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B O TA N I C A L H I S TO RY
Botanical and floristic composition of the Historical Herbarium of Leonhard Rauwolf collected in the Near East (1573–1575) Abdolbaset Ghorbani,1,2 Jan J. Wieringa,2 Hugo J. de Boer,1,2,3 Henk Porck,4 Adriaan Kardinaal5 & Tinde van Andel2,6 1 Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Sweden 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 3 The Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway 4 Conservation Scientist & Curator Paper History Collections, emeritus, Narcisstraat 32, 2252 XG Voorschoten, The Netherlands 5 Paper Historian, Onderzoeksbureau De Facto, Leksmondhof 137, 1108 ET Amsterdam, The Netherlands 6 Clusius chair of History of Botany and Gardens, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Corresponding author: Abdolbaset Ghorbani,
[email protected] DOI https://doi.org/10.12705/673.7 Abstract The German doctor and botanist Leonhard Rauwolf (1535–1596) was the first post-medieval European to travel to the Levant and Mesopotamia. The travel account that he published on his hazardous journey (1573–1575) is well studied, but the plants he collected during his travels have hardly been subjected to scientific study. The fourth volume of Rauwolf’s 16th century book herbarium includes plant specimens collected from the area encompassing modern-day Lebanon, Syria and Iraq. We digitized this valuable historic collection, identified all specimens in the herbarium, analyzed its floristic composition, transcribed and translated the Latin and German texts accompanying each specimen and updated the names with the latest accepted nomenclature. The herbarium book includes 191 specimens representing 183 species belonging to 64 families. It includes original specimens of Linnaean type illustrations as well as historical crop cultivars from the Near East. The Rauwolf Herbarium gives a unique insight in the exotic, unknown and useful species of the Near East from the perspective of a 16th century European botanist. Keywords botanical exploration; Levant; pre-Linnaean; Syria; taxonomy
INTRODUCTION Pre-Linnaean herbaria not only provide a detailed picture of the floristic diversity of a certain region in a particular time, but also contribute to our knowledge of historic preservation techniques, interpretation of early species names, classification and exchange of plants, all of which contributed to the development of modern botany (Pulvirenti & al., 2015). Ancient plant collections also are important sources for tracing the history of crop cultivation and the introduction of exotic species (Van Andel & al., 2012; Spalik, 2014). Historic herbaria are also valuable repositories of past plant use information and practices. The exchange of Horti Sicci (bound volumes containing dried plants) and specimens represented one of the main tools for developing discussions among 16th century scientists, as they were easier to compare, study and classify, than iconographic documents or fresh plants (Pulvirenti & al., 2015). Previous studies on historic herbaria mostly focused on designating type specimens or finding evidence of early occurrence of certain species and seldom took into account all species, names and plant use information in these herbaria (Salick & al., 2014). The treasure room of the herbarium of Naturalis Biodiversity Center (L) houses four bound herbarium volumes collected by the German physician, botanist and explorer Leonhard Rauwolf
(1535–1596). Born in Augsburg, Germany, Rauwolf started his education in Wittenberg, and continued to study medicine and botany at Montpellier from 1560 to 1562 (Herde & Tilmann, 2010) under the supervision of the renowned doctor and botanist Guillaume Rondelet (1507–1566). The first three volumes of his herbarium contain some 600 specimens collected in southern France, the Alps and northern Italy (Legré, 1900; Dannenfeldt, 1968; Stech & al., 2018). The fourth and the largest volume currently contains 191 specimens, which Rauwolf collected during his travels in the Ottoman empire in the Near East (modern-day Lebanon, Syria and Iraq) from 1573 to 1575. After the completion of his studies in France and his return to Augsburg, Rauwolf was sent to the Near East by the trading company of Melchior Manlich (1513–1576) to search for new medicinal plants that could be traded profitably in Europe (Herde & Tilmann, 2010). On his arduous long journey, he collected plant specimens from the natural vegetation around cities, farmlands and gardens and also from bazaars, where traders from faraway countries sold their spices and medicines (Walter, 2009). Shortly after his return to Augsburg, Rauwolf compiled his fourth herbarium volume, with the original 200 plant specimens that he had collected during his journey and brought back to Europe. He also published his travel account Aigentliche Beschreibung der Raiß … inn die Morgenländer …,
Article history: Received: 6 Jan 2018 | returned for (first) revision: 26 Mar 2018 | (last) revision received: 6 Apr 2018 | accepted: 9 Apr 2018 | published: online fast track, 28 May 2018; in print and online issues, N/A || Associate Editor: Javier Francisco-Ortega || © International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) 2018, all rights reserved
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with a chapter including botanical drawings of 42 plants from his herbarium (Dannenfeldt, 1968). As the first European botanist of the post-medieval era to travel to the Near East, Rauwolf described some 364 species in his travel account along with detailed observations of their uses and local names (Dannenfeldt, 1968). He was also the first European who observed the local habit of drinking coffee (Friis, 2015). With its detailed descriptions of the people, customs, and dangers of the Levantine region, Rauwolf’s travel account became a bestseller (Walter, 2009). The book was reprinted many times and translated into English by John Ray (Rauwolf, 1693) and Dutch by Pieter van der Aa (Rauwolf, 1706). Although his travel account has been extensively studied by historians (Dannenfeldt, 1968; Walter, 2009; Herde & Tilmann, 2010), little attention has been given to Rauwolf’s botanical collections (Ghorbani & al., 2017). The four volumes of Rauwolf’s herbarium came into the hands of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II (1552–1612), who stored his extensive natural history collections in Prague. However his treasure room was robbed in 1620 by the troops of the Bavarian elector Maximilian I (1573–1651), whose “Kunstkammer” in Munich was in turn looted during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) by soldiers of the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf (1594–1632) and his daughter Queen Christina of Sweden (1626–1689) who had an interest in science (Callmer, 1973; Stefanaki & al., in press). Around 1655, Queen Christina presented the herbarium to her Dutch librarian Isaac Vossius (1618–1689), who brought the collections to London, where they were studied by various botanists, among them the Leiden botanist Johann Friedrich Gronovius (1611– 1671). After Vossius’s death in 1689, the four-volume herbarium was purchased by Leiden University and ended up in the National Herbarium (Dannenfeldt, 1968), now part of Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Safely guarded in locked treasure rooms, all four of Rauwolf’s herbarium volumes remained under severely restricted scientific access for hundreds of years. This restriction also applied to Dannenfeldt, whose list of plants, covering 188 of the 200 pages of the Near East herbarium, was largely based on much earlier identifications made by Gronovius (Gronovius, 1755), instead of on the original specimens themselves (which would have allowed comparisons with more recent herbarium collections to be made). Apart from the fact that many of the names used by Gronovius are now obsolete, a number of these identifications are incorrect, as no comprehensive botanical studies of the Near East were available at the time. In spite of his years spent in Leiden, Linnaeus did not have access to the Rauwolf book herbaria, although he used Rauwolf’s published illustrations to describe several species (Jarvis, 2007; Ghorbani & al., 2017). Later, the Leiden botanists Carl Ludwig Blume (1796–1862) and Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage (1849–1900), who did have access to the herbarium, made attempts to identify the specimens (Van Steenis-Kruseman, 1979), but did not publish them. Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume is in remarkably good condition: the specimens of herbaceous plants are preserved entire with their roots, while leaves, flowers and fruits are clearly visible. The specimens are accompanied by handwritten 2
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German texts adjacent to the specimens with pre-Linnaean Latin names and/or with German, Arabic and Turkish vernacular names, as well as descriptions of the uses to which they were put by local inhabitants of the area (Fig. 1). These texts have never been translated and are not identical to the passages on these species in the travel account. In this paper, we present the current identification of all specimens of Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium and analyze its floristic composition. The aim of this study was to present this valuable collection to the scientific community, make it digitally accessible and highlight its importance and relevance to the present flora of the Mediterranean and the Near East.
MATERIALS AND METHODS High-resolution photographs were prepared of all pages of the four Rauwolf herbarium volumes. Results of the identifications of the first three volumes, which include material mainly from France will be published elsewhere. Digitized images and the original herbarium specimens were carefully studied and compared with more recent specimens from the Eastern Mediterranean at the Naturalis Herbarium (L) for taxonomic identification. Relevant Floras, including Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai (Post & Dinsmore, 1932), Flora Palaestina (Zohary, 1966–1986), Flora of Turkey (Davis & al., 1988), Flora Iranica (Rechinger, 1965–1998) and Flora of Iraq (Guest & AlRawi, 1966) were used for identification. Scientific names were updated according to The Plant List (2013) or even more modern classifications when available. The handwritten German text adjacent to the specimens was transcribed and translated into English. All specimens and their digital images have been uploaded into the BRAHMS database of the Naturalis herbaria, and are available through http://bioportal.naturalis.nl. On the search page, type “Rauwolf” in the Collector tab. In the results, click on the barcodes in the range L.2111300 to L.2111490 to view the digital images of the specimens. Specific specimens can also be viewed separately by typing the relevant barcode (see list in Appendix 1) into the general search bar.
RESULTS Book and paper. — Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume is a large, leather-bound book, closed with metal, copper-colored buckles (Fig. 1B). Its dimensions, 470 mm × 350 mm, make it one of the largest of the extant 16th century herbaria (Thijsse, 2016). The present binding is not original, and most probably dates from the 19th century. This date is based on the gold and blind embossed decoration of the leather and the metal corner pieces of the binding (Rens Top, curator of Bookbindings, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague, and Jos Biemans, professor emeritus of Book History and Manuscript Studies, University of Amsterdam, pers. comm.). The richly decorated frontispiece, depicting Biblical scenes of Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane and his triumphal entry into Jerusalem (Fig. 1A), was probably painted by Rauwolf himself (Thijsse, 2016). The
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bearded man digging up a plant and the person holding a specimen probably represents Rauwolf. The specimens are mounted on high quality-paper, with a watermark (bunch of grapes, with letters A and F on top) dated at 1577 (Watermark Information System, 2017) (Fig. 1D). All the sheets in the herbarium have the same watermark, indicating that the herbarium was most certainly made from a single batch of paper that Rauwolf must have brought with him to the Near East. From his travel account, we learn that Rauwolf glued the plants to the paper during his journey in the Near East. While collecting plants in Aleppo in 1574, he wrote: “All these and several other herbs have I preserved and glued to some paper, with great and peculiar care, so that they are to be seen in their natural colors so exact, as if they were green” (Rauwolf, 1693). Attached to the margins of the sheets
are strips of yellow paper, decorated with a black wood grain pattern, to protect the specimens from damage. These strips were identified as fragments of so-called “Fladerpapier”, the German term for a type of paper used as wood imitation for coffered ceilings and wall panels (Marieke Knuijt, curator “Geldersch Landschap & Kasteelen”, Arnhem, pers. comm.). It seems evident that the strips were added after the plants were glued to the paper, since some strips cover a small portion of the plant specimens, e.g., on pages 79 and 82. The bookbinder is the most likely person to have done this, as he was in possession of the required skills. This view is supported by the observation that comparable strips (of a different kind of paper) present in the first three volumes of the Rauwolf herbarium appear to have been decorated with help of bookbinding tools, therefore logically in the workshop of the bookbinder.
Fig. 1. A, Frontispiece of the herbarium book, depicting Rauwolf collecting plants and a description of the challenges he faced during his travels; B, Arrangement of plant vouchers in the herbarium volume; C, Example of Cicer arietinum L. and accompanying descriptive text; D, Watermark found in all herbarium papers showing a bunch of grapes and letters A and F on top.
A
B
C
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Taxonomic aspects of Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume. — From the original 200 specimens in Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume, 191 specimens are still preserved in the book, while 9 specimens are missing. The pages with the missing specimens seem to have been cut out of the bound volume, and the cut remainders are still visible in the bound herbarium; we have no information of the specimens’ whereabouts. The 191 specimens belong to 183 species, 150 genera and 64 families. Of the 183 species, 3 are gymnosperms (1.6%), while from the remaining 180 species, 22 (12.2%) are monocots and 158 (87.8%) are dicots. The most frequently represented families are Asteraceae (30 spp.), Leguminosae (20 spp.) Lamiaceae (9 spp.), Apiaceae (9 spp.) and Brassicaceae (7 spp.). A list of all of the specimens in the fourth volume of Rauwolf’s herbarium, including pre-Linnaean descriptions, vernacular names and current taxonomic identifications, is presented in Appendix 1. On the digital images, the identifications made by Boerlage are visible on labels glued to the specimens. Rauwolf published drawings of 42 specimens from his herbarium in the fourth part of the third edition of his travel account (Dannenfeldt, 1968; Ghorbani & al., 2017). Linnaeus did not have access to Rauwolf’s original specimens, but he used Rauwolf’s drawings to describe five species (Jarvis, 2007). These are the type illustrations of Alhagi maurorum Medik. (Gruenberg-Fertig & Zohary, 1970), Aristolochia maurorum L. (Ghorbani & al., 2017), Centaurea behen L. (Ferrer-Gallego & Altınordu, 2016), Gundelia tournefortii L. (Vitek & Jarvis, 2007), and Rheum ribes L. (Ghorbani & al., 2017). The specimen of Gundelia tournefortii L. in Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume is designated as epitype (Vitek & Jarvis, 2007). Travel route and herbarium book structure. — Rauwolf organized his herbarium book into five chapters, based on collection localities (Table 1). The first chapter includes 27 specimens that were collected around Marseilles, while Rauwolf was waiting to get on board a ship to sail to the Near East. The species included in this chapter are mainly European flora elements. Following Legré (1900), 16 of these occur around Marseilles. Some of them are coastal and marshland species, such as Eryngium maritimum L., Sonchus maritimus L. and Thymelaea tartonraira All. Rauwolf’s information for some specimens in this chapter (e.g., local names and/or habitat), are intermixed with the information related to the Levantine locations. For example, for Tamarix gallica L., he mentions the Arabic name of Tharfe, the local name of Athel and writes that “Tamarix trees that are similar to ours but really bigger than
ours are growing along the river Euphrate …” There are two specimens of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. in this chapter, one with the Arabic name of Hanab and the local name of Ennab, while the other one has no vernacular name, which Rauwolf considers a different species “Zizÿphi alia species”. In this chapter we also find Silene longipetala Vent., an eastern Mediterranean species that must have been collected in Lebanon, raising questions about the origin of other plants in this chapter. Four specimens are missing from this part of the book herbarium. After setting sail from Marseille, Rauwolf first arrived in Tripoli (in modern-day Lebanon). The second chapter of his herbarium contains 35 species that he collected in Tripoli and the surrounding area. Most of these species are cultivated plants, such as pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), mulberry (Morus alba L.) and taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) or plants that grow close to human settlements. There are also specimens of Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume and Phrynium Willd. species in this chapter that Rauwolf found as loose leaves on the Tripoli bazaar. The Phrynium leaf was used for wrapping benzoin resin (probably tapped from Styrax L. spp. in southeast Asia) that was sold by traders on the Lebanese market, as Rauwolf explains in the text next to the specimen. From Tripoli, Rauwolf traveled to Aleppo (Syria). The third chapter includes 90 specimens that he collected from this city and surrounding areas. Rauwolf stayed for several months in Aleppo, while waiting for an opportunity to embark on a safe merchant caravan to continue his journey down the Euphrates River to Baghdad. The chapter includes many ancient crop cultivars, such as the Armenian cucumber (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus Naud.) and two specimens of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) with different fruit shapes and colors, which Rauwolf considers as different species. Similarly, there are two specimens of Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. and two specimens of Narcissus tazetta L. that he considered as separate species. Moreover, on page 152 of the book herbarium, a specimen of Astragalus cretaceus Boiss. & Kotschy is mounted together with a small (young) fruiting branch with several inflated calyces (Fig. 2). At first glance, the branch seems to belong to the mounted specimen, but closer examination of this fruiting branch revealed that it belongs to a different species (A. surugensis Boiss. & Hausskn.). It seems that Rauwolf considered the fruiting branch to be the next stage of the main specimen, as he does not explain anything about different species in the text opposite to the specimen. We identified the fruiting part
Table 1. Floristic details of chapters in Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume.
Chapter
4
Locality
No. of specimens
No. of species
No. of genera
No. of families
No. of missing specimens
Original no. of specimens
1
Piedmont. Nice, Marseille
27
26
24
12
4
31
2
Tripoli and surroundings
35
35
34
23
3
38
3
Aleppo and surroundings
90
86
74
37
1
91
4
Along the Euphrates
7
7
7
6
1
8
5
Mt Lebanon
32
29
28
18
0
32
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by assuming the leaves were similar to those of the flowering specimen, since else Rauwolf would not have confounded them. After Aleppo, Rauwolf continued to Baghdad via the Euphrates River. The fourth chapter includes seven plants that he was able to collect during his boat trip on the Euphrates. Among these are Cyperus rotundus L., Populus euphratica Oliv. and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Durra. Although Rauwolf mentioned the presence of Tamarix L. trees along the Euphrates in his travel account (Rauwolf, 1583) and also seemed to add notes to the specimen in chapter one, no further Tamarix specimens are included in this chapter. Rauwolf’s plan was to travel all the way to Persia and further on to India, but the bankruptcy of the Manlich firm in December 1574 forced Rauwolf to return to Aleppo. As travelling up the Euphrates was impossible, he chose an alternative route from Baghdad through Iraqi Kurdistan, passing Irbil, Mosul and Urfa (modern-day Iraq) to Gaziantepe (Turkey) (Fig. 3). After arriving in Aleppo, he returned quickly to Tripoli where he took the opportunity to climb Mount Lebanon. Chapter five of Rauwolf’s herbarium includes 32 specimens that he collected during his ascent of the mountain. In this chapter he included two specimens of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), but he did not mention collecting this species from Mount Lebanon in his travel account. After Mount Lebanon, he continued his journey to Jerusalem for a pilgrimage. During this trip he seems not to have collected any plant specimens, but he described the plants he met on this journey in his travel account. Identification of specimens missing from Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume. — We were able to putatively identify the missing specimens from Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium based on the order of herbarium sheets, the accompanying handwritten texts, matching Rauwolf’s Latin descriptions with current scientific names, consulting relevant literature (Legré, 1900;
Fig. 2. Page 152 of the herbarium volume with two different species of Astragalus L. mounted as one species.
Fig. 3. Details of Rauwolf’s travel route in the Near East countries.
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Pulvirenti & al., 2015) and some of Rauwolf’s botanical illustrations from his travel account (Table 2). The specimens in the bound volume are organized such that each specimen and its corresponding text are on opposing pages. On the right page, the specimen is mounted, while on the left side the text about the next specimen is written (Fig. 1B, C). When one sheet is lost, it means that a specimen and the text describing
the following specimen are missing. The missing specimens belong to the Asteraceae (three specimens), Chenopodiaceae (two specimens), and Caryophyllaceae, Leguminosae, Apiaceae and Crassulaceae (one specimen each). The two missing Chenopodiaceae species, named by Rauwolf as “Cali Arabum vsnen” and “Cali” in his herbarium, are depicted as drawings in the fourth chapter of his travel
Table 2. List of missing specimens and their putative identifications.
Page
Latin description by Rauwolf
Species
Family
2
Jacobaea maritima, Arthemisia maritima, Cineraria
Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. or Jacobaea maritima (L.) Pelser & Meijden
Asteraceae
5
Sempervivum minus officinarum, Vermicularis, Crassula minor
Sedum L. or Sempervivum L.
Crassulaceae
15
Erÿngium
Eryngium campestre L.
Apiaceae
23
Chondrilla viminea
Chondrilla juncea L.
Asteraceae
32
Cali Arabum vsnen
Salsola L. or Anabasis L.
Chenopodiaceae
39
Medica marina
Medicago L.
Leguminosae
56
Lichnidis species, musipula siue viscaria
Silene L.
Caryophyllaceae
115
Carduus stellatus
Ptilostemon stellatus (L.) Greuter
Asteraceae
163
Cali (Kali Arabum in the drawing)
Anabasis L. or Salsola L.
Chenopodiaceae
Fig. 4. Drawings of two missing specimens of “Kali Arabum” (“Cali Arabum vsnen” and “Cali” in herbarium) published in the last chapter of Rauwolf’s travel book.
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account (Rauwolf, 1583), icon nr. 37 and nr. 38, both indicated as “Kali Arabum” (Fig. 4). In the text opposing each specimen, Rauwolf explained that both plants were burnt to ashes to be used in the manufacturing of glass and soap (“wirdt von inwohnern auch Schinan genant, daraůs inn Morgen Ländern äschen gebrandt wird zuen Seiffen vnnd gläsern zů machen ganz dienstlich, … auß welches äschen weysse gläser gemacht werden”). Based on Rauwolf’s illustrations and consultation of literature on historic glass and soap manufacturing (Barkoudah & Henderson, 2006), we identified these missing specimens as species of Salsola L. and Anabasis L. respectively.
DISCUSSION Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume is of great historical and botanical value. It provides a detailed picture of the exotic and unknown flora of the Levant from the perspective of a 16th century European botanist and physician. The species composition of the herbarium is diverse (183 taxa in 191 specimens). This helps us to create a picture of the floristic diversity of the region in 16th century. Furthermore, the herbarium is invaluable in containing 443-year-old varieties of cultivated crops, such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum, Fig. 1C), cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The advance of molecular techniques (e.g., ancient DNA analysis) could facilitate the study of the genetic properties of these old crop varieties and piece together part of the domestication history of these crops through comparison with modern cultivars. Rauwolf’s herbarium is also of great ethnobotanical value. As a trained physician and botanist, Rauwolf documented local knowledge about plant names and their uses along his route. Whenever possible, he also compared the recorded uses with the applications in Europe and the plant products available in pharmacies in Europe. The historic traditional knowledge documented by Rauwolf is an important part of the cultural heritage of Syria, Lebanon and Iraq, whose artifacts and traditions are threatened today by violent conflict. Studying the historical sources and comparing these with current ethnobotanical knowledge of these species can help us understand how this knowledge has persisted and evolved over the last four centuries.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS AG, TvA and HdB conceived and designed the study. AG and JW performed identifications. HP and AK performed historical paper studies. AG and JW and TvA analyzed the data. AG, TvA and HdB wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Martijn Zegel (Teylers Museum, Haarlem) for the digitization of the Rauwolf herbarium. Drs. Christel Schollaardt and Prof. Dr.
Pieter Baas facilitated access to the historical collection and associated herbarium archives. This study was supported by a Visitor’s Travel Grant (nr. 040.11.524) of The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) to AG and by Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
LITERATURE CITED Barkoudah, Y. & Henderson, J. 2006. Plant ashes from Syria and the manufacture of ancient glass: Ethnographic and scientific aspects. J. Glass Stud. 48: 297–321. Callmer, C. 1973. Queen Christina’s Herbaria. Pp. 32-37 in: Sandgren, F. (ed.), Otium et negotium: Studies in onomatology and library science presented to Olof von Feilitzen. Stockholm: Kungl. Boktryckeriet P.A. Norstedt & Söner. Dannenfeldt, K.H. 1968. Leonhard Rauwolf: Sixteenth-century physician, botanist and traveller. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674331105 Davis, P., Miller, R. & Tan, K. 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, vol. 10. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Ferrer-Gallego, P.P. & Altınordu, F. 2016. Typification of four Linnaean names in Centaurea (Asteraceae). Ann. Bot. Fenn. 53: 130–134. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.053.0223 Friis, I. 2015. Coffee and qat on the Royal Danish expedition to Arabia – Botanical, ethnobotanical and commercial observations made in Yemen 1762–1763. Arch. Nat. Hist. 42: 101–112. https://doi. org/10.3366/anh.2015.0283 Ghorbani, A., De Boer, H.J., Maas, P.J.M. & Van Andel, T. 2017. The typification of two Linnaean plant names based on illustrations published by Leonhard Rauwolf in 1583. Taxon 66: 1204–1204. https://doi.org/10.12705/665.13 Gronovius, J.F. 1755. Flora orientalis. Lugduni Batavorum [Leiden]: typis Wilhelmi de Groot. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record /009713818 Gruenberg-Fertig, I. & Zohary, M. 1970. Nomenclatural remarks on some plants of Palestine, Part 1. Israel J. Bot. 19: 293–296. Guest, E. & Al-Rawi, A. 1966. Flora of Iraq. Baghdad: Ministry of Agriculture. Herde, S. & Tilmann, W. 2010. Neues zur Biographie des Augsburger Arztes und Orientreisenden Leonhard Rauwolf (1535?–1596). Sudhoffs Arch. 94: 129–156. Jarvis, C. 2007. Order out of chaos: Linnaean plant names and their types. London: Linnean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum, London. Legré, L. 1900. La botanique en Provence au XVIe siècle: Léonard Rauwolff; Jacques Raynaudet. Marseille: H. Aubertin & G. Rolle. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.22401 Post, G. & Dinsmore, E. 1932. Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai. Beirut: American University of Beirut. Pulvirenti, S., Indriolo, M.M., Pavone, P. & Costa, R.M.S. 2015. Study of a pre-Linnaean herbarium attributed to Francesco Cupani (1657– 1710). Candollea 70: 67–99. https://doi.org/10.15553/c2015v701a8 Rauwolf, L. 1583. [Aigentliche Beschreibung der Raiß ... inn die Mor genländer …]: Der Vierte Thail … Getruckt zu Laugingen, durch Leonhart Reinmichel, in Verlegung Georgen Willers. https://doi. org/10.5962/bhl.title.119943 Rauwolf, L. 1693. A collection of curious travels & voyages in two tomes, the first containing Dr. Leonhart Rauwolf’s itinerary into the eastern countries … Translated by … Nicholas Staphorst. [Edited] by John Ray. London: printed for S. Smith and B. Walford. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822031034853 Rauwolf, L. 1706. Seer aanmerkelyke reysen, na en door Syrien, ’t Joodsche land, Arabien, Mesopotamien, Babylonien, Assyrien, Armenien, &c. In ’t jaar 1573 … Te Leyden [Leiden]: by Pieter vander Aa. https://archive.org/details/seeraanmerkelyke00rauw
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Rechinger, K.H. (Ed.) 1965–1998. Flora Iranica, vol. 1–164. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. Salick, J., Konchar, K. & Nesbitt, M. (eds.) 2014. Curating biocultural collections: A handbook. Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Spalik, K. 2014. Pre-Linnaean herbaria viva of Helwing in the collections of the National Library of Poland and the University of Warsaw. Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 83: 13–16. https://doi.org/10.5586/ asbp.2014.008 Stech, M., Van Andel, T., Aptroot, A., Bertin, A. & Stefanaki, A. 2018. Bryophytes and lichens in 16th century herbaria. J. Bryol. 40: 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736687.2018.1447304 Stefanaki, A., Thijsse, G., Van Uffelen, G., Eurlings, M.C.M. & Van Andel, T. In press.The En Tibi herbarium, a 16th century Italian treasure. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/ boy024 The Plant List 2013. Version 1.1. Published on the Internet: http://www. theplantlist.org (accessed: Oct–Dec 2016) Thijsse, G. 2016. Tusschen pampier geleyt, ontstaan, verspreiding en
gebruik van de vroegste herbaria. Pp. 64–93 in: IJpelaar, L. & Chavannes-Mazel, C.A. (eds.), De groene middeleeuwen: Duizend jaar gebruik van planten (600–1600). Eindhoven: Lecturis B.V. Van Andel, T., Veldman, S., Maas, P., Thijsse, G. & Eurlings, M. 2012. The forgotten Hermann Herbarium: A 17th century collection of useful plants from Suriname. Taxon 61: 1296–1304. Van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J. 1979. The collections of the Rijks herbarium. Blumea 25: 29–55. Vitek, E. & Jarvis, C.E. 2007. The typification of Gundelia tournefortii L. (Compositae). Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 108: 267–272. Walter, T. 2009. Eine Reise ins (Un-)Bekannte. N. T. M., Z. Gesch. Wiss. Techn. Med. 17: 359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00048-009-0355-0 Wasserzeichen-Informationssystem [Watermark Information System] 2017. Motifs. https://www.wasserzeichen-online.de/ wzis/struktur.php?klassi=004002010002002022&anzeigeIDMo tif=21292 Zohary, M. 1966–1986. Flora Palaestina, vol. 1–4. Jerusalem: Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
Appendix 1. List of all species in Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium, Latin description, vernacular names mentioned by Rauwolf, in order of appearance in the herbarium.
Piedmont, Nice, and Marseilles
Collection location
8
Current taxonomic identification: Taxon [family]
Plant names and Latin description given by Rauwolf
Other names mentioned by Rauwolf in the herbarium
Achillea santolina L.
Abrotonum foemina. Chamaecÿ parissos seu pumila Cupreßus
Garten Cÿpres (German), petit Cÿpres et garde robbe (French)
Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. or Jacobaea maritima (L.) Pelser & Meijden [Asteraceae]
N/A
Jacobaea maritima, Arthemisia maritima, Cineraria
Jacobs bluemen (German)
L.2111301
Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench [Asteraceae]
Helichrysum siculum (Spreng.) Boiss.
Text page is missing
Text page is missing
4
L.2111302
Plantago albicans L. [Plantaginaceae]
Plantago albicans L.
Holostinum monspeliense, Plantago angustifolia albida
N/A
5
Missing specimen
Sempervivum sp. [Crassulaceae]
N/A
Sempervivum minus offi cinarum, Vermicularis, Crassula minor
Klein haůßwůrtzmeule, klein donderbardt (German)
6
L.2111303
Scolymus hispanicus L. [Asteraceae]
Scolymus hispanicus L.
Text page is missing
Text page is missing
7
L.2111304
Ononis ramosissima Desf. [Leguminosae]
Ononis ramosissima Desf. var. γ arenaria
Pseudocÿtisus, Cÿtisus sÿlvestris
N/A
8
L.2111305
Urospermum dalechampii (L.) Scop. ex F.W.Schmidt [Asteraceae]
Urospermum dalechampii
Sonchus lavis altus, luteo flore
Hasenköl (German), Citerbita (Italian)
9
L.2111306
Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub [Asteraceae]
Helminthia echioides Gaertn.
Sonchus asper
Wilder hasenköl (German)
10
L.2111307
Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex F.W.Schmidt [Asteraceae]
Urospermum picroides Desf. Hieracium maius perpulchetum
11
L.2111308
Sonchus maritimus L. [Asteraceae]
Sonchus maritimus L.
Hieracium marinum. Planta perquam rara.
Fremdes habich krautt (German)
12
L.2111309
Astragalus tragacantha L. [Leguminosae]
Astragalus tragacantha L.
Tregacantha siue hieti spina
Tragant (German), Kitira, Seu Alchatad (Arabic)
13
L.2111310
Cephalaria leucantha (L.) Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult. [Caprifoliaceae]
Cephalaria leucantha Schrad.
Scabiosa montana maxima
Großen apostem krautt (German), Scabieusa (French)
Page
Barcode
1
L.2111300
Achillea santolina L. [Asteraceae]
2
Missing specimen
3
Identification by Boerlage
Version of Record (online fast track)
Groß habich krautt (German)
Ghorbani & al. • Floristic diversity of Rauwolf’s herbarium
TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.
Appendix 1. Continued.
Tripoli (Lebanon) and surroundings
Piedmont, Nice, and Marseilles (continued)
Collection location
Current taxonomic identification: Taxon [family]
Plant names and Latin description given by Rauwolf
Other names mentioned by Rauwolf in the herbarium
Spergularia media
Polÿgomum marinum treti folio
N/A
Eryngium campestre L. [Apiaceae]
N/A
Erÿngium
Brachendtstl, Manstrew (German), Panicault (French)
L.2111312
Eryngium maritimum L. [Apiaceae]
Eryngium maritimum L.
Text page is missing
Text page is missing
17
L.2111313
Orthantha lutea (L.) A.Kern. Odontites lutea Rchb. ex Wettst. [Orobanchaceae]
Coris monspelliaca
N/A
18
L.2111314
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. [Brassicaceae]
Nasturtium officinale R.Br.
Nasturtium aquaticum, sium crateulet Plinÿ
Brünkresstchs, sonders geschlecht (German)
19
L.2111315
Tamarix gallica L. [Tamaricaceae]
Tamarix pallasii Desv.
Tamarix narbonica, Mÿrica
Tamarißken (German), Tharfe (Arabic), Athel (Local)
20
L.2111316
Ruta angustifolia Pers. [Rutaceae]
Ruta angustifolia Pers.
Ruta sÿlvestris species prima Wilder Raütten erste geschlecht (German), Sedab (Arabic)
21
L.2111317
Ruta montana L. [Rutaceae]
Ruta montana L.
Ruta sÿlvestris species secunda, angustifolia
Wilder Raütten das ander geschlecht (German)
22
L.2111318
Silene longipetala Vent. [Caryophyllaceae]
Silene longipetala Boiss.
Lÿchnis sÿlvestris
N/A
23
Missing specimen
Chondrilla juncea L. [Asteraceae]
N/A
Chondrilla viminea
N/A
24
L.2111319
Echinops ritro L. [Asteraceae]
Echinops ritro L.
Text page is missing
Text page is missing
25
L.2111320
Thymelaea tartonraira (L.) All. [Thymelaeaceae]
Thymelaea tartonraira All., Dafne tartonraira L.
Tartonraire gallo provinciae maßiliensium, planta rara maritima
N/A
26
L.2111321
Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. [Plantaginaceae]
Plantago psyllium L.
Psÿllium
Psilien krautt, floche krautt (German), herba a puces (French)
27
L.2111322
Bupleurum fruticosum L. [Apiaceae]
Bupleurum fruticosum L.
Seseli aethiopicum fruticans
N/A
28
L.2111323
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [Rhamnaceae]
Ziziphus vulgaris Lam.
Zizÿphus arbor
Hanab (Arabic), Ennab (Local)
29
L.2111324
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [Rhamnaceae]
Ziziphus vulgaris Lam.
Zizÿphi alia species
N/A
30
L.2111325
Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. [Caprifoliaceae]
Centranthus ruber DC.
Valeriana rubra
Rotter Balderian (German)
31
L.2111326
Plantago lagopus L. [Plantaginaceae]
Plantago lagopus L.
Catanance dioscoridis, species prima uera nondum cognita
N/A
32
Missing specimen
Salsola sp. or Anabasis sp. [Chenopodiaceae]
N/A
Cali Arabicum, vsnen
Schinan (Local)
33
L.2111327
Punica granatum L. [Lythraceae]
Punica granatum L.
Text page is missing
Text page is missing
34
L.2111328
Sesamum indicum L. [Pedaliaceae]
Sesamum indicum L.
Sesamum
Somsaim (Local)
35
L.2111329
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott [Araceae]
Colocasia antiquorum Schott, Arum colocasia L.
Colocasia fabae, Aegÿptiae radix
Wasserbonen in Aegÿpten wachsendt (German), Manzizanion (Italian)
36
L.2111330
Morus alba L. [Moraceae]
Morus alba L.
Morus alba
Wisse maülbeer beüm (German), Thut (Arabic)
37
L.2111331
Cordia myxa L. [Boragianceae]
Cordia myxa L.
Sebestena, mÿxa, ule mÿxaria
Sebesten (German), Makeita (Arabic)
Page
Barcode
14
L.2111311
Spergularia media (L.) C.Presl [Caryophyllaceae]
15
Missing specimen
16
Identification by Boerlage
Version of Record (online fast track)
9
Ghorbani & al. • Floristic diversity of Rauwolf’s herbarium
TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.
Appendix 1. Continued.
Tripoli (Lebanon) and surroundings (continued)
Collection location
10
Identification by Boerlage
Plant names and Latin description given by Rauwolf
Other names mentioned by Rauwolf in the herbarium
Myrtus communis L. [Myrtaceae]
Myrtus communis L.
Mÿrtus maior, baccis albis
Aß (Arabic)
Missing specimen
Medicago sp. [Leguminosae]
N/A
Medica marina
N/A
40
L.2111333
Achillea maritimus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link [Asteraceae]
Diotis candidissima Desf.
Text page is missing
Text page is missing
41
L.2111334
Atriplex portulacoides L. [Amaranthaceae]
Atriplex portulacoides L.
Portulaca marina
Frembd Bürtzelen oder Bürgel krůat (German)
42
L.2111335
Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. [Amaranthaceae]
Atriplex hastatum L. var. parvifolia Mag.
Atriplex marina
Meermolten oder Milten (German)
43
L.2111336
Matthiola crassifolia Boiss. & Gaill. [Brassicaceae]
Matthiola crassifolia Boiss. & Gaill.
Leucoion marinum, per pulcherum et raru
Schöne Mör Beielen (German)
44
L.2111337
Cakile maritima Scop. [Brassicaceae]
Cakile maritima Scop.
Raphanus marinus
Mör Rättich (German)
45
L.2111338
Cyperus capitatus Vand. [Cyperaceae]
Cyperus schoenoides Griseb. Juncus maritimus nonnulis spes ciperi psseuidetur
46
L.2111339
Euphorbia peplis L. [Euphorbiaceae]
Euphorbia peplis L.
Peplion siue peplis nascit in maritimus
N/A
47
L.2111340
Cynanchum acutum L. [Apocynaceae]
Cynanchum acutum L.
Scammonicum monspeliense
Meudheudj (Local)
48
L.2111341
Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb. [Convolvulaceae]
Ipomoea arenaria Roem. & Schult.
Braßica marina
N/A
49
L.2111342
Ricinus communis L. [Euphorbiaceae]
Ricinus communis L.
Ricinus, cataputia maior
Wünderbaum (German), Cherua (Arabic, Local)
50
L.2111343
Convolvulus secundus Desr. [Convolvulaceae]
Convolvulus secundus Desr.
An Cantabrica Pliny, planta marina, folys poly, floribus coruoluuly
N/A
51
L.2111344
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter [Asteraceae]
Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton
Connÿza minor Dioscoridis uera nondu cognita
Thaiun (Local)
52
L.2111345
Medicago sativa L. subsp. coerulea (Less. ex Ledeb.) Schmalh [Leguminosae]
Medicago sativa L.
Medica
Foin de Burgoigne (French)
53
L.2111346
Tribulus terrestris L. [Zygophyllaceae]
Tribulus terrestris L.
Tribulus terrestris
Erdkletten Burtzel Dorn (German), Haseckt (Arabic, Local)
54
L.2111347
Anthemis scariosa Banks & Sol. [Asteraceae]
Anthemis scariosa Banks & Sol.
Buphthalmum perpulcherum Rindsaug (German), oculus boius (Latin), Bihaa (Arabic)
55
L.2111348
Daucus littoralis Sm. [Apiaceae]
Daucus broteroi Ten.
Visnaga, cuius rigida umbella dentiscalpÿs apta
Kelle (Local)
56
Missing specimen
Silene sp. [Caryophyllaceae] N/A
Lichnidis species, musipula siue viscaria
N/A
57
L.2111349
Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. [Apiaceae]
Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm.
Text page is missing
Text page is missing
58
L.2111350
Tordylium apulum L. [Apiaceae]
Tordylium apulum L.
Caucalidis, species alia
N/A
59
L.2111351
Heliotropium europaeum L. [Boragianceae]
Heliotropium europaeum L.
Heliotropium maius, Officinis verrucaria
N/A
60
L.2111352
Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. [Leguminosae]
Vigna luteola Benth.
Dolichus siue phaseolus
Faseln (German), Lubie (Arabic)
61
L.2111353
Ficus sycomorus L. [Moraceae]
Ficus sycomorus L.
Ficus Cÿpria
Feige (German), Mumeiz (Arabic)
62
L.2111354
Melia azedarach L. [Meliaceae]
Melia azedarach L.
Azadaracht avicennae
Astirgar vnnd Astergir (Rhase), Zeuselacht (Local)
Page
Barcode
38
L.2111332
39
Current taxonomic identification: Taxon [family]
Version of Record (online fast track)
Mör Binßen (German)
Ghorbani & al. • Floristic diversity of Rauwolf’s herbarium
TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.
Appendix 1. Continued. Identification by Boerlage
Plant names and Latin description given by Rauwolf
Other names mentioned by Rauwolf in the herbarium
Tripoli (Lebanon) and surroundings (continued)
63
Linum mucronatum Bertol. subsp. orientale (Boiss) P.H.Davis [Linaceae]
Linum orientale Boiss.
Linum sÿlvestre pulchrum
Bezercheten (Arabic)
L.2111356
Teucrium polium L. [Lamiaceae]
Teucrium polium L.
Polium
Polium (German)
65
L.2111357
Thymbra spicata L. [Lamiaceae]
Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link
Thÿmus dioscoridis uerus
Römischer Quendel der rechte (German), Hasce (Arabic), Sathar (Local)
66
L.2111358
Juniperus phoenicea L. [Cupressaceae]
Juniperus phoenicea L.
Cedrus lÿcia
N/A
67
L.2111359
Musa sp. [Musaceae]
Musa paradisiaca L.
Musa
N/A
68
L.2111360
Phrynium sp. [Marantaceae]
Canna indica L.
N/A
N/A
69
L.2111361
Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume [Lauraceae]
Cinnamomum nitidum Hook., Cinnamomum rauwolfii Blume
Folia tamalapatra cum suo ramusculo
N/A
Aleppo (Syria) and surroundings
Collection location
70
L.2111362
Lawsonia inermis L. [Lythraceae]
Lawsonia alba Lam.
N/A
Cÿprus (Greek), Henne, Alcanna (Arabic), Schenna (Local)
71
L.2111363
Hibiscus syriacus L. [Malvaceae]
Hibiscus syriacus L.
Malua arborescens
Papeln baům (German), Chetmie (Local)
72
L.2111364
Euphorbia tirucalli L. [Euphorbiaceae]
Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Xabra vnnd Camarronus Rhasis
Tanaghaet, Saben (Arabic)
73
L.2111365
Hyoscyamus albus L. [Solanaceae]
Hyoscyamus albus L.
Hÿoscÿamus albus Apolinaris
Weÿssebilsen
74
L.2111366
Rhus coriaria L. [Anacardiaceae]
Rhus coriaria L.
Rhus obsoniorum et Coriariorum
Gerberbaum (German), Sumach (Arabic)
75
L.2111367
Pistacia vera L. [Anacardiaceae]
Pistacia vera L.
Pistachi officinis et Barbaris Fistici
Welche pimper nüßline (German), Fistuc (Arabic, Local)
76
L.2111368
Eryngium creticum Lam. [Apiaceae]
Eryngium creticum Lam.
Eryngium Caeruleum Pumilum
N/A
77
L.2111369
Cucumis melo L. [(Cucurbitaceae]
Cucumis melo L.
Cucumis longus anguinus
Lang gestrombte Cucumern (German)
78
L.2111370
Solanum melongena L. [Solanaceae]
Solanum serpentinum Desf.
Melanzana
Melongena, Bedengian (Arabic)
79
L.2111371
Solanum melongena L. [Solanaceae]
Solanum esculentum Dunal, 1. var. subinerme, 2. var. inerme
Schwatze Melanzana
Bathleschain (Local)
80
L.2111372
Malabaila secacul (Mill.) Boiss. [Apiaceae]
Malabaila sekekul Russell.
Sacacul Arabicum Verum
Secacul (Local)
81
L.2111373
Gundelia tournefortii L. [Asteraceae] (epytipe)
Gundelia tournefortii
Silybum Dioscoridis Verum, Hacub Alcardeg (Serapio), nondum cognitum Hacub (Local)
82
L.2111374
Capparis spinosa L. [Capparaceae]
Capparis spinosa L.
Capparis
Capern (German), Cappar (Arabic)
83
L.2111375
Corchorus olitorius L. [Malvaceae]
Corchorus olitorius L.
Corchorus pliny
Moluchj (Local)
84
L.2111376
Cicer arietinum L. [Leguminosae]
Cicer arietinum L.
Cicer erietinum
Gelbe Kichernerbis (German), Hamos, Omneos, Cotame (Arabic, Local)
85
L.2111377
Alhagi maurorum Medik. [Leguminosae]
Alhagi maurorum
N/A
Agul, Algul (Local)
86
L.2111378
Vitex agnus-castus L. [Lamiaceae]
Vitex agnus-castus L.
Vitex minor, officinis agnus castus
Schaffmülle, Keuschbaum (German), Bergechest (Arabic)
Page
Barcode L.2111355
64
Current taxonomic identification: Taxon [family]
Version of Record (online fast track)
11
Ghorbani & al. • Floristic diversity of Rauwolf’s herbarium
TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.
Appendix 1. Continued.
Aleppo (Syria) and surroundings (continued)
Collection location
12
Page
Barcode
Current taxonomic identification: Taxon [family]
Identification by Boerlage
Plant names and Latin description given by Rauwolf
Other names mentioned by Rauwolf in the herbarium
87
L.2111379
Salix sp. [Salicaseae]
Salix safsaf Forssk.
Ein gar unbekandt Weiden geschlecht, Theophrasto oleagnus, Aegitleta Arnabo
Zarneb, Zarnabum, Zatumbeth (Arabic), Safsaf (Local)
88
L.2111380
Elaeagnus angustifolia L. [Elaeagnaceae]
Elaeagnus hortensis M.Bieb.
Wildt stachlechte Oliven baumlein
Seisefun (Local)
89
L.2111381
Cupressus sempervirens L. [Cupressaceae]
Cupressus sempervirens L.
Cypreßus
Cipressen (German), Serv (Arabic), Saraub (Local)
90
L.2111382
Prunus orientalis (Mill.) Koehne [Rosaceae]
Amygdalus orientalis
N/A
Wilde Mandelbaum (German), Lauzi (Arabic), Laus (Local)
91
L.2111383
Zygophyllum fabago L. [Zygophyllaceae]
Zygophyllum fabago L.
Unbekant
Ardiftigi (Avicenna), Andirian (Rhazes), Morgsanj (Local)
92
L.2111384
Prosopis farcta (Sol. ex Russell) J.F. Macbr. [Leguminosae]
Prosopis stephaniana Spreng.
Acatiae frembde dorn stauden
Schamuth (Arabic), Schack (Local)
93
L.2111385
Iris aucheri (Baker) Sealy [Iridaceae]
Iris fumosa Boiss.
N/A
Tharasalis (Local)
94
L.2111386
Eminium spiculatum (Blume) Schott [Araceae]
Helicophyllum crassipes Schott
Dracunculus minor
Schlangen oder natter wurtz (German)
95
L.2111387
Sideritis perfoliata L. [Lamiaceae]
Sideritis perfoliata L.
Oruala, Harminum Sylvestre N/A
96
L.2111388
Phlomis brachyodon (Boiss.) Zohary ex Rech.f. [Lamiaceae]
Phlomis orientalis Mill.
Verbascum sylvestre per pulchrum
97
L.2111389
Scorzonera cf. latifolia (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) DC.[ Asteraceae]
Scorzonera libanotica Boiss. Scorzonera mit purpur farben bluemen,
Serpentinia Viperina (Latin), Corton (Local)
98
L.2111390
Scorzonera cf. latifolia (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) DC.[ Asteraceae]
Scorzonera libanotica Boiss. Scorzonera
N/A
99
L.2111391
Biarum syriacum (Spreng.) Riedl [Araceae]
Biarum russellianum Schott
Arisarum angustifolium
Homeid (Local)
100
L.2111392
Biarum bovei Blume [Araceae]
Biarum bovei var. blumei Engl.
Arum minus, officinis Aron
Klein natterwurtz (German), Caasaamj (Local)
101
L.2111393
Eminium rauwolffii (Blume) Helicophyllum rauwolffii Schott [Araceae] Schott
Ari minoris species
Caasaami Ouidue (Local)
102
L.2111394
Helianthemum ledifolium (L.) Mill. [Cistaceae]
Planta g Panax Chironium refert
N/A
103
L.2111395
Siebera pungens (Lam.) DC. Siebera pungens (Gay.) [Asteraceae]
Asteris attici dioscoridis spe- N/A cies esse uidet
104
L.2111396
Papaver argemone L. [Papaveraceae]
Papaver argemone L.
Anemone floribus purpura scentibus
Anemone rößline (German), Sakaiek (Arabic), Schageck (Local)
105
L.2111397
Ranunculus millefolius Banks & Sol. [Ranunculaceae]
Ranunculus orientalis L.
Oenanthe species ce uidet g ad stringendi sie et corroborandi cum poßidet fl. subluveis
N/A
106
L.2111398
Anemone coronaria L. [Ranunculaceae]
Anemone coronaria L.
Anemones species alia fl. rubeis
Anemone rößline (German), Sakaiek achmar (Arabic)
107
L.2111399
Ranunculus asiaticus L. [Ranunculaceae]
Ranunculus asiaticus L.
Anemones species alia rara minus cognita fl. luteis,
Frembdes Anemone rößline (German), Sakaiek asfar (Arabic)
108
L.2111400
Peganum harmala L. [Nitrariaceae]
Peganum harmala L.
Frembdes wilde Rautten, Harmola genant, Officinis Harmela
Harmel (Arabic)
Helianthemum niloticum Pers.
Version of Record (online fast track)
N/A
Ghorbani & al. • Floristic diversity of Rauwolf’s herbarium
TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.
Appendix 1. Continued.
Aleppo (Syria) and surroundings (continued)
Collection location
Current taxonomic identification: Taxon [family]
Identification by Boerlage
Plant names and Latin description given by Rauwolf
Other names mentioned by Rauwolf in the herbarium
Nasturtium peregrinum per pulchrum Halepi in Vetustis adificiorum muris. ad modum freguens
Wilden Kressichs (German)
Page
Barcode
109
L.2111401
Lepidium perfoliatum L. [Brassicaceae]
Lepidium perfoliatum L.
110
L.2111402
Astragalus suberosus Banks & Sol. [Leguminosae]
Astragalus tuberculosus DC. Astragali species
111
L.2111403
Astragalus brachystachys DC. [Leguminosae]
Astragalus platyraphis Fisch.
Astragalus uerus Dioscoridis Rechte Christian wurtzl nondum cognitus Dioscoridis noch gantz unbekandt (German)
112
L.2111404
Scorzonera suberosa K.Koch [Asteraceae]
Scorzonera tuberosa Pall.
Chondrilla vera secunda Dioscoridis nondum cognita
N/A
113
L.2111405
Scorzonera psychrophila Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. & Hausskn. / S. cinerea Boiss. [Asteraceae]
Scorzonera lanata M.Bieb.
Chondrilla secunda uera Diosco species alia
N/A
114
L.2111406
Lepidium draba L. [Brassicaceae]
Lepidium draba L.
Arabicis draba Dioscoridis
N/A
115
Missing specimen
Ptilostemon stellatus (L.) Greuter [Asteraceae]
N/A
Carduus stellatus
Wallendistel, Radendistel (German), Chauße ttappe (French)
116
L.2111407
Centaurea solstitialis L. [Asteraceae]
Centaurea solstitialis L.
Text page is missing
Text page is missing
117
L.2111408
Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. [Asteraceae]
Notobasis syriaca Cass. = Carduus syriacus L.
Carduus albus laeteus, spina alba Diosc.
Bedeguard (Arabic)
118
L.2111409
Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss. [Iridaceae]
Gladiolus imbricatus L.
Gladiolus
Schwertel (German), Xiphion (Greek)
119
L.2111410
Euphorbia petiolata Banks & Sol. [Euphorbiaceae]
Euphorbia lanata Sieb., Euphorbia syriaca Spreng.
Peplus, Griechen vnnd Latinis zugleich,
N/A
120
L.2111411
Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. [Euphorbiaceae]
Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. var. verbasci folia (Willd.) Müll.Arg.
Heliotropium mainus
Tornesola (French), Pliny tricocon
121
L.2111412
Paronychia argentea Lam. [Caryophyllaceae]
Paronychia argentea Lam.
Polygonum peregrinum
Wegdritt oder weggrass (German)
122
L.2111413
Hypericum helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss. [Hypericaceae]
Hypericum helianthemoides Boiss.
Coris
Wantzenkrautt (German)
123
L.2111414
Erodium gruinum (L.) L’Hér. [Geraniaceae]
Erodium gruinum Willd.
Geraneum off: rostrum cuotria
N/A
124
L.2111415
Erucaria hispanica (L.) Druce [Brassicaceae]
Erucaria aleppica Gaertn. var. latifolia, Erucaria latifolia DC.
Eruca minor
Wildt weyß Senff (German)
125
L.2111416
Medicago rotata Boiss. [Leguminosae]
Medicago galilaea Boiss.
Medica peregrina
Cott, Alfasfasa (Arabic)
126
L.2111417
Trigonella caelesyriaca Boiss. [Leguminosae]
Trigonella aleppica Boiss. & Trifolium corniculatum Hausskn.
127
L.2111418
Trifolium tomentosum L. [Leguminosae]
Trifolium tomentosum L.
Trifolium peregrinum
N/A
128
L.2111419
Medicago radiata L. [Leguminosae]
Trigonella radiata (L.) Boiss.
Trifolium aliud peregrinum folliculis sena similimis
Klee
129
L.2111420
Chardinia orientalis (L.) Kuntze [Asteraceae]
Chardinia xeranthemoides Desf.
Cyanus albus rarus
Schön weisse korn bluemen (German)
130
L.2111421
Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. [Papaveraceae]
Roemeria orientalis Boiss.
Papaver corniculatum fl: carvleis
N/A
131
L.2111422
Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. [Papaveraceae]
Roemeria hybrida DC., Chelidonium hybridum L.
Papaveris corniculati fl: caruleis alis species
N/A
Version of Record (online fast track)
Christian wurtzl (German), Cues de Montaigne (French)
Grosser steinklee mit vil langen schöttlin (German)
13
Ghorbani & al. • Floristic diversity of Rauwolf’s herbarium
TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.
Appendix 1. Continued.
Aleppo (Syria) and surroundings (continued)
Collection location
14
Current taxonomic identification: Taxon [family]
Identification by Boerlage
Plant names and Latin description given by Rauwolf
Other names mentioned by Rauwolf in the herbarium
Hyoscyamus reticulatus L.
Hyoscyami species alia rara
Bilsomen geschlecht (German)
Ceratocephalus falcatus (L.) Ceratocephalus falcatus Pers. [Ranunculaceae] Pers.
Melampyrum pusillum luteum
Paponesch (Local)
L.2111425
Hypecoum imberbe Sm. [Papaveraceae]
Hypecoum grandiflorum Benth.
Cuminum sylvestre alterum siliguosum Dioscoridis
Wilden Kümmichs anders geschlecht Dioscoridis (German)
135
L.2111426
Astracantha deinacantha (Boiss.) Podlech [Leguminosae]
Astragalus oleifolius DC.
Poterion Dioscoridis
Megasac (Local)
136
L.2111427
Salvia ceratophylla L. [Lamiaceae]
Salvia ceratophylla L.
Orminum rarum, folys laciniatis
N/A
137
L.2111428
Salvia viridis L. (Lamiaceae) Salvia horminum L.
Orminum satiuum Dioscoridis
Garten Scharlach (German)
138
L.2111429
Lomelosia palaestina (L.) Raf. [Caprifoliaceae]
Scabiosa palaestina L. γ calocephala
Scabiosa per pulchra
Schen apostem krautt (German)
139
L.2111430
Scabiosa prolifera L. [Caprifoliaceae]
Scabiosa prolifera L.
Scabiosa peregrina
N/A
140
L.2111431
Crupina crupinastrum (Moris) Vis. [Asteraceae]
Crupina vulgaris Cass.
Scabiosa minima perrara
N/A
141
L.2111432
Onosma cf. frutescens Lam. [Boragianceae]
Onosma echioides L.
Anpseudauchusa Pliny
WIlde Ochssenzungen (German)
142
L.2111433
Salvia multicaulis Vahl [Lamiaceae]
Salvia acetabulosa Vahl
Salvia peregrina
N/A
143
L.2111434
Leontice leontopetalum L. [Berberidaceae]
Leontice leontopetalum L.
Leontopetalum Diosc.
Aslab (Local)
144
L.2111435
Bongardia chrysogonum (L.) Spach [Berberidaceae]
Bongardia rauwolfii C.A.Mey.
Chrysogonum Verum Diosc: N/A nondum cognitum
145
L.2111436
Caccinia macranthera (Banks & Sol.) Brand [Boragianceae]
Caccinia russellii Boiss.
Lycopsis Dioscoridis nondum cognita
Lycopsis (Greek)
146
L.2111437
Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. [Asparagaceae]
Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.
Hyacinthus Comosus minor
Blaw mertzen bluemen (German)
147
L.2111438
Hyacinthus orientalis L. [Asparagaceae]
N/A
Hyacinthus orientalis
Zumbel (Local)
148
L.2111439
Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult.f. [Ixioliridaceae]
Ixiolirion montanum (Labill.) Schult. & Schult.f.
Asphodelus bulbosus fl: cae- N/A ruleis, fl: et folys proxime ad Phalongium accedens
149
L.2111440
Bellevalia warburgii Feinbrun [Asparagaceae]
Bellevalia ciliata Nees
Hyacinthus minor Comosus peregrinus
N/A
150
L.2111441
Colchicum fasciculare (L.) R.Br. [Colchicaceae]
Colchicum fasciculare (L.) R.Br.
Colchicum Syriacum pere grinum Hermodactylus
Zeitlosen unbekandet geschlecht (German), Kusam, Surugen (Local)
151
L.2111442
Aristolochia maurorum L. [Aristolochiaceae]
Aristolochia maurorum L.
Aristolochia species exotica incognita
Rhasut, Rumig (Local)
152
L.2111443
Astragalus cretaceus Boiss. & Kotschy A. surugensis Boiss. & Hausskn. [Leguminosae]
Astragalus foliosus Bunge
Troginm alterum Dioscoridis Secudes, Sucudus (Arabic, Veru, planta incognita Local)
153
L.2111444
Allium nigrum L. [Amaryllidaceae]
Allium nigrum L.
Allium sylvestre latioris foly. siue Versinum
Waldknoblach (German)
154
L.2111445
Ornithogalum narbonense L. [Asparagaceae]
Ornithogalum narbonense L.
Ornithogalum maius, Asphodelus bulbosus Galeni. nonuullis
N/A
Page
Barcode
132
L.2111423
Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. [Solanaceae]
133
L.2111424
134
Version of Record (online fast track)
Ghorbani & al. • Floristic diversity of Rauwolf’s herbarium
TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.
Appendix 1. Continued.
Mount Lebanon
Along the Euphrates River on the way to Baghdad
Collection location
Identification by Boerlage
Plant names and Latin description given by Rauwolf
Other names mentioned by Rauwolf in the herbarium
Narcissus tazetta L. [Amaryllidaceae]
Narcissus tazetta L.
Narcißus medio luteus
Mertzen blomen geschlecht, Narcissen rößline genant (German), Negrieß (Arabic, Local)
L.2111447
Narcissus tazetta L. [Amaryllidaceae]
Narcissus tazetta L.
Narcißus multiplex
Narcissen rößline mit gefülten blomen (German), Modaph (Local)
157
L.2111448
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth [Convolvulaceae]
Pharbitis nil Choisy
Campana Carulea, Prosis Acafta, Latinis garnum indicum oder carthamus indicus
Hab al Nil (Arabic), Hasinsea (Local)
158
L.2111449
Amaranthus graecizans L. [Amaranthaceae]
Amaranthus sylvestris Desf.
Amarantus tricolor, Symphonia pliny
Pappegey federlein, ein geschlecht tausentschönes (German)
159
L.2111450
Lilium candidum L. [Liliaceae]
Lilium candidum L.
Lilium Theophrasti nondum cognitum
N/A
160
L.2111451
Lycium europaeum L. [Solanaceae]
Lycium europaeum L.
Ramni species
Nausegi et Alhausegi (Arabic)
161
L.2111452
Populus euphratica Oliv. [Salicaceae]
Populus euphratica Oliv.
N/A
Garb (Arabic, Local)
162
L.2111453
Euphorbia chamaesyce L. [Euphorbiaceae]
Euphorbia chamaesyce L.
Chamasyce
N/A
163
Missing specimen
Anabasis sp. or Salsola sp. [Chenopodiaceae]
N/A
Cali
Saltzkrautt (German)
164
L.2111454
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Sorghum vulgare Pers. Moench cv. Durra [Poaceae]
Text page is missing
Text page is missing
165
L.2111455
Glinus lotoides L. [Molluginaceae]
Mollugo hirta Thunb.
Aqine exotica nondum cognita
N/A
166
L.2111456
Cyperus rotundus L. [Cyperaceae]
Cyperus rotundus L.
Cyperus rotundus Orientalis maior uel Babylonicus
Wilder Galgen mit runden wurtzlen der grössern (German), Soedt (Local)
167
L.2111457
Bidens tripartita L. [Asteraceae]
Bidens tripartita L.
Canabina g et Eupatorium dici potest, flore stellato luteo
Schöne geschlecht Kunigundenkrauts (German)
168
L.2111458
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. [Asteraceae]
Eclipta alba Hassk., Verbesina alba L.
Aqine per pulchra et rara
Hunerserb (German)
169
L.2111459
Rheum ribes L. [Polygonaceae]
Rheum ribes L.
Ribes Arabicum veri et incogniti Capreoli
Rob Ribes (Local)
170
L.2111460
Rheum ribes L. [Polygonaceae]
Rheum ribes L.
Ribes veri Arabicum folia
Rob Ribes (Local)
171
L.2111461
Styrax officinalis L. [Styracaceae]
Styrax officinalis L.
Styrax officinis Storax Calamita
Al Starach (Arabic)
172
L.2111462
Platanus orientalis L. [Platanaceae]
Platanus orientalis L.
Platanus montis Libani
Ahorne baum des Libanishcen gebürges (German), Dulb (Arabic)
173
L.2111463
Cedrus libani A.Rich. [Pinaceae]
Cedrus libani A.Rich.
Cedrus Montis Lybani, Arabicibus Sebin
Sebin (Local)
174
L.2111464
Astragalus coluteoides Willd. [Leguminosae]
Astragalus micracme Boiss.
Tragacantha specie alia
Ein geschlecht der Dornstauden (German)
175
L.2111465
Fibigia clypeata (L.) Medik. Fibigia obovata Boiss. [Brassicaceae]
Alyßum Dioscoridis
N/A
176
L.2111466
Cercis siliquastrum L. [Leguminosae]
Cercis siliquastrum L.
Siliqua sylvestres, Arbor Tude alys Cercis
Wildt S. Johans brott, Judas baum (German)
177
L.2111467
Globularia alypum L. [Plantaginaceae]
Globularia alypum L.
Alypum reperi et in monte Cetippe Magelona herba terribili uulgo
N/A
Page
Barcode
155
L.2111446
156
Current taxonomic identification: Taxon [family]
Version of Record (online fast track)
15
Ghorbani & al. • Floristic diversity of Rauwolf’s herbarium
TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.
Appendix 1. Continued.
Mount Lebanon (continued)
Collection location
16
Current taxonomic identification: Taxon [family]
Plant names and Latin description given by Rauwolf
Other names mentioned by Rauwolf in the herbarium
N/A
Tacea species pulchra flore Cyaneo
N/A
Helichrysum cf. chiono philum Boiss. & Balansa [Asteraceae]
Helichrysum plicatum DC.
Gnaphalion montanum, fl. ut capitulis potius candidis pulcherrimis
N/A
L.2111470
Michauxia campanuloides L’Hér. [Campanulaceae]
Michauxia campanuloides L’Hér.
Medium Verum Dioscoridis, N/A planta nondum cognita, Mindium Rhasis
181
L.2111471
Helichrysum sanguineum (L.) Kostel. [Asteraceae]
Helichrysum sanguineum (L.) Kostel.
Baccharis Dioscoridis quo rundam
N/A
182
L.2111472
Acanthus hirsutus subsp. syriacus (Boiss.) Brummitt [Acanthaceae]
Acanthus syriacus Boiss.
Acanthus Dioscoridis ureus saliuus
Bernklaw, die Zame (German)
183
L.2111473
Cardopatium corymbosum (L.) Pers. [Asteraceae]
Cardopatium corymbosum (L.) Pers.
Chamaleon niger Dioscoridis
Eberwurtz die recht frembd (German)
184
L.2111474
Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link [Leguminosae]
Calicotome villosa Link
Acatia altera folio Cytisi Mach
N/A
185
L.2111475
Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach [Rosaceae]
Poterium spinosum L.
Pimpinella Sanguisorba spinosa incognita
N/A
186
L.2111476
Artedia squamata L. [Apiaceae]
Artedia squamata L.
Gingidium uerum Dioscoridis
N/A
187
L.2111477
Origanum syriacum L. [Lamiaceae]
Origanum maru var. sinaicum Boiss, Origanum aegyptiacum L.
Origanum onitis
N/A
188
L.2111478
Centaurea behen L. [Asteraceae]
Centaurea behen L.
Behen Album Arabicum uerum
Behmen Abiad (Arabic)
189
L.2111479
Limonium oleifolium Mill. [Plumbaginaceae]
Statice rorida Sm.
Limonium paruum oleafolium
Frembde Natternwurtzel die kleiner (German)
190
L.2111480
Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. [Plumbaginaceae]
Statice sinuata L.
Limonium exoticum
N/A
191
L.2111481
Gossypium herbaceum L. [Malvaceae]
Gossypium herbaceum L.
Goßipium xylum officinic et Baumwoll (German) Barbaris Cotum Bambax
192
L.2111482
Rhamnus punctata Boiss. [Rhamnaceae]
Rhamnus punctata Boiss.
Lycium Diosc: Verum
Hadhadh (Arabic), Zaröa (Local)
193
L.2111483
Phoenix dactylifera L. [Arecaceae]
Phoenix dactylifera L.
Palma
Dattelbaum (German), Machal, siue Nachal (Arabic)
194
L.2111484
Phoenix dactylifera L. [Arecaceae]
Phoenix dactylifera L.
Palma elate, davon Leuit: 23, Contocor 5. 7.
Frucht der Dattelbaum (German)
195
L.2111485
Ceratonia siliqua L. [Leguminosae]
Ceratonia siliqua L.
Siliquae
St. Johanns brott (German), Ceratia Ceratonia (Greek)
196
L.2111486
Paliurus spina-christi Mill. [Rhamnaceae]
Paliurus aculeatus Lam.
Ramnus tertius Dioscoridis
N/A
197
L.2111487
Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. [Rhamnaceae]
Ziziphus spina-christi W.
Paliurus Theophrasti, Zizyphus alba columellae, arbot admodiun peregrina
N/A
198
L.2111488
Pistacia atlantica Desf. [Anacardiaceae]
Pistacia terebinthus L.
Therebintus indica Theophrasti
Terebenthin Baum (German), Botin, Albotin giubir, Fael (Arabic)
199
L.2111489
Pistacia atlantica Desf. [Anacardiaceae]
Pistacia terebinthus L.
Terebinthus indica minor
Terebenthin Baum der kleiner (German), Botin Sougier (Arabic)
200
L.2111490
Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. [Malvaceae]
Hibiscus manihot L.
Trionum Theophrasti
N/A
Page
Barcode
178
L.2111468
Xeranthemum cylindraceum Sm. [Asteraceae]
179
L.2111469
180
Identification by Boerlage
Version of Record (online fast track)