Investigación La Platina, INIA, Santiago, Chile

•

Bruce Irving Reisch Department of Horticultural Sciences, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, New York, USA

•

Gabriel Selles van Schouwen Departamento de Sustentabilidad y Medio Ambiente, Centro Regional de Investigación La Platina, INIA, Santiago, Chile

•

Hans R. Schultz Forschungsanstalt Geisenheim, Geisenheim, Germany

•

Melané Vivier Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

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Conveners Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, Chile www.inia.cl

International Society for Horticultural Science www.ishs.org

Sponsors Gobierno Regional, Región de Coquimbo www.gorecoquimbo.gob.cl

Fundación para la Innovación Agraria www.fia.cl

Sociedad Agronómica de Chile www.sochigen.cl

Sociedad de Genética de Chile www.sochigen.cl

La Serena Convention Bureau, Chile www.laserenaconvention.cl

Ilustre Municipalidad de Vicuña www.munivicuna.cl

5


Agrolab www.agrolab.cl

Ambimet Ltda. www.ambimet.cl

BIOFRUTALES, Consorcio Biotecnología Frutícola www.biofrutales.cl

Pisco Capel www.piscocapel.cl

Ivens S.A. www.ivens.cl

Li-Cor Biosciences www.licor.com

MORPH2O Latino America S.A. www.morph2ola.com

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Symposium Programme

April 21st – 26th, 2013, La Serena - Chile

Sunday April 21 st 2013 Delegate Registration and poster installation

All the posters must be installed by Monday 22nd 16:00 – 17:30

Venue: Enjoy Convention Center – Main Hall – Symposium Desk and Room Bahía 2 Avenida Peñuelas Norte 56, Coquimbo / La Serena, Región de Coquimbo Tel: 56 (51) 423 000 / Fax: 56 (51) 423 002

Reception

Venue: Room "Bahía 3"

Welcome • • • • 17:30 – 19:30

Manuel Pinto (INIA, Chile), Convener Pedro Bustos, Director of The National Institute for Agriculture Research "INIA", Chile Nick K. Dokoozlian, Representative of the International Society for Horticulture Science,"ISHS" Mario D. Burlé, Intendente, Gouverment of Coquimbo Region, Chile

Opening Lecture

C. Davies (Australia) [1]* Understanding the control of grape berry ripening and developing opportunities for its manipulation

Cocktail Reception

Enjoy Convention Center – Room "Bahía 1" *Number between brackets indicate the abstract number

Monday April 22 nd 2013

Morning Sessions Venue: All the sessions will be held in Room “Bahía 3” 7:30 – 8:30

Delegate Registration and poster installation

Venue: Symposium Desk, Main Hall and Room “Bahía 2” All the posters must be installed by Monday 22nd

Session 1 a: Fruit development and berry quality 8:30 – 9:15

Plenary Lecture S. Delrot (France) [2]* Grape berry development and composition: recent data and issues

9:15 – 10:30

Oral Presentations L. Torregrosa (France) [12] The fleshless mutation: a valuable source to investigate the regulation of pericarp morphogenesis

7


M. Ford (Australia) [13] Global transcriptome analyses aids the discovery and characterisation of biosynthetic pathways in developing grapes G. Malacarne (Italy) [14] Dissecting the fine genetic regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol accumulation in mature grapes F. He (China) [15] Accumulation of anthocyanins in the skin and pulp of five different teinturier grapes 10:30 – 10:50

Coffee Break – Main Hall

Session 1 b: Fruit development and berry quality O. Bitz (Germany) [16] Glycosyltranferases and Terpenes. The first hides the second J. Ibáñez (Spain) [17] Phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of grapevine clones differing in their bunch compactness

10:50 – 12:15

P. R. Young (South Africa) [18] Grapevine carotenoids and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases: expression profiling and functional analysis C. V. González (Argentina) [19] Fruit-localized photoreceptors increases phenolic compounds in berry skins of Vitis vinifera L. cv Malbec M. P. Diago (Spain) [66] Understanding the effect of ambient UV radiation on grapevine physiology and phenols accumulation

12:15 – 13:00

Plenary Lecture [3] D. Lijavetzky (Argentina) Molecular and genetic analysis of grapevine berry size determination

13:00 – 14:00

Lunch – Room “Bahía” 1

Monday April 22 nd 2013 Afternoon Sessions Venue: Room “Bahía 3” Session 2 a: Plant growth and development

14:00 – 14:45

Plenary Lecture E. Or (Israel) [4] Central role for anaerobic stress, ethylene signaling and ABA degradation in the regulation of grape bud dormancy release Oral Presentations C. Moser (Italy) [20] Gibberellins metabolism in Vitis vinifera at flowering and fruit set

14:45 – 16:00

A. K. Achampong (Israel) [21] Characterization of the components of the GA signaling cascade in “Thompson Seedless” C. Muñoz (Chile) [22] Transcriptomic approach (RNA-SEQ) reveals putative biomarkers associated to berry Size in table Grapes

8


M. Pezzotti (Italy) [23] A single clone in different environments: the plasticity of the grapevine berry transcriptome 16:00 – 16:20


Session 2 b: Sugar accumulation and Ripening E. Duchêne (France) [24] Deciphering the genetic variability of berry sugar content in grapevine varieties D. Utz (Chile) [25] Nucleotide-sugar transporters in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) B. Bondada (USA) [26] Structural and fruit compositional anomalies related to various shrivels types developing during ripening of grape berries 16:20 – 18:00

C. Moser (Italy) [27] The onset of grapevine berry ripening is characterized by reactive oxygen species accumulation and 13-lipoxygenase-derived galactolipid peroxides in the chloroplasts L. G. Deluc (USA) [28] A genetic mechanism for synchronization of ripening among individual berries in Pinot Noir M. Corso (Italy) [29] Grape berry ripening delay induced by a pre-véraison NAA treatment is paralleled by a shift in the expression pattern of hormone-related genes

18:00 Onwards

Poster viewing and social networking

Venue: Posters will be displayed in Room "Bahía 2" Authors from poster N° 74 to 160 are specially invited to be present in this session.

Tuesday April 23 rd 2013

Morning Sessions Venue: All the sessions will be held in Room "Bahía 3" Session 3 a: Grapevine environment interactions (abiotic stress)

8:15 – 9:00

Plenary Lecture L. Williams (USA) [5] Physiological tools to assess vine water status for use in vineyard irrigation management: Review and update Oral Presentations A. Deloire (South Africa) [30] Effect of canopy manipulation on abiotic factors and grape and wine composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon Blanc

9:00 – 10:15

Y. Netzer (Israel) [31] Effects of RDI Treatments on Xylem Characteristics, Stem Water Potential, Yield and Wine Quality M. Bonada (Australia) [32] Elevated temperature and water deficit accelerated berry mesocarp cell death: link with shrivelling and sensory traits S. Foletta (Australia) [33] Analysis of canopy temperature variability to improve estimation of crop water stress using infrared thermography

10:30 – 10:50


9


Session 3 b: Grapevine environment interactions (abiotic stress & carbon partitioning) N. Franck (Chile) [34] Does shoot autonomy apply to the response of carbon assimilation to variations in source:sink relationships in grapevines? D. S. Intrigliolo (Spain) [35] Water versus sink:source relationships in a Tempranillo vineyard in semi arid Spain. Vine performance and fruit composition 10:50 – 12:15

S. D. Tyerman (Australia) [36] Regulation of hydraulic conductivity by aquaporins in roots and leaves U. Hochberg (Israel) [37] Physiology and metabolism in respect to hydraulic behavior. Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon performances under deficit irrigation C. Pastenes (Chile) [38] Carbon partitioning in water stressed Carmenere grapevines

12:15 – 13:00

Plenary Lecture H. Medrano (Spain) [6] From Leaf to Plant Water Use Efficiency: Solving the gaps for a whole plant evaluation

13:00 – 14:00

Lunch – Room "Bahía 1"

Tuesday April 23 rd 2013

Afternoon Sessions Venue: Room "Bahía 3" Session 4 a: Grapevine environment interactions (water stress)

14:00 – 14:45

Plenary Lecture G. Cramer (USA) [7] Early and Late Responses of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to Water Deficit: A Proteomics Perspective Oral Presentations N. Ollat (France) [39] The “Vit-Sec” project: investigating the molecular bases of grapevine adaptation to water deficit

14:45 – 16:00

J. Flexas (Spain) [40] Mesophyll conductance in grapevine cultivars in relation to leaf anatomy and water stress T. Simonneau (France) [41] Iso or anisohydry in a Syrah X Grenache progeny: do stomata matter? Y. Zhang (USA) [42] Disposing of excess phloem water via xylem back flow and berry transpiration enhances grape ripening

16:00 – 16:20


Session 4 b: Rootstocks water use efficiency and mineral nutrition M. J. Collins (Australia) [43] The role of rootstock conferred vigour in determining crop water use efficiency 16:20 – 18:00

N. Ollat (France) [44] Long Term Steady-State Drought-Induced Changes in Grapevine Rootstock Transcriptome

10


C. Espinoza (Chile) [45] Identification and molecular characterization of the boron transporter VvBOR2 from Vitis vinifera L.N. J. Lecourt (France) [46] The role of N signalling in rootstock conferred vigour: a modelling approach B. Hocking (Australia) [47] Investigating the origin of grape cell wall failure by examining varietal differences in cell wall structure and calcium accumulation N. Ollat (France) [48] Integrating ecophysiology and quantitative genetics to analysis the control of shoot growth by the rootstock under drought conditions 18:00 Onwards

Poster viewing and social networking Venue: Room "Bahía 2" Authors from poster N° 161 to 230 are specially invited to be present in this session.

Wednesday April 24 th 2013 Elqui Valley: Technical and Cultural Tour 8:00

Departure

Buses will depart from the Enjoy Convention Center – Avenida Peñuelas Norte 56, Coquimbo / La Serena, Tel: 56 (51) 423 000 / Fax: 56 (51) 423 002

9:00 – 10:30

Visit to Elqui vineyards

Typical vineyards for table grape, pisco and wine production. Varieties, soil, climate, irrigation and cropping systems used

10:30 – 12:30

Visit to a Pisco distillery

Capel distilleries, Vicuña city. The history, the process and the products. Tasting different spirits

12:30 – 13:30

Lunch

Box lunch and soft drink provided

13:30 – 17:00

Elqui valley tour

Visit to villages and to a organic winery located in the highest part of the valley

17:00 – 18:30

Visit to Vicuña Experimental Station "INIA"

Rootstock long term experiments Grapevine variety collection Tasting new Chilean Table grape varieties

19:00 – 23:00

Graciously offered to the distinguished visitors by the Visit to Mamalluca Municipality of the City of Vicuña Observatory Dinner under the stars, Andean music and dances, www.munivicuna.cl/mamalluca watching the southern sky (guidance provided)

11


Thursday April 25 th 2013

Morning Sessions. Venue: Room "Bahía 3"

Session 5 a: Grapevine Genomic 8:15 – 9:00

Plenary Lecture A.F. Adam-Blondon (France) [8] The grapevine reference genome Oral Presentations B. Reisch (USA) [50] VitisGen: A Coordinated Effort in Grapevine Genotyping, Phenotyping, and Marker Assisted Breeding

9:00 – 10:15

S. Vezzulli (Italy) [51] Structural dynamics at the berry colour locus in Vitis vinifera L. somatic variants E. Gomès (France) [52] Combining genetic, high-throughput transcriptomic and biochemical approaches to identify methoxypyrazine biosynthetic genes J. Battilana (Italy) [53] Understanding the regulation of VvDXS gene expression

10:15 – 10:45


Session 5 b: Grapevine Genomic J. Grimplet (Spain) [54] Functional annotation, categorization and integration of the predicted gene sequences and its application in expression analysis

10:45 – 12:00

G. B. Tornielli (Italy) [55] Towards a deep understanding of the function of grape regulators VvMYB5a and VvMYB5b A. Vannozzi (Italy) [56] Role of Two Novel R2R3-MYB Factors in the regulation of Stilbene Biosynthesis in grapevine R. Flamini (Italy) [57] Study of grape metabolomics by suspect screening analysis

12:00 – 12:45

Plenary Lecture P. Hinrichsen (Chile) [9] Functional genomics in table grape: Developing tools for assisted selection

12:45 – 14:00

Lunch – Room "Bahía 1"

Thursday April 25 th 2013 Afternoon Sessions Venue: Room “Bahía 3” Session 6 a: Biotic Stress 14:00 – 14:45

Plenary Lecture M. Vivier (South Africa) [10] Understanding and manipulating grapevine defense systems

12


Oral Presentations P. Barba (USA) [58] Resistance and susceptibility to powdery mildew: QTL discovery through next generation sequencing of an interspecific cross of grapevine 14:45 – 15:40

R. Töpfer (Germany) [60] Resequencing the interspecific hybrid cv. ‘Börner’ and characterisation of a QTL for Black Rot resistance J. Moore (South Africa) [61] High-throughput profiling of cell wall polymers in grapevine leaves and berries during development, in wine fermentation and under biotic stress

15:40 – 16:00


Session 6 b:

Biotic Stress J. Burger (South Africa) [62] Transcriptome analysis of field-grown Vitis vinifera infected with GLRaV-3 and Aster yellows phytoplasma

16:00 – 17:00

D. Herrera (Chile) [63] Characterization and use of a high expression metallothionein cisgenic promoter to induce viral silencing in grapevine. J. Lu (USA) [64] Histochemical Study of Host Resistance to Downy Mildew Disease of Grapevines

Poster viewing and social networking

17:00 – 18:30

Venue: Room "Bahía 2" Authors from poster N° 231 onwards are specially invited to be present in this session.

20:00 – 23:00

Symposium Dinner – Room "Bahía 1"

Friday April 26 th 2013 Morning Sessions Venue: Room “Bahía 3” Session 7a : Grapevine & Global Change

8:30 – 9:15

Plenary Lecture Ph. Pieri (France) [11] Climate change effects on vineyards derived from coupling ecophysiological models to simulated future climate Oral Presentations C. Sweetman (Australia) [65] Warming effects on organic acid metabolism in berries of field-grown vines

9:15 – 10:45

M. Pinto (Chile) [67] High radiation effects on protein expression during transition to autotrophy in grapevine leaves

13


D. Greer (Australia) [68] High temperatures affect gas exchange, growth and ripening processes of Semillon vines S. Fuentes (Australia) [69] Using Infrared thermal images to detect smoke contamination for different grapevine cultivars E. W. R. Barlow (Australia) [70] Adaptation of the Australian Wine Industry to Climate Change Phenological Trends and Management 10:45 – 11:15


Session 7 b: Post–harvest Physiology I. Balic (Chile) [71] Molecular and Physiological Study of Crunchiness of Table Grape Berry

11:00 – 12:00

A. Pérez-Donoso (Chile) [72] Early CPPU spray affects fruit development and post-harvest behaviour of seedless grapes S. Zenoni (Italy) [73] Molecular and metabolite changes in response to postharvest dehydration in different wine grape varieties

Closing Ceremony – Venue: Room "Bahía 3" 12:30 – 13:30

Chair: Manuel Pinto (INIA, Chile) • •

13:30 – 14:30

Closing Poster Competition (Poster Committee) Closing Competition for hosting the next Symposium (Next Symposium Committee)

Farewell Lunch – Room "Bahía 1"

14


Abstracts Index PLENARY LECTURES

Abstract Page Number

Session 1 Understanding the control of grape berry ripening and developing opportunities for its manipulation

1

33

2

34

3

34

4

35

5

36

6

36

7

37

8

38

9

38

C. Davies, C. Böttcher, P. Boss, T. Peat, J. Newman

Grape berry development and composition: recent data and issues M. Berdeja, Z.W. Dai, A. Destrac, E. Gomes, G. Hilbert, D. Lecourieux, F. Lecourieux, K. Van Leeuwen, J. Martinez-Luscher, P. Nicolas, N. Ollat, A. Parker, J. Pillet, P. Pieri, P. Vivin, S. Delrot

Session 2 Molecular and genetic analysis of grapevine berry size determination Diego Lijavetzky

Central role for anaerobic stress, ethylene signaling and ABA degradation in the regulation of grape bud dormancy release C. Zheng, T. Halaly, E. Or

Session 3 Physiological tools to assess vine water status for use in vineyard irrigation management: Review and update L.E. Williams, A.J. McElrone, K. Pearsall, R.S. Hibbs, A. Calderon, T.M. Shapland

From Leaf to Plant Water Use Efficiency: Solving the gaps for a whole plant evaluation Medrano H., Escalona J., Flexas J., Martorell S., Tomas M.

Session 4 Early and Late Responses of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to Water Deficit: A Proteomics Perspective Grant R. Cramer, Steve Van Sluyter, Delphine Vincent, Daniel W. Hopper, David R. Quilici, Rebekah J. Woolsey, Karen A. Schlauch, John C. Cushman, Dana Pascovici, Tim Keighley, Paul A. Haynes

Session 5 The grapevine reference genome A.F. Adam-Blondon

Functional genomics in table grape: Developing tools for assisted selection Patricio Hinrichsen

15


Session 6 Understanding and Manipulating Grapevine Defence Systems

10

39

11

40

12

41

13

41

14

42

15

43

16

43

17

44

18

44

19

45

Melane A Vivier

Session 7 Climate change effects on vineyards derived from coupling ecophysiological models to simulated future climate Philippe Pieri

ORAL PRESENTATIONS Session 1a The fleshless mutation: a valuable source to investigate the regulation of pericarp morphogenesis L. Torregrosa, L. Fernandez, C. Houel, J. Chaib, M. Rienth, D. Mackenzie, G. Lopez, A-F. Adam-Blondon, C. Romieu, J-M. Zapater, M. R. Thomas

Global transcriptome Analyses Aids the Discovery and Characterisation of Biosynthetic Pathways in Developing Grapes Damian P. Drew, Crystal Sweetman, Darren C.J. Wong, David Contreras-Pezoa, Yong Jia, Christopher M. Ford

Dissecting the fine genetic regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol accumulation in mature grapes G. Malacarne, L. Costantini, J. Battilana, E. Coller, S. Lorenzi, D. Masuero, M. Troggio, U. Vrhovsek, C. Moser, M. S. Grando

Accumulation of Anthocyanins in the Skin and Pulp of Five Different Teinturier Grapes Fei He, Chang-Qing Duan, Malcolm J. Reeves, Jun-Wang

Session 1b Glycosyltranferases and Terpenes The first hides the second O. Bitz, J.Frotscher, F. Boenisch, S. Stanitzek, E.-H. Ruehl, W. Schwab, M. Wuest

Phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of grapevine clones differing in their bunch compactness J. Grimplet, N. Laguna, J. Tello, N. Diestro, J.M. Martínez-Zapater, J. Ibáñez

Grapevine carotenoids and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases: expression profiling and functional analysis. P. R. Young, J. G. Lashbrooke, S. J. Dockrall, E. Alexandersson, D. Jacobson, M. A. Vivier

Fruit-localized photoreceptors increases phenolic compounds in berry skins of Vitis vinifera L. cv Malbec C.V. Gonzalez, M.L. Fanzone, L.E. Cortés, A.I. Peña-Neira, R.A. Bottini, C.L. Ballaré, D.C. Lijavetzky, H.E. Boccalandro

Session 2a 16


Understanding the effect of ambient UV radiation on grapevine physiology and phenols accumulation

66

74

20

46

21

46

22

47

23

47

24

48

25

49

26

49

27

50

28

50

29

51

30

52

31

52

32

53

E. Núñez-Olivera, M.P. Diago, P. Carbonell-Bejerano, J. Martínez-Abaigar, R. Tomás, J.M. Martínez-Zapater, B. Millan, J. Tardáguila

Gibberellins metabolism in Vitis vinifera at flowering and fruit set Lisa Giacomelli, Domenico Masuero, Urska Vrhovsek, Ron Werhens, Omar Rota Sabelli, Claudio Moser

Characterization of the components of the GA signaling cascade in “Thompson Seedless” A.K. Achampong, J. Hu, A. Rotman, A. Lichter, Y. Kamiya, Y. Jikumaru, T. Sun, E. Or

Transcriptomic Approach (RNA-SEQ) Reveals Putative Biomarkers Associated to Berry Size in Table Grapes C. Muñoz, A. Di Génova, A. Maass, M. González-Aguero, A. Orellana, P. Hinrichsen

A single clone in different environments: the plasticity of the grapevine berry transcriptome S. Dal Santo, G.B. Tornielli, S. Zenoni, L. Farina, M. Fasoli, M. Delledonne, M. Pezzotti

Session 2b Deciphering the genetic variability of berry sugar content in grapevine varieties E. Duchêne, Z. Dai , V. Dumas, N. Jaegli, D. Merdinoglu

Nucleotide-sugar transporters in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) D. Utz, M. Handford

Structural and Fruit Compositional Anomalies Related to Various Shrivels Types Developing During Ripening of Grape Berries Bhaskar Bondada, Markus Keller

The onset of grapevine berry ripening is characterized by reactive oxygen species accumulation and 13-lipoxygenase-derived galactolipid peroxides in the chloroplasts S. Pilati, D. Brazzale, G. Guella, A. Milli, C. Ruberti, F. Biasioli, M. Zottini, C. Moser

A Genetic Mechanism for Synchronization of Ripening Among individual Berries in Pinot Noir S. Gouthu; Y.Di; S. ONeil, L.G. Deluc

Grape berry ripening delay induced by a pre-véraison NAA treatment is paralleled by a shift in the expression pattern of hormone-related genes M. Corso, F Ziliotto, F.M. Rizzini,, A. Rasori, A. Botton, C. Bonghi

Session 3a Effect of canopy manipulation on abiotic factors and grape and wine composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon Blanc A. Deloire, K. Šuklje, Z. Coetzee, K. Lisjak, G. Antalick, J. Brandt

Effects of RDI Treatments on Xylem Characteristics, Stem Water Potential, Yield and Wine Quality Yishai Netzer, Sarel Munitz, Amnon Schwartz

Elevated temperature and water deficit accelerated berry mesocarp cell death: link with shrivelling and sensory traits M. Bonada, V. Sadras, M. Moran, S. Fuentes

17


Analysis of canopy temperature variability to improve estimation of crop water stress using infrared thermography

33

54

34

54

35

55

36

56

37

56

38

57

39

57

40

58

41

58

42

59

43

60

44

60

45

61

46

62

47

62

S. Foletta, S. Fuentes, I. Goodwin, E.W.R. Barlow, R. Farquharson, N. Cooley

Session 3b Does shoot autonomy apply to the response of carbon assimilation to variations in source:sink relationships in grapevines? N. Franck, FJ. Meza, D. Arancibia, JM. Escalona, V. García de Cortázar

Water versus sink:source relationships in a Tempranillo vineyard in semi arid Spain. Vine performance and fruit composition D.S. Intrigliolo, D. Pérez, A. Yeves, J.R. Castel

Regulation of hydraulic conductivity by aquaporins in roots and leaves Rebecca Vandeleur, Alicia Pou, Sunita Ramesh, Brent Kaiser, Matthew Gilliham, Wendy Sullivan, Asmini Athman, Hipolito Medrano, Jaume Flexas, Stephen Tyerman

Physiology and metabolism in respect to hydraulic behavior. Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon performances under deficit irrigation. Uri Hochberg, Asfaw Degu, Aaron Fait, Shimon Rachmilevitch

Carbon partitioning in water stressed Carmenere grapevines C. Pastenes, L. Villarroel, N. Ríos, F. Reyes, N. Franck

Session 4a The “Vit-Sec” project: investigating the molecular bases of grapewine adaptation to water deficit N. Ollat, P. Vivin, P.F. Bert, E. Lebon, V. Nègre , M. Chouet, P. This, F. Barrieu

Mesophyll conductance in grapevine cultivars in relation to leaf anatomy and water stress M. Tomas, H. Medrano, J.M. Escalona, S. Martorell, A. Pou, J. Flexas

Iso or anisohydry in a Syrah X Grenache progeny: do stomata matter? A. Coupel-Ledru, A. Doligez, P. Hamard, P. Péchier, M. Moreno, T. Simonneau, A. Christophe, P. This, E. Lebon

Disposing of excess phloem water via xylem backflow and berry transpiration enhances grape ripening Yun Zhang, Markus Keller

The role of rootstock conferred vigour in determining crop water use efficiency Everard J. Edwards, Annette Boettcher, Marisa J. Collins, Peter R. Clingeleffer, Robert R. Walker

Long Term Steady-State Drought-Induced Changes in Grapevine Rootstock Transcriptome A. Peccoux, C. Kappel, H.R. Schultz, D. Lecourieux, F. Barrieu, S. Delrot, N. Ollat.

Identification and molecular characterization of the boron transporter VvBOR2 from Vitis vinifera A. Bisquertt, C. Espinoza, F. Aquea, P. Arce-Johnson.

The role of N signalling in rootstock conferred vigour: a modelling approach J. Lecourt, SJ. Cookson, V. Lauvergeat, N. Ollat, S. Delrot, P. Vivin

Investigating the origin of grape cell wall failure by examining varietal differences in cell wall structure and calcium accumulation B. Hocking, R. Burton, S. Tyerman, M. Gilliham

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Integrating ecophysiology and quantitative genetics to analyse the control of shoot growth by the rootstock under drought conditions

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Studies on Effect of Micronutrients on Vine Growth, Yield and Physicochemical Characteristics of Grape cv. Arka Neelamani Grown in Laterite Soil Ranjit Pal, S. N. Ghosh

Session 5a VitisGen: A Coordinated Effort in Grapevine Genotyping, Phenotyping, and Marker Assisted Breeding B. Reisch, L. Cadle-Davidson, J. Londo, E. Takacs, K. Hyma, Q. Sun, P. Barba, A. Fennell

Structural dynamics at the berry colour locus in Vitis vinifera L. somatic variants D. Migliaro, M. Crespan, G. Muñoz, R. Velasco, C. Moser, S. Vezzulli

Combining genetic, high-throughput transcriptomic and biochemical approaches to identify methoxypyrazine biosynthetic genes S. Guillaumie, A. Ilg, M. Brette, S. Decroocq, C. Trossat, C. Keime, M. Pons, M. Massonet, C. Léon, E. Duchêne, S. Delrot, P. Darriet, P. Hugueney, E. Gomès

Understanding the regulation of VvDXS gene expression Juri Battilana, Francesco Emanuelli, Silvia Lorenzi, Kui Lin-Wang, Andrew C. Allan, Stella M. Grando, Paul K.Boss

Session 5b Functional annotation, categorization and integration of the predicted gene sequences and its application in expression analysis J. Grimplet, P. Carbonell-Bejerano, J. Díaz-Riquelme, J. Ibáñez, J.M. Martínez-Zapater

Towards a deep understanding of the function of grape regulators VvMYB5a and VvMYB5b E. Cavallini, A.R. Walker, S. Zenoni, L. Finezzo, A. Zamboni, M. Pezzotti, G.B. Tornielli

Role of Two Novel R2R3-MYB Factors in the regulation of Stilbene Biosynthesis in grapevine A. Vannozzi, J. Höll, S. Czemmel, A. R. Walker, T. Rausch, M. Lucchin, P. Boss, I. B. Dry, J. Bogs

Study of Grape Metabolomics By Suspect Screening Analysis Riccardo Flamini, Mirko De Rosso, Fabiola De Marchi, Antonio Dalla Vedova, Annarita Panighel, Massimo Gardiman, Luigi Bavaresco

Session 6a Resistance and susceptibility to powdery mildew: QTL discovery through next generation sequencing of an interspecific cross of grapevine P. Barba, L. Cadle-Davidson, K. Hyma, B. Reisch

Resequencing the interspecific hybrid cv. ‘Börner’ and characterisation of a QTL for Black Rot resistance Reinhard Töpfer, Thomas Rosleff Sörensen, Friederike Rex, Iris Fechter, Ludger Hausmann, Prisca Viehöver, Bernd Weisshaar

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High-throughput profiling of cell wall polymers in grapevine leaves and berries during development, in wine fermentation and under biotic stress

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JP Moore, EE Nguema-Ona, A Zietsman, SL Zhang, A Hugo, JU Fangel, WGT Willats, MA Vivier

Session 6b Transcriptome analysis of field-grown Vitis vinifera infected with GLRaV-3 and Aster yellows phytoplasma Johan T. Burger, Marie C. Solofoharivelo, Marius C. Snyman, Anelda van der Walt, Dirk Stephan, Shane Murray

Characterization and use of a high expression metallothionein cisgenic promoter to induce viral silencing in grapevine. D.Herrera, D.Muñoz, C.Espinoza, C.Medina, R.Larraín, P.Arce Johnson

Histochemical Study of Host Resistance to Downy Mildew Disease of Grapevines Jiang Lu, Ying Yu, Yali Zhang, Ling Yin

Session 7a Warming effects on organic acid metabolism in berries of field-grown vines Crystal Sweetman, Victor O. Sadras, Kathleen L. Soole, Christopher M. Ford

High radiation effects on protein expression during transition to autotrophy in grapevine leaves Manuel Pinto

High temperatures affect gas exchange, growth and ripening processes of Semillon vines D.H. Greer, M.M. Weedon

Using Infrared Thermal Images To Detect Smoke Contamination For Different Grapevine Cultivars S. Fuentes, R. De Bei, K.L. Wilkinson, R. Ristic, S.D. Tyerman

Adaptation of the Australian Wine Industry to Climate Change Phenological Trends and Management E.W.R Barlow, Penny Whetton, Leanne Webb

Session 7b Molecular and Physiological Study of Crunchiness of Table Grape Berry I. Balic, D. Sanhueza, C. Meneses, H. Prieto, B. G. Defilippi, A. Orellana, R. Campos-Vargas

Early CPPU spray affects fruit development and post-harvest behaviour of seedless grapes A.G. Pérez-Donoso, M.E. González, D. Vergara-Eneros

Molecular and metabolite changes in response to postharvest dehydration in different wine grape varieties S. Zenoni, G. B. Tornielli, S. Dal Santo, F. Guzzo, M. Fasoli, M. Pezzotti

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POSTERS PRESENTATIONS UV-B radiation induces MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in grape skin during berry development of Vitis vinifera

Abstract Page Number

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R. Loyola, J.T. Matus, A. González, P. Arce-Johnson, J.A. Alcalde

Expression analysis of gibberellin related genes and gibberellin metabolites during berry development in table grapes. G. Ravest, S. Silva, D. Laborie, J. Correa, M. Mamani, A. Di Genova, C. Muñoz, L. Giacomelli, C. Moser, A. Maass, C. Muñoz, M. González, M. Pinto, P. Hinrichsen

Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and genes related to sugar content and acidity in table grape berry M. Mamani, M. García, J. Correa, D. Laborie, M. Pinto, M. González, B. Defilippi, P. Hinrichsen

Effect of Training System on Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Vitis vinifera cv. Sultana in Takestan Region Hassan Mahmoudzadeh, Vally Rasouli

Energy and economic analysis of grape production in Hamadan province (Iran) Mousa Rasouli, Majid Namdari

Study of different methods, challenges and limits of production, preparation and processing of raisin in Iran Mousa Rasouli, Behrooz mohammad parast, Masoumeh Ghanbari

Investigation of the amount of chilling requirement in ‘Khalili Danedar’, ‘Syah Gerdel’ and ‘Atabake’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) Mousa Rasouli, Mostafa Aalifar

Evaluation and identification of sensitivity inducer bacteria strains to frost and cold stress in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Parvaneh Roostaei, Arash Babaei, Mousa Rasouli

Effect of potassium phosphite on some growth factors, fertility, yield and fruit characteristic of different grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars Mousa Rasouli, Allahdad Salimpour, Mehdi Hadadinejad, Seyed Ziya Nosrati, Masoumeh Ghanbari

Study of anti-cancer compound resveratrol in different parts of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Behrooz Mohammad Parast , Mousa Rasouli , Mahin Eyni

Automatic plant-based water status monitoring in grapevine Annelies Baert, Kathy Steppe

Response of Muscat of Alexandria winegrapes to irrigation in Eastern Spain D. Pérez, J. Castel, D. S. Intrigliolo, J.R. Castel

Estimation of evapotranspiration and crop coefficient on table grape trained on an overhead trellised system P.Villagra, V. García de Cortazar, R.Ferreyra,C. Aspillaga, S. Ortega, G. Selles

Response of Thompson Seedless Vines to Different Levels of Irrigation Water in the Aconcagua Valley, Chile. C. Aspillaga, C. Zuñiga, R. Ferreyra, G. Selles

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Sensorial, biochemical and molecular changes on grape berries harvested by applying double reasoned maturation and late harvest techniques

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M. Corso, F. Ziliotto, F.M. Rizzini, G. Teo, G. Cargnello, C. Bonghi

Effects of several field practices related with vine carbon and water relations for improving cv. Bobal grape composition D.S. Intrigliolo, F. Sanz, A. Yeves, D. Pérez, J. Castel, V.Lizama, M.J. García-Esparza, I. Álvarez

Improving vine performance by modifying daily light interception patterns in vertically shoot positioned grapevines D.S. Intrigliolo, T. A. Abd El-Mageed, M.A. Abdelfatah, H. Medrano, A.N. Lakso

Effect of Different Levels of Green Pruning on Yield and Quality of Grape cv. Ghezel Uzoum in Urmia Region Khaid Bahram Nejad, Hassan Mahmoudzadeh, Khoshnod Alizadeh

Phenolic fingerprint of seven clones of Malbec (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes and wines from Mendoza (Argentina) M. Fanzone, S. Sari, R. Torres, S. Gómez-Talquenca, M. De la Cruz, J. Gualpa, E. Blanco, S. Ulanovsky

Tendril frequency is positively correlated across nodes in an interspecific hybrid grapevine seedling population L. Hartman, P. Cousins, G.-Y. Zhong

Effects of salinity on photosynthesis, abscisic acid and water relations in two grape genotypes (Vitis vinifera L.) N. Mohammadkhani, R. Heidari, N. Abbaspour, F. Rahmani

Grapevine leaf anatomy and physiology - are they related? C.M. Lopes, A. Monteiro, G. Teixeira

Genotype variation on water use efficiency in response to soil water depletion José Escalona, Magdalena Tomás, Josefina Bota, Miquel Ribas-Carbó, Hipólito Medrano

Is cold hardiness related to carbohydrate metabolism in grapevine buds? S. Rubio, A. Donoso, F.J. Perez

Is GABA shunt functional in endodormant grapevine buds under respiratory stress? F. Parada, R. Vergara, F.J. Pérez.

The up-regulation of VvAMYs genes by hypoxia is mediated by a decrease in sucrose concentration in grapevine buds S. Rubio, A. Donoso, F. J. Pérez

Studies on Rootstock - Scion Graft Compatibility of Un-rooted Cuttings of Grapes under Humid Chamber S.N.Ghosh, A.K. Basu, Ranjit Pal, B.Bera, S.Roy

Effect of Water Management on Plant and Soil Grape cv. Arka Neelamani Grown in Laterite Soil Ranjit Pal, S. N. Ghosh

Distribution of resveratrol in grapevines and changes of resveratrol content during grape berry development Lijun Wang, Ling Ma, Benhong Wu, Peige Fan,Wei Duan, Shaohua Li

Analysis of Meteorological Factors concerning the Overwintering of Grapevines in the Facility in Beijing area G.J. Zhang, L. Sun, A.L. Yan, H.Y. Xu.

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Molecular Cloning and Genetic Silencing of Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase Gene (dfr) in Cell Lines of North American Native Grapes (Muscadinia rotundifolia)

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A. Ananga, K. Acheampong, C. Zheng, E. Or, V. Georgiev, V. Tsolova

Phytochemicall Composition, Biological Activity and Genetic Variability of Red and Yellow Muscadine Cell Lines in Bioreactor Cultivation Vasil Georgiev, Anthony Ananga, Violeta Tsolova

Increased production of Pinot noir cultivar with the application of Stimulate® bioregulator A. F. Fagherazzi, A. E. Mario, A. G. Turmina, S. Lerin, M. A. Andrião, L. Rufato

Productivity and increase quality of cv. Merlot with bioregulator aplication A. E. Mario, A. F. Fagherazzi, A. G. Turmina, S. Lerin, M. A. Andriao, L. Rufato

Effect of Stimulate® application on the physicochemical characteristics of Bordo cultivar A. F. Fagherazzi, A. G. Turmina, A. E. Mario, S. Lerin, M. A. Andrião, L. Rufato

Productivity and physicochemical characteristics of cultivar Isabel under Stimulate® application A. G. Turmina, A. P. F. De Lima, A. F. Fagherazzi, A. E. Mario, M. A. Andrião, L. Rufato

Direct impact of high temperature on Cabernet Sauvignon berries development and metabolism D. Lecourieux, J. Pillet, F. Lecourieux, C. Kappel, S. Claverol, P. Pieri, A. Egert, J. Charon, G. Hilbert, C. Renaud, M. Bonneu, F. Keller, E. Gomès, S. Delrot

Identification of Metabolic Markers of Ripening Near Harvest in Pinot Noir A. Vondras, M. Commisso, F. Guzzo, L.G. Deluc

Putative stage and tissue specific markers of the grape berry ripening transition S. Gouthu, A. Zamboni, M. Pezzotti, L.G. Deluc

An Analytical Method to Quantify Multiple Plant Hormone Families in Grape Berry Using Multiple Reaction Monitoring LC-Mass Spectrometry S. Gouthu, J. Morre, C. S. Maier, L. G. Deluc

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Pinotage) leaf stomatal size and density as modulated by different rootstocks, scion water status and irradiance I. Serra, A. Strever, P. Myburgh, M. Schmeisser, A. Deloire

Overcoming the Lethality of Generative and Vegetative Progeny of Grapes V. Klimenko

New Serbian Table Grape Cultivars Resistant to Fungal Dieseas D. Ivanisevic, N. Korac, P. Cindric, I. Kuljani, M. Medic

Influence of rootstocks on physiological traits of Vitis vinifera cultivar Red Globe. L. Bascuñán-Godoy, D. E. Carvajal, S. Montecinos, A. Ibacache

Application of In Vitro Methods in Grape Breeding I. A. Pavlova, V. A. Zlenko

Dynamics of CO2 fluxes and carbon balance in a vineyard of table grapes cv. Thompson Seedless M. Jiménez, G. Sellés, V. García de Cortázar, P. Díaz

The role of hydraulic conductivity in determining rootstock conferred vigour Marisa J. Collins, Annette Boettcher, Everard J. Edwards, Peter R. Clingeleffer, Robert R. Walker

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The Aroma-Forming Substances of Grape Cultivar Tsitronnyi Magaracha as Affected by Technological Processing

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S. V. Levchenko, V. A. Volynkin, A.D. Savchouk

The Response of Grape Varieties of the West-European Ecogeographical Group to Drought in the Littoral Mountainous Zone of the Crimea V. A. Volunkin, Z. V. Kotolovets, A. A. Poluliakh,T. M. Saliyev

Grapevine responses to ethephon spray application in vineyard submitted to double pruning management in Brazilian Southeast Claudia Rita de Souza, Renata Vieira da Mota, Frederico Alcântara Novelli Dias, Lidiane Carla Vilanova Miotto, Murillo de Albuquerque Regina

The use of kaolinite-based sunscreen vs. shading nets on Cabernet Sauvignon: Effects on plant physiology and fruit condition Cesar Acevedo-Opazo, Gustavo A. Lobos, Sebastián Romero, Héctor Valdés-Gómez, V. Felipe Laurie

Genetic determinism of the Muscat flavour in grapevine varieties E. Duchêne, G. Butterlin, P. Claudel, V. Dumas, N. Jaegli, P. Hugueney, D. Merdinoglu

Maturation of ‘BRS Cora’ grape in the fourth productive cycle on different rootstocks at São Francisco Valley, Brazil Thalita Passos Ribeiro, Maria Auxiliadora Coêlho de Lima, Ana Laíla de Souza Araújo, Rita Mércia Estigarribia Borges

Quality of ‘Isabel Precoce’ grapes in the fourth productive cycle on ‘IAC-572’ and ‘IAC-766’ rootstocks at tropical conditions Thalita Passos Ribeiro, Maria Auxiliadora Coêlho de Lima, Sormani Roberto Rosatti, Rita Mércia Estigarribia Borges

Research on the main cultivation modes of table grapes in Shaanxi province Wang Hua, Gong Qian, Fang Yu-lin, Wang Qin

In vitro testing of grape cultivars for salt resistance I. Ryff

Transcriptomic analysis of gibberellic acid-treated seeded grapevine during inflorescence development using RNA-seq Y.Y. Hur, C.J. Jung, S.M. Jung, J.H. Noh, S.J. Park, J.C. Nam, K.S. Park, S.H. Jo, D. Choi, H.J. Lee

Stilbene Levels in Vitis vinifera grape canes: Influence of water deficit and post-prunnig storage T. Gorena, C. Vergara, V. Sáez, D. von Baer, C. Mardones, P. Winterhalter

Identification of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Genes in Grape Berries by Using SuperSAGE Analysis K. Koyama, M. Numata, N. Goto-Yamamoto, H. Matsumura, N. Tanaka

Ecophysiology of Italian varieties subjected to two pruning methods in Água Doce, Santa Catarina State, Brazil Alberto Fontanella Brighenti, Ricardo Cipriani, Luciane Isabel Malinovski, Gabriella Vanderlinde, Ricardo Allebrandt, Nelson Pires Feldberg, Aparecido Lima da Silva

Winter pruning timing on Chardonnay grapevines: a protection alternative against spring frosts Alberto Fontanella Brighenti, Ricardo Allebrandt, Ricardo Cipriani, Luciane Isabel Malinovski, Betina Pereira de Bem, Nelson Pires Feldberg, Aparecido Lima da Silva

Characterization of related red-berried and white-berried grapevine cultivars V. Falco, I. Castro, A.A. Oliveira, V. Ferreira, J.P. Martin, J.M. Ortiz, P. Oliveira, J.P. Moura, N. Magalhães, O. Pinto-Carnide

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Proton NMR Metabolic Profiling of GA Treated Flower Cluster for Induced Seedless in the Grapevine cv. ‘Tamnara’ .

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Heat waves: effects on budbreak date, shoot growth and xylem anatomy of Vitis vinifera cv. Malbec E. Galat Giorgi, J. Perez Peña, M. Keller, F. Roig

The Basic Leucin-Zipper factor VvBZIP6 is involved in the regulation of the flavonoid pathway in grapevine G. Malacarne, E. Coller, U. Vrhovsek, S. Heppel, S. Czemmel, J. Bogs, C. Moser

Postharvest performance of new table grape cultivars from the breeding program at the Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA) C. Uquillas, E. Torres, A. Ibacache, B.G. Defilippi

Using smartphones and tablet PCs for canopy architecture assessment to upscale physiological parameters: LAICanopy© App S. Fuentes, R. De Bei, S.D. Tyerman

Assessment of grapevine water status by ground-based hyperspectral imaging MP. Diago, R. De Bei , B. Millan , S. Poni, M. Gatti, F. Bernizzoni, S. Tyerman, J. Tardaguila

Effects of defoliation and topping on Syrah grapevine in tropical semi arid of Brazil P. C. de S. Leão, A. R. L dos Santos, D. A. R. Gonçalves, J.P. Dias

Phenological and thermal demand of table grape cultivars grown in tropical zones of Brazil. P. C. de S. Leão, D. A. R. Gonçalves, J. P. D. Costa

PGR Treatments Modify Grape Skin Flavonoid Biosynthetic and Regulatory Gene Expression and Grapes and Wine Quality A.S. Gonzalez, E. Bordeu, P. Arce-Johnson, J.A. Alcalde, L. Geny

Identification and characterisation of an unknown grapevine cultivar (Vitis vinifera L.) from Chile using ampelography and genetic markers F. Massera, A. Gonzalez, P. Hinrichsen, G. Montenegro, Ph. Pszczolkowski

The GrapeReSeq 18k Vitis genotyping chip M-C Le Paslier, N Choisne, R Bacilieri, R Bounon, J-M Boursiquot, M Bras, D Brunel, G Di Gaspero, L. Hausmann, T Lacombe, V Laucou, A Launay, JM Martinez-Zapater, M Morgante, PS Paul Stephen Raj, M Ponnaiah, H Quesneville, S. Scalabrin, R Torres-Perez, A-F AdamBlondon

The Use of New High Throughput Genetic Approaches to identify QTL for Grapevine Adaptation to Elevated Temperature R. Chattbanyong, C. Houel, M. Rienth, N. Luchaire, A. Pellegrino, C. Romieu, P. This, L. Torregrosa

Transcriptional response to temperature of ripening grapevine (DRCF) depends on daytime M. Rienth, J. Grimplet, A. Agorges, R. Chatbanyong, L. Torregrosa, C. Romieu

The microvine : a promising model for studying interaction between vegetative and reproductive development N. Luchaire, M. Rienth, C. Romieu, A. Ageorges, M. Kelly, B. Muller, A. Pellegrino , L. Torregrosa

Effects of shoot orientation on vegetative growth, yield parameters and berry composition in grapevine (Vitis vinífera L.) M. Hidalgo, R. Henríquez, R. Merino, A. Chandia, I. Serra

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Expression and genotype analysis of VvmybA1 in Chinese wild grapes and interspecific hybrids

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Grape berry anthocyanin biosynthesis, an environmentally modulated process J. Martínez-Lüscher, G. Hilbert, M. Sanchez-Diaz, S. Delrot, J. Aguirreolea, I. Pascual, E. Gomès

Testing Ripeness of Cabernet Sauvignon Seeds: Examination by color of dorsal and ventral portions Claudio Fredes Monsalve, Marco Mora

Effect of CPPU and GA3 on the growth rate and quality of berries Superior Seedless (Vitis vinifera L.) in San Juan, Argentina. J. P. Molinelli Maratta, M. A. Mulet, M. B. Pugliese

Effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on rachis quality of Red Globe and Flame Seedless varieties. Christian Silva Sanzana, Claudia Huerta, Ivan Balic, Adrian Moreno, Dayan Sanhueza, Bruno Defilippi, Reinaldo Campos Vargas

Transcriptional differences among ripening berries of different density in Tempranillo and Albariño Spanish wine cultivars P. Carbonell-Bejerano, V. Rodriguez, S. Hernáiz, C. Royo, G. Bravo, S. Dal Santo, M. Pezzotti, J. M. Martínez-Zapater

High temperature acclimation of berry ripening in Muscat Hamburg grapevine cultivar P. Carbonell-Bejerano, E. Santa María, R. Torres-Perez, C. Royo, D. Lijavetzky, G. Bravo, J. Aguirreolea, M. Sánchez-Díaz, M. C. Antolín, J. M. Martínez-Zapater

olution of Cabernet Franc’s maturation submmited by levels of cluster thinning J.L. Marcon Filho, R. Allebrandt, F. K. Peters, B. D. Machado, A. A. Kretzschmar, L. Rufato

Genetic analysis of berry size and shape in a large F1 population segregating for seedlessness N. Diestro, J.A. Cabezas, G. Bravo, J.M. Martinez-Zapater

Transcriptome variation along grapevine bud development J. Díaz-Riquelme, J. Grimplet, J. M. Martínez-Zapater, M. J. Carmona

Functional modelling: an approach to analyse grapevine genotype adaptation to climate change. N. Ollat, E. Marguerit, A. Parker, Z.W Dai, E. Duchêne, E. Lebon, I. Garcia de Cortazar-Atauri, C. Van Leeuwen, A. Peccoux, P. Vivin

Evaluation of the predictive capacity of different bunch compactness indexes during two consecutive vintages J. Tello, J. Ibáñez

An intervarietal study on the architectonical characteristics of the grapevine bunch that affect its compactness J. Tello, R. Aguirrezábal, S. Hernáiz, B. Larreina, N. Montemayor, E. Vaquero, J. Ibáñez

Proteome associated with berry size in table grapes using 1D-PAGE protein separation coupled to LC/MS-MS approach A. M. Almeida, C. Moraga, R. Paul, J. Henríquez, P. Hinrichsen, A. Orellana

Chromosome reorganizations in the origin of Tempranillo Blanco and other white cultivars L. Fernandez, R. Torres-Pérez, J.M. Franco, J. Grimplet, G. Juárez, D. Lijavetzky, S. Hernáiz, E. Baroja, J. Martínez, E. García-Escudero, J. Ibáñez, J. M. Martínez Zapater

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Anthocyanins profile variation within Vitis vinifera cv. Malbec clones

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CJ Muñoz, S Gomez Talquenca, M Fanzone, A Peña, J M Martinez-Zapater, D Lijavetzky.

Ultrastructural aspects of adaptation of Asli local grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) variety to arid environments Asma Ben Salem-Fnayou, Riadh Jemaa, Ahmed Mliki, Abdelwahed Ghorbel

Variation in winter survival mechanisms in cultivated and wild grapevine J.P. Londo

The ‘Big Vine’ Effect: Why Vigor Declines in Grapevines With High Shoot Numbers Markus Keller, Laura S. Deyermond, Sushan Ru, Bhaskar R. Bondada

Relationship between amino acid profile of grapes affected by early leaf removal and Albariño wine aromatic composition I. Otero, E. Valdés, P. Canosa, I. Rodríguez-Vega, J. Tardaguila, M. Vilanova

Terroir effect on amino acid profile of Vitis vinifera cv. Mencía from NW Spain I. Rodríguez-Vega, M.E. Valdés, D. Moreno, M. Vilanova

The early cultivar and pruning treatment for forcing spring grape production in a two crop system Ming-Te Lu, Ming-Hui Liu, Chia-Wei Song, Shyi-Kuan Ou

Effect of plant Gibberellic Acid on Growth and Quality of Fruits in Cheanghyang Triploid Hybrid Grape Young-Sik Park, Nam-Yong Um, Byong-Owg Cho

Transcriptional and Hormonal Changes due to Pollination and Fertilization During Initial Grapevine Berry Development F. Godoy, N. Kuhn, L. Deluc, P. Arce-Johnson

Establishment of grapevine embryogenic liquid culture and induced somatic embryogenesis R. Oláh, I. Forgács, B. Suller, A. Zok, A. Pedryc

Dissection of drought response mechanisms in grapevine rootstocks F. Emanuelli, D. Grossi, G.B. Simone di Lorenzo, S. Lorenzi, L. Brancadoro, O. Failla, M.S. Grando, A. Scienza

Influence of environmental conditions on midday stem water potential of the red grapevine variety Touriga Nacional J.P. Gouveia, P. Rodrigues, V. Pedroso, I. Alves, C.M. Lopes

Application of S-ABA to ‘Crimson Seedless’ in Puglia (Italy): effects on color, chemical characteristics, metabolic profile and S-ABA concentration G. Ferrara, A. Mazzeo, A.M.S. Matarrese, G. Gambacorta, I. Cafagna, V. Gallo

An integrative O’mics perspective of the early events of grapevine resistance towards downy mildew Andreia Figueiredo, Kashif Ali, Filipa Monteiro, Monica Sebastiana, Y.H. Choi, R. Verpoorte, Maria Salomé Pais

Ethylene synthesis during grapevine berry ripening C. Leida, A. Dal Ri, S. Pilati, V. Goremykin, M. Perazzolli, A. Boschetti, A. Romano, F. Biasioli, C. Moser

Timing of shoot topping in Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot: influence on yield and grape quality Gabriella Vanderlinde, Alberto Fontanella Brighenti, Luciane Isabel Malinovski, Ricardo Cipriani, Guilherme Fontanella Sander, Ricardo Allebrandt, Aparecido Lima da Silva.

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Ecophysiology of Sauvignon Blanc in protected cultivation in high altitude regions of Santa Catarina State - Brazil

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Gabriella Vanderlinde, Alberto Fontanella Brighenti, Suzeli Simon, Luciane Isabel Malinovski, Guilherme Fontanella Sander, Rosete Pescador, Aparecido Lima da Silva.

Lyre and trellis training systems on composition of Cabernet Sauvignon in the highlands J.L. Marcon Filho, C. Schlemper, T. A. de Macedo, A. Meneguzzi, A. A. Kretzschmar, L. Rufato

Using ecophysiology to improve zonification of the Maipo Valley (Chile): attempts to improve vineyards physiology and phenology H.M. Cabrera, D. Novoa, T. Rioseco, I. Sandoval, M. Perez, M. Traub, T. Uraoka, G. Leal

Identification of QTLs associated with the architecture of the cluster of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). J. Correa, D. Laborie, M. Mamani, C. Muñoz, M. Pinto, P. Hinrichsen

Metabolic Profile of Phenolic Compounds in Berries of ‘Pink Globe’, a Somaclonal Variant of ‘Red Globe’ Table Grape. L. Bustamante, M. Zapata, C. Vergara, P. Hinrichsen, A. Ruiz, D. von Baer, C. Mardones.

An in-depth look into anthocyanin biosynthesis using transgenic grapevines with altered VvMYBA1 gene expression Amy R. Rinaldo, Paul K. Boss, Christopher M. Ford, Marianna Fasoli, Giovanni B. Tornielli, Mario Pezzotti, Amanda R Walker

Exploring gene co-expression networks in Vitis vinifera: a graph clustering approach Darren C.J. Wong, Crystal Sweetman, Damian P. Drew, Christopher M. Ford

Aroma emittion from Muscat Hamburg berries influenced by trellis types Shu-Fen Tian

Exogenous Applications of Nitric Oxide Affect the Chlorophyll Content and the Expression of ELIPs-Like Protein in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) A. Riquelme, P. Alvarez, M. Pinto

Varietal Differences in Berry Water Relations Johannes Daniel Scharwies, Stephen Donald Tyerman

Current Status of INIA Vitis Germplasm Collection in Santiago, Chile E. Salazar, M. H. Castro, N. Calderón, P. Hinrichsen

Vitis cinerea Fruit Growth and Characterization in Temascaltepec and San Simón de Guerrero, Mexico O. Franco-Mora, S. Aguirre-Ortega, A. González-Huerta, J. G. Cruz-Castillo

Hormonal control of polar auxin transport during initial grapevine berry development Nathalie Kuhn, Carlos Abello, Laurent Deluc, Patricio Arce-Johnson

Wood transcriptome analysis in response to Eutypa lata inoculation for three Vitis vinifera cultivars I. Merlin, A. Destrac, P. Lecomte, J-M. Liminana, G. Ferrari, V. Dumot, S. La Camera, M-F. Corio-Costet, P. Coutos-Thévenot, S. Delrot, E. Gomès

Vitis vinifera dehydration responsive gene (Vvrd22) enhances salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco Mohamed M. El Abbassi, Abdelwahed Ghorbel, Ahmed Mliki, Rahma Jardak

Characterization of transcriptional regulation of MYBA1, mediated by sugar, during fruit ripening of Vitis vinifera A. Serrano, C. Nuñez, S. Delrot, P. Arce-Johnson

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Leaf area and leaves gas exchange of Sangiovese grapevine produced in high altitude region of Santa Catarina State - Brazil

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Leaf area x yield ratio: Effect on Merlot and Syrah quality in high altitude regions of Santa Catarina State - Brazil L.I. Malinovski, A.F. Brighenti, R. Cipriani, G. Vanderlinde, R. Allebrandt, B.P. de Bem, A.L. da Silva

The nose knows - using mans best friend to detect grapevine trunk disease Sonja Needs

Carbohydrate physiology of grapevine leaves under sustained deficit irrigation and crop load strategies S. Dayer, J. Perez Peña, J. Prieto , E. Galat

Effects of early defoliation on the phenolic composition of grape skins from Tempranillo grapevines M.E. Valdés, D. Moreno, E. Gamero, M.I. Talaverano, M. H. Prieto, J.R. Castel, D.S. Intrigliolo

Can berry composition be explained by climate indices? Comparing classical with new indices in the Portuguese Dão wine-growing region C.M. Lopes, R. Egipto, V. Pedroso, R. Braga, M. Neto, P.A. Pinto

Non-invasive assessment of seasonal water relations in compound buds with MRI after chemical forcing in ‘Kyoho’ grapevines Brian Bohr-Juin Chen, Kuo-Tan Li, Chao-Hsien Hsieh, Jyh-Horng Chen

Berry-Specific Callus Cultures: A Tool to Study Berry Development and Ripening-Related Processes C. Stander, R. Sharathchandra, Z. Noqobo, H. Eyeghe-Bickong, M.A. Vivier

Transcriptional diversification in the STS gene family revealed by microarray analysis of the elicitation responses to MeJA and cyclodextrin C. S. Chialva, P. Carbonell Bejerano, L. Almagro, M. A. Pedreño, J. M. Martínez Zapater, D. Lijavetzky

Development of a new VIGS vector for grapevine based on Grapevine Algerian Latent Virus A. Lovato, L. Santi, M. Pezzotti, A. Polverari

Early CPPU Treatments Change the Berry Size of Vitis Vinifera Possibly Modifying Gene Expression of Putative Cyclins Francisca Jáuregui and Alonso Pérez-Donoso

An integrative approach to study acidity in grapevine –first results Oliver Bitz, Florian Schwander, Sigrid Rolletter, Reinhard Töpfer, Ernst H. Rühl

Advanced plant-based, Internet-sensor technology increases water efficiency in agriculture: a proactive response to water shortages and climate changes Bitter R., Schüttler A., Ehrenberger W., Rüger S., Zimmermann U.

Low level of nitrogen supply affects anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway transcriptional regulation in Cabernet Sauvignon berries E. Soubeyrand, C. Basteau, G. Hilbert, C. van Leeuwen, S. Delrot, E. Gomès

Identifying Plant Genes Involved in Agrobacterium Infection of Grapevine T. Deák, T. Kupi, R. Oláh, E. Szegedi, Gy. D. Bisztray

Characterization of VvNAC-1: A transcription factor highly expressed in viral compatible interactions in grapevine A.Arce, F. Godoy, J. Arce-Johnson

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Productive and qualitative characterization of Merlot grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in Campo Belo do Sul – Santa Catarina State - Brazil

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Molecular and genetic analysis of grapevine berry size determination. The AINTEGUMENTA gene family C. Grissi, C. Muñoz, S. Gomez Talquenca, D. Lijavetzky

Genotyping grapevine with chloroplast markers and limlits of the method Regner F. Hack R., Eisenheld C.

Analysis of spatial and temporal water use variability in a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard in California Martin Mendez-Costabel, Luis A. Sanchez, Nick K. Dokoozlian

Pectins derived oligosaccharides could promote anthocyanin synthesis in Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grape berries Daniel Villegas

Productivity and physicochemical characteristics of cv. Isabel with ABA application Sabrina Lerin, Antonio Felippe Fagherazzi, André Emmel Mario, Andrey Grazziotin Turmina, Leo Rufato, Aike Annelise Kretzschmar

Physicochemical characteristics of cv. Rubi with ABA application Sabrina Lerin, Antonio Felippe Fagherazzi, André Emmel Mario, Andrey Grazziotin Turmina, Leo Rufato, Aike Annelise Kretzschmar

Crop water use in two different regions across California Martin Mendez-Costabel, Bryan Thoreson, Byron Clark, Wim Bastiaanssen

Organic acid transport and compartmentation in grape berries David Contreras-Pezoa, Crystal Sweetman, Steve Tyerman, Christopher Davies, Kathleen Soole, Christopher Ford

Effects of spur or cane pruning on fruit composition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes M. Cecilia Peppi, Erika Kania

Plastic Covering Film Can Reduce Midday Depression of Photosynthesis in Field-Grown Tropical Grapevine with High Photosynthetic Photon Flux Luciana Venturotti Braun de Almeida, Fabio Afonso Mazzei Moura de Assis Figueiredo, Bruna Correa de Deus, Leandro Hespanhol Viana, Tiago Massi Ferraz, Amanda Oliveira Martins, Ricardo Enrique Bressan Smith, Eliemar Campostrini

Genetic Diversity of grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) infecting Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon C. Araya, I.M. Rosales, F. Delmotte, M.A. Méndez

Hunting binding motifs in Vitis vinifera promoter regions G. Marchandon, M. Muñoz, P. Arce-Johnson

Bioinformatic analysis of global gene expression during seed development in Vitis vinifera M. Muñoz, S. Ulanovski, E. Poblete, A. Vega, C. Espinoza, G. Marchandon, P. Arce-Johnson.

Cv. Superior Seedless response to application of AIA, GA3 and Zeatin for improving growth rate and quality variables in the province of San Juan, Argentina. M.A. Mulet Jalil, J.P. Molinelli Maratta, M. B. Pugliese

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Evaluating the potential application of the chill: chill negation model of Dokoozlian for quantifying chilling status of four table grape cultivars in South Africa.

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Gene expression elicitation of enzymes involved in trans-resveratrol and anthocyanins biosynthesis on Bonarda berries. M. I. de Rosas, M. F. Duran, L. Deis, L. E. Martínez

The effect of gibberellic acid, CPPU and harvest time on browning of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Regal Seedless J H Avenant

The effect of gibberellic acid, CPPU and harvest time on browning of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Regal Seedless: pre-cold storage and post-cold storage quality factors J H AVENANT

Analysis of Transpiration in “Vitis vinifera L.”cv. Tempranillo A. Montoro, R. López Urrea, F. Mañas, E. Fereres

Crosstalk between biotic and abiotic stress responses in grapevine mediated by two R2R3MYB transcription factors J. Serrano-Acevedo, Herrera.D., G. Oyanedel-Vial, JT.Matus, P. Arce-Johnson.

QTL for gibberellic acid (GA3) response of berry in table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) J. Correa, D. Laborie, M. Mamani, C. Muñoz, M. Pinto, P. Hinrichsen

Infrared Thermal Images From grapevines: From Manual to Semi-Automatic Analysis. C. Poblete-Echeverria, S. Fuentes, R. De Bei, S. Ortega-Farias, M.P Diago, J. Tardaguila

Molecular characterization of phylloxera present in Argentinean vineyards C. Agüero, L. Martínez, C. Arancibia, R. Alonso, F. Buscema, K. Lund, S. Riaz, A. Walker

Salinity Tolerance of Four Grapevine Genotypes C. Ceppi de Lecco, D. Prehn, F. Díaz, N. Puentes, C. Tastets.

Competition within a grape cluster: The berries that bloom first are more adapted to survive in the abscission period Carlos Abello, Nathalie Kühn, Francisca Godoy, Patricio Arce-Johnson

Studies of shrinkage in Syrah berries cultivated in Mendoza, Argentine L. Deis, M. I. de Rosas, L. E. Martínez

Characterization of the defence response against powdery mildew (E. necator) in a hybrid grape population carrying the two dominant resistance loci RUN1 and REN1 Rudolf Schlechter, Mario Agurto, Camila Almendra, Carolina Serrano, Sarolta Hoffmann, Pál Kozma, Patricio Arce-Johnson

Different inductors for rooting vine rootstocks Paulsen 1103, R-99 AND 10114 Andrey Grazziotin Turmina, Ana Paula Fernandes de Lima, Antonio Felipe Fagherazzi, Suelen Cristina Uber, Andrea De Rossi Rufato, Leo Rufato

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in table grape cultivars from germplasm bank of Embrapa tropical semi-arid Patrício Ferreira Batista, Maria Auxiliadora Coêlho de Lima, Patrícia Coelho de Souza Leão, Sormani Roberto Rosatti, Ana Claudia Barros dos Santos, Ricardo Elesbão Alves

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Evaluation of three culture media on micrografting of grapevine

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Estimation of Gas Exchange and Water Potential in Grapevines (cv. Carménère) Using Leaf and Canopy Reflectance Measurements. C. Poblete-Echeverria, G.A. Lobos, S. Ortega-Farias

Use of a viral vector in the study of the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in the new table grape Chimenti Globe variety Claudia Santibáñez Orellana, Alfredo Chimenti, Patricio Arce Johnson

Effect of rootstock on nutrient content in petiole of Thompson Seedless variety M. Morales, R. Ferreyra, R. Ruiz, C. Zúñiga, M. Pinto, G. Sellés

Relationship between the size of berries and the osmotic potential in contrasting phenotypes of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). M. Pinto, D. Olivares, J. Correa, D. Laborie, P. Hinrichsen

Changes on ‘Sauvignon blanc’ grapes during maturation in tropical conditions and organic production Maria Auxiliadora Coêlho de Lima, Rita Mércia Estigarribia Borges, Danielly Cristina Gomes da Trindade, Sormani Roberto Rosatti

Microclimatic Change Impact on Quality and Yield of a Syrah Crop Produced in Warm and Arid Region G. Manzano, M. Battistella, B. Pugliese

Characterization of Winter Dormancy in the Selecctions of Grape Vine (Vitis vinifera L.) INIA 5.56 and INIA 5 in Los Andes Location Alexis Vergara, Manuel Pinto, Gabriel Sellés

Improvement of Berry Color in Table Grape Varieties Using Abscisid Acid Alexis Vergara, Francisco Pinto, Cecilia Lillo, Julio Retamales, Manuel Pinto

Chemical characterization of berries and wines from cv. Cabernet Sauvignon obtained from different pedo-topoclimatic units G. Valle, A. Peña, O. Seguell, M. Galleguillos, C. Pastenes, A. Aparicio

Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Buds of ‘Cabernet franc’ Grapevines in Response to Exogenous Abscisic Acid Imed Dami, Yi Zhang

Effects of three different installation systems of anti-hail net in vineyards cv. Merlot C. G. Nahüel, J. Perez Peña

Vineyards microbiome - a dynamic analysis Cátia Pinto, Valéria Custódio, Susana Sousa, Ana Catarina Gomes

Effect of different levels of vine water status on gas exchange for the Vitis vinifera l. Carmenere and Merlot S. Ortega-Farias, M. Mendez-Costabel, L A. Sanchez, C. Poblete-Echeveria, M. Zuñiga

Carbon balance in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo) grown under simulated climate change scenarios (elevated CO2, elevated temperature and drought) in temperature gradient greenhouses C Salazar-Parra, I Aranjuelo, J Aguirreolea, M Sánchez-Díaz, JJ Irigoyen, JL Araus, F Morales

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PLENARY LECTURES 1 Understanding the control of grape berry ripening and developing opportunities for its manipulation C. Davies1, C. Böttcher1, P. Boss1, T. Peat2, J. Newman2 1

2

CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide, Australia CSIRO Materials, Science and Engineering, Melbourne, Australia

Fruit ripening is a complex process which seems to be regulated by plant growth regulators (PGRs). In contrast to climacteric fruit, the ripening of non-climacteric grape berries is less dependent on ethylene and appears to be controlled by several other PGRs. While the application of some PGRs, e.g. abscisic acid and brassinosteroids, can advance the onset of grape berry ripening others, e.g. auxins, delay it PGRs are therefore important at two levels. First, endogenous PGRs play important roles in the control of berry development and a greater knowledge of their action is crucial to understanding processes such as ripening. Second, this knowledge can be used to develop methods to alter berry development in useful ways. For example, exogenous PGRs provide potential tools with which to manipulate the timing of harvest and could be used to overcome a variety of problems associated with the increased season compression and higher temperatures during ripening caused by changing climatic conditions. We are investigating the role that endogenous PGRs play in the control of berry ripening at both macro and molecular levels and how this knowledge can be applied. An overview of the hormonal control of berry ripening will be provided with a focus on our work regarding the ripening-delaying properties of auxins in particular the effect of synthetic auxins like 1-naphthaleneacetic acid on sugar accumulation, skin colouration, acid metabolism, ripening synchronicity and wine aroma will be discussed. The family of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amido synthetases important to the maintenance of IAA levels appears to be a critical factor in the effectiveness of different auxins in controlling ripening. We have recently elucidated the 3-D structure for one of the grape IAA-amido synthetases hat provides insights at the molecular level into an important mechanism involved in auxin homeostasis. Acknowledgements: Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation Grant No CSP0905

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2 Grape berry development and composition: recent data and issues M. Berdeja1, Z.W. Dai2, A. Destrac2, E. Gomes1, G. Hilbert2, D. Lecourieux1, F. Lecourieux2, K. Van Leeuwen 3, J. Martinez-Luscher4, P. Nicolas1, N. Ollat2, A. Parker5, J. Pillet1, P. Pieri2, P. Vivin2, and S. Delrot1 1

ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Villenave d'Ornon, France. 2 ISVV, INRA, UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Villenave d'Ornon, France. 3 ISVV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Villenave d'Ornon, France. 4 Univ. Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain 5 Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Grape berry development and composition (“quality”) depend on complex interactions between the variety and its environment, the rootstock and its environment, and the rootstock and the variety. The talk will illustrate recent progress made in the understanding of berry development and composition, based on some of the research from our laboratory and also existing data and literature. Our laboratory investigates various topics such as the genetic basis and diversity of berry composition, the developmental regulation of berry sugar metabolism and sugar signaling, and the effect of rootstock, water stress, temperature and light on berry content. Progress has been made in the understanding of grapevine phenology, in the sugar regulation of berry development and metabolism, in the identification of transcription factors involved in this metabolism, in the description of berry metabolites, transcriptomic and metabolic networks, and on the sensitivity of berry metabolism and composition to environmental factors. This research will also be discussed in a context of climatic change.

3 Molecular and genetic analysis of grapevine berry size determination D. Lijavetzky Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET-UNCuyo), Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina. Fruit size is a highly important trait for most fruit and vegetable crops. This trait has been a main selection target from the beginning of the modern agriculture and could be involved in divergent selection processes leading to the differentiation between modern table and wine cultivars. Even though its determination is highly influenced by cultural practices, several regions within the grapevine genome (QTLs) have been identified influencing berry size. Is worth to remark that the QTL displaying the major effects on berry size (located on LG18) is also directly associated with seed content and other related traits. However, additional mechanisms could be involved in the regulation of berry size, including monogenic mutations like fleshless berry (flb). In this sense, we began a candidate gene analysis focused on the AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) gene family.

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile ANT is a member of the AP2/ERF family of transcription factor genes. In ovules of the Arabidopsis ant mutant, integuments do not develop and megasporogenesis is blocked. Based on these results, it is believed that ANT regulates cell proliferation and organ growth by maintaining the meristematic competence of cells during organogenesis. On the other hand, the characterization in Arabidopsis and other plant species of seven closely related genes (ANT-like genes o AIL) also suggested their participation in specification of meristematic or division-competent states. Using the ANT and AIL known sequences we identified all the grapevine putative ortholog genes. After the alignment of their sequences we determined their phylogenetic relationship respect all the ANT and AIL sequences from Arabidopsis, rice and poplar. Using qRT-PCR specific primers for all grapevine ANT/AIL genes we analyzed their expression patterns in different tissues and stages of the plant with the aim of defining their putative role in the flower and fruit size determination. Our results suggested the involvement of ANT in the determination of the final berry size through the regulation of the flower primordium size.

4 Central role for anaerobic stress, ethylene signaling and ABA degradation in the regulation of grape bud dormancy release C Zheng, T Halaly and E Or Department of fruit tree sciences, Volcani center, ARO, Israel In warm winter regions, where the table grape industry preferentially is located, artificial induction of bud dormancy release is mandatory for coordinate, early production of economical grape yields. The single effective artificial stimulus available for commercial use in vineyards is hydrogen cyanamide (HC). Unfortunately, its ability to induce respiratory stress, which initiates a biochemical cascade that leads to effective dormancy release, is also responsible for its toxicity, both to the vines and within the environment. The development of safe alternatives for artificial induction of bud dormancy release is essential due to the initiative to ban its use in the near future. Such task requires comprehensive understanding of the cascade of biochemical changes that is induced by the currently available artificial stimuli of grape bud dormancy release. Our genomic studies recently led to the development of a working model for such cascade. According to this model, perturbation of the cytochrome pathway activity within the mitochondria leads to respiratory and oxidative stress, expressed as an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species, decreased activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and decreased production of ATP. To address this energy crisis, the alternative oxidase pathway, glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism and anaerobic respiration are induced, in an order that has yet to be defined. In parallel, the cellular antioxidant machinery and related pathways are upregulated to cope with the oxidative burst. Changes in redox, sugar, and Ca++ metabolism, resulting from the above reprogramming, under conditions that mimic hypoxia, may be responsible for induction of ethylene biosynthesis. Such changes may then affect the interplay between ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin, in a way that allows removal of ABA repression on meristem activity and induces changes that lead to growth resumption. Our post genomic studies, which have affirmed the predictive power of the model, and support a central role for ethylene and ABA in regulation of dormancy release, will be described, and potential applications will be discussed.

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5 Physiological tools to assess vine water status for use in vineyard irrigation management: Review and update L.E. Williams1, A.J. McElrone2, K. Pearsall3, R.S. Hibbs3, A. Calderon3 and T.M. Shapland3 1

Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis and Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 9240 S. Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, California, 93648 USA 2 USDA-ARS and Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis 3 Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis

Due to the competition for scarce water resources in the State of California and elsewhere around the world, agriculture needs to become more water use efficient. There are numerous means available to aid in the irrigation of vineyards to minimize applied water amounts and maintain yields of high quality. This talk will review various methods to assess grapevine water status and estimate vineyard evapotranspiration (ETc) and provide an update with data recently obtained using numerous grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars and V. vinifera scions grafted onto different rootstocks. A review of the use of leaf (Ψl), stem (Ψstem) and pre-dawn (ΨPD) water potentials as a means to assess vine water status will be followed by current research demonstrating that midday Ψl is the most convenient and accurate method to use. It will be demonstrated that all grape cultivars identified by many to date as isohydric (such as Grenache, Tempranillo and Touriga Nacional) responded to water deficits similarly to anisohydric cultivars (such as Syrah and Montepulciano) when grown in a replicated field trial at the Kearney Agricultural Center. Several factors will be discussed as to why cultivars initially categorized as isohydric by others were not found so here. New research will illustrate that sap flow sensors do not provide an accurate means to measure vine transpiration (E). This was determined by installing sap flow sensors on vines in a weighing lysimeter. It is proposed that the disconnect between the two methods to measure E was due to hydraulic sectoriality (segmentation) around the trunk and that sap flow data only provides at best qualitative information, not quantitative volumetric water use. Lastly, the utilization of the amount of shade (percent shaded area) cast on the ground at solar noon (or percent ground cover) provides reliable estimates of a vineyard’s seasonal crop coefficients (Kc) using the following equation: Kc = % shaded area * 0.017. The value of 0.017 has been found in several other studies in which vine ETc was measured with weighing lysimeters in Europe and using micro-meteorological methods (Surface Renewal and Eddy Covariance) to measure ETc in California.

6 From Leaf to Plant Water Use Efficiency: Solving the gaps for a whole plant evaluation Medrano H., Escalona J., Flexas J., Martorell S., Tomas M. Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia. Universitat de les Illes Balear. Palma de Mallorca (Spain) Grapevine water use efficiency (WUE) is becoming a key issue in semi-arid areas as production and quality of harvest largely relays on the use of important water volumes in areas typically characterised by water scarcity during grapevine growing season. Therefore, improving water use efficiency is a challenge to secure environmental sustainability of viticulture in these areas. WUE is commonly measured at the leaf level because portable equipment of leaf gas exchange rates facilitates the simultaneous measurement of photosynthesis and transpiration. However when those measurements are compared to the daily integrals or whole plant estimates of the WUE the relationship results with and without agreement. Scaling up from single leaf to whole plant WUE values was tested

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile comparing daily integrals of AN/E with midday ones showing a poor relationship, that decreased as higher the water stress was. The main objective of the present work was to evaluate at the leaf and plant level the importance of the spatial and time variations of carbon and water balances. The leaf position inside the canopy showed a marked effect on the instantaneous and daily integrals of leaf WUE. The night transpiration and respiration rates were also evaluated, as well as the shoot and root respiration contributions to the total carbon balances. Two main components were identified to solve the gap between leaf and whole plant WUE, the important effect of leaf position in the daily carbon gain and transpiration and the large flux of carbon losses by dark respiration. Moreover, these results also are showing the importance of some until now, unexplored targets to improve the WUE in grapevines.

7 Early and Late Responses of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to Water Deficit: A Proteomics Perspective Grant R. Cramer1, Steve Van Sluyter2, Delphine Vincent1, Daniel W. Hopper1, David R. Quilici1, Rebekah J. Woolsey1, Karen A. Schlauch1, John C. Cushman1, Dana Pascovici2, Tim Keighley2, and Paul A. Haynes2 1

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA 2 Present address: Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia

Two osmotic stress treatments of growing shoot tips of Cabernet Sauvignon were compared over 16 days; one was a gradually-applied, long-term water deficit and the second was an equivalent salinity stress. Proteins were extracted from aliquots of the same samples used for a previous transcriptomics study and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). In a follow-up water deficit experiment, protein extracts were analyzed using nanoflow liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS). Osmotic stress treatments progressively reduced growth with time. In Experiment 1, 82 out of 645 (13%) proteins had significant changes in abundance in response to stress over time and were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight tandem (MALDI TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry. The average CV of the protein abundance for all 645 proteins was approximately 50%. In Experiment 2, water deficit stress decreased shoot elongation, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis after day 4; 2277 proteins in shoot tips were identified by shotgun proteomics with an average CV of 9% for the protein abundance of all proteins. There were 472 out of 942 (50%) proteins found in all samples that were significantly affected by water deficit. The 472 proteins clustered into four groups: increased and decreased abundance of early- and late-responding protein profiles. Vines sensed the water deficit early, prior to any physiological responses, because the abundance of some proteins changed before decreases in shoot elongation, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Predominant functional categories of the early-responding proteins included photosynthesis, glycolysis, translation, and growth-related categories (steroid metabolism and water transport), whereas those for late-responding proteins were involved with transport, antioxidants, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. More proteins with less error (coefficient of variation; CV) were identified with gel-free shotgun proteomics than with 2-D PAGE. Most proteins could be matched with a probe set on the Affymetrix Vitis vinifera Genome Array. Only 25% and 28% of the protein profiles in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively, had a significant Pearson correlation with their transcript profiles; less than 20% for early responding proteins and more than 60% for late responding proteins. Acknowledgments: NSF Grant N° DBI-0217653

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8 The grapevine reference genome sequence S. Aubourg1, N. Bentahar1, M. Bras2, A. Canaguier1, N. Choisne2 , G. Di Gaspero3, M-C. LePaslier4, M. Morgante3, S. Scalabrin3, A-F Adam-Blondon1,2 1

INRA, UMR1165 URGV, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP 5708, 91057 Evry, France 2 INRA, UR1164 URGI, route de Saint-Cyr, RD 10, 78026 Versailles, France 3 IGA, via J. Linussio 51, 33100 Udine, Italy 4 INRA, US1279 EPGV, CEA-IG/CNG, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP 5724, 91057 Evry, France The current version of the grapevine reference genome sequence is based on a 12X coverage Sanger sequencing of Vitis vinifera cv PN40024 (Adam-Blondon et al, 2011, Genome Sequence Initiatives. in: A-F Adam-Blondon, JM Martinez-Zapater, Chittaranjan Kole (eds) Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Grapes. Science Publishers and CRC Press. pp 211-234). The current chromosome assembly, 12X.0, contains 85% of the sequence among which 71% is anchored and orientated and all the data can be downloaded on the web site of the INRA bioinformatics platform for plant genomics, URGI (http://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/Species/Vitis/Data-Sequences/Genome-sequences). A total of 1020 genetic markers, among which 286 SNP markers designed from scaffold sequences, allowed constructing two dense genetic maps aiming at improving the current alignment of the scaffolds along the chromosomes. These two maps allowed anchoring over 97% of the reference genome sequence, 79% of it being also oriented into a new chromosome assembly. The current version of the genome annotation (V1) was generated by the CRIBI and is also available on the URGI web site (http://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/Species/Vitis/Annotations). In our group, we have curated three major gene families, the terpene synthase, the stilbene&chalcone synthase and the NBS-LRR (http://urgv.evry.inra.fr/projects/FLAGdb++). Finally, we have developed a genotyping chip based on the Illumina re-sequencing of 45 Vitis vinifera ssp sativa, 4 V. vinifera ssp sylvestris and 18 accessions of 5 Vitis species (http://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/Species/Vitis/GrapeReSeq_Illumina_20K; poster session). The aim is now to use these resources to develop knowledge on the adaptation of grapevine to its biotic and abiotic environment and new varieties. Acknowledgements: Grant Plant-KBBE-2008-GrapeReSeq, ANR 2008 MUSCARES

9 Functional genomics in table grape: Our experience in developing tools for assisted selection P. Hinrichsen Centro de Investigación La Platina, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) Santiago, Chile. Twenty years ago a table grape breeding program was initiated at INIA-La Platina, and just recently the first auspicious genotypes have been registered and released. Considering this time scale, any tools that could help to focus and/or speed-up the selection process would be very convenient. To approach this, we are working as a Consortium integrated by INIA-Chile, local universities, and nurserists, growers and exporters, the latter providing the industrial point of view for the identification of the most relevant traits to tackle, including seed content and berry size, fertility, cluster architecture, sugar and organic acids content, and the response to gibberellin (GA3) for some of these traits. In order to identify genes and their allelic variants that can be associated to the expression of these traits, we are combining different tools such as transcriptomics (RNA-seq), proteomics and metabolite analyses, using genotypes selected

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile from a controled crossing (‘Ruby seedless’ x ‘Sultanina’, RxS), plus table grape varieties and the Vitis vinifera core collection obtained from INRA-France. The experimental approach considers also the sampling of replicated plants at different developmental stages along the season, as well as careful phenotyping of the RxS population. This information, together with an SSR-based map partially saturated (ca. 300 markers), has permited the location of QTLs for every trait of interest. Combining that information with the grapevine reference genome, we are selecting candidate genes (CGs) from the QTL’s confidence intervals, which expression is then characterized by qPCR. At this stage, the availability of the genomic sequence of ‘Sultanina’, one of the parents of the RxS population and a key genotype for modern table grape breeding, is being very useful to precise the location of CGs as well as to better define new SNPs that could be used as selection markers. Based on such approach, we confirmed the MADS gene VvAGL-11 located at LG-18 as the main responsible for stenospermocarpy, and we are now looking for CGs associated with sugar and acids metabolism, as well as those related to berry size and its enlargement response after GA3 treatment. At the end of the day, this experience have produced just a few but very significant results with practical implications. We expect that this can be improved if we start from a larger mapping population that will have a much better genetic map based mainly on SNP-type markers at a quite larger saturation level. Financed mainly by Programa Genoma-Chile, grant G07I-1002.

10 Understanding and Manipulating Grapevine Defence Systems Melané A Vivier Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenolog, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa Disease management remains one of the key components in viticultural production systems. It also remains one of the major expenses in production and together with unpredictable climatic factors, one of the most important risk factors that could negatively impact grapevine products. Vitis vinifera cultivars are susceptible to a range of economically important pathogens and the practice of vegetative propagation has artificially perpetuated this susceptibility, by excluding cross-breeding and natural adaptation to infections. Significant advances have been made to understand the genomic and genetic basis of resistance and susceptibility towards pathogens in grapevine resources. These advances, supported by the availability of a sequenced genome are also providing momentum to identify and functionally analyze defense and resistance genes and/or control mechanisms to provide functional markers for breeding programmes, or targets for potential genetic manipulation. The interaction of grapevine and its pathogens have been studied extensively on the epidemiology level, but detailed information of how grapevine responds to invading pathogens in terms of resistance mechanisms activated and how it impacts on grapevine biology remains limited. This basic knowledge is important to develop rational, sustainable and environmentally-friendly production systems for viticulture. Now that the grapevine genome has been sequenced and genome sequences of some of the pathogens of grapevine are also available, the opportunity exists to study the molecular reaction of both plant and pathogen during infection and resistance (i.e. the interactome). By applying technologies such as RNA sequencing to the plant-pathogen interaction, a detailed understanding of how the pathogen attacks and how the plant defends can be obtained. By choosing resistant and susceptible grapevine varieties, as well as pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of the pathogen to study in these interactome profiling studies, a detailed understanding of the “strengths, weaknesses and strategies” of the plant, pathogen and their interaction could be obtained.

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11 Climate change effects on vineyards derived from coupling ecophysiological models to simulated future climate Philippe Pieri ISVV, INRA, UMR EGFV-1287 « Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne », Bordeaux, France. Significant effects of climate change were observed in viticulture during the recent years. In Europe, the main expected variations in climate variables, beside CO2, are an increase of temperature and, mainly in southern regions, a decrease of rainfall. Therefore, phenology, physiology, water status and grape maturation are all likely to be thoroughly altered. Rather than merely extrapolating recent trends, using regionalized outputs of global climate models as inputs for ecophysiological models of vineyard function is a more sensible way to forecast these impacts. This method of coupled models was developed in the “Climator” project by using a mixed phenology and vine water balance model applied at several locations, from 1950 to 2100. To some extent, uncertainties in impacts were estimated by comparing results obtained with different input climate series, all assuming an A1B scenario but different downscaling methods. The sensitivity to vine variety, planting density, soil water reserve, and irrigation practice was also estimated. The main likely impacts of climate change are then: 1) an advance of phenology by 20 to 40 days and new viticulture areas in northern Europe; 2) a weak increase in vine water stress, easily managed by adapted techniques like planting density, vigor control, soil surface management, or controlled deficit irrigation; however, post-harvest water stress could turn into a serious issue; 3) a quite unsustainable temperature rise during the veraison-maturation period of 6-8 °C, a consequence of earlier phenology combined with hotter atmosphere. Difficult to avoid and detrimental to essential grape components such as phenolics and aromas, this is probably the most challenging problem.

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS

12 The fleshless mutation: a valuable source to investigate the regulation of pericarp morphogenesis L. Torregrosa1, L. Fernandez1,2,3, C. Houel1, J. Chaib3, M. Rienth1, D. Mackenzie3, G. Lopez1, A-F. Adam-Blondon4, C. Romieu3, J-M. Zapater2 , M. R. Thomas3 1

Montpellier SupAgro-INRA, UMR AGAP, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France 2 ICVV, C/ Madre de dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain 3 CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia 4 INRA, URGV, 2 rue G. Crémieux, 91057 Evry cedex, France

The FLESHLESS BERRY (Flb) somatic variation was identified in the grapevine as a chimeric phenotype that develops small fruits due to minimal flesh (Fernandez et al., 2006). The lack of flesh development was shown to result from the impairment of both cell division and expansion. Interestingly, the phenotype was found to be inherited as a dominant trait, with occassional phenotypic reversions to the wild-type grapevine berry being observed in the original somatic variant and derived populations. Several experimental approaches were performed to: i) decipher the causal genetic mechanism of the abnormal flesh morphogenesis due to the flb mutation and ii) identify the main genes associated with the fleshless phenotype as potential critical players of early fruit development in the grapevine. Fine mapping using microvine progenies (Chaib et al., 2010) and gene sequencing identified the insertion of an active MITE (Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Element) in the promoter of the PISTILLATA-like gene (VvPI) as the cause of the fleshless phenotype and variations. The TE insertion caused specific ectopic activation of a VvPI allele during early fruit development that maintains the expression of floral genes within the fruit. The analysis of transcriptomic patterns induced by the flb mutation in the fruit revealed the expression of a set of genes normally specific to the transition from flower to young berry development. Some of these genes, such as VvHB13, were functionally characterised, in particular through microvine genetic transformation. Main outputs of this work will be presented and discussed. Fernandez L et al. (2006) Plant Physiology 140:537-47. Chaïb J et al. (2010) The Plant Journal 62:1083-92.

13 Global Transcriptome Analyses Aids the Discovery and Characterisation of Biosynthetic Pathways in Developing Grapes Damian P. Drew1, 2, Crystal Sweetman1, Darren C.J. Wong1, David Contreras-Pezoa1, Yong Jia1, Christopher M. Ford1 1

Wine Science and Business, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Australia

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile 2

Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

The physiological and biochemical composition of grape berries at harvest has a profound impact on the characteristics of the wine produced from those berries. The presence and concentration of primary metabolites such as the organic acids malate and tartrate and of secondary metabolites such as stilbenes, terpenes and flavonoids, all have the potential to affect the organoleptic properties of the berries. There is therefore a great interest in characterising the molecular and biophysical changes that occur during grape development, including the coordination and temporal regulation of metabolic gene pathways. In order to investigate the global expression of transcripts in grape berries, we used an Illumina HiSeq2000 to carry out transcriptome sequencing in immature green berries, in berries at the beginning and end of veraison, and in berries at harvest. This transcriptomic data has enabled us to undertake a global analysis of genes and gene pathways that are active during berry development, and also to investigate quantitative changes that occur between berries at different ages. We have used gene ontology assignment and statistical clustering to describe transcriptional patterns during berry development, and have uncovered many examples of coordinated and highly regulated gene expression. In situations where changes in metabolite levels through berry development have been described, but the genes involved in metabolism have not been characterised, these data provide a valuable resource for candidate gene selection. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by grant N° 275422 from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), and financial support from Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation, the University of the Adelaide and Wine 2030.

14 Dissecting the fine genetic regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol accumulation in mature grapes G. Malacarne1, L. Costantini1, J. Battilana1 , E. Coller1, S. Lorenzi1, D. Masuero2, M. Troggio1, U. Vrhovsek2, C. Moser1 , M. S. Grando1 1

Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all’Adige, (Trento - Italy). 2 Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all’Adige, (Trento - Italy). Anthocyanins and flavonols are natural compounds that accumulate preferentially in grapevine fruits and flowers. They are among the most abundant flavonoids and play a very important role in grape and wine quality. In particular, they confer and stabilize colour and contribute to other organoleptic characteristics of the final product. Their complex profile in terms of concentration and relative abundance varies among cultivars and makes wine typicity. Although the general flavonoid pathway has been genetically and biochemically elucidated and the main determinants of colour have been identified, the molecular reasons of the fine variation among grape cultivars are still not completely understood. To shed light on this issue, a segregating population derived from the cross Syrah x Pinot Noir was characterized by integrating metabolic, genetic and transcriptional sources of information. Berries of 170 F1 individuals were harvested at technological maturity in four different seasons and analyzed for ca. 60 traits, including specific forms of the two classes of compounds, their sums and ratios. QTL analysis detected several new QTLs, most with small phenotypic effect. In the confidence intervals genes were identified which putatively contribute to fine tune the global regulation of the biosynthetic pathway (i.e. transcription factors, hydroxylases, glycosyltransferases, methyltransferases and acyltransferases). The same analysis allowed the selection of two groups of individuals having either very low or very high anthocyanin and flavonol content. Gene expression profiling of these two groups by means of microarrays

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile identified a large set of differentially modulated transcripts. Co-localization of some transcripts with the QTLs helped in the selection of the best candidate genes for further characterization.

15 Accumulation of Anthocyanins in the Skin and Pulp of Five Different Teinturier Grapes Fei He1, Chang-Qing Duan1, Malcolm J. Reeves1,2, Jun-Wang1 1

Centre for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, China 2 Faculty of Applied Science, Business and Computing, Eastern Institute of Technology, New Zealand Anthocyanins are water soluble flavonoid pigments that normally accumulated in the grape skins, which contribute the red or purple color to the red grapes. However, in the teinturier (or dyer in French) grapes, besides skins, anthocyanins also accumulates in the pulp, which are widely used in the winemaking to enhance the color intensity of red wines. In the present study, anthocyanin profiles in the berry skins and pulp of five different well mature grapes (Alicante Bouschet, Yan-73, Yan-74, Kolor and a special rootstock variety Salt Greek) were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-electronic Spray Ionization-tandem Mass (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The results showed that totally 34 kinds of different anthocyanins were identified from such grapes, and their profiles in the skins and pulp were quite different, showing remarkable variety and tissue specificity. This research will provide helpful references for wine processing and variety breeding of colored grapes in the future. Acknowledgments: Supported by the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System of China (Grant NO.: CARS-30)

16 Glycosyltranferases and Terpenes The first hides the second O. Bitz1, J.Frotscher1, F. Boenisch2, S. Stanitzek3, E.-H. Ruehl1, W. Schwab2, M. Wuest3 1

Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany 2 TU Munich, Germany 3 University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Terpenes are widespread in the plant kingdom with different functions like pest protection and attraction of insects to pollinate flowers. In white wine monoterpenes largely determine the characteristic aroma profile and are typical for fruity and floral white wines. But in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) these terpenes are often present as their non-volatile, aroma inactive form. The inactivation occurs through glycosylation of the terpenes. In this study we are focusing on the enzymes in charge of catalyzing glycosylation – the glycosyltransferases (GT). Based on the sequence of 27 GT genes from Arabidopsis thaliana known to encode for GT which glycosylate terpenes (Caputi et al., 2008) we performed a database search in the Vitis vinifera reference genome to look for similar sequences. We deduced 67 - out of 210 putative GT found in reference genome with high similarities to the 27 GT from Arabidopsis thaliana. A portion of these genes were studied by comparative sequencing and by differential gene-expression during berry development in various varieties like Riesling and Gewurztraminer. The expression was determined by the GeXP Genetic Analysis System (Beckman Coulter) - a multiplex approach. This data will be compared and correlated with the aroma profiles, both the volatile and non-volatile fraction. The most promising candidate genes were heterologously expressed and functionally characterized. The allelic

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile differences in the genes of several varieties might lead to the development of markers eventually used in MAS (marker assisted breeding). References: Caputi, L., E. K. Lim, et al. (2008). Discovery of New Biocatalysts for the Glycosylation of Terpenoid Scaffolds. Chemistry 14: 6656-6662.

17 Phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of grapevine clones differing in their bunch compactness J. Grimplet, N. Laguna, J. Tello, N. Diestro, J.M. Martínez-Zapater, J. Ibáñez Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC-UR-CAR). Logroño, Spain Bunch compactness is an important trait with implications in grape quality. It is involved in the homogeneity in the ripeness of the berries and in the development of undesirable diseases. The aim of this work was to select genes related with bunch compactness through the study of clones differing in this trait. A collection of 730 clones from the cultivar Tempranillo and 501 clones from Garnacha Tinta were visually evaluated for differences in bunch compactness. Nine clones of Tempranillo and nine clones of Garnacha Tinta were chosen. Five bunches from each of the selected clones were phenotypically described for different characteristics related to bunch compactness including: bunch size, number of nodes, length of the internodes, length of the ramifications, berry number and size, and length of the pedicels. All the clones of the same cultivar were pair-wise compared, and comparisons whose difference in compactness was significantly attributable to a single characteristic were further investigated. Depending on the differential characteristic detected in each case, different stages of development (budburst, elongating shoots (6 leaves separated), bloom, berries pea-size, veraison) and tissues (buds, flowers, inflorescences and berries) were sampled. A transcriptomic analysis was carried out using the Nimblegen grapevine microarray on eight clones (four with loose bunches and four with dense bunches) at selected development stages. Candidate genes were then selected among those with a significant differential gene expression between loose bunch and compact bunch clones. Different criteria has been used for a systematic selection of candidate genes, including pair-wise and global gene expression comparisons of the clones with loose bunches versus clones with dense clusters, gene functions, and co-localization with QTLs of interest. After revision of the structural annotation of corresponding loci, a set of candidate genes was established. This set is ready to use for association analysis in a grapevine collection which has been phenotypically studied for characteristics related to bunch compactness. Acknowledgments: Project AGL2010-15694. Fellowship BES-2011-047041.

18 Grapevine carotenoids and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases: expression profiling and functional analysis. P. R. Young1, J. G. Lashbrooke1, S. J. Dockrall1 , E. Alexandersson1,2, D. Jacobson1, M. A. Vivier1 1

Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa 2 Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile The functions that carotenoids fulfill in photosynthesis are well known. Carotenoids also serve as the precursors to C13 -norisoprenoids, a group of apocarotenoid compounds with diverse biological functions that range from hormones to volatile flavour and aroma compounds (e.g. β-ionone, geranylacetone, pseudoionone, α-ionone and 3-hydroxy-β-ionone). Three CCD-encoding genes (VvCCD1, VvCCD4a and VvCCD4b) were isolated from grapevine and characterized and shown to be involved in flavour and aroma production by heterologous expression of the isolated putative CCD-encoding genes in carotenoid accumulating bacterial strains. Carotenoid substrates available for cleavage were confirmed and quantified by UPLC, whereas the volatile apocarotenoid products formed after enzymatic cleavage were analyzed via HS-SPME-GC-MS. The results showed that VvCCD1 cleaved most carotenoid substrates tested, whereas VvCCD4a and VvCCD4b cleaved a more limited substrate rang, confirming that a degree of substrate specificity exists for each of the VvCCDs. Interestingly, of the three VvCCDs only VvCCD1 could cleave β-carotene and zeaxanthin, both of which are crucial for photosynthesis. Carotenoids and chlorophylls from field-grown berries were subsequently analyzed via HPLC and overlaid with gene expression data of the VvCCD orthologues, profiled with microarrays and the data evaluated within the context of the carotenoid metabolic pathway [1]. Carotenoids were significantly reduced during ripening and followed the degradation trend of chlorophyll, whereas the expression of VvCCD1, -4a and -4b were upregulated throughout berry development, with VvCCD4b showing the highest degree of upregulation. Taken together, this study identified and functionally characterized two additional grapevine carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases and provided insight into their roles in photosynthesis and aroma production. [1] Young, P. R., J. G. Lashbrooke, E. Alexandersson, D. Jacobson, C. Moser, R. Velasco & M.A. Vivier. 2012. The genes and enzymes of the carotenoid metabolic pathway in Vitis vinifera L. BMC Genomics 13:243.

19 Fruit-localized photoreceptors increases phenolic compounds in berry skins of Vitis vinifera L. cv Malbec C.V. Gonzalez1,2, M.L. Fanzone3, L.E. Cortés1,2, A.I. Peña-Neira4, R.A. Bottini1, C.L. Ballaré5, D.C. Lijavetzky1, H.E. Boccalandro1,2 1

IBAM - CONICET-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina 2 ICB – UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina 3 INTA – Laboratorio de aromas y sustancias naturales, Mendoza, Argentina 4 Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile 5 IFEVA - FAUBA-CONICET, CABA, Argentina. Besides playing an essential role in plant photosynthesis, light is also a source of information, which is perceived by plant photoreceptors as light stimuli. Photoreceptors are involved in many important biological processes, particularly phytochromes and cryptochromes have been reported to be involved in fruit pigmentation in other species (e.g. tomato and strawberry). The aims of this study were a) to characterize the diurnal patterns of the light environment within the clusters zone of a commercial vineyard (north – south orientated rows) located in the Valle de Uco (Mendoza, Argentina); and b) to assess if the stimulation of fruit-localized photoreceptors may increase berry phenolic compounds. We found that during the morning clusters were directly exposed to solar radiation, however they were subjected to low levels of UV-B (280-315 nm), PAR (400-700 nm) and red to far red ratio (R:RL, 660 ±5/720±5 nm) during remainder of the day. The modification of the cluster light environment by the supplementation of red (660 nm), far red (730 nm), blue (470 nm) and green (560 nm) light, increased berry skins total phenolic compounds at harvest without affecting sugar content, acidity nor berry size.

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile We also analyzed several phenylpropaniod biosynthesis-related genes in order to correlate the metabolic and transcriptomic results. We concluded that berry phytochrome and cryptochromes stimulation favor accumulation of flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds, showing that under the assayed field conditions, fruit-photoreceptors are not saturated. Acknowledgments: PICT 2007 Nº 00492, PICT 2010 N° 1755 and Catena Zapata Winery

20 Gibberellins metabolism in Vitis vinifera at flowering and fruit set Lisa Giacomelli, Domenico Masuero, Urska Vrhovsek, Ron Wehrens, Omar Rota Sabelli, Claudio Moser Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all’Adige, (Trento - Italy). Gibberellin treatment allows to control bunch architecture and berry size in grapevine. Applications of gibberellic acid (GA3) at bloom result in reduced fruit set, which in turn produces bunches that are less dense, better aerated and, thus, less prone to fungal attack. This treatment is currently applied to wine cultivars with thick bunches such those belonging to the Pinot family, where fruit set and yield reductions remain moderate and are compensated by harvesting of healthier grapes. In this work we studied the accumulation of the active endogenous gibberellins (GA1 and GA4) in inflorescences and setting fruits. We also identified and characterized the family of grapevine gibberellin oxidases, in order to understand how the active gibberellin pool is maintained. Grapevine gibberellin oxidases were expressed as recombinant protein to study their activity in vitro, whereas overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana confirmed their activity in vivo. We show that the pool of active GA4 and GA1 is controlled by a fine regulation of the diverse gibberellin oxidases at the level of transcript abundance and tissue-specific expression as well as enzymatic activity and substrate specificity. Acknowledgments: post-doc project MagiaVitis funded by Autonomous Province of Trento

21 Characterization of the components of the GA signaling cascade in “Thompson Seedless” AK Achampong1, J Hu2, A Rotman1, A Lichter1, Y Kamiya3, Y Jikumaru3, T Sun2 , and E Or1 1

2

Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Center, ARO, Israel Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 3 RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan

Stenospermocarpic (“seedless”) berries, which lack true seeds and consequently have low levels of endogenous gibberellins (GA), are generally characterized by small berry size and require exogenous GA3 treatment to attain commercially-acceptable size. Interestingly, different seedless cultivars exhibit different sensitivities to this sizing treatment, expressed by the magnitude of berry enlargement. One possible cause of such differential sensitivity is variability in the mechanism or components of the GA signaling cascade.

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile Very little is known about the GA signaling cascade in grapevine. Moreover, the only signaling component so far identified, VvGAI1, does not regulate berry size, suggesting the existence of other components regulating signaling in the berry, and perhaps in other organs as well. Characterization of the mechanism and components of GA signaling can serve to both expose unique components/mechanisms, and to establish foundations for further study of the molecular basis of the differential sensitivity of different seedless cultivars to GA3 sizing treatment. Accordingly, we identified the major modulators of GA signaling cascade and tested their function in vitro and in vivo, using a Yeast-2-hybrid system and the relevant Arabidopsis mutant, respectively. Temporal and spatial expression of all the identified modulators was profiled, using wide selection of “Thompson Seedless” tissues. Comparative expression profiling was than conducted to characterize the response of these genes to GA and paclobutrazol in selected tissues. The interpretation of the results led us to analyze quantities of bioactive GAs, and their precursors and deactivation products in different organs. Based on the integration of our findings, a model will be proposed that suggests a tight linkage between organ response to GA application and transcript/protein levels of signaling modulators.

22 Transcriptomic Approach (RNA-SEQ) Reveals Putative Biomarkers Associated to Berry Size in Table Grapes C. Muñoz1,4, A. Di Génova2,4, A. Maass2,4, M. González-Aguero3, A. Orellana1,4 and P. Hinrichsen3 1

Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile 2 Centro de Modelamiento Matemático, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile 3 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, CRI La Platina, Santiago, Chile 4 Centro FONDAP de Regulación del Genoma, Santiago, Chile

Development and maturation of grape berries has been intensively studied, nevertheless its molecular regulation is still poorly understood. Our aim is to identify genetic factors associated with berry size, which can be used as biomarkers for the selection of larger berry phenotype, one of the most important quality trait in table grape production. We have analyzed data from a massive transcriptomic experiment using RNA-Seq Illumina sequencing technology. Forty-seven table grape samples were sequenced, corresponding to the combination of three phenological stages (anthesis, fruit-setting and 6-8 mm berry diameter) and 12 segregants from a RxS crossing,plus both parents. Segregants represented contrasting phenotypes for berry size and seed content. A total of 477 millions of reads were obtained, with an average length of 47 bp. They were aligned onto the 12X draft sequence of the reference PN40024 genome. In order to identify differentially expressed genes associated to berry size, total reads between seedless phenotypes contrasting for berry size from the same phenological stages were compared. Also, sequences were analyzed to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Hence, 1,479 genes differentially expressed were detected from the three phenological stages, which were filtered (logFC≥2) obtainning a group of 627 candidates genes. Identification of SNPs in these sequences led to the identification of 616 synonymous and non-synonymous SNPs. A fraction of candidate genes as well as putative SNPs are currently being validated in the RxS segregant population as well as in a core collection harboring a large proportion of the genetic diversity of Vitis vinifera L. Financiado por Genoma-Chile, FONDEF G07I-1002, Basal-CMM, Fondecyt 1110954, FONDAP CRG 15070009, Núcleo Milenio P10-062-F, Basal PFB-16 y Programa Mecesup.

23 A single clone in different environments: the plasticity of the grapevine berry transcriptome 47


S. Dal Santo1, G.B. Tornielli1, S. Zenoni1, L. Farina2, M. Fasoli1, M. Delledonne1 and M. Pezzotti1 2

1 Department of Biotechnology - University of Verona, Verona, Italy Department of Informatics e Sistemistics "Antonio Ruberti"- University of Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy

Phenotypic plasticity refers to the range of phenotypes a single genotype can express as a function of its environment and represents a key strategy to maximize fitness when challenged by environmental heterogeneity. Despite its importance as central ecological phenomenon, the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity remain largely unknown. We evaluated the plasticity of the berry transcriptome in a single clone of the common grapevine species Vitis vinifera cv Corvina through three consecutive vintages in 11 different vineyards cultivated in Verona area of Italy. Grape berry transcriptome clustered by vintages rather than viticulture practices and common environmental conditions. Plastic transcriptomic rearrangements were more intense in the vintage characterized by extreme weather conditions. In particular, secondary metabolism showed severe alterations with distinct metabolic pathways specifically expressed under certain whether conditions. The environmentally sensitive berry transcriptome analyzed in 11 vineyards during one harvesting season comprised 5% of all protein- coding genes and of 18% of the modulated transcripts during berry development. Specific plastic transcripts were associated with translation, transcription factors activity, transport and stress response. A set of genes that lack plasticity either similarly modulated or with constitutive expression during berry ripening were also obtained. Our analysis represents the first step towards the characterization of the grapevine transcriptome plasticity under agricultural systems.

24 Deciphering the genetic variability of berry sugar content in grapevine varieties E. Duchêne 1,2 , Z. Dai 3, V. Dumas 1,2, N. Jaegli 1,2, D. Merdinoglu 1,2 1

2

INRA, UMR 1131 SVQV, Colmar, France University of Strasbourg, UMR 1131, Colmar, France 3 INRA, UMR 1287 EGFV, Bordeaux, France

Climatic changes, as well as an increasing demand for a drastically reduced use of phytochemicals, exert pressure on breeding programs for proposing new varieties of grapevine. The efficiency of these programs is currently based on marker-assisted selection, and requires knowledge on the genetic determinism of agronomical traits of interest. Among these traits, berry quality parameters such as sugar content, acidity and secondary metabolites are essential. The genetic determinism of sugar content was studied over three growing seasons in the vineyard in progeny from a Riesling x Gewurztraminer cross. Since both phenological stages and fruit-to-leaf ratios influence the sugar content of the berries, we tested a method of evaluation of genotypic characteristics that integrates information on veraison date, leaf area and yield level. We show that the genetic variability of sugar content measured at harvest is highly reduced when berry sampling is performed at a given heat sum after veraison and when measured values are corrected according to the fruit-to-leaf ratios observed. In our data, a later veraison date and a higher fruit-to-leaf ratio in Riesling could completely explain a deficit of 39 g/l of sugar at harvest when compared to Gewurztraminer. Moreover a continuous monitoring in the parent varieties showed that the kinetic of sugar accumulation could be well described according to a degree-days scale calculated with maximum temperatures. An analytical model describing the carbon and water fluxes in the berry showed that a coefficient related to the non-sugar use of carbon

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile imported in a berry was different between the two varieties. This coefficient was also estimated for some genotypes of the progeny and differences between genotypes were observed. This study confirms that phenological stages and crop load are major drivers for creating genetic variability in berry sugar content but that they cannot totally explain this variability. Other physiological processes at the berry level have to be considered, and we provide here the first example of the related genetic variations in a progeny.

25 Nucleotide-Sugar Transporters in Grapevines (Vitis Vinifera L.) D. Utz, M. Handford Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Plant cells are surrounded by the cell wall which is mainly composed of cellulose and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. The synthesis of non-cellulosic polysaccharides occurs in the Golgi apparatus. Here, glycosylation reactions are catalysed by glycosyltransferases, that recognise nucleotide-sugars (NDPsugar) and transfer the sugar molecule to glycan acceptors. Most NDP-sugars are synthesised in the cytosol and their mechanism of entry into the Golgi lumen is via nucleotide-sugar transporters (NSTs). In Arabidopsis thaliana, the GONST1-5 family of NSTs is specific for GDP-sugars and localised in the Golgi. In Vitis vinifera L., it has been determined that the non-cellulosic polysaccharides contain sugars derived from GDP-sugars. To determine the conservation of the mechanism involved in the synthesis of non-cellulosic polysaccharides the grapevine genome was analysed bioinformatically for the presence of GONST orthologues. Two sequences with ≥ 78% identity at the amino acid level were identified in Thompson Seedless, both of which possess the molecular characteristics of those NSTs that transport GDP-sugars. We have called these orthologues VvGONST-A and VvGONST-B. The cloning of both NSTs was performed successfully, and their expression pattern in different grape organs and stages of berry development was evaluated by qRT-PCR and we show that both are expressed throughout flower and berry development. By transient transformation of tobacco leaves with VvGONST-A::GFP and VvGONST-B::GFP we determined that both are localised in the Golgi, a finding confirmed by using BFA. Finally, we determined their functionality in a nucleotide-sugar transport deficient mutant of GDPsugars of S. cerevisiae. Both NSTs were fused to a HA tag, transformed into yeast, and accumulation of tagged VvGONST-A::HA and VvGONST-B::HA was detected by western blot analysis. Experiments are underway to determine the transport specificity of VvGONST-A and VvGONST-B. Funding: CONICYT Doctorate Scholarship 21090418 and 24120980.

26 Structural and Fruit Compositional Anomalies Related to Various Shrivels Types Developing During Ripening of Grape Berries B. Bondada1 and M. Keller2 1

Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA. 2 Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 24106 N. Bunn Road, Prosser, WA 99350, USA.

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile In order to gain an insight into the origin and probable causes of various shrivel types developing during ripening of grape berries, it is important that one first perform an integrated analyses to understand structural and compositional anomalies of the afflicted berries. The objective of this study was to analyze different kinds of shrivels that afflict grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries during their growth and development by dissecting their morpho-anatomy and shriveling nature, and analyzing fruit composition. Field-grown Cabernet Sauvignon vines with a history of physiological disorders were monitored for the incidence of various types of shrivels. These included: sunburn (SB), prolonged dehydration (PD), late-season bunch stem necrosis (LBSN), early bunch stem necrosis (EBSN), and sour shrivel (SS). Except for SB berries, the pericarp of all other afflicted berries evolved with distinct morphological (shriveling pattern) and compositional characteristics (sugars, acids, pH, anthocyanins, phenolics, nutrients). Common to all shrivel types was the loss of volume despite retaining an intact morphology of epicuticular wax that occurred as upright platelets excluding on the sun-exposed hemisphere of SB berries wherein its crystalline structure was transitioned into amorphous masses. A chlorophyllous inflorescence framework persisted in all shrivel forms but in LBSN rachis in which the necrotic regions developed tylosis. Unlike the translucent mesocarp of healthy, SB and PD berries, the mesocarp was collapsed in SS and LBSN berries, nevertheless all had well-developed seeds. Overall, the integrated structural and compositional analysis of different shrivel types revealed a severe reduction in fruit quality of clusters afflicted with SS and therefore were not suitable for making wine. In contrast, despite shriveling of the pericarp, clusters of SB, PD, and LBSN berries had several sought-after compositional attributes rendering them suitable for making certain style of desirable wines. Acknowledgement: Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program, WA, USA.

27 The onset of grapevine berry ripening is characterized by reactive oxygen species accumulation and 13-lipoxygenasederived galactolipid peroxides in the chloroplasts S. Pilati1, D. Brazzale1, G. Guella2,3, A. Milli2, C. Ruberti4 , F. Biasioli1, M. Zottini4, C. Moser1 1

Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all’Adige, (Trento - Italy). 2 Department of Physics, Bioorganic Chemistry Lab,University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo,Trento, Italy 3 CNR, Istituto di Biofisica Trento, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy 4 Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b - 35131 Padova – Italy

The ripening of the fleshy fruits is a complex developmental program characterized by extensive transcriptomic and metabolic remodeling in the pericarp tissues (pulp and skin). The onset of ripening is triggered by a network of external and endogenous signals. Previous studies reported the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proposing reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be involved in the regulatory mechanisms. We therefore carried out a detailed investigation of their accumulation during seven weeks of Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Noir berry ripening centered on véraison. We demonstrate that both H2O2 and singlet oxygen (1O2) accumulated in berry skin cells during softening, in the cytosol and plastids, respectively. H2O2 peak at véraison is followed immediately by a peak of catalase activity. The analysis of lipid extracts by HPLC-mass spectrometry shows that only membrane galactolipids accumulate oxidized species at véraison, namely monogalactodiacylglicerols (MGDGs) and digalactodiacylglicerols (DGDGs) peroxidized on one or both α-linolenic fatty acid chains, with a 13(S) absolute configuration implying the participation of an enzymatic activity. We identified a lipoxygenase (PnLOXA) which is expressed at véraison and localized at the plastid thylakoid membranes. This enzyme is able to catalyze membrane galactolipid peroxidation in grapevine leaves overexpressing PnLOXA, strongly supporting its role in berry lipid peroxidation and possibly oxylipins synthesis. We provide evidence that H2O2, 1O2 and the peroxy-galactolipids are candidate signaling molecules during grape berry ripening.

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28 A Genetic Mechanism for Synchronization of Ripening Among individual Berries in Pinot Noir S. Gouthu1, Y. Di2, S. O’Neil3 , L.G. Deluc1 , 1

Department of Horticulture 2 Department of Statistics 3 Center for Genome and Biocomputing Research Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA Ripeness heterogeneity at maturity in grape berry clusters becomes a growing problem in the table and wine industry. This quality aspect related to the grape berry ripening control has been overlooked due to the current lack of strategies to overcome it and to the common-held belief that states the existence of a ripening plateau intended to reduce the inherent biological variability in a cluster near maturity. Yet, there is no scientific evidence of such physiological plateau and years of phenological observations contradict this assumption. In Pinot noir asynchronous cluster, the comparison of the transcriptomes, using whole genome array, among three berry classes (Green, Pink and Red) at the onset of ripening and their counterparts five weeks later, identified genes that synchronized their transcriptional states at maturity resulting in the reduction of the biological variability. This was caused by an active mechanism at the metabolic and transcriptional level allowing underripe berries to ripe faster to catch up with riper berries. Gene Ontology analyses of “synchronized genes” did not reveal any enrichment in a specific class of genes, which indicates that the transcriptional synchronization mechanism affects any gene irrespective of its function. In contrast, the dynamics and the timing of the transcriptional synchronization during the ripening phase is gene-specific. This suggests different molecular events to regulate it. In silico analyses on the promoter region of “synchronized genes”, using an enumerative promoter searching tool ELEMENT (http://element.mocklerlab.org) and , revealed overrepresented cis regulatory elements in the 1kb region upstream the transcription start site, which indicates the existence of putative transcriptional modules responsible for the transcriptional synchronization. A systems biology approach is currently developed to estimate the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the berry synchronization mechanism. Such insight will help to understand the control of grape berry ripening and to develop in the long-term solutions to remedy recurring problem of ripeness heterogeneity. Acknowledgments: The author thanks Oregon State University for financial support

29 Grape berry ripening delay induced by a pre-véraison NAA treatment is paralleled by a shift in the expression pattern of hormone-related genes M. Corso1, F Ziliotto1, F.M. Rizzini1, A. Rasori1, A. Botton1, C. Bonghi1,2 1

Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis –Legnaro, Padova, Italy 2 Centro Interdipartimentale per la Ricerca in Viticoltura ed Enologia, CIRVE, University of Padova, Agripolis – Legnaro, Padova, Italy Auxins act as repressors of ripening inception in grape (véraison), while ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) play a positive role as inducers of the syndrome. Despite the increasing amount of information made available on this topic, the complex network of interactions among these hormones remains elusive. In order to shed light on these aspects, a holistic approach was adopted to evaluate, at the transcriptomic

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile level, the crosstalk between hormones in grape berries, whose ripening progression was delayed by applying naphtalenacetic acid (NAA) one week before véraison. The NAA treatment caused significant changes in the transcription rate of about 1,500 genes, indicating that auxin delayed grape berry ripening also at the transcriptional level, along with the recovery of a steady state of its intracellular concentration. Hormone indices analysis carried out with the HORMONOMETER tool suggests that biologically active concentrations of auxins were achieved throughout a homeostatic recovery. This occurred within 7 days after the treatment, during which the physiological response was mainly unspecific and due to a likely pharmacological effect of NAA. This hypothesis is strongly supported by the up-regulation of genes involved in auxin conjugation (GH3-like) and action (IAA4- and IAA31-like). A strong antagonistic effect between auxin and ethylene was also observed, along with a substantial ‘synergism’ between auxins and ABA, although to a lesser extent. This study suggests that, in presence of altered levels of auxins, the crosstalk between hormones involves diverse mechanisms, acting at both the hormone response and biosynthesis levels, creating a complex response network. Acknowledgments: This study was supported by the Progetto AGER “SERRES”, grant n° 2010-2105.

30 Effect of canopy manipulation on abiotic factors and grape and wine composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon Blanc A. Deloire1#, K. Šuklje2, Z. Coetzee2 , K. Lisjak2, G. Antalick3, J. Brandt2 1

Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. 2 Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Central laboratories, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. 3 Institute of Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. # Present address: NWGIC-Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia, 2650. To determine the effect of abiotic factors on the grape berry composition and the associated wine style of Sauvignon Blanc, an experiment was conducted in the Overberg region (Western Cape area, South Africa E19°1’68’’, S34°9’52.76’’) to compare different bunch microclimates. Temperature, light (quantity and quality) and the effect of wind (i.e. sea breeze), monitored at the meso- and microclimatic levels, were considered as the main abiotic factors. The biochemical focus of the study during berry ripening was on glutathione (GSH) and 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP). In addition, thiols, esters and IBMP were analysed on the completed wines and sensory analyses performed. Total leaf and lateral removal in the bunch zone had no influence on the content of GSH in the grape berry, but resulted in a significantly lower content of IBMP during ripening. Reduced solar UV radiation (R-UV) by 99% had no influence on these metabolites. Furthermore, the R-UV resulted in significantly lower thiols and ethyl fatty acids esters concentrations in the wines, and higher concentrations of ethyl branched acids esters. With regard to sensory analyses, the descriptors used to describe treatments without leaf and lateral removal were green pepper, cooked peas and grassy, what might be explained by the IBMP concentration. Leaf and lateral removal treatments were generally described as fruity. The effect of R-UV on sensory profile of wines was significant only in the exposed treatment, in comparison with shaded treatment with R-UV. The grape berry biochemical composition and the aromatic style of the wines were altered through canopy manipulation. In addition, the wine style was predicted using berry colour evolution. Acknowledgments: WINETECH and THRIP (South Africa), the Slovenian Research Agency (Project L42042) for funding and Vivelys (France) for the Dyostem.

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31 Effects of RDI Treatments on Xylem Characteristics, Stem Water Potential, Yield and Wine Quality Yishai Netzer1, 2, 3 , Sarel Munitz1 and Amnon Schwartz1 1

The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Quality Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel 2 The Shomron and Jordan rift Regional Research and Development, Israel. 3 Agricultural Research and Development, Central Mountain Region, Israel.

We conducted an irrigation experiment in a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard in a semiarid region to study the effects of SDI and RDI treatments on cambial activity, yield parameters and wine quality. Five treatments were applied, including three SDI treatments [high, 50% ETc (290 mm per season); medium, 35% ETc (209 mm) and low, 20% ETc (123 mm)] and two RDI treatments [RDI-I, 50% ETc from flowering to bunch closure and then 20% ETc until harvest (168 mm) and RDI-II, 20% ETc from flowering to the end of veraison and then 50% ETc (160 mm) until harvest]. Stem water potential (SWP) was measured weekly. At the end of the trial, tissue from the youngest three annual xylem rings was isolated using a corer and the cross-sectional area of all of the vessels was measured. The average diameters of the vessels in the high SDI and RDI-I treatments were about 10% greater than those observed for the lower SDI treatment and the RDI-II treatment. The calculated hydraulic conductance of those vessels was 30% higher than that observed in vines that received the low-irrigation treatment. Postveraison, average SWP was ~0.2 MPa lower in the vines with the higher hydraulic conductance, possibly due to the greater amount of cavitation in those vines. The yield of the RDI-I treatment was higher than that of the RDI-II treatment and approached that of the high SDI treatment. The wine from the RDI-I treatment received the highest quality score.

32 Elevated temperature and water deficit accelerated berry mesocarp cell death: link with shrivelling and sensory traits* M. Bonada1,2,3, V. Sadras2,3 , M. Moran3 and S. Fuentes2. 1

Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mendoza, Argentina 2 The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 3 South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Adelaide, Australia Berry mesocarp cell death is a variety dependent trait, which correlates with shrivelling. It has been proposed that development of berry flavour and aroma also relate to mesocarp cell death. Indirect studies indicate environmental modulation of shrivelling in Shiraz. It is not known, however, the direct impact of environmental stresses, including water deficit and elevated temperature, on the dynamics of mesocarp cell death and shrivelling. We tested the hypotheses that (i) water deficit and elevated temperature accelerate mesocarp cell death and shrivelling, and that (ii) faster cell death, as driven by warming and water deficit, negatively contributes to grape sensory balance. Using open-top chambers to elevate day and night temperature, we compared heated vines against controls at ambient temperature. Thermal regimes during berry ripening were factorially combined with two varieties (Experiment 1), Chardonnay and Shiraz, and with two irrigation regimes (Experiment 2), fully irrigated and water deficit. The dynamic of cell death was characterized by a bilinear model with three parameters: the onset of rapid cell death and the rate of cell death before and after the onset of rapid cell death. Shrivelling was characterized by changes in berry water content and morphological traits. Statistical comparison of these parameters during two seasons in the Barossa Valley, Australia, indicated that warming advanced both

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile the onset of rapid cell death and the rate post-onset and water stress increased the rate of cell death in the period post-onset. Elevated temperature accelerated berry shrivelling in Shiraz but had no impact on shrivel in Chardonnay. Mesocarp cell death seems necessary but not sufficient to explain berry shrivelling. We found that cell death and shrivelling could be uncoupled by irrigation regimes. More advanced berry sensory traits were associated with higher cell death; however, warming and water deficit accelerated and decoupled berry sensory traits. Acknowledgments: GWRDC, DAFF and INTA for financial support. *The results presented here form part of submitted papers to Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research and Irrigation Science.

33 Analysis of canopy temperature variability to improve estimation of crop water stress using infrared thermography S. Foletta1, S. Fuentes1 , I. Goodwin2, E.W.R. Barlow1 , R. Farquharson1, N. Cooley3 1

The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Department of Primary Industries, Tatura, Australia 3 North Melbourne Institute of Tafe, Melbourne, Australia 2

Climate change predictions, based on Global Circulation Models (GCMs), forecast reduced rainfall and changes to rainfall patterns in many Viticulture regions. These projections coupled with increasing ambient temperature and demand for water, makes it necessary to develop more accurate methods of assessing plant water status to improve the efficiency of irrigation scheduling. The Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI), obtained from infrared thermal images (IRTI), is one method of estimating plant water status. However, CWSI obtained from IRTI has been shown to be sensitive to external factors such as wind velocity, solar radiation and cloud cover. Management practices such as trellis and training systems, pruning methods and row orientation influence light interception and exposure to wind; thus influencing canopy temperatures and the calculation of CWSI. In addition, variability of canopy temperature may be further influenced by non-uniform soil wetting patterns under drip irrigation. Therefore, a study of within canopy variability of plant water status estimates using IRTI is required. A study was conducted on Vitis Vinifera L. cv. Shiraz grown near Dookie in northeast Victoria, Australia. IRTI of the sunlit, shaded and lower faces of the canopy were analysed using pattern recognition and cluster analysis techniques to identify the level of variability within canopies that were associated with external factors (i.e. canopy face, solar radiation and wind velocity). Results showed the pattern recognition methodology proposed was able to facilitate disregarding data that presented excessive variability due to external factors, thus resulting in a more representative calculation of CWSI for precision irrigation scheduling.

34 Does shoot autonomy apply to the response of carbon assimilation to variations in source: sink relationships in grapevines? N. Franck1,2, FJ. Meza1 , D. Arancibia1, JM. Escalona3, V. García de Cortázar1,4

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Laboratorio de Adaptación de las Plantas a la Aridez, Centro de Estudios de Zonas Áridas, Universidad de Chile, Coquimbo, Chile 2 Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile 3 Research Group on Plant Biology. Balearic Islands University, Palma de Mallorca, Spain 4 Departamento de Ingeniería y Suelos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

The adjustment of fruit load (FL) and leaf area are common vineyard management practices which alter the relationship between carbon (C) demand by sinks (fruits) and offer by sources (leaves). Source:sink relationships have been shown to affect C assimilation (A) in grapevines, which is down-regulated by low sink C demand. Grapevine shoots have been postulated to be autonomous regarding C balance and their source:sink relationships vary along the seasons due to changes in leaf area development and fruit growth rate. Our aim was to study the effect of shoot FL (SFL) on A along the fruit growth period and to test if this effect was autonomous regarding the FL of the rest of the plant (VFL). We therefore adjusted six SFL levels (leaf/bunch ratios homogeneously distributed between 24/0 and 4/2) on two shoots of vines with either high or low VFL, in a commercial Chardonnay vineyard in northern Chile. One of the shoots was then girdled (isolated from the rest of the plant for C transport). Gas exchange was measured on each shoot at three times of the day during five dates between fruit set and maturity. A positive correlation between SFL and A was found which exhibited higher coefficients (r) during periods of high fruit growth rate. r was higher in girdled shoots and in low VFL. This indicates that the shoots were not autonomous in their response to SFL and actively exported or imported C according to their current soure:sink balance. gs, was more tightly correlated to SFL than A, suggesting that the downregulation of A was mediated by gs. Acknowledgments: Grant FONDECYT N°1080450

35 Water versus sink: source relationships in a Tempranillo vineyard in semi arid Spain. Vine performance and fruit composition D.S. Intrigliolo, D. Pérez, A. Yeves, J.R. Castel Instituto Valenciano Investigaciones Agrarias, Valencia, Spain The effects of combined treatments of canopy height and irrigation on yield and fruit composition were studied during two seasons, in a Tempranillo vineyard trained to a bilateral cordon, oriented N-S. The canopy heights (CH) were “normal” or non-elevated and “high” or elevated, which represented about 0.90 and 1.30 m of vertical canopy height, respectively. Crop level (i.e. the number of clusters per vine) was the same for both heights. Within each CH treatment, three drip irrigation strategies were also studied in a complete factorial design with three replicates of 90 vines. Early deficit (ED), with deficit irrigation during pre-veraison; Sustained deficit irrigation (SDI), irrigated at 75% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during the whole season, and Control, irrigated at 100% of ETc. Within each CH, irrigation regime was the same and ETc was estimated considering the normal CH. Over the two years, increasing the canopy height resulted in a 26% increase in leaf area per vine but also in a higher water stress (0.1 to 0.2 MPa more negative midday stem water potential). As a consequence, yield was reduced by the elevated canopy, by a 13% on average for the three irrigation levels. This yield reduction was due to lower cluster and berry weights, which were accompanied by increased total soluble solids and higher berry anthocyanins concentration, but also by lower total acidity and malic and tartaric acids concentration. For the irrigation levels, pooled over seasons, there were only very small differences in yield. However, berry anthocyanins concentration was higher in the ED respect to SDI and Control treatments. Pooling data from all irrigation and CH treatments, midday stem water potential rather than

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile the leaf:area to yield ratio, was the vine status indicator better explaining treatment-to-treatment differences in vine performance and fruit composition. This indicates that vine water relations played a more important role than the vine sink:source balance in the overall vineyard performance.

36 Regulation of hydraulic conductivity by aquaporins in roots and leaves Rebecca Vandeleur1, Alicia Pou2, Sunita Ramesh1, Brent Kaiser1, Matthew Gilliham1, Wendy Sullivan1, Asmini Athman1, Hipolito Medrano2, Jaume Flexas2, Stephen Tyerman1 1

University of Adelaide, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and Waite Research Institute, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia. 2 Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain

There are a variety of mechanisms controlling aquaporin activity in plant membranes. These enable responses to environmental changes in the short and long term. Abiotic stresses such as drought have interesting effects on aquaporin mediated water transport that differ between species and cultivars within a species. We have previously compared grapevine cultivars representing isohydric and anisohydric responses in stomatal regulation that are reflected in the way aquaporins are regulated in the root (Vandeleur et al. 2009, Plant Physiol 149:446). These experiments also revealed that long distance signaling could occur from the shoot to the root. We have observed that root hydraulic conductivity is correlated with leaf transpiration or stomatal conductance. Shoot manipulation results in rapid changes in root hydraulic conductivity, which correlates with changed expression of some aquaporins. The signaling is related to rapid changes in turgor pressure in the root. In parallel to the root certain aquaporins in the leaf show variable levels of expression that are closely correlated with stomatal conductance under water stress and recovery (Pou et al. 2012, Plant Cell and Environment DOI: 10.1111/pce.12019). Ultimately the coordination of conductances for liquid water (mediated by aquaporins) and conductances to water vapor (mediated by stomata) enables the plant to achieve maximum extraction of water from the soil and to buffer changes in plant water potential. Understanding the signals between shoots and roots that control aquaporins will be as important as is our understanding of the long distance signaling involved in stomatal regulation.

37 Physiology and metabolism in respect to hydraulic behavior. Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon performances under deficit irrigation. U. Hochberg, A. Degau, A. Fait, S. Rachmilevitch The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are well adapted to arid and semiarid environments due to their extensive deep root system and tightly regulated drought avoidance mechanisms. Since regulated water deficit is known to improve quality of wine grapes, many of the world vines are regularly deficiently irrigated. It was established that different cultivars of grapes choose different strategies to deal with drought stress. Based on their strategy, varieties where divided to isohydric and anisohydric.

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile In the presented research hydraulic behavior of two grapevine varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon (Cs) (isohydric) and Shiraz (anisohydric), were studied in both field and green house conditions. In both locations different irrigation stress treatments were given. Gas exchange, fluorometry, cross section anatomy and metabolic analysis methods (GCMS, LCMS) were used to investigate plant response to water stress. Differences between cultivars and between treatments were observed in both the physiological and the metabolic levels. Shiraz exhibited a near anisohydric behavior which was accompanied by greater metabolic changes. Cs exhibited a near isohydric behavior, activating his stress tolerance mechanisms at higher soil water content and maintaining stable leaf water potential, but sustaining lower metabolic changes as compared with Shiraz. As compared with Shiraz Cs compensated for his lower stomata conductance with higher intrinsic water use efficiency and photorespiration rates. These photoprotective mechanisms resulted in stable Fv/Fm rates in Cs, even under severe stress, as compared with the decrease in Fv/Fm rates in response to stress observed in Shiraz. These measurements highlight the importance of photorespiration in photoprotection. The synergism achieved by the combination of physiological and metabolism research, allows a deeper understanding of the an/isohydric phenomena. The different response of different grapevine cultivars to water limitations, suggests that irrigation regimes should be adjusted specifically per cultivar in order to save water and improve yield and quality. Acknowledgments: The work was done with the support of the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture, grant no. 857-0614-09 and funded in part by the Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund (IS4325-10).

38 Carbon partitioning in water stressed Carmenere grapevines C. Pastenes, L. Villarroel, N. Ríos, F. Reyes, N. Franck. Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile. Water stress is a wide spread agronomical protocol in grape vines since improves quality for wine making. However, water stress is known to negatively affect photosynthesis leading to an over-excitation of the photosynthetic apparatus, reducing the source capacity. Also, it accelerates sugar unloading in the reproductive tissues, at least transiently, increasing the demand for reduced carbon. We have investigated the effect of different water irrigation regimes along the season in 12 years old commercial Carmenere vines, in order to assess the balance between the capacity for carbon supply, eventual excess energy absorbance, energy transduction events, sugar unloading at the grape berry site and ABA content as a common modulating signal between leaves and fruits. Water regimes corresponding, along the season, in average to -0.7 MPa (T1), -0.85 MPa (T2), -0.95 MPa (T3) and -1.05 MPa (T4), started nearly 1 week before veraison. Significant differences in photosynthesis occurred after 3 weeks of the beginning of treatments for the afternoon oriented canopy and nearly 7 weeks for the morning oriented canopy. Stomatal conductance was more sensitive to the water status of plants than photosynthesis, suggesting an increase in the water use efficiency in T3 and T4. Photoinhibition in T4 appeared only after 8 weeks of water treatments, concomitant to higher non-photochemical energy dissipation rates, but with no clear impact on the proportion of PSII open reaction centres. Source capacity in T1 seems to be high enough for phloem loading since starch content, as well as reducing sugars, along the day and season, were higher than T4, irrespective of the canopy exposure. As for grape berries, T2 and T3 resulted in higher glucose, fructose and sucrose, concentration, suggesting that the simple model correlation between source to sink strength and the corresponding starch accumulation in leaves is not simple in field systems. These results will be discussed as compared to gene expression for sugar transporter proteins in leaves and berries as well as the abscisic acid in the same tissues.

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39 The “Vit-Sec” project: investigating the molecular bases of grapevine adaptation to water deficit N. Ollat1, P. Vivin1, P.F. Bert1, E. Lebon2, V. Nègre 2 , M. Chouet1 , P. This3, and F. Barrieu1 1

UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne - I.S.V.V Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte 33882 Villenave d’Ornon 2 UMR 759 Laboratoire d’Etude des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE) - 2, place Pierre Viala - 34060 Montpellier 3 TGU AGAP Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerrranéennes et tropicales - avenue Agropolis - 34398 Montpellier

The “Vit-Sec” project is based on a multidisciplinary approach (ecophysiology * genomic * genetic) that uses the most recent facilities and technologies to undertake a comprehensive analysis of grapevine response and adaptation to water-limiting conditions. Using a phenotyping platform that allows the progressive application of well-defined levels of water-deficit, drought experiments have been conducted with 4 combinations of rootstock/scion exhibiting contrasted sensibility and response to water deficit. Fine ecophysiological measurements have been performed and biological samples from root and scion have been harvested and subjected to global transcriptome analyses using Nimblegen grape wholegenome expression arrays. In the same time, to identify QTLs for the different responses to water deficit, phenotyping experiments have been conducted with a Syrah x Grenache intraspecific progeny in field conditions and with an interspecific Cabernet Sauvignon x Riparia Gloire de Montpellier progeny in control and water deficit conditions. Finally, and because large datasets are generated by this project, we have created a dedicated database called “Vit-Phe” to associate transcript expression levels with ecophysiological and physiological data. We are now in the process of analyzing these important datasets to understand the phenotypic plasticity of grapevine in response to water deficit and to identify candidate genes involved in the root response to water deficit. The results of this study will contribute to the identification of molecular markers of drought tolerance that might be used for both rootstock and scion selection and improvement. Acknowledgments: the authors are grateful to the French National Research Agency (ANR) and to the French National Committee of wines to AOC inter-trade (CNIV) for funding the “Vit-Sec” project.

40 Mesophyll conductance in grapevine cultivars in relation to leaf anatomy and water stress Tomas, M.; Medrano, H.; Escalona, J.M.; Martorell, S.; Pou, A.; Flexas, J. Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia. Universitat de les Illes Balear. Palma de Mallorca (Spain) Mesophyll conductance (gm) poses a significant limitation to photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (AN) which is exacerbated under water stress conditions. The aims of the present study were: (i) to evaluate the variability of gm in different cultivars of grapevine, (ii) to determine whether changes in gm can be correlated with genotypic variability of intrinsic water use efficiency (AN/gs) and (iii) to asses which are the major leaf anatomical traits responsible for gm variability. Three similar pot experiments were performed to compare gm across seven grapevines cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) under irrigation and moderate water stress treatments. Large variability of gm was observed among the different cultivars, which was associated with changes of intrinsic water use efficiency, demonstrating that increases in the

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile ratio of mesophyll to stomatal conductance (gm/gs) would allow improvements in AN/gs. However, the variability of gm and WUE among cultivars could not be explained by the differences in leaf anatomical traits, probably due to biochemical mechanisms that influence the diffusion of CO2 differently in the cultivars studied here. Therefore, biochemical components related to the permeability of membranes, like aquaporins or others, constitute a near future research priority.

41 Iso or anisohydry in a Syrah X Grenache progeny: Do stomata matter? A. Coupel-Ledru1, A. Doligez2, P. Hamard1, P. Péchier1 , M. Moreno1, T. Simonneau1, A. Christophe1, P. This2 , E. Lebon1. 1

LEPSE, INRA/SupAgro Montpellier, France 2 INRA, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France

In order to cope with water stress, plants evolved different processes limiting the decrease in leaf water potential in the daytime. Species, so-called isohydric, efficiently maintain high leaf water potential when the soil dries. By contrast, anisohydric species cannot prevent leaf water potential from dropping as soil water deficit develops. The classical view links (an)isohydric behaviors to the control of transpiration by stomata but this physiological link and its genetic origin remain to be clarified. This is of particular interest within the species Vitis vinifera L. where two widespread cultivars, namely Grenache and Syrah, have been respectively described as near-isohydric and near-anisohydric. In order to elucidate the behavior of these varieties, we studied a F1 progeny of 186 individuals, from a cross between Syrah and Grenache, by means of a high-throughput phenotyping facility. The whole progeny was analyzed for transpiration rate, leaf water potential, and plant hydraulic conductance (i.e. capacity of the plant circuitry to supply soil water to the leaves) on potted plants in greenhouse, both under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. A high genetic variability was found for all the traits. We detected 15 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). Based on co-localization between QTLs and correlations between traits, we showed that leaf transpiration rate is controlled by distinct processes between day and night. The efficacy of leaf water potential maintenance under water deficit in the daytime was neither statistically nor genetically correlated with the reduction in transpiration rate. On the contrary, variability in transpiration rate was both statistically and genetically related to the variability in plant hydraulic conductance. We conclude that, contrary to the classical view, the stomatal control of transpiration does not stand alone but conspire with plant hydraulic conductance to determine the diversity in (an)isohydric behaviors in grapevine. Current genetic studies address the role of plant hydraulic conductance in plant water use and leaf water potential maintenance under drought.

42 Disposing of excess phloem water via xylem backflow and berry transpiration enhances grape ripening Y. Zhang, M. Keller Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Prosser, Washington, USA Water determines the final size and weight of grape berries and their concentrations of sugars, acids, phenolics and others compounds, which are important for both yield and quality. Imbalances in water

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile content can cause berry cracking or shrinkage. Since water influx in ripening berries occurs mostly via the phloem, we tested the hypothesis that water efflux via both the xylem (backflow) and the epidermis (transpiration) affects berry growth and solute accumulation. Clusters of three genetically diverse Vitis genotypes were treated to impede backflow and/or transpiration. Both treatments, especially in combination, decreased berry solute accumulation compared with the control. Berries with impeded transpiration gained more than or the same weight as controls, and the incidence of berry cracking was higher. Additional evidence for the role of xylem backflow was collected through a root-pressurization experiment designed to stop backflow. Ripening berries from potted vines with pressurized roots expanded more rapidly but accumulated solutes more slowly than controls. In addition, fruit-bearing shoots were pressurized using a custom-built ‘berry pressurizer’. Syrah and Concord berries cracked more readily than did Merlot berries but only Syrah exhibited a window of heightened vulnerability to cracking during ripening. We conclude that both xylem backflow and berry transpiration are important in disposing excess phloem water during grape ripening. We propose that, as water-disposing pathways, backflow and transpiration serve as ‘overflow valves’ that release internal pressure caused by phloem-derived water, thus facilitating sugar accumulation and protecting berries from cracking. Acknowledgments: USDA Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research, Chateau Ste. Michelle Distinguished Professorship, Rhone Rangers. We thank John Ferguson for skilled technical assistance.

43 The role of rootstock conferred vigour in determining crop water use efficiency Everard J. Edwards, Annette Boettcher, Marisa J. Collins, Peter R. Clingeleffer, Robert R. Walker. CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide, Australia Crop irrigation accounts for the vast majority of the world’s fresh water consumption. With ever increasing pressure from rising populations, environmental requirements and climate change, the availability of water for irrigation is only likely to decrease in the future. Over 85% of Australian vineyards are irrigated and during the recent drought irrigation allocations reached as little as 20% of normal. Improving water use efficiency of vineyards, whilst maintaining profitability, is therefore essential for the future success of the industry. One mechanism for such improvement is through utilizing more water use efficient vines. However, the commercial realities of consumer preferences for well known wine varieties limit the ability of producers to alter their current choice of scion. In contrast, consumers have little or no interest in the choice of rootstock. Consequently, producers are largely free to utilize more water use efficient rootstocks in new or replacement plantings. Rootstocks may directly affect the ability of the vine to take up water from a given soil profile, but different rootstocks may also impart different traits upon the scion. In particular, rootstocks are known to produce a wide range of scion vigour. As canopy size is a primary determinant of vine water use, rootstocks that minimise canopy size whilst maximising yield are likely to improve the water use efficiency of winegrape production. We have used a fully replicated trial of 20+ year old Shiraz vines grafted to a range of rootstocks, including the low-moderate vigour Merbein series recently released by CSIRO, to establish the role of rootstock conferred vigour in determining crop water use efficiency. Newly developed sapflow sensors monitored whole vine transpiration of multiple replicates of six different rootstocks throughout the growing season for three years. Canopy growth was also determined and demonstrated a two-fold range in leaf area between the rootstocks. The relationship between yield and water use, when determined for each rootstock, demonstrated higher water use efficiencies (yield/water transpired) in the lower vigour rootstocks for a minimal yield penalty. Furthermore, the lower vigour rootstocks also had reduced interseasonal variability in yield and wine quality.

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44 Long term steady-state drought-induced changes in grapevine rootstock transcriptome A. Peccoux1 , C. Kappel2, H.R. Schultz3, D. Lecourieux4 , F. Barrieu4, S. Delrot4, N. Ollat5. 1

University of Missouri, Columbia, USA University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany 3 Geisenheim Research Center, Geisenheim, Germany 4 ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Villenave d'Ornon, France. 5 ISVV, INRA, UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Villenave d'Ornon, France. 2

The objective of this research was to investigate the gene expression changes induced by different degrees of water deficiency in contrasting grapevine rootstock genotypes grafted with the same scion. One-yearold combinations of Cabernet Sauvignon grafted onto drought-sensitive (Vitis riparia cv. Gloire de Montpellier) or drought-tolerant (110Richter) rootstocks were grown at four levels of water deficiency in pots under greenhouse conditions. The water-deficit levels were strictly controlled using a phenotyping balance system. This experiment was repeated over two years. After three weeks under steady-state conditions, root tips were harvested for transcriptomic analysis using whole genome grapevine microarrays. The comparison between stress levels and genotypes showed that 24 genes had a significant “Treatment × Genotype” interaction. Most of these genes were involved in lipid metabolism, detoxification processes and cell wall metabolism. They also displayed genotype-specific stress response curves. We hypothesize that long term water-deficit caused oxidative stress and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the roots, which triggered lipid peroxidation. This hypothesis was also reinforced by the gene ontology (GO) analysis, which showed specific enrichment of GO terms involved in these physiological processes. Additionally, we were able to identify a number of hubs with divergences and similarities through a gene co-expression network. This network gave us the ability to highlight candidate genes for future functional genomic screening. Acknowledgments: We acknowledge the generous financial support of the "Studienstrukturprogramm, Doktorandenkolleg Hochschule RheinMain und Forschungsanstalt Geisenheim" of the State of Hessen, Germany. This project was also funded by grants from the Aquitaine region and CIVB, “Conseil Interprofessionnel des Vins de Bordeaux”.

45 Identification and molecular characterization of the boron transporter VvBOR2 from Vitis vinifera A. Bisquertt, C. Espinoza, F. Aquea, P. Arce-Johnson. Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, P. Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile. Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for vascular plants. It has a relevant structural role in plant cell walls, which contain more than 90% of total plant boron. The range between plant B deficiency and toxicity is narrow. Toxicity symptoms include a reduced growth of roots and shoots, lower photosynthetic rates, altered nitrogen metabolism, reduced seed germination rate, and can affect flowering and development of both fruits and seeds, which are particularly unfavorable conditions for economically relevant crops. Some crops can tolerate high levels of B such as maize, tobacco, oat, tomato, and asparagus; while others such as grapevine, onion, garlic and wheat are extremely sensitive to high B. This

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile tolerance correlates with a reduced B uptake into the roots and increased efflux of boron by transporters. However, the physiological mechanisms controlling boron toxicity or tolerance are poorly understood. In this work, we identified six possible B transporters in Vitis vinifera, named VvBOR1-6 based on their similarity to the well-known AtBOR1 gene. Relationships between all VvBOR genes based on sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction revealed two clades, which could be correlated with their physiological function. Tissue-specific gene expression analysis revealed that VvBOR2 is expressed in all tested tissues, but only in flower all VvBOR are detected. Moreover, changes in gene expression in leaves and roots in response to B excess or deficit were evaluated, showing that each VvBOR has a tissue and stimuli specific expression pattern. VvBOR2 gene was cloned and sequenced. It encode for a 721 amino acid protein, showing an anionic exchange region and ten transmembrane domains, supporting its putative function as transporter. Acknowledgements: Millennium Nucleus in Plant Functional Genomics P06-009-F and Postdoctoral Grant PSD74-2006 (F.A)

46 The role of N signalling in rootstock conferred vigour: a modelling approach J. Lecourt, SJ. Cookson, V. Lauvergeat, N. Ollat, S. Delrot, P. Vivin INRA, ISVV, UMR 1287 EGFV, Villenave d'Ornon, France Rootstocks are widely used in viticulture and are known to confer different degrees of vigour to the scion. Despite this knowledge, the determinism of the scion vigour conferred by the rootstock is poorly understood. We hypothesize that conferred vigour is linked to differences in the capacity of rootstocks to absorb nitrate and allocate N to the scion. To test this hypothesis, a novel modelling approach coupled with experimental work was used. Two independent experiments were done in pots on two scion/rootstock combinations watered with labelled 15NO3- nutrient solutions of different concentrations. This method allowed us to quantify the rootstock effects on N remobilization, uptake and allocation between the different organs in response to different nitrate supplies. Isotopic analysis revealed that the two degrees of conferred vigour could be explained by N uptake and reserve mobilization in the rootstock, in agreement with our hypothesis. In order to identify the physiological parameters involved in the link between N and vigour, a mechanistic model has been designed. This model simulates daily C/N supply and partitioning among the vegetative organs (leaves, stem, trunk, roots) which receive C and N from a common pool, fed by reserves, N uptake and photosynthesis. C and N fluxes between organs are mainly driven by plant N content. Photosynthesis, N uptake and reserve mobilisation are regulated by signalling and feedback controls. Surprisingly, it appears that feedback control is a more important regulator of conferred vigour than N uptake ability. This could suggest that the genetic determinism of rootstock conferred vigour is related to differences in nitrate signalling processes between rootstocks. Acknowledgements: This work is supported by INRA, the CIVB and France AgriMer.

47 Investigating the origin of grape cell wall failure by examining varietal differences in cell wall structure and calcium accumulation B. Hocking1, 2, 3 , R. Burton 1, 2, S. Tyerman 1, 3, M. Gilliham 1, 3 1

School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Australia 2 ARC COE Plant Cell Wall Biology, Adelaide, Australia

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ARC COE Plant Energy Biology, Adelaide, Australia

In grapes, cell wall failure is related to several important quality traits; increasing pathogen susceptibility, berry splitting and berry shrivel. Calcium nutrition impacts cell wall strength by cross-linking demethylated pectins. Grapes exhibit varietal differences in Ca2+ uptake, cell wall composition, pectin modification and cell vitality throughout grape development. This research aims to further understanding of cell wall strength and Ca2+ accumulation in grapes, and investigate the potential for calcium as a crop protection agent in wine grapes. Links between skin cell morphology, cell wall composition and the physical properties of the skin and berry were investigated in red, white and table grape varieties using microscopy, pectin analysis, ICPOES, and material testing techniques. Grenache demonstrates high skin break energy, thicker skins and higher [Ca]skin than other varieties. Thompson Seedless exhibits the hardest grapes, highest [Ca]pulp and highest [Ca]apoplast, probably related to maintenance of post-veraison xylem in-flow and cell vitality. [Ca]apoplast proved difficult to estimate during late development, where cell-wall degradation and loss of cell vitality was occurring. Shiraz berries grown hydroponically in low, basal, and high Ca2+ media were collected at veraison, harvest maturity and late harvest. Analysis of differences in Ca2+ accumulation, cell wall modification and berry quality traits was undertaken. Maintenance of post-veraison berry xylem function and calcium accumulation was studied in Chenin Blanc (a variety shown to have high cell vitality and low berry shrivel). Pre- and post-veraison Ca2+dipping treatments were undertaken to determine the capacity of Shiraz berries to take-up externally applied Ca2+ in different stages of development; analysis of impacts on cell wall and berry quality traits were also investigated. These results link calcium uptake, cell vitality and cell wall traits to observed varietal differences. Acknowledgements: University of Adelaide, Australian Research Council, Wine2030.

48 Integrating ecophysiology and quantitative genetics to analyse the control of shoot growth by the rootstock under drought conditions E. Marguerit1,2, A. Calonnec3, C. Van Leeuwen1,2, S. Delrot1, N. Ollat4 1

Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287, Ecophysiology and Functional Genomics of Grapevine, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France 2 Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, UMR 1287, Ecophysiology and Functional Genomics of Grapevine, F33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France 3 INRA, ISVV, UMR 1065, SAVE "Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble", F-33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France 4 INRA, ISVV, UMR 1287, Ecophysiology and Functional Genomics of Grapevine, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France Water is the main limiting factor for yield in viticulture. Vine water status also strongly impacts grape quality. The objective of this work is to analyze the genetic determinism of shoot growth induced by the rootstock under drought conditions. A mapping pedigree consisting of 138 F1 individuals, derived from the inter-specific cross of V. vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon × V. riparia Gloire de Montpellier, was used as root-stock. Cabernet Sauvignon was the scion grafted on each genotype of this population. The experiment was carried out in pot, in a greenhouse. Water deficit intensity was evaluated daily by weighing each pot individually with a 150

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile scale platform. Irrigation was applied daily in order to keep all the pots at the same water content. After 10 days without any stress, a progressive water limitation was applied for 10 days, then followed by a stable water deficit stress for 15 days. Pruning weight, root and aerial dry weight were recorded during three years. Growth curves in relation to growing degrees days (summation of daily temperatures minus a 10°C base temperature since the beginning of the experiment) in each pot were established and mathematically fitted. A large variability was observed within the studied population. A parameter of growth curve equations and the area under the curves for control and drought conditions were used as plasticity traits of growth regulation. QTL analysis was then performed for all the traits already cited. Stable QTLs over the three years were detected on 9 linkage groups. These results demonstrate that growth regulation of the scion by the rootstock is determined genetically. Common QTLs were identified for a same trait in different water status conditions This is the first genetic quantitative study taking into account the growth plasticity to assess water deficit tolerance.

49 Studies on effect of micronutrients on vine growth, yield and physico-chemical characteristics of grape cv. Arka Neelamani grown in laterite soil. Ranjit Pal and S. N. Ghosh Department of Fruits and Orchard Management, Faculty of Horticulture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India, Pin-741252 Importance of micronutrients on growth, productivity and longevity of vines has been well established. The relative importance of different micronutrients depends upon their role in vine growth, productivity and longevity vis-à-vis their availability in a particular agro-climatic zone. In the laterite soil of West Bengal, an eastern state of India. Arka Neelamani cultivar of grape has been cultivated successfully. By nature, the laterite soil is acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.5), porous and contain low quantity of organic matter and nitrogen. Besides, many macro and micro-nutrients are present in unavailable form. Observing the erratic yield behavior and shoot mortality, an investigation was undertaken with the views to know the essentiality of specific micronutrients and their dose, on vine growth, shoot vigor, yield and fruit quality of Arka Neelamani cultivar of grape grown in laterite soil. The experiment was conducted on three year old vine of Arka Neelamani cultivar of grape, trained on Ytrellis and planted at 3m x 2m spacing. There was 11 (eleven) treatments which included as foliar spraying of Zinc as ZnSO4 (0.1% and 0.2%); Boron as borax (0.2% and 0.3%); Iron as FeSO4 (0.1% and 0.15%); Copper as CuSO4 (0.1% and 0.15%); Manganese as MnSO4 (0.1% and 0.15%) and control (water spray). The experiment was designed as Randomized Block Design having three replications. Two times spaying was made i.e. at 5 mm berry size stage and 21 days after 1st spray. To know the effects of micronutrients on vine, observation was made on 19 parameters. Two consecutive years of study revealed that all the micronutrients were effective in promoting vine vigor in terms of increasing the shoot diameter as compared to control and ZnSO4 at 0.1% and MnSO4 and 0.15% were the best in this regard. The least shoot mortality was observed under borax at 0.3% and ZnSO4 at 0.2% (7 % and 8% respectively) and highest (15.0 %) from the control plants. Highest fruitfulness of spur was noted form the plants spraying with borax at 0.3% (91%) and lowest form the control plants (35%). The vines sprayed with borax at 0.3% resulted in highest fruit yield (5.6 kg/vine) with maximum in bunch weight (289.5 g) and size (15.0 cm x 11.2 cm). The control plants showed the lowest fruit yield (1.4 kg/vine) with minimum in bunch weight (180.0 g) and size (12.0 cm x 8.20 cm). Except manganese, all other micronutrients were helpful in increasing fruit yield and also in bunch weight

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile significantly as compared to control. The fruit yield as recorded from the different treatments was as CuSO4 at 0.1% (4.8 kg/vine) > FeSO4 at 0.15% (4.5 kg/vine)> ZnSO4 at 0.2% (4.3 kg/vine)> and MnSO 4 at 0.15% (2.4 kg/vine). Highest TSS (18.7 0 Brix), Total Sugar (13.9 %), and Vitamin-C (3.9 mg/100 ml juice) content in berries were recorded from the plants, sprayed with borax at 0.3%, followed by FeSO4 at 0.15% (18.70 Brix, 13.5% and 3.8 mg/100 ml juice respectively). Considering the specific role of different micronutrients, it is concluded that Borax at 0.3%, ZnSO4 at 0.2% and FeSO4 at 0.15% and CuSO4 at 0.1% are to be sprayed two times after pruning for better vine growth, plant longevity and highest production of quality berries in Arka Neelamani cultivar of grapes grown in laterite soil.

50 VitisGen: A Coordinated Effort in Grapevine Genotyping, Phenotyping, and Marker Assisted Breeding B. Reisch1, L. Cadle-Davidson2, J. Londo2, E. Takacs1, K. Hyma3, Q. Sun3, P. Barba1, A. Fennell4 1

2

Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA ARS Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY, USA 3 Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 4 South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA

To enable early selection of elite seedlings combining disease resistance, stress tolerance, and fruit quality, U.S. grape breeders and geneticists developed a coordinated strategy for marker discovery and application using centralized phenotyping and map development via genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). This 5-year project (“VitisGen”) began in 2011, and 7,000 breeding lines were genotyped in the first year to track alleles introgressed from twelve Vitis species. Our current GBS pipeline results in the mapping of over 20,000 SNPs per population using algorithms suitable for double pseudo-testcross populations. These dense genetic maps combined with the centralized phenotyping approach will lead to the development of at least 30 marker sets for alleles controlling traits of current and future interest for public grape breeding programs. Precision phenotyping is coordinated through separate centers focusing on powdery mildew resistance, low temperature response, and fruit quality. Breeders are phenotyping additional traits in 19 mapping populations with the goal of using all project phenotyping data to locate QTLs associated with a range of viticulturally important traits. The VitisGen project also provides breeders with annual access to marker-assisted selection procedures, initially focusing on previously published SSR markers for disease resistance, flower sex, and other traits. Acknowledgement: Grant No 2011-51181-30635 from USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative

51 Structural dynamics at the berry colour locus in Vitis vinifera L. somatic variants D. Migliaro1, M. Crespan1 , G. Muñoz2, R. Velasco3, C. Moser3, S. Vezzulli3 1

Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura – Centro di ricerca per la viticoltura (CRA-VIT), viale XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy 2 IMIDRA, Finca El Encín, Ctra. A-2 Km 38, 28800 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain 3 Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige (TN), Italy

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile In grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), accumulation and fixing of somatic mutations represent frequent events, allowing growers to select and propagate new cultivars. A great deal of somatic mutations does not affect the entire meristem but only a portion of it (chimeras). Resulting from the layered structure of the meristem, chimeras are composed by two genetically distinct tissue layers placed adjacent to one another. Among spontaneous somatic mutations occurred in grapevine, those affecting the berry colour locus are the most documented. These latter can be divided in two main groups: a. white and grey/pink-skinned sports derived from a black-skinned ancestor; b. red/pink-skinned sports derived from a white-skinned ancestor. In theory, the origin of a colourless berry skin mutant can be ascribed to two distinct models: i) the sequential model, named Cabernet Sauvignon-like, and ii) the parallel model, named Pinot-like. This study aims at the molecular characterization of somatic variants for the berry skin colour, taking advantage of a layer-specific approach based on the knowledge of the genomic sequence along the chromosome 2. The plant material consisted of 38 individuals belonging to 14 V. vinifera varieties (cépage), encompassing the group a. (Calitor, Canaiolo, Cariñena, Merlot, Rondinella, Grenache and Tempranillo), and the group b. (Baresana, Chasselas, Italia, Malvasia di Candia aromatica, Moscato bianco, Sauvignon and Sultanina). A set of 11 reference SSR markers was used to confirm the varietal identification. In order to perform the genetic characterization at the berry colour locus, 10 SSR markers, 6 SNP regions, and 1 SCAR marker (Gret1) distributed along the chromosome 2 were analysed. The major findings of this study revealed a structural dynamics along the chromosome 2 both at inter- and intra-varietal level within the group a. In fact, a deletion of different extent and position was detected in the colourless variants at the inner layer level. Within group b, instead, the coloured variants could be distinguished mostly for the Gret1 retrotransposon excision from the VvMybA1 promoter. In conclusion, this study allows the discrimination of somatic variants and suggests the occurrence of different evolutionary models both among and within grapevine varieties.

52 Combining genetic, high-throughput transcriptomic and biochemical approaches to identify methoxypyrazine biosynthetic genes S. Guillaumie1, A. Ilg2, M. Brette3, S. Decroocq4, C. Trossat1, C. Keime5, M. Pons3, M. Massonet1, C. Léon1, E. Duchêne2, S. Delrot1, P. Darriet3, P. Hugueney2, E. Gomès1 1

University of Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287 EGFV, Bordeaux, France 2 INRA-Colmar, UMR 1131 SVQV, Colmar, France 3 University of Bordeaux, EA 4577 Œnologie, France 4 INRA-Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR 1287 EGFV 5 IGBMC, UMR CNRS 6104, France

Wine flavour results of a complex mixture of numerous volatile compounds. Despite the major importance of grape aroma precursors for final wine composition, genes and mechanisms responsible for their biosynthesis remain largely unknown. Here, we focus on the biosynthesis of 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP), a strongly odorant compound with green pepper-like aromas, which can adversely affect wine quality. A Vitis riparia x Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon interspecific F1 progeny was used to identify Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for IBMP production. Four QTLs explaining 40% of the total methoxypyrazine content were detected. A first QTL co-localizes with a region containing 2 O-methyltransferase (OMT) genes (VvOMT1 and VvOMT2) already reported by Dunvlevy and collaborators to catalyze the last step of the IBMP biosynthetic pathway. A second QTL co-localizes with a genomic region containing another currently uncharacterized, unrelated OMT gene that we named VvOMT3. A transcriptomic analysis performed on Carmenere and Petit Verdot (respectively high and low IBMP producers) berries shows that VvOMT3 is

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile highly differentially expressed between berries from genotypes contrasted for methoxypyrazine production. Alleles for these OMT genes have been expressed in E. coli and the catalytic properties of the corresponding proteins were determined. VvOMT3 was 1000 times more efficient in the methylation of the IBMP precursor (IBHP) than the previously characterized VvOMT1 and 2. In addition, the VvOMT3 protein was found to be highly specific for the methylation of IBHP, in contrast to VvOMT1 and 2, which are much more active with flavonoid substrates than with IBHP. Taken together, these results suggest that VvOMT3 is the major enzyme involved in pyrazine methylation in grapevine and that VvOMT3 a key gene for methoxypyrazine accumulation in grape berries. Acknowledgments: Grant ANR-09-GENM-023-03.

53 Understanding the regulation of VvDXS gene expression J. Battilana1, F. Emanuelli1, S. Lorenzi1, K. Lin-Wang2,A.C. Allan2, M.S. Grando1, P.K.Boss3 1

Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy. 2 The New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research, Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand. 3 CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide, Australia.

Some of the most relevant wine odor constituents are monoterpenoids which have been demonstrated to be produced via the plastid-located methyl-erythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway in grapevine. The MEP pathway biosynthetic gene 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (VvDXS), maps to a major QTL responsible for monoterpenoid accumulation in Muscat grape varieties. Recent results suggest that gainof-function mutations that affect the enzymatic or regulatory properties of the VvDXS protein appear to be the major determinants of terpenoid accumulation. The 5’upstream region of VvDXS alleles was cloned and sequenced, promoter characterization was performed and several cis-elements putatively involved on the regulation of the gene were identified. The information was used to screen a transcription factor library using a transient expression dual-luciferase assay in tobacco. It is also known that genomic DNA can be compacted into chromatin to form limit accessibility of transcription factor binding to DNA target elements. Antibodies that recognize specific histone amino acid methylation patterns that are associated to the heterochromatin or the euchromatin allow us to determine the DNA modification profile. Preliminary results suggest that chromatin changes within the coding region or promoters of VvDXS gene, and this varies depending on grapevine variety and stage of berry development. Furthermore, two clones of Chardonnay that exhibit dramatic differences in monoterpenoid accumulation and berry flavor have been characterized. They represent an ideal comparison to identify rare alleles of genes controlling biosynthesis of aromatic compounds. Acknowledgments: Grant N° PCOFUND-GA-2008-226070, Trentino - The Trentino program of research, training and mobility of post-doctoral researchers. European Union 7 th research framework program Marie Curie Actions and Provincia Autonoma di Trento.

54 Functional annotation, categorization and integration of the predicted gene sequences and its application in expression analysis J. Grimplet, P. Carbonell-Bejerano, J. Díaz-Riquelme, J. Ibáñez, J.M. Martínez-Zapater Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile The complexity of the variables influencing the enological quality of grape berries at harvest can be apprehended by a holistic perspective to study the interactions occurring in this biological system. The aim of system biology is the reconstruction and the modeling of organism physiology and behavior via web of interactions. The sequencing of the genome and the various DNA or mRNA sequencing projects performed on the grapevine offer considerable initial information to allow the identification, the census, the structural and the functional annotation of the grapevine genes. In order to unify and retain cultivarspecific genes and to curate gene assembly, we have compared the sequences from ESTs, older genome assembly or gene prediction releases to the latest version of the genome sequencing, considered a milestone. The unified gene set allows to port works performed on previous versions of grapevine sequencing projects (both genome and EST) to the latest release. From this source of around 50,000 putative genes, tools to facilitate both the gene expression analysis and the genes characterization have been developed. These do include the classification of the genes into fruit plant dedicated functional categories and their assignments to networks that can be analyzed through Cytoscape. The application of these tools and the expression analysis pipeline workflow will be depicted with the description of the comparison between genotypes discriminated on parameters influencing bunch compactness. Acknowledgments: Project AGL2010-15694. JAE Doc program co-funded by the European Social Fund

55 Towards a deep understanding of the function of grape regulators VvMYB5a and VvMYB5b E. Cavallini1, A.R. Walker2, S. Zenoni1, L. Finezzo1, A. Zamboni1, M. Pezzotti1, G.B. Tornielli1 1

Department of Biotechnology - University of Verona, Verona, Italy 2 CSIRO Plant Industry, Urrbrae SA, Australia

Few members of the large family of grapevine R2R3-MYB transcriptional regulators have been isolated and unequivocally assigned to specific metabolic and/or developmental processes. In previous studies, VvMYB5a and VvMYB5b have been partially characterized and proposed to regulate the early flavonoid structural genes in different stages of berry development. However several indications such as the expression profile in several plant organs/tissues, the results of genome-wide coexpression analyses and the comparative analysis with other plant systems, point out that these two regulators may play additional roles, not strictly related to the flavonoid biosynthesis. To gain information about the pathways controlled by these two MYB proteins and to unravel the regulatory network they belong to, we produced grapevine transgenic plants with an altered expression of VvMYB5a and VvMYB5b, and transgenic plants silenced for the TTG2-like WRKY gene putatively acting downstream these two MYBs in the regulatory cascade. All transgenic lines displayed severe phenotypic alterations affecting leaves and sometimes the whole plant. Transcriptomic analysis of young leaves revealed that a small set of modulated genes was shared among different transgenic lines. These genes seem not directly involved in the flavonoid pathway and, more likely, are related to lipid metabolism and ion transport across membranes. Altogether these results indicate that VvMYB5a and VvMYB5b may act in a transcriptional regulatory network conserved among plant species.

56 Role of two novel R2R3-MYB factors in the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in grapevine 68


A. Vannozzi 1,*, J. Höll2,*, S. Czemmel2, A. R. Walker3, T. Rausch2, M. Lucchin1, P. Boss3, I. B. Dry4, and J. Bogs2,5,6 1

DAFNAE, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy COS, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; 3 CSIRO Plant Industry, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; *These authors equally contributed to this paper. 2

Stilbene synthases (STSs) are a class of enzymes belonging to the general CHS type III polyketide synthase (PKS) family involved in the last step of the biosynthesis of stilbenes. These enzymes, and their main products resveratrol or pinosylvin, are detectable in only a limited number of unrelated plant species, including grape, and accumulate in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite numerous studies performed on the accumulation, metabolism and biological properties of resveratrol, little is known on transcriptional regulation of this pathway. Based on the close relationship between the flavonoid and stilbene biosynthetic pathways and on the fact that many key genes within the flavonoid pathway have been shown to be regulated by R2R3-MYB TFs, we investigated the existence of MYB factors belonging to this family putatively involved in the transcriptional regulation of VvSTS genes. In this study we report the identification and functional characterization of two R2R3-MYB type transcription factors from grapevine, which appear to regulate the stilbene biosynthetic pathway. These TFs, strongly co-express with VvSTS genes, both in leaf tissues under biotic and abiotic stresses, and in the skin and seed of healthy developing berries during the process of maturation. In a transient gene reporter assay, both MYBs were demonstrated to specifically activate the promoters of selected VvSTS genes and their ectopic expression in a grapevine hairy root system also confirmed this hypothesis in planta.

57 Study of grape metabolomics by suspect screening analysis Riccardo Flamini, Mirko De Rosso, Fabiola De Marchi, Antonio Dalla Vedova, Annarita Panighel, Massimo Gardiman, Luigi Bavaresco Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura – Centro di Ricerca per la Viticoltura (CRA-VIT), Laboratorio Chimico, Viale XXVIII aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy Suspects screening analysis is an innovative targeted approach in grape metabolomics in which the identification of the compounds relies on available specific information such as their molecular formula. Analyses are performed by using of a UPLC/MS high-resolution Q-TOF mass spectrometer (nominal resolution 40.000), and metabolites are identified on the basis of the accurate mass measurements and isotopic patterns. For identification of compounds, a new database (GrapeMetabolomics) was expressly constructed using the molecular information of potential metabolites of grape and wine from the literature and other electronic databases. Currently, it contains about a thousand putative grape compounds. Moreover, when the untargeted analysis of a sample provides identification of a new compound with a sufficiently confident score, it is added to the database. Thus, by increasing the number of samples studied, GrapeMetabolomics can be expanded. In general, by performing both positive- and negative-ion mode analysis, 350-450 putative compounds were identified with overall identification scores higher than 60% according to grape variety, mainly including polyphenols, anthocyanins, stilbene derivatives, phenolic acids, glycoside aroma precursors. Between 30-60 compounds showed identification scores higher than 99%, and more than 100 higher than 95%. This method was applied to the study of metaboloma of several grape varieties and results are here presented. It can also potentially be applied to the metabolomics of other plant varieties.

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58 Resistance and susceptibility to powdery mildew: QTL discovery through next generation sequencing of an interspecific cross of grapevine P. Barba1, L. Cadle-Davidson2 , K. Hyma1, B. Reisch3 1

2

Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA ARS Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY, USA 3 Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA

North American grapevine species co-evolved with the most widespread fungal disease of the European grapevine, powdery mildew, developing natural genetic resistance to the pathogen. While the introgression of resistance into cultivated backgrounds is desirable, it is often hampered by the action of several loci of small effect and linkage drag with undesirable traits. To characterize powdery mildew resistance in Vitis rupestris B38, we analyzed segregation for disease resistance among pseudo-testcross progeny for 4 years and explored the mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions at a cellular level, including ontogenic resistance and race-specificity. Notably, powdery mildew isolates able to overcome Run1 resistance were among the least virulent on B38. We created a SNP map with 17K markers using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), obtaining a 10X improvement in marker density over the Vitis9kSNP array. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis were used to map a locus linked to resistance and one locus of susceptibility in V. rupestris B38 and ‘Chardonnay’, respectively. This work improves our understanding of the nature of resistance in V. rupestris B38 and presents a first insight into the genetics of susceptibility in a V. vinifera cultivar, while developing tools for grapevine breeding and genetics. B38 could be valuable in protecting the Run1 locus, and the genome-wide markers we developed can be used for retaining the cultivated background, selection for powdery mildew resistance from V. rupestris B38, and selection against susceptibility from V. vinifera ‘Chardonnay’. Acknowledgments: BecasChile, the USDA Viticulture Consortium – East, the New York Wine & Grape Foundation, and the Lake Erie Regional Grape Processors Fund.

60 Resequencing the interspecific hybrid cv. ‘Börner’ and characterisation of a QTL for Black Rot resistance Reinhard Töpfer2, Thomas Rosleff Sörensen1, Friederike Rex2, Iris Fechter2, Ludger Hausmann2, Prisca Viehöver1, Bernd Weisshaar1 1

2

Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld. Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen.

The reference genome sequence of PN40024 represents a Vitis vinifera genotype carrying no resistances against the major grapevine fungal diseases. The almost completely homozygous PN40024 is exceptional for genotypes of the genus Vitis being highly heterozygous. To gain further knowledge about genomes of the genus Vitis, and about genomic regions, loci and genes relevant for grapevine breeding, we are analysing the genome of the resistant interspecific hybrid and rootstock cv. ‘Börner’ [V. riparia x V. cinerea]. Whole genome shotgun sequencing is supported by BAC end sequences (BES) and focuses on several selected loci and QTLs.

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile By using different sequencing platforms (454 Roche, Illumina), we generated single end, paired end and mate pair reads; in total more than 8 Gb (ca. 8 x per haplotype). The dataset was extended with >80,000 BES from 'Börner' generated by Sanger sequencing. A major challenge when assembling this dataset is to separate the haplotype sequences particularly because sequence identity between analogous sequences varies greatly. We generated a draft assembly using Newbler which proved to be useful, but contained merged sequences of both haplotypes in many regions, while assemblies with stricter parameter settings suffer from increased fragmentation. Initially we examined the small flower sex region of roughly 250 kb by assembling each haplotype separately (Fechter et al. 2012). Subsequently, we focussed on significantly larger QTLs (> 2 Mb), including one covering a locus for Black Rot (Guignardia bidwellii) resistance. By mapping the available BES to the reference genome sequence we constructed 4 pools of non-overlapping 'Börner' BACs which together cover the QTL regions. Each pool was sequenced at high coverage using indexed libraries. Separate assemblies of the individual pools yielded at present 10 contigs per BAC on average. First tests showed that many contigs can be joined on a "per haplotype" basis by integrating WGS and BES data.

61 High-throughput profiling of cell wall polymers in grapevine leaves and berries during development, in wine fermentation and under biotic stress JP Moore1, EE Nguema-Ona1,2, A Zietsman1, SL Zhang1, A Hugo3, JU Fangel4, WGT Willats4, MA Vivier1 1

Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa 2 Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, Université de Rouen. 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France 3 Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa 4 Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1001, Denmark

The cell wall protein-polysaccharide network plays a major role in fruit ripening and pathogen defence mechanisms. Suitable information on cell wall composition and structure is conspicuously absent for leaves and is limited in berries of Vitis spp. Grapevine leaf and berry cell wall preparations were fractionated using both chemical and enzymatic methods and the fractions obtained were analysed using a variety of bio-analytical tools [1]. To generate these reference data profiles, we have used a combination of high-throughput techniques including monosaccharide compositional analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) analysis and oligosaccharide mass fingerprinting. Previous data was confirmed showing that mature grape berries are predominantly composed of pectic homogalacturonans whereas, in contrast, leaf material contains substantial hemicellulosic polymers. These berries, specifically the skins, were also tracked through the red wine fermentation process revealing novel datasets showing turnover of pectic polysaccharides and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) under different combinations of yeast and enzyme addition. The datasets obtained, specifically the CoMPP analysis, are particularly rich in subtle shifts in epitope abundance as a function of development and fermentation. These tools [1] have been put to use most effectively in understanding the role of the grapevine PGIP1 gene (expressed in tobacco) in remodeling the arabinoxyloglucan component of leaves in advance of fungal infection [2]. The data indicates that this gene may have functions in fungal defence and berry osmoregulation via cell wall remodeling. The application of these tools [1] in tracking development in grapevine field studies, following fermentative conditions and unraveling plant-pathogen defence mechanisms mediated by grapevine-derived defence genes [2] will be highlighted and discussed. Nguema-Ona E, Moore JP, Fagerström A, Willats WGT, Hugo A, Vivier MA. Carbohydrate Polymers 2012, 88: 939-949. Alexandersson E, Becker JVW, Jacobson D, Nguema-Ona E, Steyn C, Denby KJ, Vivier MA. BMC Research Notes 2011, 4: 493.

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62 Transcriptome analysis of field-grown Vitis vinifera infected with GLRaV-3 and Aster yellows phytoplasma Johan T. Burger1, Marie C. Solofoharivelo1, Marius C. Snyman1, Anelda van der Walt2, Dirk Stephan1 and Shane Murray3 1

Vitis lab, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa 2 DNA Sequencing Facility, CAF, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa 3 Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa

Grapevine is argueably the most important fruit crop world-wide. Vine productivity and fruit quality can be greatly affected by diseases caused by a plethora of pathogens. Grapevine leafroll disease is prevalent in the grapevine production areas of South Africa. More recently, Aster yellows phytoplasma (AYP) infections were reported in vineyards of the Western Cape and has since become a threat to the local grapevine industry. We investigated the effects of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), the predominant virus associated with leafroll disease, and AYP on the transcriptomes of field-grown grapevine plants, by using next-generation sequencing. Young shoots were collected from infected and healthy, 6 year-old V. vinifera cv. Chardonnay plants from the Olifants River Valley region. These samples were screened for the presence of GLRaV-3, AYP, as well as the common grapevine viruses occurring in this region. Twelve samples were selected for RNA sequencing: three samples negative for GLRaV-3, AYP and the common viruses; three positive for GLRaV-3 only; three positive for AYP only, and the remaining three positive for both GLRaV-3 and AYP. Total RNA was extracted and sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform, yielding an average of 24 million high quality reads for each group, and 84% of all reads mapping to the V. vinifera 12X genome. Comparisons of preliminary RNA sequence data demonstrated significant transcriptome changes in the different samples, and that more genes are differentially expressed in the mixed-infected (GLRaV-3 and AYP) plants compared to singly infected plants. The significance of the data will be discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the transcriptomic effects of mixed infections of a grapevine virus and a phytoplasma on grapevine field samples.

63 Characterization and use of a high expression metallothionein cisgenic promoter to induce viral silencing in grapevine. D. Herrera 1, D. Muñoz2 , C. Espinoza1, C. Medina1, R. Larraín1 & P.Arce Johnson1 1

P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 2 Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile

Considering the importance of endogenous and constitutive promoters that allow be used in genetic improve programs, we performed a global genetic expression analysis by Affymetrix, identifying a gene that codifies a metallothionein grip 24 of Vitis vinifera. This gene showed a high expression levels in leaves and fruits, and later on, we confirmed that grip24 is also highly expressed in several tissues, such as, flowers, seeds and pulp. Interestingly, expression level of grip24 is comparable to the expression of widely used constitutive genes, including G3PDH. In order to identify important cis elements presents in the promoter region, an in silico analysis of 1000 bp upstream of the start codon was done, and this sequence was used for transient expression analysis with the β-glucuronidase gene as reporter. Agroinfiltration of grapevine leaves revealed a high GUS activity, confirming that 1000 bp of grip24 promoter allows a high gene expression.

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile Later and considering the impact of viral infections in grapevine, our group used grip24 promoter to induce silencing of grapevine viruses through the expression of sense and antisense sequences from the most important viruses infecting grape: GLRaV1,2,3, GFLV and ArMV in a construction based on a marker-free technology. This construction will allow the induction of viral silencing because the cloned sequences generate a RNA hairpin structure that can be recognized by the silencing machinery. Currently we are transforming embryogenic suspensions of 110 Richter rootstock with this construction, and we expect to obtain markerfree plants resistant to five different viruses. Acknowledgement: Grant Nº1 INNOVA CORFO/07GENOMA0, Grant Nº2 Millenium Nucleus for Plant Functional Genomics (P06-009-F)

64 Histochemical Study of Host Resistance to Downy Mildew Disease of Grapevines Jiang Lu, Ying Yu, Yali Zhang and Ling Yin Florida A&M University, USA The resistance/susceptibility of grapevines to downy mildew (DM) disease caused by Plasmopara viticola (PV) were compared among different cultivars/accessions belonging to Vitis vinifera, V. rotundifolia and ten oriental Vitis species. After inoculation with PV pathogen, no symptom was found in V. rotundifolia grapevines. Like V. vinifera, the oriental grape species V. davidii and V. piasezkii, were susceptible to DM disease, while the other eight oriental Vitis species showed various levels of resistance. Intra-specific variations of DM resistance were also observed among the cultivars / clones investigated in V. amurensis. Microscopes were used to study the host responses to PV inoculation on grape leaves. No P. viticola hypha was observed in V. rotundifolia cultivars, while symptoms with variable degrees of severity were observed among the Euvitis species. In general, the DM resistant oriental species showed a slower development of hypha and less formation of haustoria than DM susceptible V. vinifera grapevines. Mesophyll cells with distinctive flourescence were observed in V. rotundifolia and the oriental species V. pseudoreticulata, and callose deposits were observed in V. rotundifolia, V. pseudoreticulata, and V. amurensis grapevines. Based on the results of morphological observations and microscopy studies, we concluded that there were five levels of grapevine resistance to P. viticola pathogen: (i) immune; (ii) extremely resistant; (iii) resistant; (iv) partly resistant; and (v) susceptible.

65 Warming effects on organic acid metabolism in berries of field-grown vines C. Sweetman1, V.O. Sadras2, K.L. Soole3, C.M. Ford1 1

School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 2 South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, Australia 3 School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

Malic acid is a common plant metabolite involved in complex biochemical networks, including photosynthesis and respiration pathways as well as cellular pH homeostasis and numerous plant

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile physiological functions such as the control of stomatal opening. In grapes, it is also an important determinant of juice acidity at harvest, and particularly influential for viticultural and winemaking decisions. The acid seemingly plays a role in carbon sequestration during early development in preparation for fruit ripening, where a switch to malic acid mobilisation and utilisation coincides with the onset of ripening and sugar accumulation. Malic acid levels in grape berries are dictated by genotype and environmental conditions, as well as the interaction of these factors at various developmental stages of the fruit. In particular, the concentration of malic acid in grapes at harvest is sensitive to elevated temperature, which accelerates acid loss and can affect the pH of the grape juice at harvest; a costly issue for winemakers, especially in warmer regions. In field-based investigations using Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz grapevines from the Barossa Valley, there were indications of a developmentally dependent effect of warming on the metabolism of malic acid, which was also altered by selective day and night heating. While short-term elevated daytime temperature treatments (3 days) effected little change on malic acid levels, moderate term (10-day) and long term (21day) daytime temperature elevation treatments resulted in decreased malic acid levels during early development, véraison and ripening stages. These changes could be linked to decreased activity of the malic acid synthesis enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). Alternatively, elevated night temperature in moderate term treatments during early development and véraison stages led to a temporary increase in levels of malate that could not be explained by changes in PEPC activity. Trials involving continuous heating over two growing seasons led to accelerated fruit development that removed the effect on malic acid levels. Outcomes of this work include further insight into changes in grape berry acidity characteristics that could result from predicted future climatic changes. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by Grape and Wine Research & Development Corporation grant N° UA1002.

66 Understanding the effect of ambient UV radiation on grapevine physiology and phenols accumulation E. Núñez-Olivera1 , M.P. Diago2, P. Carbonell-Bejerano2, J. Martínez-Abaigar1, R. Tomás1, J.M. Martínez-Zapater2, B. Millan2, J. Tardáguila2 2

1 University of La Rioja. Madre de Dios, 51. 26006, Logroño. Spain Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (University of La Rioja, CSIC, Gobierno de La Rioja). Madre de Dios, 51. 26006. Logroño. Spain.

A major challenge for the future wine industry worldwide will be climate change. As part of its effects, levels of UV radiation will probably continue to rise, and will have a direct impact on grape and wine composition, mainly on secondary metabolites such as flavonoids. To understand the effects of UV radiation on plant physiology and berry composition, we conducted experiments in a VSP commercial vineyard with five-year old cv. Tempranillo plants, which had been defoliated (six basal leaves removed) at bloom. The experimental layout included three field replicates. Within each one, vines were subjected to each of the three different UV conditions tested: control (no filter), UV-transmitting filter (FUV+), and UV-blocking filter (FUV-). Filters covering each grapevine were placed at 45º from the vertical axis of the plant, on both sides of the canopy, right after defoliation. Prior to filter installation and at four times between berry-set and harvest, we measured photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis rates (An), stomatal conductance (gs), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and leaf water potential (Ψl), as well as UV-absorbing compounds (different phenolic derivatives) in both leaves and berries. These compounds were measured in both vacuoles and cell walls, given that these two fractions may play different physiological roles. Preliminary results suggest that ambient levels of UV radiation hardly influenced the primary physiology of the plant, probably because grapevine is notably adapted to the relatively high UV levels typical of the Mediterranean climate. However, the UV ambient levels strongly determined the phenolic composition of grape berries. This opens the possibility of manipulating UV to modify berries (and possibly wine) characteristics.

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67 Proteomic analysis of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaf changes induced by transition to autotrophy and exposure to high light irradiance Nilo-Poyanco, R.1, Olivares, D.2, Orellana, A.1, Hinrichsen, P.2,3, Pinto, M.2, 3 1

FONDAP Centre for Genome Regulation, Núcleo Milenio en Biotecnología Celular Vegetal, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Centro La Platina, Santa Rosa 11,610, Santiago, Chile 3 The Centre for Advanced Studies in Fruit Sciences “CEAF”, INIA- Rayentué, Rengo, Chile Using a proteomics approach, we evaluated the response of heterotrophic and autotrophic leaves of the grapevine, Vitis vinifera L., when exposed high light irradiation. From a total of 572 protein spots detected on two-dimensional gels, 143 spots showed significant variation caused by changes in the trophic state. High light treatment caused variation in 90 spots, and 51 spots showed variation caused by the interaction between both factors. Regarding the trophic state of the leaf, most of the proteins detected in the heterotrophic stage decreased in abundance when the leaf reached the autotrophic stage. Major differences induced by high light were detected in the autotrophic leaves. In the high light treated, autotrophic leaves, several proteins were up-regulated that are involved in the oxidative stress response. This pattern was not observed in the high-light-treated, heterotrophic leaves. This trend indicates that the autotrophic leaves of the grapevine are more sensitive to photoinhibition than the heterotrophic leaves. This suggests that the protective mechanisms used by the heterotrophic leaves relies on other sets of proteins or non-enzymatic molecules, or that differences in protein dynamics between the heterotrophic and autrotrophic stages makes the autotrophic leaves more prone to the accumulation of oxidative stress response proteins. Keywords: Grapevine leaves, proteomics, short-term high light stress, heterotrophy, autotrophy.

68 High temperatures affect gas exchange, growth and ripening processes of Semillon vines D.H. Greer1, M.M. Weedon2 1 2

School of Agricultural and Wine sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia National Wine and Grape industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia

High temperatures, above 40 oC, are a regular occurrence during the growing season in many of the grape growing regions of Australia and elsewhere. Anecdotal evidence suggests these high temperatures affect flowering in spring and delay ripening in summer but a detailed understanding of the frequency and impact of such temperatures on the photosynthesis, growth processes as well as flowering and ripening has only started to be achieved in Australian conditions. In this paper, we describe the research conducted on Semillon vines to quantify the temperature microclimate of the vines and assess photosynthesis, berry and vine growth and ripening during a major heat event. High temperature events in the Riverina grape growing region over the past decade occur most commonly over 2 days but a 6-day heat event occurred in midsummer of 2006 and a 14-day heat event in 2009. Radiometers located in the inter row and pointed at the canopy revealed that the Semillon vines were usually 3-5oC below air temperature but during the 2009 heat event, canopy temperatures were 2-3oC higher than air temperature. This heat event caused a 30-50% reduction in leaf photosynthesis along the

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile shoot but stomatal conductance and transpiration were increased, by as much as two-fold. Stem and leaf growth were unaffected by the high temperatures as growth had largely been completed but bunch growth (fresh and dry weight) was reduced by 60-70% in comparison with protected vines. Similarly, the rate of ripening was reduced about 50% by the high temperatures, resulting in berries 2-3o Brix behind in sugar accumulation at harvest. Berry damage, shrinking and sunburn, also increased as a consequence of bunch exposure to the high temperatures. Acknowledgments: GWRDC Grant ‘Winegrowing Futures’ 2006-2010.

69 Using infrared thermal images to detect smoke contamination for different grapevine cultivars S. Fuentes1,2* , R. De Bei2, K.L. Wilkinson2, R. Ristic2 and S.D. Tyerman2 1

The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Land and Environment. Building 142 Royal Parade University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia. 2 The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Plant Research Centre PMB 1 Glen Osmond, 5064, SA., Australia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Keywords: Smoke taint, grapevines, bush fires, smoke detection, infrared thermography, MATLAB® programming. Bush fires are an important problem for the viticultural industry both in Australia and overseas causing substantial economic losses in recent years. Recently, much research has been conducted to understand the chemistry of smoke taint in wine however the effect of smoke contamination on grapevine physiology is poorly understood. A smoke trial was established in the Coombe vineyard of The University of Adelaide in the 2010-11 season. In this trial, vines from four cultivars were smoked within a tent for one hour and physiological processes measured immediately after smoking and over time, up to 14 days. Leaf conductance (gL) and infrared thermography index (Ig, proportional to gL) were used as physiological indicators of smoked and control vines’ status. Results showed a differential cultivar response one hour after smoke application. However, measurements conducted seven days after smoke exposure showed that all cultivars returned back to control situations. Chardonnay and Merlot were the cultivars most affected by smoke exposure. IRTI were analysed by division into three horizontal layers (top, middle and low) and results showed that Merlot canopy was not affected differentially in the three areas, while Chardonnay was more affected at the lower section of canopy, with both cultivars showing considerably reduced gL compared to control vines. Sauvignon Blanc and Shiraz did not show any effects of smoke exposure. High correlations expected between the infrared index (Ig) and gL for the control vines were highly variable in the smoke treated vines for all cultivars studied, especially in the lower part of canopies. This study demonstrates that IRTI could be a potential tool for assessing the level of smoke contamination for different grapevine cultivars.

70 Adaptation of the Australian Wine Industry to Climate Change Phenological Trends and Management E.W.R (Snow) Barlow1, Penny Whetton2 and Leanne Webb2

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2

University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, Aspendale 3195 Australia,

Climate warming is influencing terroirs globally leading to changes to the timing of key phenological phases and potential changes in grape specifications and wine. Accelerated ripening in earlier warmer months has been reported from wine regions around the globe. The development of effective climate change adaptation strategies will depend on an understanding of the physiological drivers of these phenological changes and how best they may be manipulated in the vineyard. A retrospective analysis of Australian winegrape vintages was undertaken in an attempt to attribute the components of this accelerated phenological development as a prelude to the development of effective adaptation strategies for particular varieties in specific regions. Wine-grape ripening profiles were obtained from the recordings of accumulating sugar concentrations found in vintage diaries from 44 sites within 12 Australian wine regions representing 13 varieties encompassing the period 1946-2009. Over the period 1993-2009 period the average decadal advance of winegrape ripening was 16 days, whereas for the period 1985-2009 this rate was 8.0 days per decade over the 44 vineyard blocks. Attribution analysis of detected trends in wine-grape maturity, using time series of up to 64 years in duration, indicated that two climate variables—climate warming and declines in vineyard soil water content—are driving a major portion of this ripening trend. Crop-yield reductions and evolving management practices may also have contributed to earlier ripening. Therefore it is possible directed management initiatives such water management, pruning time and crop yield could be manipulated to constrain some of the advances in winegrape ripening where that is desirable for climatic reasons.

71 Molecular and Physiological Study of Crunchiness of Table Grape Berry I. Balic1, D. Sanhueza1 , C. Meneses1, H. Prieto3, B. G. Defilippi3 , A. Orellana1,2, R. CamposVargas1 1

Universidad Andrés Bello, Fac. Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Santiago, Chile 2 FONDAP CRG 15090007, Santiago, Chile 3 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA La Platina, Santiago, Chile

The loss of firmness is one of the main problems on quality and marketing of table grape, affecting mainly the crunchiness perception by consumers. There are several reports that demonstrated that berries undergo significant changes in their firmness during development. Some reports reveal important changes in the composition and structure of the cell wall, but until now there are few studies addressing this issue at molecular level. With the aim of understand the physiological and molecular processes involved in firmness of table grape berries a comparative analysis between table grape varieties with contrasting textures was developed. The chosen varieties were Thompson Seedless the most cultivated variety in Chile, and NN107, which has very firm berry texture. Different parameters (soluble solids accumulations, acidity, berry diameter and firmness) in both varieties under conventional production managements were studied. Evaluations were carried out at different moment of berry development and samples were stored for later analysis by RNASeq (Illumina). Additionally, polysaccharides electrophoresis experiments (PACE) were carried out for cell wall structure analysis. Our results showed significant differences in berry firmness between both varieties under commercial conditions showed mainly between veraison and harvest. PACE revealed changes in structure of cell wall pectins which correlate with berry firmness differences observed between both grape varieties. Our results provide interesting evidence in order to understand the molecular and physiological mechanism involved in table grape crunchiness trait. Acknowledgements: Fondecyt 1110406, UNAB DI-152-12/R, Basal Project PFB-16. I. Balic and D. Sanhueza are supported by CONICYT-Doctoral fellowship.

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72 Early CPPU spray affects fruit development and post-harvest behaviour of seedless grapes A.G. Pérez-Donoso, M.E. González, D. Vergara-Eneros Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Studies on berry grape (Vitis vinifera) development have shown that there are 0.2 million cells in the ovary at anthesis and 0.6 million at veraison. The number of doublings to achieve this are 17 before and 1.5 after anthesis. This suggests that, for determining berry weight and yield, cell division before anthesis would be much more critical than after that period. In table grapes production gibberelic acid (GA) has been commonly used, mainly during the fruit cell expansion phase, to increase berry size. However, when used in high amounts, GA can induce delayed ripening and fruit conservation problems during postharvest storage. In order to search for alternatives to GA we tested the effect of CPPU (forchlorfenuron) spray during the early development of Thompson Seedless and Crimson Seedless inflorescences. Three CPPU treatments (0, 6 and 10 ppm) and two phenological spraying times (green tips and separated inflorescences) where tested in a full factorial experimental design. Assessment of inflorescences at the time of anthesis indicated that the clusters treated with CPPU at the time of separated inflorescences, exhibited increased inflorescence weight, rachis diameter, and weight and ovary diameter in both cultivars. At harvest time no differences in berry size where found among the treatments. Nevertheless, berries of both cultivars treated with CPPU, at the time of separated inflorescences, showed an improved performance in tests of induced skin cracking, sugar concentration was also higher in Crimson Seedless berries treated with CPPU.

73 Molecular and metabolite changes in response to postharvest dehydration in different wine grape varieties S. Zenoni, G. B. Tornielli, S. Dal Santo, F. Guzzo, M. Fasoli, M. Pezzotti Department of Biotechnology - University of Verona, Verona, Italy Grape postharvest dehydration is a technique used to enhance specific berry quality traits for the production of special wines. Most of the modifications affecting berries during this period are related to water loss and consequent berry juice concentration. In addition to this, many peculiar traits of dehydrated grapes are achieved through physical and biochemical changes occurring in berries which are, at least in part, under strict genetic control. In Verona (Italy) province, postharvest dehydration is traditionally employed for producing premium wines like Amarone, obtained mainly from Corvina grape characterized by the capability to withstand a long period of post-harvest dehydration. To determine the suitability of different grape varieties to the postharvest dehydration, we analyzed and compared transcriptomic and metabolomic changes during the process in six varieties, Corvina, Sangiovese, Oseleta, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz, placed in the same environmental conditions. A general dramatic rearrangement of the berry transcriptome was observed during the postharvest period in all grapes, but Corvina was characterized by a much higher induction of gene expression compared to the other cultivars. On the contrary, this general activation appeared very weak in Cabernet Sauvignon. The six grape varieties showed also characteristic metabolite changes during the process. Overall these analyses suggest that postharvest dehydration represent a process that profoundly modifies and improves grape quality traits for cultivars characterized by a high level of induction of gene expression and a low dehydration rate.

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POSTER PRESENTATIONS 74 UV-B radiation induces MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in grape skin during berry development of Vitis vinifera R. Loyola1,3, J.T. Matus2, A. González1, P. Arce-Johnson3 and J.A. Alcalde1 1

Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 2 CRAG-Centre de Recerca Agrigenomica, CONSORCIO CSIC-IRTA-UAB, Barcelona, Spain. 3 Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315 nm) is an intrinsic part of sunlight. To optimize their growth and survival, plants perceive and respond specifically to this type of high-energy radiation. Changes in gene expression triggered by UV-B light have been reported in several species, including grapevine, using microarray technology. It is known that UV-B radiation induces accumulation of flavonoid compounds, specially flavonols in grapes; however, there is no information on MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of the synthesis of these phenolic molecules in response to UV-B. In this study we investigate the gene expression of MYB transcription factors related to flavonoid synthesis and structural genes of this biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, we studied the effect of UV-B radiation on berry growth and accumulation of flavonoids in grape skin during berry development of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon plants grown under UV-free greenhouse conditions exposed for 5 h at ≈25µW cm-2 fluence rate of artificial UV-B radiation daily. We also studied the expression of UV-B photoreceptor VvUVR8 and bZIP transcription factor VvHY5 genes, with important roles in UV-B perception and signaling, respectively. The expression of VvUVR8 gene was unchanged under UV-B exposure, whereas VvHY5 transcripts were high under UV-B+ treatment. Here, for the first time, we correlate the expression of genes related to UV-B perception and signaling, regulation (MYB) and biosynthesis of flavonoids with the accumulation of these phenolic compounds in skin during grape berry development exposed to UV-B radiation. The relevance of UV-B mediated gene expression controlling flavonoid biosynthesis for manipulation of wine quality is discussed. Acknowledgements: Fondecyt 1100709, Innova Corfo 07Genoma01, Millennium Nucleus in Plant Functional Genomics.

75 Expression analysis of gibberellin related genes and gibberellin metabolites during berry development in table grapes. 1,2

6

Ravest, G., 1Silva, S., 1Laborie, D., 2Correa, J., 1Mamani, M., 3,4Di Genova, A., 5Muñoz, C., Giacomelli, L., 6 Moser, C., 3,4Maass, A., 2Muñoz, C., 1González, M., 1Pinto, M. 1Hinrichsen, P. 1

INIA La Platina

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3

Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Chile Centro de Modelamiento Matemático, Universidad de Chile 4 Centro FONDAP de Regulación del Genoma 5 Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, UNAB. Santiago, Chile 6 Fondazione E. Mach, IASMA, Trento, Italia.

In table grape production, berry size is one of the most important characteristic sought by producers and consumers. This trait is controlled by several genetic and environmental factors in which phytohormone gibberellin has a central role. In this work we selected 12 siblings of a cross of ‘Ruby Seedless’ x ‘Sultanina’ with contrasting phenotypes for berry size and seed content, and collected samples at four phenological stages (50% flowering, fruit-setting, berries of 6-8 mm and veraison) in two seasons from 2010 to 2012. With samples of one season we performed RNA-seq analysis (Illumina) for whole genome transcript sequencing in search of differentially expressed genes. Based on this information we selected genes from gibberellin metabolism (GA20-oxidases, GA3-oxidases and GA2-oxidases) and gibberellin signaling (VvGAI1, other DELLA-like genes and gibberellin receptor) for qPCR validation of the two seasons of samples. We found differences in expression levels between GA20-oxidases and GA3oxidases according to phenotype and phenological stages, for example, isoform GA20ox2 exhibited a higher expression level in phenotypes of small berry size compared with larger berries at 50% flowering and fruit setting; and isoform GA3ox4 had higher expression level on large berries compared to smaller berries at the same phenological stages. In the case of gibberellin metabolites, we found higher levels of GA1 and GA8 at early stages of berry development (50% flowering); on the contrary GA4 and GA 34 levels were higher in later stages (6-8 mm), not described previously. This information will be helpful to have a better understanding of the process of berry development, which could be used to assist the breeding of this species. Financed by Genoma-Chile, proyect FONDEF G07I-1002.

76 Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and genes related to sugar content and acidity in table grape berry 1,2

Mamani, M., 1García, M., 1,2Correa, J., 1Laborie, D., 1Pinto. M, 1González, M., 1Defilippi, B., 1 Hinrichsen, P. 1

2

INIA La Platina Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

In table grapes, sugar and organic acids content are key attributes for consumers. Sucrose is the main sugar translocated from the leaf to the berry, where it is found mainly as the monomers glucose and fructose, while the acidity is an important aspect for the palatability of grapes, being mainly provided by tartaric and malic acids. To unravel the genetic basis of these traits, we combined phenotypic and molecular studies in order to identify QTLs and the candidate genes related to these traits. A population of 140 siblings derived from ‘Ruby Seedless’ x ‘Sultanina’ (RxS) was evaluated during three seasons from 2009 to 2012. Sugar accumulation was measured by HPLC and titratable acidity by titration with NaOH. Both traits had an heritability in the range of 80% to 85% during the evaluated seasons. Through MapQTL software, two adjacent QTLs were identified for acidity and sugar content in linkage group 5 (LG5). The QTLs for sugar content and acidity explained 16.5% and 19% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. Other minor suggestive QTLs for acidity were detected in LG2, LG8 and LG19. In the LG5 confidence interval encompassing the identified QTLs, 120 genes are annotated, among which stand out GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase, alpha-mannosidase I (MNS4), and genes related to the synthesis of ascorbic acid, the direct precursor of tartaric acid synthesis. Other important genes identified are Calciumtransporting ATPase, pyruvate kinase and serine/threonine-protein kinase (WNK1), all genes that have a role in the accumulation of acids and sugar in table grape berry. Currently, experiments are in course to validate by qPCR possible correlations between gene expression and phenotypic performance using selected RxS segregants and a grapevine core-collection.

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile Keywords: Candidate genes; sugar content; berry acidity Financed by Programa Genoma-FONDEF grant G07I-1002, and FONDECYT grant 1120888.

78 Effect of Training System on Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Vitis vinifera cv. Sultana in Takestan Region Hassan Mahmoudzadeh1, Vally Rasouli2 1

Hassan Mahmoudzadeh, Ph.D Viticulturiest, Member of Scientific Board of West Azarbayjian Agricultural and Natural resources Research Center, Orumia, Iran 2 Member of Scientific Board of Qazvin Agricultural and Natural resources Research Center, Qazvin, Iran Eight grapevine training systems were compared for their effects on physiological performance, yield, vegetative growth, and must composition in Vitis vinifera cv. Sultana in Takestan region. The cost of system establishment, fruit bearing index, shoot growing rate, TSS, TA, pH were measurement. The vines were own-rooted, spaced 2 m apart in 3 m wide rows over five seasons starting 2002-2006. Our objective was to determine how training affected fruit bearing index, shoot growing, fruit composition and crop yield in a context of efficient vineyard management. Training systems were Guyot, Low cordon spur pruned (LCSP), High cordon spur pruned (HCSP), Geneva double curtain (GDC), Head spur pruned (HSP), Simple cordon spur pruned (SCSP), Y system (YS) and Traditional training system (TTS) in Iran. Vines were annually spur-pruned in all systems of training. Crop yields (kg/vine), over four seasons, averaged 5.2 (HSP), 4.26 (LCSP), 3.985 (HCSP), 3.145 (TTS) and 3.128 (SCSP), 2.85 (Guyot), 2.265 (YS) and 2.25 (GS). The greatest year-to-year variation in yield occurred with Head spur pruned and Geneva double curtain training. Fruit bearing index of SCSP was greatest (1.45) and lowest in Geneva double curtain (0.85). Individual berry weights (g) were consistently least with TTS (0.86), and greatest with Guyot (1.21). Fruit from YS training systems exhibited more rates of sugar accumulation (TSS) during four seasons (24.5) in which repeated measures of fruit maturation were made and lowest rate of TSS observed in SCSP (21.25). Fruit from all training systems exhibited similar rates of titratable acidity during four seasons in which repeated measures of fruit maturation were made. Keywords: training system, grapevine, yield, fruit bearing, fruit quality

79 Energy and economic analysis of grape production in Hamadan province (Iran) Mousa Rasouli1 and Majid Namdari2 1

Assistant Professor of Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University 2 PhD student of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Faculty, University of Tehran

Energy in agriculture is important in terms of crop production and agro processing for value adding and agriculture sustainability. The aim of this study is to determine the input–output energy consumption of grape production in open field in Hamadan province. Data for this study were collected from 48 grape growers in the Hamadan province by using face-to-face questionnaire. The orchards were chosen by random sampling method. The results revealed that the energy input and output in grape production was 33873.78 and 58622.40 MJha-1, respectively. Total fertilizer found as the most energy consuming input (about 52%) was followed by electricity for grape production. Chemicals were the least demanding

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile energy input for grape production with only 0. 5% of the total sequestered energy. The input–output ratio was 1.73 and energy productivity was found to be 0.15 kg MJ-1. About 78% of the total energy inputs used in grape production was non-renewable while only about 22% was renewable. Thus, new policies, emphasizing energy consumption without degradation of national resources, should be designed for such orchards. Based on these results, the benefit-cost ratio from grape production in the surveyed orchards was calculated to be 1.14. This value revealed that governments must be supported consumers with providing subsides. Keywords: Grape, Input and output energy, Economical analysis, Energy index, Hamadan.

80 Study of different methods, challenges and limits of production, preparation and processing of raisin in Iran Mousa Rasouli1, Behrooz Mohammad Parast2 and Masoumeh Ghanbari3 1

Assistant Professor of horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University,Malayer, Iran 2 Assistant Professor of Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran 3 Stuff member of Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran Iran is one of the most important countries in raisins producing and has seventh rank in the world. In order to have successful production and exporting of this crop should be considered some quality indexes of international unions. Unfortunately, efficiency of raisin production and processing with appropriate quality is reduced in recent years, due to nonconformity of management and scientific principles by producers. This study was conducted with checking production status of raisins in 45 orchards and 65 industrial processing manufactory, randomly. Results of this study showed that Some of these challenges are including; Lack of suitable raisins varieties, poor nutrition, irregular irrigation, pest and disease spread before grapes harvesting for raisins. On the other hand, in most regions, untimely harvesting, flatten the grapes on soil surface for traditional drying and subsequently increase the percentage of sand, gravel and bind soil particles into berries that lead to consume time and money for them separation in manufactory are other problems in raisins production at the first stages. Also, the problems of processing and preparing of raisins for export in mechanized factories are using the unusual chemical treatments such as poor carbonate, paraffin oil with low quality, carrying unprocessed raisins with unsanitary plastic bags from farm to factory, excessive amount of sulfur anhydride used in the processing, raisins with high moisture and non-standard packaging. Scientific, practical and directorial proposals solutions for solving these problems are using the modern methods of biotechnology and nanotechnology in order to identify, breeding and release productive cultivars with resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental stresses, seedless and suitable for processing. Preventive strategies are included; grape cultivation in regains with enough growth period, vineyards nutrition by macro and micro fertilizers with emphasizing the potassium, zinc and boron elements, using new methods of irrigation such as “regulated deficit irrigation” (RDI) and drip irrigation, biological and integrated diseases management. Also there are other solutions that proposed such as; on time grape harvesting with measurement of sugar and total soluble solid (TSS) by Reflectometer and HPLC, an application of equipped drying rack, using suitable mesh bags for rapid transfer and maintain of raisins from farm to manufactory, appropriate chemical and hormonal treatments like good carbonate, Salicylic Acid, suitable alkali emulsion (half percent oil by weight), controlling the amount of sulfur smoke to 750 ppm and decreasing the raisins moisture to less than 16%. Moreover, innovative and practical solutions are measurement of applied toxins and hormonal compounds amounts by gas chromatography (GC) to control of them and finally using intelligent laser sorting machine equipped by “machine vision system” for sorting and packaging of raisin processing in factory. It is inevitable and necessary imperative that providing scientific and suitable solutions by researches centers and universities to overcoming these problems and challenges facing the raisin industry in order to employment, beneficial production of this crop for maintain and enhancement the export position of Iran in the world. Keywords: Raisin, drying rack, processing manufactory, packing.

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81 Investigation of the amount of chilling requirement in ‘Khalili Danedar’, ‘Syah Gerdel’ and ‘Atabake’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) Mousa Rasouli1* and Mostafa Aalifar2 1

Assistant Professor of Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran 2 Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Grape is one of the most important horticultural products and for suitable growth in spring, it must chilling requirement be provided.Determination of the amount of chilling requirement in fruit trees because carefully cultivated varieties adapted to different regions in order to buds flourishing and prevent frostbite as well as produce more product is essential. This research work was conducted to determination of the amount of chilling requirement in ‘Khalili’, ‘Syah Gerdel’ and ‘Atabake’ grapevines. Dormant cuttings grape from collection grape of maternal plants of university of Tehran was prepared at the onset of autumn. The cuttings were taken to fridge at 3 ± 1ºC in dark conditions. The cuttings were taken kept in growth chambers at 25 ± 2ºC under a Full-light conditions. Then twice a week, the buds burst was evaluated that number of buds flourishing and date of bloom was recorded. Results showed that the use of cold treatment and type cultivar had a significant effect on percentage of buds flourishing and time period of first bud burst. Based on results, the lowest percentage of buds flourishing (%22.2) and the highest number of days to first bud burst (%32.16) was obtained by control treatment. Evaluation of flowering buds showed that lowest chilling requirement and higher percentage of buds flourishing among cultivars belonging to cultivars ‘Syah Gerdel’ with 150 hours of chilling requirement and ‘Atabaki’(%74.78), respectively. The results of this research showed that the usage of cultivar ‘Syah Gerdel’ than the other two cultivars is efficiently in areas with warm or mild winter. According to the results, in the range of chilling time, at least 200 hours of chilling to achieve acceptable bud burst and high production in ‘Khalili’, ‘Syah Gerdel’ and ‘Atabaki’ cultivars, is necessary. Keywords: Grapevine, cutting, chilling requirement, breaking of dormancy.

82 Evaluation and identification of sensitivity inducer bacteria strains to frost and cold stress in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Parvaneh Roostaei1, Arash Babaei2*, Mousa Rasouli3 1

MSc. Student of Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Malayer University, Iran * Assistant Professor of Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Malayer University, Iran 3 Assistant Professor of Landscape Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Iran 2

Cold stress often leads to tissue damage and reduces yields in plants and grape which is cultivated in the mountainous areas; is not exception of this concept. Each year, more than 50% of grape products in areas with intense glacial cold winter and late cold of spring are destroyed. In surface of plants, a group of epiphytic bacteria called INA (Ice Nucleation Active) cause the forming of ice cores which intensify the plant sensitivity and increasing the super cooling for 2 to 4 degrees. Among these kinds of bacteria Pseudomonas syringae Van Hall be noted. For example, on the grape leaves, the existence of 108 cell/ml of INA cause frostbiting at -2 OC to -4 OC. In this study, from the surface of grape leaves, P. syringae pv.syringae (Pss) strain were isolated by culturing the diluted wash solution of leaves and was detected by

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile dehydrolyze arginine test, oxidase activity, formation of levan polymer in agar medium and having fluorescence of colonies in King B medium. The extracted Pss strain concentration were compared in the ruby (sensitive to cold), white raisins (commercial) and red currant (cold resistant). It was observed that the lowest number of bacteria was in raisins and the highest number of bacteria was in ruby red. In order to reduce frost damage in the country's vineyards provide new solutions is important but the finding scientific and practical solution is difficult without careful attention to the factors causing this problem. Therefore, in this regard for grapes and Vineyard, the relationship between co-existence bacteria and their role in induce or reduce cold stress and frost injury, can be effective in solving of this problem. Keywords: Grapes, cold stress, INA, Pseudomonas syringae.

83 Effect of potassium phosphite on some growth factors, fertility, yield and fruit characteristic of different grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars Mousa Rasouli1*, Allahdad Salimpour2, Mehdi Hadadinejad3, Seyed Ziya Nosrati4 Masoumeh Ghanbari5 1

Assistant Professor of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran Stuff member of Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR) branch Kashmar, Khorasan Razavim Khorasan Razavim , Iran 3 PhD student of University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj,Iran 4 PhD student and Stuff members of Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR) branch, Karaj,Iran 5 Stuff member of Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University , Malayer, Iran 2

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) has a special position among horticultural products consumers because of high diversity, distribution, level of culture and the multiple uses. To achieve this goal, use of compatible varieties with different environmental conditions and high production, optimal consume of fertilizers and pesticides with minimal adverse environmental effects, are very good solutions. Traditionally, phosphates (Pi, salts of phosphoric acid, H3PO4) have been used for plant fertilization, and phosphites (Phi, salts of phosphorous acid, H3PO3) have been used as fungicides. Potassium is one of the most important elements that needed for growth and increase the quantity and quality of grape fruit. Vineyards with high production, more nitrogen and water deficit is seen potassium deficiency in leaf, cluster and berry. In most vineyards, an application of complete fertilizer in growth begin lead to more vegetative growth and reduce plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and also is not able to supply of vines needs to high potassium. This experiment was arranged in factorial design included 3 cultivars (Askari, Sefidali and Razeghi) and 3 concentrations of potassium phosphite (0, 1500 and 3000 mg/Lit) based on completely randomized design and 3 replications in field conditions was sprayed after 50% anthesis in inflorescence. Some of the important fruit quantitative traits and yield components of grape were measured. The results of variance analysis showed that there were significant differences for all or some of the fruit characteristics and yield components between Askari, Sefidali, Razeghi cultivars, 3 concentrations of potassium phosphite and their interactions. Sefidali cultivar, potassium phosphite with 3000 mg/Lit and their interaction were superior and better than other treatments. In traits of the numbers of opened flowers per cluster (510.64 flowers), berry per cluster (139.22 berries) and cluster per shrub (27.62 clusters). Also Askari cultivar and potassium phosphite with 1500 mg/Lit were better than Razeghi and control treatment in traits of clusters numbers per vine (22.33) and berry per cluster (126.89). Effect of Potassium phosphate was not significant on sub cluster number per cluster of investigated cultivars. According to the obtained results in this study and also regarding other important characteristics and experiment conditions, potassium phosphite fertilizer application with the appropriate concentration on superior cultivars is suggested due to its positive effect on increasing yield. Finally with foliar fertilization of potassium phosphate can be increased efficiency of potassium fertilizers into hole mulching application as for possibility of potassium storage and re-release of in the xylem parenchyma tissue.

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile Keywords: Table grape, Spray, fruit set percent, yield components.

84 Study of anti-cancer compound "resveratrol" in different parts of Iranian grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Behrooz Mohammad Parast1, Mousa Rasouli2, Mahin Eyni3 1

2

Assistant Professor of Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Malayer University, Iran Assistant Professor of Landscape Engineering Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Environment, Malayer University, Iran 3 Mc.s Student of of Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Malayer University, Iran

Resveratrol (3, 4’, 5-trihydroxystilbene) and Pterostilben (3',5'-Dimethoxy-4-stilbenol) are present in family of Vitaceae plants that are producing in biological and non-biological stresses. In this research, amount of anti-cancer compound were investigated in 26 grape cultivars. Studies showed that "resveratrol" can be extract in some parts of grape such as; stems, roots, petioles and lateral buds. Between different organs of grape, stem phloem and leaves have maximum and minimum content of "resveratrol" respectively. Also, berry skin has high amounts of "resveratrol", while this compound does not exist in mesocarp. Red grapes, due to greater accumulation of antioxidant (anthocyanins), have high amounts of "trans-resveratrol". "Resveratrol" is phenolic compound which has powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This compound can be accumulated in different parts of grape in response to biological and non-biological stresses such as; fungi diseases, ultraviolet radiation and chemical materials. Research shows that "resveratrol" is effective to prevent the growth of human cancer cells including; breast, prostate, stomach, colon, pancreas and thyroid cancers. The "resveratrol" can delay aging by activating the longevity gene (SIRT1). Keywords: Grapes, Anti-cancer compounds, resveratrol.

85 Automatic plant-based water status monitoring in grapevine A. Baert,* and K. Steppe Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium As all plants, grapevines (Vitis vinifera) need water to function properly. A certain level of drought stress might however be beneficial as it can improve the composition of the grape. Indeed, earlier research showed that differences in water status result in wines with different appearance, aroma, flavour and colour. Nevertheless, the level and timing is of utmost importance. Therefore, an adequate monitoring of the water status is crucial for improving grape (and wine) quality. It is internationally recognised that this should be based on plant measurements, because only then information is gained about the actual plant water status. Mechanistic models are a promising tool for this and allow a deeper understanding of underlying mechanisms. Steppe et al. (2006, 2008) developed such a model: a dynamic water transport model that links sap flow, or whole plant water consumption, and stem diameter variations and simulates stem water potential. This variable is considered as one of the best indicators for the plant’s water status. Despite the good performance of the model under well-watered conditions, it fails under drought conditions. The aim of this study was to improve the model to perform well under both wet and pronounced drought conditions. Therefore, the former constant flow resistance in the xylem was replaced by a dynamic resistance depending on measured soil water potential and now combines the resistance experienced in soil, roots and stem. Furthermore, simulations with the enhanced model revealed a marked

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile dynamic radial flow resistance (between xylem and storage tissues), originally implemented as a constant. The model developed in this study is able to accurately simulate the plant water status during wet and pronounced drought conditions and is thus a great improvement. The enhanced model seems very promising to apply as an automatic plant-based water status monitoring system and may be a tool to improve grape and wine quality. References: Steppe, K., De Pauw, D.J.W., Lemeur, R. and Vanrolleghem, P.A. 2006. A mathematical model linking tree sap flow dynamics to daily stem diameter fluctuations and radial stem growth. Tree Physiol. 26:257273. Steppe, K., De Pauw, D.J.W. and Lemeur, R. 2008. A step towards new irrigation scheduling strategies using plant-based measurements and mathematical modelling. Irrigation Science. 26:505-517.

87 Response of Muscat of Alexandria winegrapes to irrigation in Eastern Spain D. Pérez, J. Castel, D. S. Intrigliolo, J.R. Castel Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Centro Desarrollo Agricultura Sostenible Apdo. Oficial, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain An experiment was carried out during 2012 in a mature white grape cv. Muscat of Alexandria/161-46B, drip irrigated vineyard conducted in a vertically shoot positioned system in Valencia, Spain. Four different irrigation strategies were studied: Sustained Deficit irrigated (SDI) vines irrigated at 50% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during the whole season were compared with vines irrigated at 100 % ETc season long (Control). Irrigation to the Control commenced when midday stem water potential (Ψstem) values reached -0.65 MPa. In addition, a spring water shortage strategy (ED) was applied by withholding irrigation until Ψstem reached -1.0 MPa. After that, 100 % ETc was applied. Finally, a LD treatment was irrigated as per the Control up to veraison, and thereafter water application was reduced to approximately 25 % ETc until harvest. Results show that no differences in yield among treatments occurred, except in the ED treatment where there was a significant reduction of about 30% respect to the rest of irrigation regimes. This yield reduction was due to lower cluster weight (-24%) as consequence of smaller berry size (-14%) and also to a lower berry number per cluster (-11%). Irrigation at full ETc before veraison (as in the Control and LD) increased leaf area mainly due to higher growth of secondary shoots. There were also differences in berry composition among irrigation strategies. The ED irrigation strategy was more effective than LD in reducing berry growth leading to more concentrated berries in terms of soluble solids content, while the SDI impaired berry sugar accumulation due to the detrimental effects of water stress. There was also a tendency to higher titratable acidity and higher malic acid concentration as the irrigation amount increased. Thus, in our conditions of scarce water resources, applying moderate water deficits during the whole season as in the SDI treatment, appears as the most convenient irrigation strategy. Acknowledgments: Grant RTA2011-00100-C05

89 Estimation of evapotranspiration and crop coefficient on table grape trained on an overhead trellised system. P.Villagra1, V. García de Cortazar2, R.Ferreyra1, C. Aspillaga 1, S. Ortega 3 and G. Selles 1

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2

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Chile. 3 CITRA, Universidad de Talca, Chile.

During the 2008/09 and 2009/10 seasons, net radiation (Rn), latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (H), soil heat flux (G), and crop evapotranspiration (ETc = λ LE, where λ is latent heat of vaporization) were measured on a drip-irrigated Thompson Seedless vineyard trained on an overhead trellised system (“parronal español”). The experiment was located in Calle Larga, Aconcagua valley, Chile (32º52’40’’ S, 70º37’45’’ O, 795 m.s.n.m.). LE and H were measured by an eddy correlation system, and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated using the FAO-Penman-Monteith method. Results indicated that the closure error (ratio of LE+H to Rn-G) decreased as canopy light interception increased (CLI). With 22% CLI closure error was around 20-30%. Over 74% CLI, closure error was around 10% to 20%. Higher closure error with low CLI can be attributed to errors on measurement of G. At 22% CLI the energy partition relative to Rn were 13%, 45% and 13% for LE, H and G, respectively. With higher CLI ( 98%), LE, H and G were 81%, 0.1% and 1% of Rn respectively. Derived crop coefficients (Kc = ETa/ETo) under an overhead trellised system are higher than those proposed by FAO 56 for table grapes, from near veraison to end of the season. Kc values from budbreak to harvest period increased linearly as CLI increased ( kc = 0,137*CLI(%) -0.1492). This research was funded by INNOVA-CORFO, project 05-CR11PAT-11.

90 Response of Thompson Seedless Vines to Different Levels of Irrigation Water in the Aconcagua Valley, Chile. C. Aspillaga 1, C. Zuñiga1., R. Ferreyra 1 and G. Selles 1 1

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Chile.

In the Aconcagua Valley, Chile, a 5-year research (2007/2012), has been carried out to evaluate the response of table grape Thompson Seedless vines to different volumes of irrigation water. The experimental site was a commercial orchard of Thompson Seedless grafted on Freedom rootstock, located in the Aconcagua valley (70°41´23” West Long. and 32°47´20.9” South Lat.), Chile. Four irrigation treatments were applied: 60, 90, 120 and 140 percent of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during the seasons 2007/08 to 2010/11, and 40, 54, 92 and 108% of Etc in the last season (2011/12). Soil water content was monitored with a capacitive probe in each treatment. Midday stem water potential was also measured. Soil available water as a result of irrigation treatments affected berry size distribution; a linear relationship between berry size and SAW was found. The bunch weight was also affected by less application of water (60% ETc). Maximun exportable yield was obtained in the 120% ETc treatment. Table grape production diminished either with application less than 90% ETc or more than 120% ETc. In the former case yield reduction may be related to soil water deficit; in the latter case it may be related to poor soil aeration. The water use efficiency changed, on the average, from 7 kg/m3 of exported fruit at 40% ETc to 2.3 kg/m3 with water applied at 140% ETc. This research was funded by INNOVA-CORFO, project 05-CR11PAT-11.

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93 Sensorial, biochemical and molecular changes on grape berries harvested by applying double reasoned maturation and late harvest techniques M. Corso1, F. Ziliotto1, F.M. Rizzini1, G. Teo2, G. Cargnello2, C. Bonghi1,2 1 Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis – Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova) 2 Centro Interdipartimentale per la Ricerca in Viticoltura ed Enologia (CIRVE) Via XXVIII Aprile, 14 – 31015 Conegliano (TV)

At ripening, Vitis vinifera cv. Raboso Piave grapes are characterized by unique organoleptic traits, such as high acidity and astringency. Due to of these characteristics, the consumption of the wine obtained from this cultivar is not popular. The aim of this study is to investigate sensorial, biochemical, and molecular changes occurred in Raboso Piave grape berries subjected to Late Harvest (LH) and Double Reasoned Maturation (DMR) techniques. A microarray study was carried out comparing Traditional Harvest berries (TH) and post-harvest techniques. To investigate the principal differences between samples, an overrepresentation analysis based on a Fisher exact test was performed. Main metabolisms affected by LH and DMR techniques were related to acidity, sugar and polyphenols. To find patterns and highlight similarities and differences on these categories, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed on biochemical, transcriptomic and metabolomics data. Malate metabolism was particularly affected in LH berries, but not in DMR samples, which showed similar levels of expression of genes related to malic acid. Particular attention was paid to changes in the biosynthetic pathways of polyphenols, considering their influence on wine organoleptic and quality traits. Significant changes in polyphenols profile occurred in grape DMR berries, they were confirmed by sensory analysis. In fact in DMR-grape berries, the flavonols and cathechins accumulation were induced and depressed, respectively. In parallel with these changes, the transcription of the Flavonol synthase and the accumulation of Leucoanthocyanidin-reductase mRNAs were induced and depressed, respectively. These modifications allow to maintain a brighter colour as well as to reduce the level of astringency in the wine.

96 Effects of several field practices related with vine carbon and water relations for improving cv. Bobal grape composition D.S. Intrigliolo1, F. Sanz1, A. Yeves1 , D. Pérez1, J. Castel1, V.Lizama2, M.J. García-Esparza2, I. Álvarez2 1

Instituto Valenciano Investigaciones Agrarias, Valencia, Spain 2 Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain

In the old-world viticulture, autochthonous varieties are an important inheritance because they can provide wines with authenticity and distinction. Cultivar Bobal is a local Spanish variety from southeastern Spain with very large and tight clusters. In addition, it is quite late-season ripening. In order to reduce cluster compactness and improve fruit composition, several field practices were tested in a

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile vertically shoot positioned fully irrigated vineyard. This includes: deficit irrigation, root pruning, early defoliation, canopy spray with anti-transpirant and cluster removal near harvest time. The effects of all these practices on vine yield, cluster components and grape composition in a warm and very dry season are reported. The results indicate that deficit irrigation was the cultural practices that more clearly affected vine performance and fruit composition, reducing by 56% yield but increasing grape sugars concentration and color. On the other hand, root pruning did not clearly affect vine performance and grape composition. Defoliation carried out around flowering, despite being carried out severely by eliminating six main leaves and laterals, did not reduce cluster compactness. Spraying the vines with the Vaporgard, an anti-transpirant substance, gave negative results because induced considerable vine decay due to the long-term detrimental effects of the anti-transpirant on leaf gas exchange which were exacerbated by the local dry and warm conditions. Results obtained suggest that in a dry environment, deficit irrigation is the main tool to be used to regulate vine water relations and performance; while the rest of practices that were more oriented to affect the vine sink:source balance need further adjustments according to the local environmental conditions and the specific plant material used.

97 Improving vine performance by modifying daily light interception patterns in vertically shoot positioned grapevines D.S. Intrigliolo1, T. A. Abd El-Mageed2, M.A. Abdelfatah3 , H. Medrano4, A.N. Lakso5 1

Instituto Valenciano Investigaciones Agrarias, Valencia, Spain 2 Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt 3 Cairo University, Giza, Egypt 4 Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain 5 Cornell University, Geneva, USA

Vertically shoot positioned (VSP) vines are often planted in rows offering the possibility to modifying the patterns of light interception over the day by leaning vines toward east or west. Since in the early afternoon vapour pressure deficit is higher than early in the morning, decreasing the amount of radiation that the canopy receives in the afternoon could be used to reduce transpiration in those moments when the evaporative demand is high. A field experiment was initiated in a north-south oriented vineyard where rainfed and deficit irrigated vines were trained either as traditional VSP or with canopy leaned 30º towards the west (WSP) trained the same except for the inclination. In addition, young non-fruiting potted vines with full watering were also submitted to either VSP or WSP training. In the field, in both watering regimes, WSP vines had 21% higher cluster weight than the VSP ones due to higher berry number per cluster. This was most likely because water stress experienced by the WSP in the afternoon hours was 0.1 MPa less severe than in the VSP. In the pot experiment, vine dry matter production was 10% higher in the WSP than in the VSP, while initial whole vine water use was similar. At the end of the experiment, the WSP transpired 8% more water than the VSP because they had increased shoot growth. However, when transpiration was expressed on a per leaf area basis, WSP and VSP vines had similar values. The long-term water use efficiency (dry matter produced/vine transpiration) was similar in both trainings. Overall it is concluded that leaning vines towards the west can improve vine yield and dry matter production. More effort is needed to corroborate the present results in further seasons and to test other leaning orientations that could modify vine transpiration.

98 Effect of Different Levels of Green Pruning on Yield and Quality of Grape cv. Ghezel Uzoum in Urmia Region Khaid bahram nejad1, Hassan mahmoudzadeh2, Khoshnod alizadeh3 1

M.Sc. of Horticultural sciences Student of Islamic Azad University of Mahabad unit

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West Azarbayjan Agricultural and Natural Resources research center 3 Dryland Agriculture Institute, Maraghah, Iran.

Green pruning strategies to increase yield and quality of grapes is particularly in vigorous cultivars. Investigated the effects of different levels of green pruning branches and lopping treatments on grape cv. Gezel ozum was conducted in randomized complete block design with four replications. Research was done in Horticultural Research Station Kahrizi -Urmia in 2012. 6 levels of green pruning treatments were applied at the onset of fruit ripening (verasion) on the vines. Quantity and quality of fruit were assessed after ripening at time of harvest. The results showed that the highest yield was obtained from treatment of removal all lateral shoots +removal all green shoots without fruit and minimum of yield from control. Also, the highest and lowest cluster weight were determined from removal all lateral shoots +removal all green shoots without fruit and removal all lateral shoots+lopping above 4 leaves of cluster, respectively. Color of berries affected by treatments and the most anthocyanin were obtained from removal all green shoots without fruit and the lowest was in control. The extract juice has more EC in removal all lateral shoots+ lopping above 4 leaves of cluster and in control was minimum. The pH of the extract juice with removal all lateral shoots+removal all green shoots without fruit treatments was the highest and minimum of pH obtained from removal all lateral shoots + lopping above 4 leaves of cluster treatment. The highest amount of TA observed in control and the lowest amount was in removal all lateral shoots +removal all green shoots without fruit+ lopping above 8 leaves of cluster. The highest and lowest of TSS were obtained from removal all lateral shoots +removal all green shoots without fruit+ lopping above 8 leaves of cluster treatment and control, respectively. Keywords: Grape, green pruning, Ghezel uzoum, quality and yield.

99 Phenolic fingerprint of seven clones of Malbec (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes and wines from Mendoza (Argentina) M. Fanzone1, S. Sari2, R. Torres3, S. Gómez-Talquenca3, M. De la Cruz4, F. De Biazi4, J. Gualpa3, E. Blanco4, S. Ulanovsky4 1

Laboratorio de Aromas y Sustancias Naturales, EEA Mendoza INTA, San Martín 3853, 5507 Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. [email protected] 2 Laboratorio de Enología, 3Laboratorio de Fitovirología, 4Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Mejoramiento, EEA Mendoza INTA, Argentina.

Knowledge of the chemical composition of wine and its association with the grape variety/cultivar is of paramount importance in oenology and a necessary tool for marketing. Phenolic compounds constitute important quality parameters of wines. Malbec (Vitis vinifera L.) is a wine grape variety that is now mainly produced in Mendoza and considered to be the emblematic cultivar of Argentina. However, there are no data on differences in phenolic composition between clones of this variety. In this context, the aim of the present work was to study and describe the non-flavonoid and flavonoid composition of seven clones of Malbec grapes grown in Mendoza (Argentina), and of wines made with them, in 2012 season. Forty-eight phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids/derivatives, stilbenes, anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols and dihydroflavonols, were identified and quantified using HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS. Marked quantitative differences could be seen in the phenolic profile among clones, especially in phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and other flavonoids. Moreover, dihydroflavonols were one of the major compounds among all non-anthocyanin phenolics detected and accounted for more than 30% in grapes and wines. Therefore, these compounds may be considered chemical markers of the Malbec variety. This is the one of the first reports on the individual phenolic composition of different clones of Malbec variety and suggests that anthocyanins, flavanols and phenolic acids exert a great influence on clonebased differentiation. The influence of genetic differences between clones in the enzyme activity involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds in berries could be inferred from these results.

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful to INTA and the project PAE 36987-PID189 for their financial support, and to Grupo Peñaflor for providing the vines of this assay.

100 Tendril frequency is positively correlated across nodes in an interspecific hybrid grapevine seedling population L. Hartman1, P. Cousins2, and G.-Y. Zhong3 1

2

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA E&J Gallo Winery, Modesto, California, USA 3 USDA ARS, Geneva, New York, USA

Grapevine seedlings initiate tendril production at the transition point from spiral phyllotaxy to alternate phyllotaxy, which typically begins from the 4 th node to the 10th node. Nearly all grapevine species show intermittent distribution of lateral meristems (the lateral meristems being inflorescences or tendrils), in which two successive nodes bearing lateral meristems are followed by a node without a lateral meristem (the full expression of the lateral meristem patterning cycle is six nodes due to leaf alternation). However, some species and interspecific hybrids show other patterns of lateral meristem distribution, including continuous distribution, in which no nodes lack lateral meristems, or other patterns. We examined seedlings in a population that segregates for tendril frequency and distribution. The population parentage is ((Vitis berlandieri x V. riparia) x V. biformis)) x (V. labrusca x V. mustangensis). The presence or absence of tendrils for 18 successive nodes in the alternate phyllotaxy was recorded on 119 greenhouse grown seedlings. The first observation node was the first node in alternate phyllotaxy, which varies among the seedlings in the population. In 18 nodes, tendril frequency ranged from 12 to 18. Tendril frequency in lower nodes on a seedling is positively correlated with tendril frequency in higher nodes on that same seedling. Tendril frequency in nodes 1-9 is significantly positively correlated with tendril frequency in nodes 13-18 (p 90%). All these traits responded to GA3 and shown interaction between the genotype and treatment (g×GA3). Phenotypic distribution and correlation among traits revealed a strong influence of GA3. Multiple QTL analyses showed the importance of the linkage group 18 (LG18) on these traits when they are not under GA3 treatment giving a co-localized or pleiotropic QTL on VvAGL11 and VMC7F2 loci. Although, the response to GA3 in berry size depends on the seed phenotype, i.e. as seeds are smaller higher is the response (R2 = ~53.5%), under GA 3 treatment the seed loses its genetics control on berry size given by its major QTLs indicating a possible interaction between its genetic determinants and GA 3. The later was confirmed when the response to this hormone was analyzed on berry size traits. Furthermore, QTLs localized on LG2 showed the influence of another important region associated with g×GA3. GA3 -interacting markers were detected, among which VvAGL11 and VMC7F2 were found explaining ~25% variance of response. This markers has been recently shown to be responsible for seedlessness in grapevine, indicating the complex role of g×GA3 at genetic level on the regulation of the berry size. Acknowledgments: Genoma-Chile grant FONDEF G07I-1002

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259 Infrared Thermal Images From grapevines: From Manual to Semi-Automated Analysis. C. Poblete-Echeverria1*, S. Fuentes2, R. De Bei3, S. Ortega-Farias1, M.P Diago4 and J. Tardaguila4 1

Universidad de Talca. Centro de Investigacion y Transferencia en Riego y Agroclimatologia (CITRA). Avda. Lircay s/n Talca, Chile. 2 The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Land and Environment. Building 142 Royal Parade University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia. 3 The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Plant Research Centre PMB 1 Glen Osmond, 5064, SA., Australia. 4 Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (University of La Rioja, CSIC, Gobierno de La Rioja). C/ Madre de Dios, 51. 26006 Logroño. Spain. Keywords: Climate change, automatic monitoring, image analysis, MATLAB® programming, remote sensing. Infrared thermal images (IRTI) have been used for grapevine research since the early 90’s. Even though its promising results in the assessment of canopy stomatal conductance and plant water status, from the beginning and recent research publications, it has not been fully applied on a commercial scale yet. It is believed that the bottleneck for this technology is the lack of reliable automation tools for IRTI analysis. Accurate and reliable automation techniques will allow the use of this technique to assess spatial variability of canopy physiological processes using infrared cameras mounted on moving vehicles, drones, octocopters or robots. Automated analysis systems are requirement of The Vineyard of The Future initiative, which is an international effort to establish fully monitored vineyards in the most prominent viticultural and winemaking areas in the world. In this study, manual, and semi-automated IRTI analysis were performed using a code written in MATLAB® based on the computational water stress index analysis method proposed by Fuentes et al. (2012). Results obtained from this research (cv. Tempranillo) showed good and statistically significant correlations between the manual IRTI analysis methods (using Tdry and Twet references obtained from an evaporimeter which provide wet and dry artificial leaves) compared to the semi-automated statistical method (by analysing the temperature distribution histogram). This work constitutes one additional step forward the implementation of thermal imaging as an automated routine technique for physiological vineyard assessment from proximal sensing and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) platforms.

260 Molecular characterization of phylloxera present in Argentinean vineyards C. Agüero1, L. Martínez2, C. Arancibia2, R. Alonso2-3, F. Buscema3, K. Lund1, S. Riaz1, A. Walker1 1

2

University of California, Davis, USA Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, CONICET-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina 3 Bodega Catena Zapata, Mendoza, Argentina

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile Phylloxera is among the most harmful grapevine pests worldwide. It is caused by the aphid Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, which feeds on roots and leaves of many susceptible species of the genus Vitis. A high percentage of the Argentinean vineyards are planted with susceptible V. vinifera varieties and phylloxera attack occurs only in the roots. Although this pest currently is not producing major economic damages, changes in agricultural practices could cause problems in the future. The aim of this study was to characterize molecularly, the phylloxera present in the main winegrowing regions of Argentina and compare them with reference genotypes found in California. Twenty-one samples were collected from infected roots of vineyards planted with different varieties of Vitis vinifera L, located in Mendoza and San Juan provinces. The DNA of the phylloxera was extracted using the Chelex method and amplified using 26 microsatellite markers. The results showed two different profiles. The most abundant genotype was found in most of the regions sampled and matched the reference ‘UCDavis Chardonnay’ for 61% of the microsatellites. The second genotype matched reference ‘AxR1Mendocino’ for 71% of the markers and was found only in the North West of Mendoza. While we found a similarity with aggressive strains of California, this is not enough to affirm that the genotypes present in the areas sampled display the same level of aggressiveness. Therefore, further studies are required to characterize local strains and evaluate the use of pest-resistant rootstocks in new plantations.

261 Salinity tolerance of four grapevine genotypes C. Ceppi de Lecco, D. Prehn, F. Díaz, N. Puentes, C. Tastets. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile In the present study we evaluated the response to saline stress in grapevines. From the estimate of the chlorophyll’s fluorescence and shoot growth from four different grapevine rootstocks (1.15, 1.9, 1.26 and Ramsey) against three salinity levels (0, 100 and 125 mM NaCl) over 6 weeks. Salt stress resulted in reduced shoot growth rate for all rootstocks in relation to the control treatment (0 mM NaCl). The rootstocks were ranked in order of tolerant, intermediate or sensitive, based on the percentage reduction in the value of Index Performance (PIp) of the control relative to the value of the treatments (100 mM NaCl and 125 mM NaCl). The rootstocks were ranked in order of decreasing tolerance to saline stress. The most sensitive parameter was the salinity measurement area under the curve OJIP from the two weeks of treatment, we observed three important features: 1) For all the times, in control and treatment for all genotypes, there is a dramatic drop in the value of fluorescence between T1 and T2. 2) The 1.15 genotype has smaller areas with respect to their control from the beginning of the experiment (T1), this being significant. 3) All genotypes have nearly flat curves (area close to 0) in the final time, with the exception of one genotype, whose carriers are reduced but not enough to be significantly different from the control. This is the first evidence that there is a superior genotype for resistance to salt than the rest.

262 Competition within a grape cluster: The berries that bloom first are more adapted to survive in the abscission period C. Abello, N. Kühn, F. Godoy, P. Arce-Johnson Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile In Vitis vinifera, the abscission process occurs during the fruit set, which takes place between the first and second week after flowering, depending of the cultivar. On the other hand, a cluster can take over a week to completely bloom; therefore in the same cluster there will be berries with more than one week of difference in their development stage. Our aim was to study whether the flowering order (if flourished early or late) is related to the survival of the berries in the abscission period. During the flowering period, for each cluster we daily marked the berries that bloomed in the same day, obtaining groups of berries marked and distinguished by the order in which they flourished within the cluster. This allowed us to selectively study each group of berries and measure parameters related to abscission, which led us to the results required to develop a model of competition between berries that bloom first (early) and those that flourished late (late). We identified that in the same stage of development, early berries had significantly lower abscission that the late berries; however the concentration of ethylene - the hormone responsible for abscission – does not differ between early and late berries. Otherwise, levels of related transcripts of this hormone pathway vary, having less abundance in early berries (which had less abscission). This abundance of transcripts is directly related to the export of auxin in berries, where there was greater transport in berries with lower abundance transcripts. In summary, the high auxin transport cause reduced sensitivity to ethylene, which allows that early berries have greater survival rate during abscission period. This work is the first in characterize a physiological and molecular model of competition among fruits of the same plant, opening the possibility to further elucidating more models of fruit competitions in other plants. Acknowledgments: Grapevine Breeding Project of the Technological Fruit Consortium, FONDECYT 1100709 and Millennium Nucleus for Plant Functional Genomics (P06-009- F).

263 Studies of shrinkage in Syrah berries cultivated in Mendoza, Argentine L. Deis, M. I. de Rosas, L. E. Martínez Cat. Fisiología Vegetal, FCA, UNCuyo. IBAM-CONICET. Mendoza, Argentina. In recent years a physiological disorder on cv. Syrah called "premature berries dehydration (PBD), has been observed in Mendoza and San Juan vineyards. It has been detected close to harvest time, causing significant yield reductions. During fruit development, the vascular tissues contribute to solute and water accumulation. PBD or shrinkage may occur when water loss by evaporation exceeds the influx of water in berries. The berry water influx might be limited by blockage of the phloem, xylem or both. Another possible cause may be associated with the reduction of potassium uptake. Potassium plays a key role on cells osmoregulation and has a dominant effect on its membrane potential which determines the uptake of many different cations, anions, and sugars transport. Its accumulation in the berry should give an indication of xylem and phloem functionality. On the other side, calcium has low mobility in the phloem, and its import into fruits is nearly exclusively through the xylem. The aim of this work was to elucidate the possible causes of PBD in Syrah berries. Using optical microscopy, acid fuchsine was shown to accumulate in the brush tissue of the berry shortly after veraison and the movement through the peripheral veins was restricted. No physical obstructions in the bundles were detected. Potassium levels in berries decreased in the last month of ripening indicating a lower contribution via xylem as well as influx and efflux via phloem. Instead, calcium content remained constant evidencing input detention in xylem. These data were associated with a decrease of water influx via xylem and phloem, water berry efflux to the plant and the presence of PBD. Also, there was a positive correlation between the percentage of berries shrinkage with the minimum (r=0,8) and maximum (r=0, 7) temperatures that took place from January to March. Other possible causes of this disorder, like a decrease of gene expression of aquaporines, hexose and sucrose transporters are being analyzed by RT-PCR.

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264 Characterization of the defence response against powdery mildew (E. necator) in a hybrid grape population carrying the two dominant resistance loci RUN1 and REN1 R. Schlechter1, M. Agurto1, C. Almendra1, C. Serrano1, S. Hoffmann2, P. Kozma2, P. ArceJohnson1 1

Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile 2 Research Institute of Viticulture and Enology, Pázmány Péter u. 4, 7634 Pecs, Hungary

A large group of the Vitaceae family members, especially Vitis vinifera L., is susceptible to Powdery Mildew (PM). This disease is due to the infection with the biotrophic ascomycete Erysiphe necator Schwein, causing important losses in grape crops. However, it has been described natural sources of resistance against this pathogen for further breeding programs. Particularly, RUN1 (Resistance to Uncinula necator 1) and REN1 (Resistance to Erysiphe necator 1) are two dominant loci associated with the resistance to PM, depriving pathogen development. RUN1 has been found in Muscadinia rotundifolia linkage group 12, while REN1 in the linkage group 13 of Vitis vinifera variety ‘Dzanzhal kara’ and ‘Kishmish vatkana’. Using bioinformatics approaches, it is thought that those loci co-segregate with putative R genes given the presence of NBS-LRR clusters. R gene-mediated plant defense is commonly associated with a rapid and localized cell-death (hypersensitive response), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell wall fortification, expression of PR proteins and the biosynthesis of antimicrobial secondary metabolites (phytoalexins), among others. This work aims to characterize the resistance response conferred by RUN1 and/or REN1 against the PM infection. Using molecular marker-assisted selection on a hybrid grape population containing both resistance loci, we have selected four genotypes (RUN1, REN1, RUN1/REN1 and run1/ren1) based on microsatellite analysis. We are currently studying the development of the fungus in these plants and our main objective is to evaluate a possible R-mediated defense responses. Histochemical analyses for localized cell-death, ROS production, cell wall fortification and phenolics accumulation, and the expression pattern of defense-related genes have been evaluated. Considering the presence of putative NBS-LRR genes in both loci, we believe that the resistance mechanism against PM is by an R genemediated immunity. Acknowledgements: Consorcio Tecnológico de la Fruta, Programa de Mejoramiento Genético de la Vid 12FBCT-14787 -CORFO; Millennium Nucleus in Plant Functional Genomics P06-009-F; Innova Corfo 07Genoma01 and FIA.

265 Differents inductors for rooting vine rootstocks PAULSEN 1103, R-99 and 101-14 A. G. Turmina, A.P. F. Lima, A. F. Fagherazzi, S. C. Uber, A. R. Rufato, L Rufato University of Santa Catarina State, Lages, Brazil In the vine, the rootstock can have substantial influence on vegetative growth, gas exchange and water status in the canopy. The study of alternative methods to induce rooting from natural extracts may contribute to agricultural practices.

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile The grapevine rootstocks used in this experiment were 1103 Paulsen, R-99 and 101-14. And the treatments were Control, Trichoderma 20,000 mg L-1, Cyperus rotundus extract 10,000 mg L-1, Indolbutyric Acid 2000 mg L-1 and Phloroglucinol 2000 mg.L-1.The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different methods for rooting of vine. The variables analyzed were percentage of callus, root number, fresh weight and length of roots. There was no interaction between rootstocks and treatments. For variable number of calluses the rootstock R-99 had the highest rooting percentage with 38.66%. The number of roots was higher for the rootstock 101-14 with an average of 22.20 roots per cutting. The root fresh weight of rootstock R-99 had lower mass and the length of root was no statistical difference between the rootstocks.

266 Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in table grape cultivars from germplasm bank of Embrapa tropical semiarid Patrício Ferreira Batista1, Maria Auxiliadora Coêlho de Lima2, Patrícia Coelho de Souza Leão2, Sormani Roberto Rosatti3 , Ana Claudia Barros dos Santos4, Ricardo Elesbão Alves5 1

UFERSA, Crop Science Departament, BR 110, Km 47, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. [email protected] 2 Embrapa Tropical Semi-Arid, BR 428, Km 152, PO Box 23, ZIP Code 56302-970, Petrolina, Pernambuco State, Brazil. [email protected] 3 Scholarship, FACEPE, Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil 4 University of Bahia State, DTCS III, Juazeiro, Bahia State, Brazil 5 Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, Dra. Sara Mesquita Street, 2270, ZIP Code 60511-110, Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil

The demand for natural and healthy food that offers benefits to consumer health greatly stimulates the market of products such as grape and its derivatives. Currently, these products are consumed not only for its sensory qualities, but also as sources of compounds with antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to quantify the bioactive compounds content and the total antioxidant activity of 18 cultivars of table grapes from the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Tropical Semi-Arid, located at the Experimental Field of Mandacaru, in Juazeiro, Bahia State, Brazil. The cultivars studied were: A dona, Benitaka, Brasil, Cardinal, Christmas Rose, Estevão Marinho, Frankenthal, Isabel, Isabel Precoce, Isaura, Liberty, Muscat Caillaba, Muscat Hamburg, Muscat Noir, Patrícia, Piratininga, Saturn and Vênus. Bunches were harvested when berries were ripe. After harvest, they were transferred to the Postharvest Physiology Laboratory, at Embrapa Tropical Semi-Arid. The variables analyzed were anthocyanins, yellow flavonoids, total extractable polyphenols content, as well as total antioxidant activity, using the ABTS and DPPH methods. Among the cultivars analyzed, Isabel Precoce showed the highest anthocyanins content (166.42 mg 100 g-1) and total extractable polyphenols (165.24 mg 100 g-1). The yellow flavonoids content varied from 21.68 mg 100 g-1, in ‘Muscat Caillaba’, to 45.78 mg 100 g-1, in ‘Isabel Precoce’. However, Benitaka, Christmas Rose, Estevão Marinho, Isabel, Liberty, Patrícia and Piratininga cultivars are equivalent to ‘Isabel Precoce’ for that characteristic. When the total antioxidant activity was determined by the ABTS method, the cultivars Muscat Caillaba, Isabel Precoce and Christmas Rose showed the highest average values: 9.68, 9.27 and 8.57 µM Trolox. g-1 pulp, respectively. On the other hand, we identified Christmas Rose, Frankenthal, Isabel Precoce, Muscat Caillaba, Muscat Hamburg, Muscat Noir, Patricia, Piratininga, Saturn and Venus as cultivars that had the most relevant total antioxidant activity, through the DPPH method. The results suggested that the highlighted grape cultivars could be consumed in order to maintain good health and they could be inserted in breeding programs focused in obtaining cultivars with higher functional compounds content and total antioxidant activity.

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267 Evaluation of three culture media on micrografting of grapevine F.J. Díaz, P. Flores, D. Prehn Laboratorio de Genética Frutal Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. The increase in micropropagation of grapevine varieties and rootstocks has encouraged the development of new grafting techniques to substitute wood grafting in the process of vine plant production. Micrografting consists in implanting a variety on a rootstock and culture the graft in vitro until a whole plant is obtained. The goal of this research was to determine the effect of three culture media on micrografted grapevine. In vitro plantlets of V. vinifera cv. Carménère and Crimson Seedless were used as varieties and V. champinii cv. Ramsey as rootstock. Binodal cuttings of the plants were defoliated; varieties were cuts in shape of V at the end and the rootstock in T on the top, joining the explants polarwise together. Microcuttings of the varieties were equal or smaller in diameter than the rootstock. The grafting procedure was performed in a laminar flowhood and explants were established in MS culture medium modified. This medium was supplemented with growth regulators in three arrangements: 1mgL-1 BAP; 1mgL-1 IBA; and 1mgL-1 BAP + 1mgL-1 IBA. Grafts were evaluated after 4 weeks of culture. None significant differences in growth of grafts were found in the treatments of BAP and IBA alone. In the medium supplemented with IBA 85% of the grafted cuttings were growing in Carménère and 70% in Crimson Seedless. The medium supplemented with BAP alone presented 70% of growing grafts and in the combined medium of IBA and BAP 10% of the grafts for each cultivar were sealed. Grafts cultured in presence of IBA rooted well and 100% could be acclimated successfully. In plants grown in BAP alone rooting had to be induced additionally. During the subculture in rooting media 50% of this plants were lost; the rest could be acclimated although grafted plants were weaker. It can be concluded that micrografting of vine is promising when grafts are cultured in a medium containing IBA because rooted plants can easily be acclimated. Acknowledgments: Project Corfo 09CAVC-6988

268 Estimation of gas exchange and water potential in grapevines (cv. Carménère) using leaf and canopy reflectance measurements. C. Poblete-Echeverria1*, G.A. Lobos2 and S. Ortega-Farias1 1

Universidad de Talca. Centro de Investigacion y Transferencia en Riego y Agroclimatologia (CITRA). Avda. Lircay s/n Talca, Chile. 2 Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal (CMGFV), Universidad de Talca, Chile.

Keywords: Partial least square regression, midday stem water potential, leaf water potential, CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration. Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) methods are commonly used in grapevines, for improving grape and wine quality. However, in commercial vineyards it is difficult to monitor the water stress level, since pressure chambers and gas analyzer measurements are time-consuming. Therefore, the objective of this research was to compare leaf and canopy reflectance measurements as a fast method to estimate gas exchange variables (net CO2 assimilation rate (A) stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) and water potential (leaf and stem) in grapevines (cv. Carménère) under different soil water conditions. In this

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile study, leaf and canopy absolute reflectance values (between 350 –2500 nm) measured by field-portable spectroradiometer (FieldSpec 3) were correlated with gas exchange and water potential variables in order to find a reliable model to estimate these variable. The experiment was carried out in a commercial vineyard TerraNoble S.A., San Clemente, Maule Region, Chile (35° 27' 37'' LS; 71° 29' 56'' LW). Four levels of water were applied in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replications per treatment. Model calibration was done using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression with random cross-validation, performed by Unscramble® software. The results showed that better estimations were found with leaf reflectance measurements especially for gas exchange variables with determination coefficients (R2) around 0.50 to 0.75. These results suggest that is possible to use the spectroscopy analysis as a tool for monitoring the water level in grapevines.

269 Use of a viral vector in the study of the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in the new table grape Chimenti Globe variety Claudia Santibáñez-Orellana1, Alfredo Chimenti2 , Patricio Arce-Johnson1 1

Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile. 2 AGRIFRUTA S.A. Santiago, Chile.

Berry color results from the biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in the berry skin, processes that are commonly regulated by transcription factors belonging to the MYB, WD and bHLH families in Vitis vinifera. VvmybA1 gene is a major determinant of berry color variation in table grape and its instability is the major cause of somatic variation for this trait. The accumulation of anthocyanins is very important for the production of red wine and color table grapes. In this work we used as study model a new table variety called Chimenti Globe, which was generated by spontaneous mutation of Red Globe variety in field. This new variety is characterized by reduced accumulation of anthocyanins in the berry skin with the presence of 3 types of these compounds. By DNA sequencing we found a base insertion in exon 3 of VvmybA1 in this variety, resulting in a change in the reading frame which generates an early stop codon. But this should not be the only mutation present in this variety. Using the viral vector designed in this work and biobalistic method it will be possible to evaluate genes that allow explaining the differential accumulation of anthocyanins in this varieties. Due to the importance of this pathway, the lack of tools for the study of gene expression in vines like mutant plants and for characterize the phenotype of this new variety, we designed a viral vector from GVB virus. This viral vector contains a multiple cloning site (ClaI/SnabI/NotI) for the introduction of genes of interest, controlled by the subgenomic promoter of the movement protein of GVB; it was designed from 2 strains of GVB and it will be introduced within an expression vector. Acknowledgments: Project CORFO-07GENOMA01, Millennium Nucleus for Plant Functional Genomics (P06-009-F) and FONDECYT 1100709.

270 Effect of rootstock on nutrient content in petiole of Thompson Seedless variety M. Morales1, R. Ferreyra2, R. Ruiz, C. Zúñiga2, M. Pinto1,2, G. Sellés.1,2 1

Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura (CEAF), Rengo, Chile

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Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Santiago, Chile

In Chile the use of rootstock in grapevine recently is become most popular in soil with limitations. The effect of rootstock on vigour, production and fruit quality has been reported, however is still unknown the real effect of rootstock on nutritional state of scion. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of five rootstocks (Richter 110, Harmony, Ramsey, Freedom, 1616 C, as well as the scion ungrafted) on nutritional state of Thompson Seedless variety. This work was realized during 2009-2010 seasons. In both season we were running two experiments. One of this was realized in the Metropolitana Region in pots of 150 L filled with different textural classes, so to generate then to generate different air content on soil. Another one was realized in the Valparaiso Region, in a compacted soil. We evaluate the nutrient content (N, P, K, Mn, Mg, Ca and Zn) in petiole at flowering. We observed a direct effect of rootstock on ungrafted variety and this interaction was most important under soil limitation conditions. We found that the rootstocks had a very strong relation with respect to nutrient content, principally N, P, K, Mn, Mg, Ca and Zn. In Ramsey the nitrogen content in petiole was over 2500 mg kg-1 in field experiment and around 6000 mg kg-1 in pots (150 L) experiment. On the other hand, in both experiment Harmony and Freedom rootstock had a 30% more capacity for potassium uptake than ungrafted, although all rootstock had a higher capacity than ungrafted, but less capacity to magnesium uptake. In soils with aeration restriction (fine textures), the nitrogen content decrease in plant grafted with Ramsey and ungrated. These combinations had more nitrogen content than Richter 110 in soil with fine textures. This could be associated with higher growth. In conclusion, the fertilization should be adjusted according the rootstock used, specially in fertilization with nitrogen and potassium. These can help to generate new standard for improve the Thomson Seedless quality. Acknowledgments: Grant N° 05CR11PAT-11, INNOVA- CORFO.

271 Relationship between the size of berries and the osmotic potential in contrasting phenotypes of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Pinto M.1,2, Olivares D.1, Correa J. 1 Laborie D.1 ., and.Hinrichsen P.1 1 2

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Centro La Platina, Santiago Chile. Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura “CEAF”, INIA Rayentué, Rengo Chile.

The size of the berry is a first order quality component for the table grape industry. Berry size is genetically defined but seasonally controlled by environmental factors which in turn control the sugar accumulation, the osmotic potential and the water intake into the berry. The aim of this study was to determine the sugar content and the evolution of the osmotic potential during the development of the berries and their relationship with the size of six contrasting genotypes of grapevine. These genotypes were grouped in large (LB) and small (SB) berry genotypes. Fresh and dry weight, volume, soluble solids, sugar content (glucose and fructose) and osmotic potential were determined at pre-veraison (36 days after anthesis, DAA), veraison (76 DAA), post-veraison (85 DAA) and at maturity (105 DAA) stage. Berry size (volume) was measured weekly from pre-veraison stage. Differences in berry size between the two groups of genotype were significant from pre-veraison. From veraison, the water intake into the berry was higher in LB group. Although the action of soluble solids accumulation on the increase of the osmotic potential was in both groups similar (~0.165 MPa/ °Brix), the effect of this increase on the increase of volume was clearly higher in the LB group. In addition, before veraison, in both groups the glucose/fructose ratio (glu/fru) was >1. At veraison this proportion was slightly higher in LB than in SB. After veraison, glu/fru decreased in both groups. These results indicate that in SB genotypes, the increase

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile in osmotic potential has a lower capacity to incorporate water into the berries and to increase their volume. On the contrary in LB genotypes an increase in the osmotic potential has a higher capacity to increase the berry volume. Furthermore, the accumulation of glucose and fructose is independent of the genotype and the type of sugar accumulated is not related to the increase of the volume of the berries. Fondef Grant N° G07 I-1002 and Grant Fondecyt 1120888

272 Changes on ‘Sauvignon blanc’ grapes during maturation in tropical conditions and organic production Maria Auxiliadora Coêlho de Lima1, Rita Mércia Estigarribia Borges1 , Danielly Cristina Gomes da Trindade2, Sormani Roberto Rosatti3 1

Embrapa Tropical Semi-Arid, BR 428, Km 152, PO Box 23, ZIP Code 56302-970, Petrolina, Pernambuco State, Brazil. 2 Laboratorist,Embrapa Tropical Semi-Arid, Petrolina, Pernambuco State, Brazil. 3 Scholarship, FACEPE, Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil

The interest for new products represents the dynamic of some specialized markets. For wines, new products can attract different consumers. Tropical wines and wines produced through an organic management could be an interesting opportunity for viticulturists in São Francisco River Valley, Brazil. In this region, the cultivation of grapes has particularities that increase the necessity of knowing the quality of the grapes. Quality show variations during the season, different years and regions. Considering this panorama, the goal of this work was characterize the maturation of ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ grapes produced according to organic practices and growing in São Francisco River Valley, Brazil. The study was carried out in a commercial vineyard, in Petrolina (09º23' S e 40º30' W), Pernambuco State, Brazil. The plants were irrigated by a drip system. The vines were pruned in May 2011 and they were submitted to the agronomical practices commonly adopted in the region. Bunches were collected from the beginning of maturation to harvest, at 47, 54, 61, 68, 71 and 75 days after fruit set. The experiment was carried out as a randomized blocks, in six treatments (days after fruit set) with four replicates consisting of five bunches. The bunches were analyzed for weight, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, total extractable polyphenols content and antioxidant activity using ABTS method. The weight of bunches did not vary during the maturation, supporting the information that it is a period of changes on chemical compounds. The increase on soluble solids content and the reduction on titratable acidity are expected and they had the period of stabilization at seven and four days after harvest, respectively, reaching desirable values for the variety. This stabilization signalized the ideal harvest time. Changes on variables related to functional properties as total extractable polyphenols content and antioxidant activity occurred on the first week from the beginning of the maturation. Consequently, an early harvest not prejudices the functional value but results in acid grapes.

274 Microclimatic Change Impact on Quality and Yield of a Syrah Crop Produced in Warm and Arid Region G. Manzano1, M. Battistella2 and B. Pugliese2 1

Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuería. EEA-San Juan, San Juan, Argentina

2

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile Viticulture in San Juan, Argentina, lies in an arid and warm region. There has been some difficulty producing grape with optimal anthocyanin content and achieve wines with good color. Moreover, producers have declines in performance by blanching the fruit which is very exposed to sunlight. It is known that the generation of anthocyanins such as scalding and other quality and performance parameters are influenced by the meso and microclimate. The objective was to determine in the growing conditions of Tulum Valley, San Juan, microclimatic conditions cluster level necessary to maximize the color intensity of red wines and reduce damage from scalding. We designed a field test where microclimate with nine situations different from each other in terms of the amount of light and temperature of the clusters from veraison. The treatments were 100, 100C, 50, 50C, 25, 25C, 0, 0C and Witness. The experiment evaluated the meso and microclimate of each treatment during the 2010-2011 season.To the grape harvested, we measure anthocyanin content, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio of scalding, healthy berry weight and blanched. Microvinifications also carried out which measured concentration of anthocyanins and total polyphenols (IPT). As results, blanching was greater than 30% in all cases, reduced the amount of anthocyanins in berry from 10 to 24% and also decreased the weight of them from 11 to 60% depending on the extent of damage. As for the content of anthocyanins, treatments with 25% and 100% light, generated similar amount of anthocyanins in berry. Finally, we found a microclimate niche which yielded the highest content of anthocyanins and the lowest proportion of berries scalded. This is characterized by light intensity level of the order of 460-500 clusters µmol.m-2.s-1 at 16:30 h, mean daytime temperature (from 9-19 h) equal to or less than 35 ° C and mean minimum night temperature of 17.4 ° C.

275 Characterization of the Winter Dormancy of two Selections of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) INIA 5.56 and INIA 5 A. Vergara1, M. Pinto1, G. Sellés1. 1

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, C.R.I La Platina, Santiago, Chile

Determination of chilling requirements of new selections it is an important aspect in breeding programs in order to know the condition where future varieties can be planted. INIA 5.56 (black) and INIA 5 (white) are two table grape selections obtained by the breeding program of the Chilean National Institute of Agriculture Research with good potential to become commercial varieties. During winter of 2010, the characterization of bud dormancy of these two selections was carried out at Los Andes (coordenadas), Chile. From early Autumn (May 6 th) to early Spring (September 15th), three canes per plant were collected each 15 days. Each cane was divided into basal, middle and apical segments of 20 buds each and then each bud enforced to burst during 21 days under controlled conditions (25ºC day/night; 12h of photoperiod; 400 µmolPAR·m-2·s-1 of light intensity).At the end of the period the percent of bud break was measured and plotted against the chilling hours (CH) and the chilling units (CU; Richardson model) accumulated until the corresponding sampling date. This allowed to determine the chilling requirements to overcome the dormancy. Furthermore, the dry and fresh weight, the free water content, the respiration rate of the buds were followed over the period. 188


The methodology used allowed to characterize well the different dormancy stages in both selections. The chilling requirements were higher in the buds located at the basal segment of the cane with respect to those located at the apical segment. This allowed to conclude that chilling requirements increase as the age of the bud increase. However, no big differences in the total chilling requirement was observed between both selections. Histological observations at different bud dormancy stages allowed to determine that during endo-dormancy the size of the bud cells decreased significantly with respect to the size observed during para-dormancy and eco-dormancy stages. This probably due to dehydration. Acknowledgments: Innova – Corfo Grant N° 08CT11PUT-16

276 Improvement of Berry Color in Table Grape Varieties Using Abscisid Acid A. Vergara1, F. Pinto, C. Lillo, J. Retamales2, M. Pinto1 1

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, C.R.I La Platina, Santiago, Chile 2 Valent Biosciences Corporation, Santiago, Chile

When colored table grape cultivars are cultivated in areas with environmental restrictions, color corrections during the berry development are needed. As derived from the known positive action of abscisic acid (ABA; S-ABA) applications on anthocyanin pathway, corrections with this phytohormone are now being evaluated at larger scale. In this work, results are presented of ABA applications on berries of Flame Seedless, Redglobe and Crimson Seedless cultivars. Experiments were carried out in Central Chile in vineyards conducted with overhead trellis system. ABA (ProTone®, Valent BioSciences Co.) at concentrations of 200 and 400 ppm was sprayed at berry veraison and/or one week before harvesting. Treatments were distributed into blocks, each block with five replications. In all cultivars 400 ppm of ABA sprayed at veraison markedly enhanced color development of berries. Further, as ABA induced uniform color development within clusters, this in turn resulted in significant shift in proportion of harvestable clusters for early pickings. Although just 200 ppm of ABA at veraison was less effective, when supplemented with 200 ppm one week before harvesting, results were as good as those obtained with 400 ppm sprayed at veraison, particularly in Flame Seedless. ABA did not affect other quality parameters like berry size, soluble solids and acid content. Data indicate that ABA sprayed at veraison is effective to accelerate color development in the cultivars used. Additionally, when corrections of color close to harvesting are urgently needed, ABA can also be effectively used.

277 Chemical characterization of berries and wines from cv. Cabernet Sauvignon obtained from different pedotopoclimatic units G. Valle1, A. Peña1, O. Segue1l, M. Galleguillos1, C. Pastenes1, A. Aparicio2 1

Universidad de Chile, Fac. Cs. Agronómicas, Santiago,Chile 2 Viña Haras de Pirque, Santiago,Chile

In nearby sites with the same macroclimate, the factors affecting the vine growth and development, the oenological potential of the berries and the wine sensory properties, are the soil and topography. In the

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile present study we characterized the chemical composition of berries and wines from cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in different soil units and physiographic positions, in alluvial-colluvial deposit in the Alto Maipo, Central Chile. The study comprised, on one hand, the identification and characterization of soil units at level of Series and their Phases, determining the map units by description of soil profiles and physical and chemical analysis by genetic horizon, and on the other, the chemical characterization of berries and wines from plants located in such soil units. Also, thermal time was registered, from swollen bud to harvest. The defined positions were: Upper Piedmont (UP), Lower West Piedmont (LWP) and Lower East Piedmont (LEP), with 5, 7 and 3 cartographic units respectively. In the UP, comparing the cartographic units, there were no significant changes in must soluble solids, total acidity, pH and total phenols, but there were significant differences in the concentration of anthocyanins and tannins from skins. In the LWP there were differences in all chemical parameters when cartographic units were compared, as result of different water regime, while in the LEP only significant differences in soluble solids, total acidity and pH were found. Comparing the physiographical zones, UP is a warmer area with respect to LP, and differences in the concentration of tannins and anthocyanins were found. With regard to wines made from grapes located in the LWP, was possible to define significant differences in the concentration of total anthocyanins and tannins form different soil units. This confirms the importance of proper zoning for the identification of wines with high potential quality.

278 Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Buds of ‘Cabernet franc’ Grapevines in Response to Exogenous Abscisic Acid Imed Dami*, and Yi Zhang Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, U.S.A Currently, the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on the freezing tolerance (FT) of grapevines is unknown. The goal of this study is to improve the FT of grapevine using exogenous ABA. Previous work indicated that exogenous ABA application can advance cold acclimation of grapevines, which resulted in morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes that led to increased FT. In this study, it is hypothesized that ABA is associated with bud desiccation and soluble sugar accumulation which results in increased FT. The specific objectives were to 1) evaluate the seasonal changes in FT, water content, and soluble sugar concentration in grapevine buds; 2) determine the correlations between FT, water content and soluble sugar concentration. ABA was applied on ‘Cabernet Franc’ grapevines grown in the vineyard in 2010. The buds were collected monthly from September 2010 to January 2011 for freezing tests and measurements of water content and soluble sugars. Thermal analysis and gas chromatography were used to measure FT and soluble sugar concentration, respectively. ABA treatment increased the FT of grapevine buds; there were significant correlations between FT, water content, and total soluble sugar concentration. The field results provided physiological and biochemical evidence supporting our previous greenhouse findings.

279 Effects of three different installation systems of anti-hail net in vineyards cv. Merlot C. G. Nahüel1, J. Perez Peña2 1 2

EEA Rama Caída INTA, San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina EEA Mendoza INTA, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile Grape production is the most important agricultural activity in Mendoza, Argentina. About 13% of the total area planted with vineyards is affected every year by hail storms and 50% of that registers a 100% damage. Recently installation of anti-hail systems has increased and today there are about 8449 ha of vineyards protected with anti-hail net (INV 2011). Among the different installation systems, the Grembiule is the most widely adopted to protect vineyards trellised as VSP. However there are others developed by grapegrowers like the tunnel and the anti-hail net joined in the inter-row. Enologists and winemakers are concerned because cluster microclimate under the anti-hail net is modified and this could affect grape yield and quality. Solar radiation, air temperature and wind speed are reduced, while relative humidity is increased. To compare different anti-hail net installation systems, an experiment was conducted in San Rafael, Mendoza (Argentina), on a 12 year old Merlot vineyard (Clone 347 (A) grafted on 101-14 rootstock), drip irrigated, planted at 3 m between rows and 1.5 m between vines, spur pruned and trained to a bilateral cordon. Four treatments with four replicates were arranged in a completely randomized plot design: Control (CO; without any protection against hail), Grembiule (GR), Tunnel (TU), and Joined (JO). Meteorological data, microclimatic variables under the anti-hail net, physiological variables and berry composition were measured. The anti-hail net modified microclimatic conditions. The JO microclimate was similar to that of the CO, while the GR and TU registered higher relative humidity, lower temperature, lower % of incident PPFD, and reduced wind speed. Leaf water potential values were higher in the GR and TU installation systems. Higher net photosynthethic rates were recorded in GR, TU and MU compared to CO. Berry weight was reduced in the TU and the highest concentration of antocyanins was found in the GR. Acknowledgments: funded by Regional Project INTA Mendoza - San Juan: Apoyo al Desarrollo Vitivinícola Regional - 5100716 and Bodega Casa Bianchi.

282 Vineyard's microbiome - a dynamic analysis Cátia Pinto, Valéria Custódio, Susana Sousa and Ana Catarina Gomes# BIOCANT, Centro de Inovação em Biotecnologia, BIOCANT-PARK, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, lote 3, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal Vitis vinifera is a remarkable fruit crop with a relevant economic impact in the world. As a plant, it is naturally colonised by a wide variety of microorganisms, both beneficial and phytopathogenic, which interact with it and will play a major role in its growth, vigour and will clearly influence the wine quality. The natural microecosystem from grapevine is very dynamic and is mainly affected by spatial and temporal factors as well as by the application of plant protection products that are mostly based on chemical compounds. In this study we have extensively characterized the natural microbiome present on grapevine during the growth vegetative cycle using a metagenomic approach. The analysis revealed a surprising and complex microbiome associated with V. vinifera and a balance between the phytopathogenic and beneficial microorganisms was observed. This is of utmost importance for the grapevine phytosanitary status, vine performance and quality of wines. Furthermore, among prokaryotic population the major microorganisms were represented by proteobacteria, actinobacteria and firmicutes and at the level of the eukaryotic population, the ascomycota phylum was the most abundant. Our samples were mainly characterized by the dominance of the Aureobasidium pullulans and the prokaryotic Enterobacteriaceae family which are considered as beneficial microorganisms. Despite the beneficial microorganisms identified, we have also detected phytopathogens as Botrytis, Phomopsis or Guignardia. Overall, the study of the global population from vineyard allowed unveiling a great and complete microbial biodiversity during the vegetative cycle of grapevine, inferring about the interactions between

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile plant-microbe communities and reflecting about the impact of the co-habitation of both beneficial and phytopathogenic microorganisms on vine performance and wine quality. This work is supported by the InovWine project, which is financed with funds from FEDER through the QREN and COMPETE programs (ref. FCOMP-01-0202-FEDER-011498) Keywords: Vitis vinifera, metagenomic approach, microbiome, phytopathogens and beneficial microorganisms

283 Effect of different levels of vine water status on gas exchange for the Vitis vinifera L. Carmenere and Merlot S. Ortega-Farias1, M. Mendez-Costabel2, L A. Sanchez2, C. Poblete-Echeveria1 and M. Zuñiga1 1

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CITRA, Universidad de Talca, Chile E& J Gallo Winery, Modesto, CA, USA

Keywords: vine water status, net assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the correlation between net assimilation (An) versus transpiration (T), An versus stomatal conductance (gs) and T versus gs for the cvs Carménère and Merlot under different levels of water potential. The first experiment was conducted in a drip-irrigated Carménère vineyard, located in the Talca Valley, Maule Region, Chile (35º 27' S; 71º 30' W) during the 2011-2012 growing season. The second experiment was carried out in a drip-irrigated commercial Merlot vineyard, located in the Central Valley of California, USA (36°49'42.85"N, 120°12'55.06"W) during the 2008 and 2009 growing season. Mid-day water potential ranged between -0.6 and -1.6 MPa for Carménère and -0.6 and -1.4 MPa for Merlot. In both experiments, the results indicated that there were significant correlations between An versus T, An versus gs, and T versus gs, with coefficients of correlation greater than 0.60 for all cases. However, there were significant differences between the two experiments, indicating that these correlations are highly site specific.

284 Carbon balance in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo) grown under simulated climate change scenarios (elevated CO2, elevated temperature and drought) in temperature gradient greenhouses C Salazar-Parra1, I Aranjuelo2, J Aguirreolea1, M Sánchez-Díaz1, JJ Irigoyen1, JL Araus 3 and F Morales4,1 1 Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Sección Biología Vegetal (Unidad Asociada al CSIC, EEAD, Zaragoza e ICVV, Logroño), Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. 2 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, 31192-Mutilva Baja, Spain. 3Unidad de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Spain. 4 Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD), CSIC, Apdo. 13034, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain.

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IX International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology April 21-26, 2013, La Serena, Chile Atmospheric CO2 concentration could increase from the actual 379 to ca. 700 ppm and mean temperature 4ºC at the end of the century. Also, climate change could increase plant water stress, affecting crop production. The aim of this work was to assess C balance in grapevine cv. Tempranillo in climate change scenarios simulated under controlled conditions. Experiments were conducted in temperature gradient greenhouses to investigate the possible effects of future climate scenarios (elevated CO2 -700 ppm- vs. ambient; elevated temperature -+4ºC- vs. ambient; and partial vs. full irrigation) on C balance. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo) fruiting cuttings were used as experimental plant material. Treatments were applied either from fruit set or veraison to maturity. Carbon balance was followed by monitoring net photosynthesis (C gains) and respiration and photorespiration (C losses) and by the C-labeling method (C isotopic composition of total organic matter). This latter method provides information about C source/sink strength of the different plant tissues (berry, rachis, leaf, petiole, shoot, root and cuttings). Long-term exposure to elevated CO2 increased transiently photosynthetic rates in plants treated from veraison, whereas in experiments that began at fruit set such increments were maintained until veraison. In plants labeled from fruit set, 13C isotopic composition (δ13C) data highlighted that, after 75 days of Clabeling, the berries, leaves and stem were the most C-labeled organs, followed by roots. Results suggest that the storage activity of roots was improved from veraison to maturity. Furthermore, data also revealed that drought decreased C partitioning towards roots in a greater extent in plants labeled from veraison than in those labeled from fruit set. The low C-sink strength of the cutting and rachis, detected in plants labeled from fruit set, was also observed in plants labeled from veraison. Acknowledgements: Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [grant No. BFU2008-01405/BFI and BFU2011-26989], Fundación Universitaria de Navarra (Plan de Investigación de la Universidad de Navarra), Caja Navarra, Gobierno de Aragón (A03 research group) and Asociación de Amigos de la Universidad de Navarra. Special thanks to A. Urdiain and M. Oyarzun for their technical assistance.

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List of Participants

Davies, C. CSIRO Plant Industry, Adelaide, Australia

Delrot, S. ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Villenave d'Ornon, France.

Lijavetzky, D. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET-UNCuyo), Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.

Or, E. Department of fruit tree sciences, Volcani center, ARO, Israel

Williams, L.E. Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis and Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 9240 S. Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, California, 93648 USA

Medrano, H. Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia. Universitat de les Illes Balear. Palma de Mallorca (Spain)

Cramer, Grant R. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA

Adam-Blondon, A.F. INRA, UMR1165 URGV, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP 5708, 91057 Evry, France; 2 INRA, UR1164 URGI, route de Saint-Cyr, RD 10, 78026 Versailles, France

Hinrichsen, P. Centro de Investigación La Platina, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Santa Rosa 11610, Santiago, Chile.

Vivier, Melané A. Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenolog, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Pieri, Philippe ISVV, INRA, UMR EGFV-1287 « Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne », Bordeaux, France.

Torregrosa, Laurent Montpellier SupAgro, 2, Place P. Viala, Montpellier, Languedoc-Roussillon, France .

Ford, Christopher The University of Adelaide, Level 4, WIC Building, Cnr Paratoo Road and Hartley Grove, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia .

Malacarne, Giulia Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, S. Michele all’Adige, Italy/Trento/Trentino Alto Adige, Italy .

He, Fei China Agricultural University, No. 17, Tsinghua East Road, Centre for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, China .

Bitz, Oliver Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, Geisenheim, Germany .

Ibáñez, Javier Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Complejo Científico Tecnológico., C/ Madre de Dios 51, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain .

Young, Philip R Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, Western Province, South Africa .

Gonzalez, Carina Verónica Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Almirante Brown 500 - Chacras de Coria, Lujan de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina .

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Moser, Claudio Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, San Michele allAdige, Italy .

Achampong, A.K. Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Center, ARO, Israel .

Muñoz, Claudia Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Centro FONDAP para la Regulación del Genoma, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 217, Santiago, Metropolitana, Chile .

Pezzotti, Mario University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, Verona, Italy, Italy .

Duchêne, Eric INRA, France .

Utz, Daniella Universidad de Santiago, Las Palmeras 3435, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Bondada, Bhaskar Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA, USA .


Deluc, Laurent Oregon State University, 4017 ALS Building, Department of Horticulture, Corvallis, Oregon, USA .

Corso, Massimiliano University of Padova, Viale dellUniversità 16, Legnaro, Padova, Italy .

Deloire, Alain Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa .

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Netzer, Yishai Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. The Shomron and Jordan rift Regional Research and Development, Israel.Agricultural Research and Development, Central Mountain Region, Israel, Faculty of Agricalture, Hertzel St., Rehovot, Israel .

Bonada, Marcos INTA - Universidad de Adelaida, 5/325 Glen Osmond rd, Adelaide, S.A., Australia .

Foletta, Sally The University of Melbourne, Building 142 Royal Parade, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .

Franck, Nicolás Laboratorio de Adaptación de las Plantas a la Aridez, Centro de Estudios de Zonas Áridas, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 129, Coquimbo, Coquimbo, Chile .

Intrigliolo, Diego S. Instituto Valenciano Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra Moncada-Naquera km 4.5, Moncada, Valencia, Spain .

Tyerman, Stephen University of Adelaide, 1University of Adelaide, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and Waite Research Institute,, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia., Adelaide, South Australia, Australia .

Hochberg, Uri The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben Gurion university of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 268, Har Hanegev, Israel .

Pastenes, Claudio Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, RM, Chile .

Ollat, Nathalie UMR 1287 Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne - ISVV Bordeaux - INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave dOrnon, France .

Flexas, Jaume Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia. Universitat de les Illes Balear. Palma de Mallorca, Spain .

Simonneau, Thierry INRA Montpellier, 2, Place Viala, LEPSE, Batiment 7, Montpellier cedex 1, France .

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Zhang, Yun Washington State University, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WASHINGTON, USA .

Edwards, Everard CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia .

Ollat, Nathalie ISVV-INRA, 210 chemin de Leysotte, Villenave dOrnon, France .

Espinoza, Carmen P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Regio Metropolitana, Chile .

Lecourt, Julien INRA, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, UMR 1287 EGFV, ISVV Bordeaux, 210 chemin de Leysotte, Villenave dOrnon, France, France .

Hocking, Brad University of Adelaide, Plant Research Centre, Gate 2B, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia .

Nathalie, Ollat INRA, UMR EGFV, ISVV, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS50008, VILLENAVE DORNON, France .

Ghosh, Satyanarayan Department of Fruits and Orchard Management, Faculty of Horticulture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur – 741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India .

Reisch, Bruce Cornell University, 630 W. North Street, Dept. of Horticulture, Geneva, NY, USA .

Vezzulli, Silvia Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele a/Adige (TN), Italy .

Gomès, Eric UMR 1287 Ecophysiology et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1287 EGFV, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 210 chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, Villenave DOrnon, France .

Battilana, Juri Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy, Italy .

Grimplet, Jérôme Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Complejo Científico Tecnológico, C/ Madre de Dios 51, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain .

Tornielli, Giovanni Battista University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, Verona, Italy, Italy .

Vannozzi, Alessandro University of Padova, Agripolis, viale delluniversità 16, Legnaro, PD, Italy .

Flamini, Riccardo Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura – Centro di Ricerca per la Viticoltura (CRA-VIT), Viale XXVIII aprile 26, Conegliano, TREVISO, Italy .

Barba, Paola Cornell University, 630 West North Street - Hedrick hall, GENEVA, NEW YORK, USA .

Töpfer, Reinhard Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Rhinland-Palatinat, Germany .

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Moore, John Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, Western Cape Province, South Africa .

Burger, Johan Stellenbosch University, Vitis lab, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa .

Herrera, Daniela P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile .

Lu, Jiang Florida A&M University, 6505 Mahan Drive, Tallahassee, Florida, USA .

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Sweetman, Crystal The University of Adelaide, Level 4, WIC Building, Cnr Paratoo Road and Hartley Grove, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia .

Diago, Maria-Paz Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (University of La Rioja, Csic, Gobierno de La Rioja), Madre De Dios, 51, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain .

Manuel Pinto Centro de Investigación La Platina, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Santa Rosa 11610, Santiago, Chile.

Greer, Dennis School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia .

Fuentes, Sigfredo The University of Melbourne, MSLE, Room 110A, Bldg 142, Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Barlow, Snow University of Melbourne, Room L154,Building 379, 221 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia .

Balic, Iván Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, republica 217, santiago, metropolitana, Chile .

Pérez-Donoso, Alonso Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Metropolitana, Chile .

Zenoni, Sara University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, Verona, Italy, Italy .

Loyola Muñoz, Rodrigo Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Ravest Catalán, Gonzalo Humberto INIA La Platina, Santa Rosa 11610. La Pintana, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Mamani, Maribel Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Santa Rosa 11610, Santiago, XIII, Chile .

Mahmoudzadeh, Hassan West Azarbayjian Agricultural and Natural resources Research Center, Salms Road 3rd Km, West Azarbayjian Agricultural and Natural resources Research Center, Orumia, West Azarbayjian, Iran .

Rasouli, Mousa Malayer University, Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University,Malayer, Iran, Malayer, Hamedan, Iran .



Babaei, Arash Malayer University, Assistant Professor of Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Malayer University, Iran, Malayer, Hamedan, Iran .


Mohammad Parast, Behrooz assistant prof of malayer university Iran, 4 KM Malayer Arak roud - Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Malayer University, Iran, malayer, Hamadan, Iran .

Baert, Annelies Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium .

Castel, Juan R. I.V.I.A., Cra. Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, Moncada, Valencia, Spain .

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Selles, Gabriel INIA-Chile, Santa Rosa 11610, Santiago, Santiago, Chile .

Selles, Gabriel INIA-Chile, Santa Rosa 11610, Santiago, Santiago, Chile .

Corso, Massimiliano University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, Padova, Italy .



Bahram nejad, Khaid bahram nejad MSc. of Horticultural sciences Student of Islamic Azad University of Mahabad unit, Iran .

Fanzone, Martin Laboratorio de Aromas y Sustancias Naturales, EEA Mendoza INTA, San Martin 3853, Lujan de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina .

Cousins, Peter E&J Gallo Winery, PO Box 1130, Modesto, California, USA .

Mohammadkhani, Nayer Urmia University, Urmia, Urmia University, Faculty Science, Plant Physiology Department, Urmia, West Azarbayjan, Iran .

Lopes, Carlos Instituto Superior de Agronomia/Technical University of Lisbon, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal .

Escalona, José Balearic Islands University, Departamento de Biología. Edificio Guillém Colóm. Universidad de las Islas Baleares. Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Baleearic island, Spain .

Rubio, Sebastián Universidad de Chile, Fac. Ciencias, Lab. Bioquímica Vegetal, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, RM, Chile .

Vergara, Ricardo Universidad de Chile, Fac. Ciencias, Lab. Bioquímica Vegetal, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile .

Pérez, Francisco J Universidad de Chile, Fac. Ciencias, Lab. Bioquímica Vegetal, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, RM, Chile .

Studies on Rootstock - Scion Graft Compatibility of Un-rooted Cuttings of Grapes under Humid Chamber

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S.N.Ghosh, A.K. Basu, Ranjit Pal, B.Bera, S.Roy

Effect of Water Management on Plant and Soil Grape cv. Arka Neelamani Grown in Laterite Soil Ranjit Pal, S. N. Ghosh

Lijun, Wang Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .

Zhang, Guojun Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, A12,Ruiwangfen,Xiangshan, Beijing, Beijing, China .

Ananga, Anthony Florida A& M University, Center for Viticulture & Samll Fruit Research, 6505 Mahan Drive, Tallahassee, FL, USA .

Georgiev, Vasil Florida A& M University, Center for Viticulture & Samll Fruit Research, 6505 Mahan Drive, Tallahassee, FL, USA .

Fagherazzi, Antonio Felippe Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luiz de Camões, 1717, Apto 11, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

Emmel Mario, André Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Rua Prudente de Moraes, 958 Apto 11, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

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Fagherazzi, Antonio Felippe Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luiz de Camões, 1717, Apto 11, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

Grazziotin Turmina, Andrey Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luiz de Camões, 1717, Apto 11, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

Delrot, Serge University of Bordeaux, ISVV, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, Villenave dOrnon, France .



Deluc, Laurent Oregon State University, 4017 ALS Building, Corvallis, Oregon, USA .

Serra Stepke, Ignacio Universidad de Concepción, Avenida Vicente Méndez 595, Facultad de Agronomía, Campus Chillán, Chillán, Bio Bio, Chile .

Klimenko, Victor National Institute of Vine and Wine «Magarach», Kirov St., 31, Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine .

Ivaniševi, Dragoslav University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Dositej Obradovi? Square 8, Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia .

Bascunan, Luisa Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Colina El Pino s/n, Campus Andres Bello, CEAZA, La Serena, La Serena, Chile .

Pavlova, Irina National Institute for Vine and Wine “Magarach, 31 Kirov Street, Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine .

Jimenez, María Edith Universidad de Chile, Chile .

Collins, Marisa CSIRO, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia .

Levchenko,, Svetlana National Institute for Vine and Wine Magarach, 31 Kirov Street, Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine .

Kotolovets, Zinaida National Institute for Vine and Wine Magarach, 31 Kirov Street, Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine .

de Souza, Claudia Rita Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), Avenida Santa Cruz, 500, Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil .

Laurie, Felipe Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile .

Duchene, Eric INRA, France .

Ribeiro, Thalita UFERSA - Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Crop Science Departament, BR 110, Km 47, Mossoró, Rio Grande de Norte, Brazil .

Ribeiro, Thalita UFERSA - Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Crop Science Departament, BR 110, Km 47, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil .

Wang, Qin College of Enology?Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi 712100, Yangling, China .

Ryff, I. Institute for Vine and Wine “Magarach”, Yalta, Ukraine .

Hur, Youn Young National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, 203 Cheoncheon-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea .

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Gorena Hernandez, Tamara Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n Facultad de Farmacia, depto. de Análisis Instrumental, Concepción, Bio Bio, Chile .

Koyama, Kazuya Koyama National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan .

Fontanella Brighenti, Alberto Santa Catarina Federal University (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Bairro Itacorubi, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil .

Fontanella Brighenti, Alberto Santa Catarina Federal University (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Bairro Itacorubi, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil .

Falco, Virgilio Centro de Química - Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), UTAD, Departamento de Agronomia, Apartado 1013, Vila Real, Portugal .

Jung, Sung-Min National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, 475 Imok-dong, Suwon, Korea .

Galat Giorgi, Eugenia INTA, San Martín 3853, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina .

Malacarne, Giulia Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, S. Michele all’Adige, Italy/Trento/Trentino Alto-Adige, Italy .

Uquillas, Carolina Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA), Santa Rosa 11610, La Pintana, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Fuentes, Sigfredo The University of Melbourne, MSLE, Room 110A, Bldg 142, Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Diago-Santamaria, Maria-Paz Instituto De Ciencias De La Vid Y Del Vino (University Of La Rioja, Csic, Gobierno De La Rioja), Madre de Dios, 51, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain .

Leão, Patrícia Embrapa Semiárido, BR 428, Km 152, Zona Rural, Caixa Postal 23, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil .

Leão, Patrícia Embrapa Semiárido, BR 428, Km 152, Zona Rural, Caixa Postal 23, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil .

Gonzalez Rojas, Alvaro Pontificia Universidad Catolica De Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Agronomia/Frutales, Santiago, RM, Chile .

Gonzalez Rojas, Alvaro Pontificia Universidad Catolica De Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Agronomia/Frutales, Santiago, RM, Chile .

Adam-Blondon, Anne-Françoise INRA, INRA, UR1164 URGI, route de Saint-Cyr, RD 10, Versailles, France, France .

Torregrosa, Laurent Montpellier Supagro, 2 place Pierre Viala, Montpellier, France .

Torregrosa, Laurent INRA-Supagro Montpellier, AGAP DAVEM, 2 , Pierre Viala, batiment 21, Montpellier, France .

Torregrosa, Laurent Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP Building 21, 2, Place P. Viala, Montpellier, France .

Serra Stepke, Ignacio Universidad de Concepción, Avda. Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán, Región del Biobío, Chile .

Liu, Chonghuai Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, East Hanghai Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China .

Gomès, Eric University of Bordeaux, Institute for Grapevine and Wine Sciences, 210 chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, Villenave DOrnon, France .

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Fredes, Claudio Universidad Católica del Maule, Casilla 7 D Curicó, Curicó, Región del Maule, Chile .

Juan Pablo, Molinelli Maratta Unidad Integrada Universidad Nacional de San Juan- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Facultad de Ingeniería, San Juan, Argentina., Justo Argentino Blanco 4128(0) Bº STOTAC, San Juan, San Juan, Argentina .

Silva, Christian Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile .

Carbonell-Bejerano, Pablo Instituto de las Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino - CSIC, Madre de Dios, 51, Logrono, La Rioja, Spain .

Carbonell-Bejerano, Pablo Instituto de las Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino - CSIC, Madre de Dios, 51, Logrono, La Rioja, Spain .

Marcon Filho, José Luiz University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

Martinez-Zapater, José Miguel Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Edificio Científico Tecnológico. C/Madre de Dios, 51., Logroño, La Rioja, Spain .

Díaz-Riquelme, José ICVV, CCT, C/Madre de Dios, 51, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain .

Ollat, Nathalie ISVV-INRA, 210 chemin de Leysotte, Villenave dOrnon, France .

Tello, Javier Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Complejo Científico Tecnológico, C/ Madre de Dios, 51, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain .

Tello, Javier Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Complejo Científico Tecnológico, C/ Madre de Dios, 51, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain .

Miyasaka de Almeida, Andrea Universidad Andrés Bello, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 217, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Martínez Zapater, José Miguel ICVV, C/ Madre de Dios 51, Logroño, España, Spain .

Muñoz, Claudio Javier Instituto de Biología Agricola Mendoza, A. Brown 500, Lujan de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina .

Ghorbel, Abdelwahed Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, P.Box 901, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia .

Londo, Jason USDA-ARS, 630 W. North Street, Geneva, New York, USA .

Keller, Markus Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, 24106 N. Bunn Road, Prosser, WA, USA .

Vilanova, Mar CSIC, Pontevedra, Spain .

Vilanova, Mar CSIC, Spain .

Lu, Ming-Te Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189 Zhongzheng Rd.,, Taichung, Taiwan, China .

Park, Young-Sik Gangwondo Provincial ARES, 402 Udo Chunchean Gangwondo, Korea, Chunchean, Gangwondo, South Korea .

Godoy, Francisca Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Olah, Robert Olah Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Villányi út 29-43., Budapest, Hungary .

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Emanuelli, Francesco DISAA - Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences -, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, Via ronchi 38, Roverè della Luna, (TN), Italy, Italy .

Gouveia, João Paulo Agrarian Superior School of the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa, Ranhados, Viseu, Viseu, Viseu, Portugal .

Ferrara, Giuseppe Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science - University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Puglia, Italy .

Figueiredo, Andreia Plant Systems Biology Lab, BIOFIG, Science Faculty of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal, Portugal .


Vanderlinde, Gabriella Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1623, bairro Itacorubi, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

Vanderlinde, Gabriella Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1623, bairro Itacorubi, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

Marcon Filho, José Luiz University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

Cabrera Arana, Hernan Marino Centro de Ecologia Aplicada (CEA), Principe de Gales 6465, La Reina, Santiago, Chile .

Correa, José Universidad de Chile/Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Chile .

Bustamante, Luis Universidad de Concepción, Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Análisis Instrumental, 4to Piso, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Región del Bío-Bío, Chile .

Rinaldo, Amy CSIRO plant Industry and The Universiy of Adelaide, Australia .

Wong, Darren Chern Jan University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia, Urrbrae, SA, Australia .

Tian, Shu-Fen The Research Center for Grapes, Tianjin, China, China .

Riquelme, Alejandro Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura (CEAF), Avenida Salamanca s/n. Sector Los Choapinos., Casilla 13, Rengo, Región del Región del Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Chile .

Scharwies, Johannes Daniel University of Adelaide, University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2b Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia .

Salazar Suazo, Erika Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Av Santa Rosa 11610, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile .

Franco-Mora, Omar Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico, Mexico .

Kuhn, Nathalie Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Los alerces 3330, dep. 701-A, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Metropolitana, Chile .

Gomès, Eric University of Bordeaux, Institute for Grapevine and Wine Sciences, 210 chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, Villenave d Ornon, France .

Ghorbel, Abdelwahed Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam-Lif., Tunisia .

Serrano, Alejandra Pontificia universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Santiago, Metropolitana, Chile .

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Malinovski, Luciane Isabel Santa Catarina Federal University - UFSC, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, CCA/ RGV, Bairro Itacorubi, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

Malinovski, Luciane Isabel Santa Catarina Federal University - UFSC, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, CCA/ RGV, Bairro Itacorubi, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

Needs, Sonja The University of Melbourne, Lvl 1 221 Bouverie St, Carlton, Victoria, Australia .

Dayer, Silvina Estación Experimental Agropecuaria (EEA) Mendoza INTA, San Martin 3853, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina .

Valdés, M. Esperanza Instituto Tecnológico Agroalimentario de Extremadura ( INTAEX), Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n,, Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain.

Lopes, Carlos Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal .

Li, Kuo-Tan Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan .

Stander, Charmaine Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, Western Province, South Africa .

Chialva, Constanza Soledad IBAM - CONICET- UNCuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina .

Lovato, Arianna University of Verona, strada le grazie 15, Verona, Italy .

Jáuregui, Francisca Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Bitz, Oliver University Geisenheim, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, Geisenheim, Germany .

Schüttler, Annika ZIM Plant Technology / Pipartner Group, General Flores 83, Santiago de Chile, Providencia, Chile .

Gomès, Eric University of Bordeaux, Institute for Grapevine and Wine Sciences, 210 chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008, Villenave d Ornon, France .

Deák, Tamás Corvinus University of Budapest, Villanyi ut 29-43., Budapest, Hungary .

Arce Medina, Anibal Pontificia Universidad Católica, Alameda 340, Facultad de Cs. Biológicas edificio Nuevo, Piso 7, lab Patricio Arce, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Simon, Suzeli Santa Catarina Federal University - UFSC, Centro de Ciências Agrárias Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Bairro Itacorubi, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

Grissi, Cecilia Instituto de Biologia Agricola de Mendoza, A. Brown 500, Lujan de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina .

Regner, Ferdinand HBLAuBA Klosterneuburg, Rehgraben 2, Langenzersdorf, Lower Austria, Austria .

Mendez-Costabel, Martin E&J Gallo Winery, USA .

Villegas, Daniel Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile .

Lerin, Sabrina Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luís de Camões, 1717 - Apto 12, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

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Lerin, Sabrina Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luís de Camões, 1717 - Apto 12, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

Mendez-Costabel, Martin E&J Gallo Winery, USA .

Contreras-Pezoa, David 1School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia .

Peppi, M.Cecilia Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Campostrini, Eliemar State University of North Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, CCTA/UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil .

Araya, Carolina Doctorado CSAV, U. de Chile and Inia, La Platina, Enrique Mac Iver 524, Dpto. 1306, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Marchandon, German Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile .

Muñoz, Mindy Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile .

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Mulet Jalil, María Ana Unidad Integrada Universidad Nacional de San Juan- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Facultad de Ingeniería, San Juan, Argentina., Calle Bazan Agras Mna 26 c7 B Aramburu, Rivadavia, San Juan Capital, San Juan, Argentina .

Avenant, Eunice SATGI (South African Table Grape Industry), 8 Anesta street, Stellenbosh, Western Cape, South Africa .

Martinez, Liliana Estela National University of Cuyo, Alte Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina .

Avenant, Jan Hendrik Arc Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag x5026, Stellenbosch,, Western Cape, South Africa .

Avenant, Jan Hendrik Arc Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag x5026, Stellenbosch, South Africa .

Montoro, Amelia ITAP, Albacete, Spain .

Serrano Acevedo, Jennyfer Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Manuel Montt 2461 Depto. 802A, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Correa, José Universidad de Chile/Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Chile .

Poblete-Echeverría, Carlos Universidad de Talca, Lircay S/N, Talca, Maule, Chile .

Martinez, Liliana Estela National University of Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina .

Ceppi de Lecco, Consuelo Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackena 4860, Santiago, Region Metropolitana, Chile .

Abello, Carlos Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, alameda 340, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Martinez, Liliana Estela National University of Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina .

Schlechter, Rudolf Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile .

Grazziotin Turmina, Andrey Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, 1717m apto 11, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil .

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Maria Auxiliadora, Coêlho de Lima Embrapa Tropical Semi-Arid, PO Box 23, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil .

Díaz Pérez, Francisco Javier Laboratorio de Genética Frutal, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Region Metropolitana, Chile .

Poblete-Echeverría, Carlos Universidad de Talca, Lircay S/N, Talca, Maule, Chile .

Santibáñez Orellana, Claudia Patricia Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile .

Morales, Michelle Centro de Estudios Avanzados en fruticultura (CEAF), Av. Salamanca S/N, sector los Choapinos, Rengo, Rengo, Chile .

Pinto, Manuel Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Departamento de Mejoramiento Genético y Biotecnología, Centro La Platina Santa Rosa 11610, La Pintana, Santa Rosa 11610, La Pintana, Santiago de Chile, RM, Chile .

Maria Auxiliadora, Coêlho de Lima Embrapa Tropical Semi-Arid, PO Box 23, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil .

Manzano, Gabriel Universidad Nacional de San Juan - Facultad de Ingeniería, Santa Fe OESTE 2197, San Juan, San Juan, Argentina .

Vergara Valderrama, Alexis Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Av. santa rosa 11610, La Pintana, Santiago, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Vergara Valderrama, Alexis Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Av. santa rosa 11610, La Pintana, Santiago, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile .

Seguel, Oscar Universidad de Chile, Fac. Cs. Agronómicas, Chile .

Dami, Imed Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA .

Perez Peña, Jorge Perez Peña EEA Mendoza INTA, San Martín 3853, 5507 Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina .

Gomes, Ana Catarina BIOCANT, Centro de Inovação em Biotecnologia, Portugal .

Ortega-Farias, Samuel CITRA, Universidad de Talca, Chile .

Aguirreolea, Jone Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Sección Biología Vegetal (Unidad Asociada al CSIC, EEAD, Zaragoza e ICVV, Logroño), Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain .

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Author index Author, Abstract No. Aalifar, Mostafa, 81 Abbaspour, N., 101 Abd El-Mageed, T. A., 97 Abdelfatah, M.A., 97 Abello, C., 213 Abello, C., 262 Acevedo-Opazo, Cesar, 135 Achampong, AK, 21 Acheampong, K., 114 Adam-Blondon, A-F, 8 Adam-Blondon, A-F, 157 Adam-Blondon, A-F., 12 Ageorges, A., 160 Agorges, A., 159 Agüero, C., 260 Aguirreolea, J, 284 Aguirreolea, J., 168 Aguirreolea, J. I. Pascual, 163 Aguirre-Ortega, S., 212 Aguirrezábal, R., 175 Agurto, M., 264 Alcalde, J. A., 155 Alcalde, J.A., 74 Alexandersson, E., 18 Ali, Kashif, 195 Alizadeh, Khoshnod, 98 Allan, A.C., 53 Allebrandt, R., 144 Allebrandt, R., 145 Allebrandt, R., 170 Allebrandt, R., 197 Allebrandt, R., 218 Almagro, L., 226 Almeida, A. M., 176 Almendra, C., 264 Alonso, R., 260 Álvarez, I., 96 Alvarez, P., 209 Alves, I., 189

Ananga, A., 114 Ananga, Anthony, 115 Andriao, M. A., 118 Andrião, M. A., 117 Andrião, M. A., 119 Andrião, M. A., 120 Antalick, G., 30 Antolín, M. C., 168 Aparicio, A., 277 Aquea, F., 45 Arancibia, C., 260 Arancibia, D., 34 Aranjuelo, I, 284 Araus, J L, 284 Araya, C., 248 Arce, A., 234 Arce-Johnson, J., 234 Arce-Johnson, P., 45 Arce-Johnson, P., 74 Arce-Johnson, P., 155 Arce-Johnson, P., 186 Arce-Johnson, P., 213 Arce-Johnson, P., 216 Arce-Johnson, P., 249 Arce-Johnson, P., 250 Arce-Johnson, P., 257 Arce-Johnson, P., 262 Arce-Johnson, P., 264 Arce-Johnson, P., 269 Aspillaga, C., 89 Aspillaga, C., 90 Athman, Asmini, 36 Aubourg, S., 8 Avenant, E., 252 Avenant, J. H., 254 Avenant, J. H., 255 Avenant, J. H., 252 Ba Klosterneuburg, Hbla, 237 Babaei, Arash, 82 Bacilieri, R., 157 Baert, A., 85 Bahram Nejad, Khaid, 98

Balic, I., 71 Balic, I., 166 Ballaré, C.L., 19 Barba, P., 50 Barba, P., 58 Barlow, E.W.R, 70 Barlow, E.W.R., 33 Baroja, E., 177 Barrieu, F., 39 Barrieu, F., 44 Barros dos Santos, Ana Claudia, 266 Bascuñán-Godoy, L., 128 Basteau, C., 232 Bastiaanssen, Wim, 242 Basu, A.K., 107 Battilana, J., 14 Battilana, J., 53 Battistella, M., 274 Bavaresco, Luigi, 57 Ben Salem-Fnayou, A., 179 Bentahar, N., 8 Bera, B., 107 Berdeja, M., 2 Bernizzoni, F., 152 Bert, P.F., 39 Biasioli, F., 27 Biasioli, F., 196 Bisquertt, A., 45 Bisztray, Gy D., 233 Bitter, R., 231 Bitz, O., 16 Bitz, Oliver, 230 Blanco, E., 99 Boccalandro, H.E., 19 Boenisch, F., 16 Boettcher, Annette, 43 Boettcher, Annette, 131 Bogs, J., 56 Bogs, J., 149 Bohr-Juin Chen, Brian, 223 Bonada, M., 32 Bondada, B., 26

Bondada, Bhaskar R., 181 Bonghi, C., 29 Bonghi, C., 93 Bonneu, M., 121 Bordeu, E., 155 Borghezan, M., 217 Boschetti, A., 196 Boss, P., 1 Boss, P., 56 Boss, P.K., 53 Boss, Paul K., 205 Bota, J., 102 Böttcher, C., 1 Bottini, R.A., 19 Botton, A., 29 Bounon, R, 157 Boursiquot, J-M, 157 Braga, R, 222 Brancadoro, L., 188 Brandt, J., 30 Bras, M, 157 Bras, M., 8 Braun de Almeida, Luciana Venturotti, 246 Bravo, G., 167 Bravo, G., 168 Bravo, G., 171 Brazzale, D., 27 Bressan Smith, Ricardo Enrique, 246 Brette, M., 52 Brighenti, A.F., 144 Brighenti, A.F., 145 Brighenti, A.F., 197 Brighenti, A.F., 198 Brighenti, A.F., 217 Brighenti, A.F., 218 Brighenti, A.F., 235 Brunel, D, 157 Burger, Johan T., 62 Burton, R., 47 Buscema, F., 260 Bustamante, L., 203

Butterlin, G., 136 Cabezas, J.A., 171 Cabrera, HM, 200 Cadle-Davidson, L., 50 Cadle-Davidson, L., 58 Cafagna, I., 193 Calderon, A., 5 Calderón, N., 211 Calonnec, A., 48 Campostrini, Eliemar, 246 Campos-Vargas, R., 71 Campos-Vargas, R., 166 Canaguier, A., 8 Canosa, P., 182 Carbonell Bejerano, P., 226 Carbonell-Bejerano, P., 54 Carbonell-Bejerano, P., 66 Carbonell-Bejerano, P., 167 Carbonell-Bejerano, P., 168 Cargnello, G., 93 Carmona, M. J., 172 Carvajal, D. E., 128 Castel, J., 87 Castel, J., 96 Castel, J.R., 35 Castel, J.R., 87 Castel, J.R., 221 Castro, I., 146 Castro, M. H., 211 Cavallini, E., 55 Ceppi de Lecco, C., 261 Chaib, J., 12 Chandia, A., 161 Charon, J., 121 Chatbanyong, R., 159 Chattbanyong, R., 158 Chen, Jyh-Horng, 223 Chialva, C. S., 226 Chimenti, Alfredo, 269 Cho, Byoung-Ouk, 185 Choi, D., 141 Choi, Y.H., 195 Choisne, N., 8


Choisne, N., 157 Chonghuai, Liu, 162 Chouet, M., 39 Christophe, A., 41 Cindrić, P., 127 Cipriani, R., 144 Cipriani, R., 145 Cipriani, R., 197 Cipriani, R., 218 Clark, Byron, 242 Claudel, P., 136 Claverol, S., 121 Clingeleffer, Peter R., 43 Clingeleffer, Peter R., 131 Coêlho de Lima, Maria Auxiliadora, 137 Coêlho de Lima, Maria Auxiliadora, 138 Coêlho de Lima, Maria Auxiliadora, 266 Coêlho de Lima, Maria Auxiliadora, 272 Coelho de Souza Leão, Patrícia, 266 Coetzee, Z., 30 Coller, E., 14 Coller, E., 149 Collins, Marisa J., 43 Collins, Marisa J., 131 Commisso, M., 122 Contreras-Pezoa, David, 13 Contreras-Pezoa, David, 244 Cookson, SJ., 46 Cooley, N., 33 Corio-Costet, M-F., 214 Correa de Deus, Bruna, 246 Correa, J., 75 Correa, J., 76 Correa, J., 202 Correa, J., 258 Correa, J., 271 Corso, M., 29 Corso, M., 93 Cortés, L.E., 19 Costa, J. P. D., 154 Costantini, L., 14 Coupel-Ledru, A., 41

Cousins, P., 100 Coutos-Thévenot, P., 214 Cramer, Grant R., 7 Crespan, M., 51 Cruz-Castillo, J. G., 212 Cushman, John C., 7 Custódio, Valéria, 282 Czemmel, S., 56 Czemmel, S., 149 da Mota, R. V., 134 da Silva, A.L., 144 da Silva, A.L., 145 da Silva, A.L., 197 da Silva, A.L., 198 da Silva, A.L., 218 Dai, Z., 24 Dai, Z.W, 173 Dai, Z.W., 2 Dal Ri, A., 196 Dal Santo, S., 23 Dal Santo, S., 73 Dal Santo, S., 167 Dalla Vedova, Antonio, 57 Dami, Imed, 278 Darriet, P., 52 Davies, C., 1 Davies, Christopher, 244 Dayer, S., 220 De Bei, R., 69 De Bei, R., 151 De Bei, R., 152 De Bei, R., 259 de Bem, B.P., 145 de Bem, B.P., 218 De Biazi, F., 99 De la Cruz, M., 99 De Lima, A. P. F., 120 de Macedo, T. A., 199 De Marchi, Fabiola, 57 de Rosas, M. I., 253 de Rosas, M. I., 263 De Rosso, Mirko, 57 de S. Leão, P. C., 153 de S. Leão, P. C., 154 de Souza Araújo, Ana Laíla, 137 de Souza, C.R., 134

Deák, T., 233 Decroocq, S., 52 Defilippi, B., 76 Defilippi, B. G., 71 Defilippi, B. G., 166 Defilippi, B.G., 150 Degau, A., 37 Deis, L., 253 Deis, L., 263 Delledonne, M., 23 Delmotte, F., 248 Deloire, A., 30 Deloire, A., 125 Delrot, S., 2 Delrot, S., 44 Delrot, S., 46 Delrot, S., 48 Delrot, S., 52 Delrot, S., 121 Delrot, S., 163 Delrot, S., 214 Delrot, S., 216 Delrot, S., 232 Deluc, L., 186 Deluc, L., 213 Deluc, L. G., 122 Deluc, L. G., 123 Deluc, L. G., 124 Deluc, L.G., 28 Destrac, A., 2 Destrac, A., 214 Deyermond, Laura S., 181 Di Gaspero, G, 157 Di Gaspero, G., 8 Di Genova, A., 75 Di Génova, A., 22 Di, Y., 28 Diago, M.P, 259 Diago, M.P., 66 Diago, MP., 152 Dias, F. A. N., 134 Dias, J.P., 153 Díaz, F., 261 Díaz, F.J., 267 Díaz, P., 130 Díaz-Riquelme, J., 54

Díaz-Riquelme, J., 172 Diestro, N., 17 Diestro, N., 171 Dockrall, S. J., 18 Dokoozlian, Nick K., 238 Doligez, A., 41 Donoso, A., 104 Donoso, A., 106 Dos Santos, A. R. L, 153 Drew, Damian P., 13 Drew, Damian P., 206 Dry, I. B., 56 Duan, Chang-Qing, 15 Duchêne, E., 24 Duchêne, E., 52 Duchêne, E., 136 Duchêne, E., 173 Dumas, V., 24 Dumas, V., 136 Dumot, V., 214 Duran, M. F., 253 Edwards, Everard J., 43 Edwards, Everard J., 131 Egert, A., 121 Egipto, R, 222 Ehrenberger, W., 231 Eisenheld, Cornelia, 237 El Abbassi, M.M., 215 Elesbão Alves, Ricardo, 266 Emanuelli, F., 53 Emanuelli, F., 188 Escalona, J., 6 Escalona, J.M., 40 Escalona, JM., 34 Escalona, JM., 102 Espinoza, C., 45 Espinoza, C., 63 Espinoza, C., 250 Estigarribia Borges, Rita Mércia, 137 Estigarribia Borges, Rita Mércia, 138 Estigarribia Borges, Rita Mércia, 272 Eyeghe-Bickong, H., 225 Eyni, Mahin, 84 Fagherazzi, A. F., 117 Fagherazzi, A. F., 118 Fagherazzi, A. F., 119

Fagherazzi, A. F., 120 Fagherazzi, A. F., 240 Fagherazzi, A. F., 241 Fagherazzi, A. F., 265 Failla, O., 188 Fait, A., 37 Falco, V., 146 Fan, Peige, 110 Fang, Yu-lin, 139 Fangel, JU, 61 Fanzone, M, 178 Fanzone, M., 99 Fanzone, M.L., 19 Farina, L., 23 Farquharson, R., 33 Fasoli, M., 23 Fasoli, M., 73 Fasoli, Marianna, 205 Fechter, Iris, 60 Feldberg, N.P., 144 Feldberg, N.P., 145 Fennell, A., 50 Fereres, E., 256 Fernandez, L., 12 Fernandez, L., 177 Ferrara, G., 193 Ferrari, G., 214 Ferreira Batista, Patrício, 266 Ferreira, V., 146 Ferreyra, R., 89 Ferreyra, R., 90 Ferreyra, R., 270 Figueiredo, Andreia, 195 Finezzo, L., 55 Flamini, Riccardo, 57 Flexas, J., 6 Flexas, J., 40 Flexas, Jaume, 36 Flores, P., 267 Foletta, S., 33 Ford, C.M., 65 Ford, Christopher, 244 Ford, Christopher M., 13 Ford, Christopher M., 205 Ford, Christopher M., 206 Forgács, I., 187

208


Franck, N, 102 Franck, N., 34 Franck, N., 38 Franco, J.M., 177 Franco-Mora, O., 212 Fredes Monsalve, Claudio, 164 Frotscher, J., 16 Fuentes, S., 32 Fuentes, S., 33 Fuentes, S., 69 Fuentes, S., 151 Fuentes, S., 259 Galat Giorgi, E., 148 Galat, E., 220 Galleguillos, M., 277 Gallo, V., 193 Gambacorta, G., 193 Gamero, E., 221 García de Cortazar, V., 89 García de Cortázar, V., 34 García de Cortázar, V., 130 Garcia de Cortazar-Atauri, I., 173 García, M., 76 García-Escudero, E., 177 García-Esparza, M.J., 96 Gardiman, Massimo, 57 Gasic, C, 200 Gatti, M., 152 Gény, L., 155 Georgiev, V., 114 Georgiev, Vasil, 115 Ghanbari, Masoumeh, 80 Ghorbel, A., 179 Ghorbel, A., 215 Ghosh, S. N., 49 Ghosh, S.N., 107 Ghosh, S.N., 108 Giacomelli, L., 75 Giacomelli, Lisa, 20 Gilliham, M., 47 Gilliham, Matthew, 36 Godoy, F., 186 Godoy, F., 234 Godoy, F., 262 Gomes da Trindade, Danielly Cristina, 272

Gomes, Ana Catarina, 282 Gomes, E., 2 Gomès, E., 52 Gomès, E., 121 Gomès, E., 163 Gomès, E., 214 Gomès, E., 232 Gomez Talquenca, S, 178 Gomez Talquenca, S., 236 Gómez-Talquenca, S., 99 Gonçalves, D. A. R., 153 Gonçalves, D. A. R., 154 Gong, Qian, 139 Gonzalez, A., 156 González, A., 74 González, A. S., 155 Gonzalez, C.V., 19 González, M., 75 González, M., 76 González, M.E., 72 González-Aguero, M., 22 González-Huerta, A., 212 Goodwin, I., 33 Goremykin, V., 196 Gorena, T., 142 Goto-Yamamoto, N., 143 Gouthu, S., 28 Gouthu, S., 123 Gouthu, S., 124 Gouveia, J.P., 189 Grando, M. S., 14 Grando, M.S., 53 Grando, M.S., 188 Greer, D.H., 68 Grimplet, J., 17 Grimplet, J., 54 Grimplet, J., 159 Grimplet, J., 172 Grimplet, J., 177 Grissi, C., 236 Grossi, D., 188 Gualpa, J., 99 Guella, G., 27 Guillaumie, S., 52 Guzzo, F., 73 Guzzo, F., 122

Hack, Robert, 237 Hadadinejad, Mehdi, 83 Halaly, T, 4 Hamard, P., 41 Handford, M., 25 Hartman, L., 100 Hausmann, L, 157 Hausmann, Ludger, 60 Haynes, Paul A., 7 He, Fei, 15 Heidari, R., 101 Henríquez, J., 176 Henríquez, R., 161 Heppel, S., 149 Hernáiz, S., 167 Hernáiz, S., 175 Hernáiz, S., 177 Herrera, D., 63 Herrera, D., 257 Hespanhol Viana, Leandro, 246 Hibbs, R.S., 5 Hidalgo, M., 161 Hilbert, G., 2 Hilbert, G., 121 Hilbert, G., 163 Hilbert, G., 232 Hinrichsen, P., 9 Hinrichsen, P., 22 Hinrichsen, P., 75 Hinrichsen, P., 76 Hinrichsen, P., 156 Hinrichsen, P., 176 Hinrichsen, P., 202 Hinrichsen, P., 203 Hinrichsen, P., 211 Hinrichsen, P., 258 Hinrichsen, P., 271 Hochberg, U., 37 Hocking, B., 47 Hoffmann, S., 264 Höll, J., 56 Hopper, Daniel W., 7 Houel, C., 12 Houel, C., 158 Hsieh, Chao-Hsien, 223 Hu, J, 21

Huerta, C., 166 Hugo, A, 61 Hugueney, P., 52 Hugueney, P., 136 Hur, Y.Y., 141 Hur, Y.Y., 147 Hyma, K., 50 Hyma, K., 58 Ibacache, A., 128 Ibacache, A., 150 Ibáñez, J., 17 Ibáñez, J., 54 Ibáñez, J., 174 Ibáñez, J., 175 Ibáñez, J., 177 Ilg, A., 52 Intrigliolo, D. S., 87 Intrigliolo, D.S., 35 Intrigliolo, D.S., 96 Intrigliolo, D.S., 97 Intrigliolo, D.S., 221 Irigoyen, J J, 284 Ivanišević, D., 127 Jacobson, D., 18 Jaegli, N., 24 Jaegli, N., 136 Jardak, R., 215 Jáuregui, F., 229 Jemaa, R., 179 Jia, Yong, 13 Jian, Jiao, 162 Jianfu, Jiang, 162 Jikumaru, Y, 21 Jiménez, M., 130 Jo, S. H., 147 Jo, S.H., 141 Johnson, P.Arce, 63 Juárez, G., 177 Jung, C.J., 141 Jung, S. M., 147 Jung, S.M., 141 Kaiser, Brent, 36 Kamiya, Y, 21 Kania, E., 245 Kappel, C., 44 Kappel, C., 121

Keighley, Tim, 7 Keime, C., 52 Keller, F., 121 Keller, M., 26 Keller, M., 42 Keller, M., 148 Keller, Markus, 181 Kelly, M., 160 Klimenko, V., 126 Korać, N., 127 Kotolovets, Z. V., 133 Koyama, K., 143 Kozma, P., 264 Kretzschmar, A. A., 170 Kretzschmar, A. A., 199 Kretzschmar, A.A., 240 Kretzschmar, A.A., 241 Kuhn, N., 186 Kühn, N., 262 Kühn, N. A., 213 Kuljančić, I., 127 Kupi, T., 233 La Camera, S., 214 Laborie, D., 75 Laborie, D., 76 Laborie, D., 202 Laborie, D., 258 Laborie, D.., 271 Lacombe, T, 157 Laguna, N., 17 Lakso, A.N., 97 Larraín, R., 63 Larreina, B., 175 Lashbrooke, J. G., 18 Laucou, V, 157 Launay, A, 157 Laurie, V. Felipe, 135 Lauvergeat, V., 46 Le Paslier, M-C, 157 Leal, G, 200 Lebon, E., 39 Lebon, E., 41 Lebon, E., 173 Lecomte, P., 214 Lecourieux, D., 2 Lecourieux, D., 44

209


Lecourieux, D., 121 Lecourieux, F., 2 Lecourieux, F., 121 Lecourt, J., 46 Lee, H.J., 141 Leida, C., 196 Léon, C., 52 LePaslier, M-C., 8 Lerin, S., 117 Lerin, S., 118 Lerin, S., 119 Lerin, S., 240 Lerin, S., 241 Levchenko, S. V., 132 Li, Kuo-Tan, 223 Li, Shaohua, 110 Lichter, A, 21 Lijavetzky, D, 178 Lijavetzky, D., 3 Lijavetzky, D., 168 Lijavetzky, D., 177 Lijavetzky, D., 226 Lijavetzky, D., 236 Lijavetzky, D.C., 19 Lillo, C., 276 Lima, A.P. F., 265 Liminana, J-M., 214 Lin-Wang, K., 53 Lisjak, K., 30 Liu, M. H., 184 Lizama, V., 96 Lobos, G.A., 268 Lobos, Gustavo A., 135 Londo, J., 50 Londo, J.P., 180 Lopes, C M, 222 Lopes, C.M., 189 Lopes, CM, 102 Lopez, G., 12 López-Urrea, R., 256 Lorenzi, S., 14 Lorenzi, S., 53 Lorenzi, S., 188 Lovato, A., 228 Loyola, R., 74 Lu, Jiang, 64

Lu, M. T., 184 Lucchin, M., 56 Luchaire, N., 158 Luchaire, N., 160 Lund, K., 260 Ma, Ling, 110 Maass, A., 22 Maass, A., 75 Machado, B. D., 170 Mackenzie, D., 12 Magalhães, N., 146 Mahmoudzadeh, Hassan, 78 Mahmoudzadeh, Hassan, 98 Maier, C. S., 124 Malacarne, G., 14 Malacarne, G., 149 Malinovski, L. I., 235 Malinovski, L.I., 144 Malinovski, L.I., 145 Malinovski, L.I., 197 Malinovski, L.I., 198 Malinovski, L.I., 217 Malinovski, L.I., 218 Mamani, M., 75 Mamani, M., 76 Mamani, M., 202 Mamani, M., 258 Manzano, G., 274 Mañas, F., 256 Marchandon, G., 249 Marchandon, G., 250 Marcon Filho, J.L., 170 Marcon Filho, J.L., 199 Mardones, C., 142 Mardones, C., 203 Marguerit, E., 48 Marguerit, E., 173 Mario, A. E., 117 Mario, A. E., 118 Mario, A. E., 119 Mario, A. E., 120 Mario, A. E., 240 Mario, A. E., 241 Martin, J.P., 146 Martínez Zapater, J. M., 177 Martínez Zapater, J. M., 226

Martínez, J., 177 Martínez, L., 260 Martínez, L. E., 253 Martínez, L. E., 263 Martínez-Abaigar, J., 66 Martinez-Luscher, J., 2 Martínez-Lüscher, J., 163 Martinez-Zapater, J M, 178 Martínez-Zapater, J. M., 167 Martínez-Zapater, J. M., 168 Martínez-Zapater, J. M., 172 Martinez-Zapater, J.M., 171 Martínez-Zapater, J.M., 17 Martínez-Zapater, J.M., 54 Martínez-Zapater, J.M., 66 Martinez-Zapater, JM, 157 Martorell, S., 6 Martorell, S., 40 Masoumeh, Ghanbari, 83 Massera, F., 156 Massi Ferraz, Tiago, 246 Massonet, M., 52 Masuero, D., 14 Masuero, Domenico, 20 Matarrese, A.M.S., 193 Matsumura, H., 143 Matus, J T, 257 Matus, J.T., 74 Mazzeo, A., 193 McElrone, A.J., 5 Medić, M., 127 Medina, C., 63 Medrano, H., 6 Medrano, H., 40 Medrano, H., 97 Medrano, H., 102 Medrano, Hipolito, 36 Méndez, M.A., 248 Mendez-Costabel, M., 283 Mendez-Costabel, Martin, 238 Mendez-Costabel, Martin, 242 Meneguzzi, A., 199 Meneses, C., 71 Merdinoglu, D., 24 Merdinoglu, D., 136 Merino, R., 161

Merlin, I., 214 Meza, FJ., 34 Migliaro, D., 51 Millan, B., 66 Millan, B., 152 Milli, A., 27 Miotto, L. C. V., 134 Mliki, A., 179 Mliki, A., 215 Mohammad Parast, Behrooz, 80 Mohammad Parast, Behrooz, 84 Mohammadkhani, N., 101 Molinelli Maratta, J. P., 165 Molinelli Maratta, J.P., 251 Montecinos, S., 128 Monteiro, A, 102 Monteiro, Filipa, 195 Montemayor, N., 175 Montenegro, G., 156 Montoro, A., 256 Moore, JP, 61 Mora Cofré, Marco, 164 Moraga, C., 176 Morales, F, 284 Morales, M., 270 Moran, M., 32 Moreno, A., 166 Moreno, D., 183 Moreno, D., 221 Moreno, M., 41 Morgante, M, 157 Morgante, M., 8 Morre, J., 124 Moser, C., 14 Moser, C., 27 Moser, C., 51 Moser, C., 75 Moser, C., 149 Moser, C., 196 Moser, Claudio, 20 Moura de Assis Figueiredo, Fabio Afonso Mazzei, 246 Moura, J.P., 146 Mulet Jalil, M.A., 251 Mulet, M. A., 165 Muller, B., 160

Munitz, Sarel, 31 Muñoz, C., 22 Muñoz, C., 75 Muñoz, C., 75 Muñoz, C., 202 Muñoz, C., 236 Muñoz, C., 258 Muñoz, CJ, 178 Muñoz, D., 63 Muñoz, G., 51 Muñoz, M., 249 Muñoz, M., 250 Murray, Shane, 62 Myburgh, P., 125 Nahüel, C. G., 279 Nam, J. C., 147 Nam, J.C., 141 Namdari, Majid, 79 Needs, S., 219 Nègre, V., 39 Neto, M, 222 Netzer, Yishai, 31 Newman, J., 1 Nguema-Ona, EE, 61 Nicolas, P., 2 Noh, J.H., 141 Noqobo, Z., 225 Novoa, D, 200 Numata, M., 143 Núñez, C., 216 Núñez-Olivera, E., 66 O’Neil, S., 28 Oláh, R., 187 Oláh, R., 233 Olivares, D., 271 Oliveira Martins, Amanda, 246 Oliveira, A.A., 146 Oliveira, P., 146 Ollat, N., 2 Ollat, N., 39 Ollat, N., 44 Ollat, N., 46 Ollat, N., 48 Ollat, N., 173 Or, E, 4 Or, E, 21

210


Or, E., 114 Orellana, A., 22 Orellana, A., 71 Orellana, A., 176 Ortega, S., 89 Ortega-Farias, S., 259 Ortega-Farias, S., 268 Ortega-Farias, S., 283 Ortiz, J.M., 146 Otero, I., 182 Ou, S. K., 184 Oyanedel-Vial, G., 257 Pal, Ranjit, 49 Pal, Ranjit, 107 Pal, Ranjit, 108 Panighel, Annarita, 57 Parada, F., 105 Park, K. S., 147 Park, K.S., 141 Park, S.J., 141 Park, Young-Sik, 185 Parker, A., 2 Parker, A., 173 Pascovici, Dana, 7 Passos Ribeiro, Thalita, 137 Passos Ribeiro, Thalita, 138 Pastenes, C., 38 Pastenes, C., 277 Paul Stephen Raj, PS, 157 Paul, R., 176 Pavlova, I. A., 129 Pearsall, K., 5 Peat, T., 1 Peccoux, A., 44 Peccoux, A., 173 Péchier, P., 41 Pedreño, M. A., 226 Pedroso, V, 222 Pedroso, V., 189 Pedryc, A., 187 Pellegrino, A., 158 Pellegrino, A., 160 Peña, A, 178 Peña, A., 277 Peña-Neira, A.I., 19 Peppi, M. C., 245

Perazzolli, M., 196 Perez Peña, J., 148 Perez Peña, J., 220 Perez Peña, J., 279 Pérez, D., 35 Pérez, D., 87 Pérez, D., 96 Pérez, F. J., 106 Perez, F.J., 104 Pérez, F.J., 105 Pérez-Donoso, A., 229 Pérez-Donoso, A.G., 72 Pescador, R., 198 Peters, F. K., 170 Pezzotti, M., 23 Pezzotti, M., 55 Pezzotti, M., 73 Pezzotti, M., 123 Pezzotti, M., 167 Pezzotti, M., 228 Pezzotti, Mario, 205 Pieri, P., 2 Pieri, P., 121 Pieri, Philippe, 11 Pilati, S., 27 Pilati, S., 196 Pillet, J., 2 Pillet, J., 121 Pinto, Cátia, 282 Pinto, F., 276 Pinto, M., 75 Pinto, M., 76 Pinto, M., 202 Pinto, M., 209 Pinto, M., 258 Pinto, M., 270 Pinto, M., 271 Pinto, M., 275 Pinto, M., 276 Pinto, Manuel, 67 Pinto, P A, 222 Pinto-Carnide, O., 146 Poblete, E., 250 Poblete-Echeveria, C., 283 Poblete-Echeverria, C., 259 Poblete-Echeverria, C., 268

Poluliakh, A. A., 133 Polverari, A., 228 Poni, S., 152 Ponnaiah, M, 157 Pons, M., 52 Porro, D., 217 Pou, A., 40 Pou, Alicia, 36 Prehn, D., 261 Prehn, D., 267 Prieto, H., 71 Prieto, J., 220 Prieto, M. H., 221 Pszczólkowski, Ph., 156 Puentes, N., 261 Pugliese, B., 274 Pugliese, M. B., 165 Pugliese, M. B., 251 Quesneville, H, 157 Quilici, David R., 7 Quiñones, S, 200 Rachmilevitch, S., 37 Rahmani, F., 101 Ramesh, Sunita, 36 Rasori, A., 29 Rasouli, Mousa, 79 Rasouli, Mousa, 80 Rasouli, Mousa, 81 Rasouli, Mousa, 82 Rasouli, Mousa, 83 Rasouli, Mousa, 84 Rasouli, Vally, 78 Rausch, T., 56 Ravest, G., 75 Reeves, Malcolm J., 15 Regina, M. A., 134 Regner, Ferdinand, 237 Reisch, B., 50 Reisch, B., 58 Renaud, C., 121 Retamales, J., 276 Rex, Friederike, 60 Reyes, F., 38 Riaz, S., 260 Ribas-Carbó, M., 102 Rienth, M., 12

Rienth, M., 158 Rienth, M., 159 Rienth, M., 160 Rinaldo, Amy R., 205 Ríos, N., 38 Rioseco, T, 200 Riquelme, A., 209 Ristic, R., 69 Rizzini, F.M., 29 Rizzini, F.M., 93 Roberto Rosatti, Sormani, 138 Roberto Rosatti, Sormani, 266 Rodrigues, P., 189 Rodriguez, V., 167 Rodríguez-Vega, I., 182 Rodríguez-Vega, I., 183 Roh, J. H., 147 Roig, F., 148 Rolletter, Sigrid, 230 Romano, A., 196 Romero, Sebastián, 135 Romieu, C., 12 Romieu, C., 158 Romieu, C., 159 Romieu, C., 160 Roostaei, Parvaneh, 82 Rosales, I.M., 248 Rosatti, Sormani Roberto, 272 Rosleff Sörensen, Thomas, 60 Rota Sabelli, Omar, 20 Rotman, A, 21 Roy, S., 107 Royo, C., 167 Royo, C., 168 Ru, Sushan, 181 Ruberti, C., 27 Rubio, S., 104 Rubio, S., 106 Ruehl, E.-H., 16 Rufato, A. R., 265 Rufato, L, 265 Rufato, L., 117 Rufato, L., 118 Rufato, L., 119 Rufato, L., 120 Rufato, L., 170

Rufato, L., 199 Rufato, L., 240 Rufato, L., 241 Rüger, S., 231 Rühl, Ernst H., 230 Ruiz, A., 203 Ruiz, R., 270 Ryff, I., 140 Sadras, V., 32 Sadras, V.O., 65 Sáez, V., 142 Salazar S., E., 211 Salazar-Parra, C, 284 Salimpour, Allahdad, 83 Saliyev, T. M., 133 Salomé Pais, Maria, 195 Sanchez, L A., 283 Sanchez, Luis A., 238 Sánchez-Díaz, M, 284 Sanchez-Diaz, M., 163 Sánchez-Díaz, M., 168 Sander, G.F., 197 Sander, G.F., 198 Sanhueza, D., 71 Sanhueza, D., 166 Santa María, E., 168 Santi, L., 228 Santibáñez-Orellana, Claudia, 269 Sanz, F., 96 Sari, S., 99 Savchouk, A.D., 132 Scalabrin, S., 8 Scalabrin, S., 157 Scharwies, J.D., 210 Schlauch, Karen A., 7 Schlechter, R., 264 Schlemper, C., 199 Schmeisser, M., 125 Schultz, H.R., 44 Schüttler, A., 231 Schwab, W., 16 Schwander, Florian, 230 Schwartz, Amnon, 31 Scienza, A., 188 Sebastiana, Monica, 195 Seguel, O., 277

211


Selles, G., 89 Selles, G., 90 Sellés, G., 130 Sellés, G., 270 Sellés, G., 275 Serra, I., 125 Serra, I., 161 Serrano, A., 216 Serrano, C., 264 Serrano-Acevedo, J., 257 Shapland, T.M., 5 Sharathchandra, R., 225 Silva, A.L., 217 Silva, A.L., 235 Silva, S., 75 Silva, T.C., 217 Silva-Sanzana, C., 166 Simon, S., 198 Simon, S., 217 Simon, S., 235 Simone di Lorenzo, G.B., 188 Simonneau, T., 41 Snyman, Marius C., 62 Solofoharivelo, Marie C., 62 Song, C. W., 184 Soole, K.L., 65 Soole, Kathleen, 244 Soubeyrand, E., 232 Sousa, Susana, 282 Stander, C., 225 Stanitzek, S., 16 Stefanini, M., 217 Stephan, Dirk, 62 Steppe, K., 85 Strever, A., 125 Šuklje, K., 30 Suller, B., 187 Sullivan, Wendy, 36 Sun, L., 111 Sun, Q., 50 Sun, T, 21 Sweetman, C., 65 Sweetman, Crystal, 13 Sweetman, Crystal, 206 Sweetman, Crystal, 244 Szegedi, E., 233

Takacs, E., 50 Talaverano, M.I., 221 Tanaka, N., 143 Tardaguila, J., 152 Tardaguila, J., 182 Tardaguila, J., 259 Tardáguila, J., 66 Tastets, C., 261 Teixeira, G., 102 Tello, J., 17 Tello, J., 174 Tello, J., 175 Teo, G., 93 This, P., 39 This, P., 41 This, P., 158 Thomas, M. R., 12 Thoreson, Bryan, 242 Tian, S. F., 208 Tomas, M., 6 Tomas, M., 40 Tomás, M., 102 Tomás, R., 66 Töpfer, Reinhard, 60 Töpfer, Reinhard, 230 Tornielli, G. B., 73 Tornielli, G.B., 23 Tornielli, G.B., 55 Tornielli, Giovanni B., 205 Torregrosa, L., 12 Torregrosa, L., 158 Torregrosa, L., 159 Torregrosa, L., 160 Torres, E., 150 Torres, R., 99 Torres-Perez, R, 157 Torres-Perez, R., 168 Torres-Pérez, R., 177 Traub, M, 200 Troggio, M., 14 Trossat, C., 52 Tsolova, V., 114 Tsolova, Violeta, 115 Turmina, A. G., 117 Turmina, A. G., 118 Turmina, A. G., 119

Turmina, A. G., 120 Turmina, A. G., 240 Turmina, A. G., 241 Turmina, A. G., 265 Tyerman, S., 47 Tyerman, S., 152 Tyerman, S.D., 69 Tyerman, S.D., 151 Tyerman, S.D., 210 Tyerman, Stephen, 36 Tyerman, Steve, 244 Uber, S. C., 265 Ulanovski, S., 250 Ulanovsky, S., 99 Um, Nam-Yong, 185 Uquillas, C., 150 Uraoka, T, 200 Utz, D., 25 Valdés, E., 182 Valdés, M.E., 183 Valdés, M.E., 221 Valdés-Gómez, Héctor, 135 Valle, G., 277 van der Walt, Anelda, 62 Van Leeuwen, C., 48 Van Leeuwen, C., 173 van Leeuwen, C., 232 Van Leeuwen, K., 2 Van Sluyter, Steve, 7 Vandeleur, Rebecca, 36 Vanderlinde, G., 144 Vanderlinde, G., 197 Vanderlinde, G., 198 Vanderlinde, G., 218 Vanderlinde, G., 235 Vannozzi, A., 56 Vaquero, E., 175 Vega, A., 250 Velasco, R., 51 Vergara, A., 275 Vergara, A., 276 Vergara, C., 142 Vergara, C., 203 Vergara, R., 105 Vergara-Eneros, D., 72 Verpoorte, R., 195

Vezzulli, S., 51 Viehöver, Prisca, 60 Vilanova, M., 182 Vilanova, M., 183 Villagra, P., 89 Villarroel, L., 38 Villegas, D., 239 Vincent, Delphine, 7 Vivier, M., 225 Vivier, M. A., 18 Vivier, M. A, 61 Vivier, Melané A, 10 Vivin, P., 2 Vivin, P., 39 Vivin, P., 46 Vivin, P., 173 Volunkin, V. A., 133 Volynkin, V. A., 132 von Baer, D., 142 von Baer, D., 203 Vondras, A., 122 Vrhovsek, U., 14 Vrhovsek, U., 149 Vrhovsek, Urska, 20 Walker, A., 260 Walker, A. R., 56 Walker, A.R., 55 Walker, Amanda R, 205 Walker, Robert R., 43 Walker, Robert R., 131 Wang, Hua, 139 Wang, Jun, 15 Wang, Lijun, 110 Wang, Qin, 139 Webb, Leanne, 70 Weedon, M.M., 68 Wehrens, Ron, 20 Wei, Duan, 110 Weisshaar, Bernd, 60 Whetton, Penny, 70 Wilkinson, K.L., 69 Willats, WGT, 61 Williams, L.E., 5 Winterhalter, P., 142 Wong, Darren C.J., 13 Wong, Darren C.J., 206

Woolsey, Rebekah J., 7 Wu, Benhong, 110 Wuest, M., 16 Xu, H.Y., 111 Yan, A.L., 111 Yeves, A., 35 Yeves, A., 96 Yin, Ling, 64 Young, P. R., 18 Yu, Ying, 64 Zamboni, A., 55 Zamboni, A., 123 Zapata, M., 203 Zapater, J-M., 12 Zenoni, S., 23 Zenoni, S., 55 Zenoni, S., 73 Zerega, E, 200 Zhang, G.J., 111 Zhang, SL, 61 Zhang, Y., 42 Zhang, Yali, 64 Zhang, Yi, 278 Zheng, C, 4 Zheng, C., 114 Zhong, G.-Y., 100 Zietsman, A, 61 Ziliotto, F, 29 Ziliotto, F., 93 Zimmermann, U., 231 Ziya Nosrati, Seyed, 83 Zlenko, V. A., 129 Zok, A., 187 Zottini, M., 27 Zuñiga, C., 90 Zúñiga, C., 270 Zuñiga, M., 283

212


10:50 – 12:15

10:30 – 12:30

Visit to a Pisco Destillerys

[4] E. Or (Israel)

[34] N. Franck (Chile) [35] D. S. Intrigliolo (Spain) [36] S. D. Tyerman (Australia) [37] U. Hochberg (Israel) [38] C. Pastenes (Chile)

14:45 – 16:00

12:15 – 13:00

Afternoon Sessions. Room N° 3

Programme at

Session 2 a: Plant growth and development 14:00 – 14:45

a glance st

Sunday April 21 2013 16:00 – 17:30

Delegate Registration and poster installation Main Hall – Symposium Desk and Room Bahía 2 17:30 – 19:30

[20] C. Moser (Italy) [21] A. K. Achampong (Israel) [22] C. Muñoz (Chile) [23] M. Pezzotti (Italy) 16:00 – 16:20


[6] H. Medrano (Spain)

rd

Tuesday April 23 2013 Afternoon Sessions - Room Bahía 3

Welcome. Room Bahía 3

Session 4 a: Grapevine environment interactions (water stress)

Monday April 22 nd 2013

16:20 – 18:00

14:00 – 14:45

Delegate Registration and poster installation Symposium Desk, Main Hall and Room Bahía 2 Session 1 a: Fruit development and berry quality. Room Bahía 3 8:30 – 9:15

[2] S. Delrot (France) 9:15 – 10:30

[12] L. Torregrosa (France) [13] M. Ford (Australia) [14] G. Malacarne (Italy) [15] F. He (China 10:30 – 10:50 Coffee Break – Main Hall

Session 1 b: Fruit development and berry quality Room Bahía 3

Morning Sessions. Room Bahía 3 Session 5 a: Grapevine Genomic 8:15 – 9:00

Morning Sessions. Room Bahía 3 Session 3 a: Grapevine environment interactions (abiotic stress) 8:15 – 9:00

[5] L. Williams (USA)

[30] A. Deloire (South Africa) [31] Y. Netzer (Israel) [32] M. Bonada (Australia) [33] S. Foletta (Australia) 10:30 – 10:50 Coffee Break – Main Hall

Session 3 b: Grapevine environment interactions (abiotic stress & carbon partitioning)

[43] E. J. Edwards (Australia) [44] N. Ollat (France) [45] C. Espinoza (Chile) [46] J. Lecourt (France) [47] B. Hocking (Australia) [48] N. Ollat (France) [49] S. N. Ghosh (India) 18:15 Onwards

Poster viewing and social networking. Room Bahía 2

Wednesday April 24 th 2013 Elqui Valley: Technical and Cultural Tour 8:00 Departure from the Enjoy Hotel 9:00 – 10:30

Symposium Dinner – Room Bahía 1

Friday April 26 th 2013

Session 7a : Grapevine & Global Change

10:45 – 12:00

16:20 – 18:15

20:00 – 23:00

9:00 – 10:15

Session 5 b: Grapevine Genomic

Tuesday April 23rd 2013

Poster viewing and social networking Room Bahía 2

Morning Sessions. Room Bahía 3

Session 4 b: Rootstocks water use efficiency and mineral nutrition

[39] N. Ollat (France) [40] J. Flexas (Spain) [41] T. Simonneau (France) [42] Y. Zhang (USA)

16:00 – 17:00 [62] J. Burger (South Africa) [63] D. Herrera (Chile) [64] J. Lu (USA)

[8] A.F. Adam-Blondon (France)

16:00 – 16:20 Coffee Break – Main Hall

Poster viewing and social networking Room Bahía 2

[16] O. Bitz (Germany) [17] J. Ibáñez (Spain) [18] P. R. Young (South Africa) [19] C. V. González (Argentina) [66] M. P. Diago (Spain)

13:00 – 14:00 Lunch – Room Bahía 1

Thursday April 25th 2013

18:00 Onwards

14:45 – 16:00

Session 6 b: Biotic Stress

17:00 – 18:30

[7] G. Cramer (USA)

9:00 – 10:15

[3] D. Lijavetzky (Argentina)

18:00 – 18:30 INIA Experimental Station 19:00 – 23:00 Visit to Mamalluca Observatory

[24] E. Duchêne (France) [25] D. Utz (Chile) [26] B. Bondada (USA) [27] C. Moser (Italy) [28] L. G. Deluc (USA) [29] M. Corso (Italy)

10:50 – 12:15

12:15 – 13:00

Elqui valley tour


Session 2 b: Sugar accumulation and Ripening

7:30 – 8:30

121:30 – 13:30 Lunch 13:30 – 17:00

15:40 – 16:00 Coffee Break – Main Hall

[50] B. Reisch (USA) [51] S. Vezzulli (Italy) [52] E. Gomès (France) [53] J. Battilana (Italy) 10:15 – 10:45 Coffee Break – Main Hall

[54] J. Grimplet (Spain) [55] G. B. Tornielli (Italy) [56] A. Vannozzi (Italy) [57] R. Flamini (Italy) 12:00 – 12:45

8:30 – 9:15

[11] Ph. Pieri (France) 9:15 – 10:45

[65] C. Sweetman (Australia) [67] M. Pinto (Chile) [68] D. Greer (Australia) [69] S. Fuentes (Australia) [70] E. W. R. Barlow (Australia) 10:45 – 11:15 Coffee Break – Main Hall

Session 7 b: Post–harvest Physiology 11:00 – 12:00


[71] I. Balic (Chile) [72] A. Pérez-Donoso (Chile) [73] S. Zenoni (Italy)

Thursday April 25th 2013

12:30 – 13:30

[9] P. Hinrichsen (Chile)

Afternoon Sessions. Room Bahía 3 Session 6 a: Biotic Stress

Closing Ceremony – Room Bahía 3 13:30 – 14:30

Farewell Lunch – Room Bahía 1

14:00 – 14:45

[10] M. Vivier (South Africa) 14:45 – 15:40 [58] P. Barba (USA) [60] R. Töpfer (Germany) [61] J. Moore (South Africa)

Visit to Elqui vineyards

213